THE POETICS OF CONSTRUCTION IN BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE
THESIS
THE POETICS OF CONSTRUCTION
SUTD Master of Architecture Thesis Document The Poetics of Construction In Bamboo Architecture So Jing Wen Master of Architecture Student Advisor: Felix Raspall Architecture and Sustainable Design E-Mail: jingwen_so@mymail.sutd.edu.sg
ABST RACT M E T H O D O LO G Y
2
DEV E LO PI N G A L A N G UAG E
2.1
PHYSI CA L EX PLO R AT I O NS
2.2
ORGA NI S AT I O N SYST EM
2.3
TOP O GR A PHY A S PL A NE
3
APP L I CAT I O N TO SI T E
3.1
SI TE SELECT I O N
3.2
MACR O | R ES H A PI NG T HE SI T E
3.3
MI CR O | A PPLY I NG T H E MO DU LE
4
DISSE CT I N G T H E MO D UL E
4.1
SYST EM S
4.2
PL AN
4.3
SECT I O N
5
DO CUME N TAT I O N
5.1
LI NEA R MO DU LE I ( 1: 50)
5.2
LI NEA R MO DU LE I I ( 1: 50)
5.3
LI NEA R MO DU LE I ( 1: 30)
6
FU T UR E POT E N T I A LS
7
BIBL I O G RA PH Y
THE POETICS OF CONSTRUCTION
1
4
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THE POETICS OF CONSTRUCTION
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY
Case Studies
The second volume builds on the background
drawing techniques
research and experimentation from thesis
construction techniques
preparation. In the first volume, a preliminary vocabulary - line, plane, and space was derived
Taxonomy
from compelling discoveries in selected projects
line
by Simón Vélez. This vocabulary was then applied
plane
to a series of physical explorations that sought to
space
develop a new language for geometry in bamboo architecture.
physical tools
In this volume, the second phase of research
physical model analysis
seeks to refine the language through site specificity and additional design dimensions.
Developing a Language
Similar to the taxonomy, the language is
organisational system
developed at various scales to breakdown the
topography as plane
layers of complexity. The macro scale studies the organisation of modules and flow across the
Application to Site
site. At the micro scale, the module is applied to
site selection
local conditions. At the nano scale, each module
macro | reshaping the site
is developed in detail acccording to its program
micro | applying the module
and use.
Dissecting the Module
The final chapter seeks to document the process
of learning and discovery in the development of
plan
section
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Physical Explorations
the physical models and topography.
perspectives Documentation
linear module I (1:50)
linear module II (1:50)
linear module I (1:30)
▶
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DEVELOPING A LANGUAGE
PHYSICAL EXPLORATIONS ORGANISATION SYSTEM TOPOGRAPHY AS PLANE
P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Following the application of the taxonomy line, plane and space to a series of experimental models, these physical models are revisited and redrawn for further analysis. Across the physical explorations with varying starting points and configurations, a common language is developed from similar features that emerge. These features are unique to the methodology of physical modelling in this research, such as the invention of the physical tools. At an abstract level, the physical structural forms as a basis for further development. The development of a language also seeks to introduce additional layers of complexity to the space through an organisational system and topography. These aspects were not explored within the limitations of the physical explorations, but can potentially enhance the possibilities of the
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modelling process generates novel and intriguing
taxonomy.
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P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Linear module L1 1 Spine Distinct central axis defined in the model as the main circulation. The staggered spine and modules created an angled central access to the pavilion.
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2 Modules
Plan
Sub spaces on both sides of the model that can be agglomerated along the central axis. Each module is defined by 4 arcs that meet at the center point.
3 Naves Hierarchy of spaces similar to traditional Gothic cathedrals. Large voids shaped by the naves create deceptive lightness of
Long elevation
the structure. The nave terminates with a bundle with a pointy characteristic.
4
Arc & rhythm Movement through staggering arcs of varying amplitude. The expansion and compression of each structural layer generates a rhythmic roof.
8
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Short elevation
LINEAR Bundling Bundling
Terminate Terminate
Linear module L1
L1
t1 t1
b2 b2
t2 t2
b3 b3
2a
a
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b1 b1
t3 t3
2a
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Naves
Arc & rhythm
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L2
P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Linear module L2 1 Spine Multiple spines defined by distinct axes along the sides of the model.
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2 Modules
Plan
Curved and straight segments are threaded from spine to spine to create a weaved mesh. Versatility of the module to generate undulating meshes that connect at different heights.
3 Naves The spine consists of multiple elements that resemble naves that form a walkway and differentiate the hierarchy of spaces.
Long elevation
4 Torque Linear array of elements along the spine that twist in different directions to generate torque.
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Short elevation
Bundling
a
2a
2a
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Naves
Arc & rhythm
Bundling
Terminate
LINEAR
Terminate
Intersect
Linear module L2 b1
t1
b2 i1
t2
b3
t3
L2
t1
b2
t2
i2
b3
t3
i3
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Naves
Torque
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b1
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P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Radial module R1 1 Modules Looping modules connect the base points to create framed views and spaces.
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2 Movement
Plan
While there is no defined axis or spine, the structure frames the circulation and access points. The multidirectional circulation generates movement through the model.
3 Asymmetry Asymmetry of the module distinguishes the central space and side spaces at both corners that are more enclosed.
Long elevation
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Short elevation
Bundling
Terminate
Intersect
RADIAL Bundling
Terminate
Intersect
Radial module R2 b1
t1
i1
b1 b2
t1 t2
i1 i2
b2 b3
t2 t3
i2 i3
b3
t3
R1
m
I
II
III
Movement
Asymmetry
Modules
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2a
i3
a
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R2
P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Radial module R2 1 Spine Spine defined by symmetry along the central axis and density of structure at both ends.
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2 Modules
Plan
Modules defined by semi domes with different diameters to differentiate the hierarchy of spaces.
3
Compression and expansion Convergence and divergence of the structure that terminates with a bundle generates rhythm.
Long elevation
4 Triangular Modules can be simplified into triangular base shapes that are varied with arcs.
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Short elevation
que
I
II
III
Movement
Asymmetry
Modules Bundling
a
RADIAL Terminate
Intersect
Radial module R2
R2
b1
t1
i1
b2
t2
i2
b3
t3
i3
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V
2a
2a 2a a
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Compression and expansion
Triangular
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P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Offset module O1 1 Spine Vertical and horizontal central spine defined by framed openings to the model.
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2 Modules
Plan
Three modules with different hierachies and dimensions can be identified. These modules are arrayed around the center radially.
3
Rotated frames Structure is simplified into two square frames that are rotated by 45 degrees. The rotated frames generate torque where the
Long elevation
end points of each bamboo cross between two frames.
4
Arc & rhythm Varying amplitude of the central dome and smaller radial domes creates rhythm in the structure.
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Detail
OFFSET Bundling Bundling
Terminate
Terminate
Intersect
Offset module O1
O1
b1 b
1
t
i
1
t1
1
b2 t2
b3
t3
i2
b3 i3
t2
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b2
t3
2a a 2a
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Rotated frames
Arc & rhythm
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O2
P H Y S I C A L E X P LO R AT I O N S
Offset module O2 1 Spine Spine is defined on both sides of the model where the base points are offset. Central and diagonal lines that form the primary structure of the model define access points to the pavilion.
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2 Modules
Plan
Each module is symmetrical along the central spine and overlap to form a central space where the diagonal axes converge.
3
Compression & expansion Compression and expansion of arcs create different roof heights and shape the interior spaces.
4
Long elevation
Roof layers Complexity and density in roof layers create light patterns that enhance the interior space.
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Short elevation
Bundling
Terminate
a 2a
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Rotated frames
Arc & rhythm
Bundling
OFFSET
Terminate
Intersect
Offset module O2 b1
t1
b2
t2
t1
i1
b3
t3
t
i2
O2
b1
b
2
b3
I
II
III
IV
Spine
Modules
Compression and expansion
Roof layers
2
t3
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ular
2a
i3
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Conventional placement of pavilions
Vs.
Topography as plane
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Topography as planeTopography as plane
SPINE
SPINE MODULE CONNECTOR
Components
MODULE
SPINE I
Organisation of pavilions along a spine
Organisational system
Basepoints in a planeBasepoints in a plane
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SPINE II
SPINE II
SPINE I
Multiple spines & modules
CONNECTOR
Spine and modules
DEVELOPING A LANGUAGE
Organisational system Conventionally, bamboo pavilions are randomly placed on site as isolated spaces with no relationship to one another. The derivation of an organisational system from the physical explorations organises the spaces along a spine, generating complexity in the relationship between modules. These features are most prominent in the linear module.
explore the base points in the same plane. The use of topography as plane can potentially generate more spatial and structural complexity, through varying the positions of base points in a three dimensional plane.
Topography as plane
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In the organisation of the plane, the physical models
Spine is the defined axis that guides the flow of the circulation and modules Modules are the sub spaces along the spine that can be added or removed depending on programmatic requirements Connector between spines allows multiple axes to meet and diverge
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APPLICATION TO SITE
SITE SELECTION MACRO | RESHAPING THE SITE M I C R O | A P P LY I N G T H E M O D U L E
Site Selection The selected site is in Baizhang, Hangzhou, where bamboo forests are abundant and the culture of bamboo is strongly developed and promoted. A site visit has been made to Baizhang to understand the local culture and potential site conditions. The specific site location at Pishanwu reservoir is selected based on the conditions in which the The existing topography and geographical features are key considerations, which allow testing for the flexibility and adaptation of the structure to varying site conditions. At the macro scale, existing contours are reshaped in consideration of flow across the site and programmatic requirements. At the
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vocabulary and parameters have to be tested.
micro scale, the modules derived from the physical explorations respond to the topography and further shape it to generate interesting interactions.
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A P P L I C AT I O N TO S I T E
SHANGHAI
EAST
CH
IN
A SE
A
HANGZHOU
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NINGBO
24
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Map of Hangzhou
SITE SELECTION
Map of Hangzhou Being the capital of China's Zhejiang province, the city of Hangzhou is well connected to major cities like Ningbo and Shanghai. The unique topography and natural features of the city are highlighted in an abstraction of the map of Hangzhou, where the specific site is located within a mountainous region in Baizhang, towards the North of the city.
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A P P L I C AT I O N TO S I T E
HA NG ZH OU
BAMBOO FOREST
EX PR ES SW AY RICE PA D D I E S
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SITE
M O U N TA I N O U S REGION
500m
XIKOU VILLAGE
1km
BAIZHANG
HANGZHOU
2km
MAIN ROAD
Map of Baizhang (top) Map of Pishanwu Reservoir (bottom)
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LOCAL VILLAGES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Map of Baizhang At a local scale, the site is located in rural Baizhang. The specific location of the site is at Pishanwu reservoir that is located mid hill, and surrounded by taller mountains. To the East, the presence of rice paddies create a relatively flat terrain. To the West, where the reservoir is located, the mountainous terrain creates a variation of topographic conditions that
The reservoir is in close proximity to Xikou village, which is developed as a bamboo village to promote bamboo as a material to locals and visitors. For the most of the village, bamboo is used in construction, furnishing and various applications to reflect the unique relationship between the material and local way of living.
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are suitable for the project.
A segment along the perimeter of the reservoir with different topographic conditions is selected as the project site. The project connects the existing trail at the reservoir, which is primarily accessed from the main road in the East, and accessed by locals in villages from the South.
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A P P L I C AT I O N TO S I T E
Main structure
Spine and modules
Intermmediate structure Spine Module
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Main road
Movement through site
Steepest topography
Existing trail Steeper topography Gentler topography
Programmatic nodes
Visitor centre
Museum
Community centre
Program
Residents
Workshop
Children Cafe
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Kindergarten
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International visitors Local visitors
Library
Bamboo craftsmen
RESHAPING THE SITE
Macro | Reshaping the site
Micro | Applying the module
1
3 Program
Movement through site
Selected modules are applied according
more lines are added to reshape the site
to the spatial requirements of each
and apply the modules.
program.
The main circulation follows existing
For instance, the linear modules are
contours. There are 3 main programmatic
applied to programs such as the library
zones differentiated by the steepness of
and cafe to create a central circulation
the topography. From the main entrance,
spine that distributes to individual
the steepest topography behaves as a
units with enclosed programmatic
wall, transitting to steep topography that
spaces. Offset modules that are not
is convex and opens up to views, finally
easily agglomerated are applied for the
expanding to larger programmatic space
kindergarten and community centre that
where there is gentler topography.
function as singular consolidated spaces.
2 Program
4
Spine and modules
A variety of programs that explore
The spine of each module is established
different spatial requirements are
along the project flow, units are then
positioned along the flow, according
added along the spine to cater to different
to ease of access for its users. Visitor
programmatic sizes.
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Based on the existing contour of the site,
programs are placed closer to the main road, whereas programs catering to
In response to existing contours and
locals are on the other end of the trail.
program, the primary, secondary and
The project begins with the visitor centre
tertiary structure of each module is then
where visitors enter, followed by the
warped. The corresponding topography is
main program cluster consisting of the
also reshaped as architectural elements,
museum, cafe and library. The bamboo
such as floor and wall to accomodate the
workshop acts as a transition space from
programs.
visitor programs to the kindergarten and community centre for local residents. â–ś
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
LINEAR MODULE L1 LINEAR MODULE L2
DISSECTING THE MODULE
Of the physical explorations applied to the site, the linear modules were developed in detail, as the linear configuration had better flexibility and response to the linear site. The physical explorations based on the taxonomy established the primary structure for the modules. This study seeks to delve deeper into the secondary and tertiary structure, as well as the surface cladding, to develop an architectural space from the abstract form. Topography is also investigate the relationship between the line and plane. The methodology of the study continued to manifest primarily as physical models, but also involved two dimensional drawings as a translation of VĂŠlez's drawing techniques.
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a introduced as an additional area of research to
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
Programmatic space
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Reshaping topography
Units and spine
Macro flow
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Topography design flow
SYSTEMS
Topography Design Flow 1
Macro flow
3
Reshaping topography
The main circulation to access the
Existing contours are redrawn in response
pavilions across the site follows the
to the units and spine. Where the pavilion
existing contours and trail along
sits, the volume is pushed in to create a
the reservoir. In this segment of the
wall and foundation for structure; and the
project, the hill interfaces the reservoir,
excavated volume is used as the floor of
emphasizing the sectional relationship
the pavilion to extend the hill towards the
between the pavilion and its surrounding
water. The relationship between the units
natural features.
and spine and topography is a reciprocal to create an architectural space that is well contextualised.
2
Units and spine
4
Programmatic space
The spine and units are positioned
Main programmatic spaces in the pavilion
parallel to the contours to use the
are raised at different floor heights to
topography as a tool for programmatic
partition the spaces. The spine of the
divisions and steps that gradually transit
module is used as public circulation,
from one pavilion to the next on steeper
and the shaded units as enclosed private
topography.
spaces, such as reading rooms. The
THE POETICS OF CONSTRUCTION
one where both forces shape one another
central unit is kept as an open axis from The generic spine and units are useful
the water to the back of the hill to draw
tools as a basis for the programmatic
the natural environment into the interior
area and flow through the pavilion.
space.
Thereafter, they are reshaped and warped in response to the topography and
Aside from the main library space, the
program, demonstrating the flexibility and
stepped topography along the water edge
versatility of such a system to adapt to
is incorporated as a cafe, where users can
changing design requirements.
dine along the reservoir and enjoy the panoramic views. â–ś
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
Weaving surface
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Tertiary structure
Secondary structure
Primary structure
Base points
34
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Structural design flow
SYSTEMS
Structural Design Flow 1
Base points
3
Secondary and tertiary structure
Based on the spine and units, the
The secondary and tertiary structure
preliminary base points are positioned
begin to shape the interior spaces and
on site. These base points are then
demarcate programmatic zones. As
repositioned according to the new
the primary structure contains limited
topography.
information about the specific volume of the pavilion, the secondary and tertiary
The base points also contain information
structure further refine the concavity or
on the number of bamboos in the bundle
convexity of the surface.
strength needed for each base point. This
For instance, the structure is dome like
is manifested as footings that are inserted
for the library space for enclosure and
into the topography in the physical
protection, whereas the front of the
models.
pavilion is flatter and pulled upwards to expose the cafe. Skylights are also created at the top of the structure for natural light.
2
Primary structure
4
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according to the structural density and
Weaving surface
The primary structure is mainly derived
The final layer of structure is added
from the physical explorations. As the
between the existing structures to refine
main structure of the pavilion, the primary
the spacing, where a surface is weaved
structure shapes the volume of the
onto the structure to become the skin of
pavilion and demarcates the roof.
the pavilion. This layer determines the density of the weaving, which in turn
According to the programmatic
affects the porosity of the surface.
requirements, the volume can be opened or closed, such as enclosure towards the
The weaved surface can also vary interior
back to accomodate library spaces behind
lighting conditions through the thickness
and opening towards the water for the
and number of bands weaved, which are
cafe seatings.
experimented in the physical models.
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
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Plan L1 1:150
LINEAR MODULE L1
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
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Structural plan L1 1:150
LINEAR MODULE L1
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primary secondary tertiary
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
Programmatic space
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Reshaping topography
Units and spine
Macro flow
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Topography design flow
SYSTEMS
Topography Design Flow 1
Macro flow
3
Reshaping topography
The flow of the pavilion is similarly
As the lines of the spine and roof are
parallel to the topography but climbs
linear and flow across the site, the
from lower to higher altitude as a
contours are reshaped to match the
transition from linear module L1.
projection of the roof, creating linear stepped spaces that blend with the existing contours. The contour lines also converge and spaces and circulation pathways, generating physical and visual movement across the project.
2
Units and spine
4
Programmatic space
The unique characteristic of this module
As a bamboo workshop, the narrower
allows for multiple spines, from which the
stepped space is used for demonstrations
units are weaved to create a surface. The
or lectures, which expands to larger
spine weaves between the contours in
programmatic space towards the left that
different orientations to create a slightly
becomes the main workshop space. The
twisting roof surface and explore different
fabrication of bamboo is carried out in
relationships with the topography.
the main workspace and bamboo material
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diverge to expand into programmatic
can be conveniently retrieved from the As the units can be weaved between any
back of the hill where the pavilion opens
point on the spine, the resulting roof
up to.
surface is undulating and with varying height to generate unique interior spaces.
The undulating roof also opens up to panoramic views of the natural surroundings, where the floor space is kept shallow and linear to maximise views â–ś
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while working with bamboo..
DISSECTING THE MODULE
Tertiary structure
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Secondary structure
Primary structure
Base points
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Structural design flow
SYSTEMS
Structural Design Flow 1
3
Secondary and tertiary structure
The base points of the structure are
The secondary and tertiary structure are
similarly imposed by the spine and units.
straight and curved segments that are
The nature of this module is such that the
weaved between the primary structure to
spine acts as columns and create a higher
form a surface. The secondary structure
density of structure where they touch
runs parallel to the contours and connects
the ground, and appear as a lightweight
through all the spines, whereas the
structure where the roof is raised from the
tertiary structure is perpendicular to the
ground.
secondary structure to create a mesh.
Primary structure
4
Weaving surface
The spine forms the primary structure
The structure for the weaving surface is
of the pavilion, which creates triangular
diagonal to both secondary and tertiary
domes that emerge from 3 points in the
structure to create a tight, intersecting
ground and meet at a point, where the
surface. The roof surface of this module
roof is weaved between.
is more direct and does not require
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2
Base points
additional structure to shape the volume, As the strucure of the spine is dense in
as compared to linear module L1. The
comparison to the roof, it creates more
resulting roof surface is unpredictable and
enclosed spaces that can be used as
multidirectional in response to the spine
storage or transition spaces from one
in different orientations and heights.
program to another.
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
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Plan L2 1:150
LINEAR MODULE L2
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
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Structural plan L1 1:150
LINEAR MODULE L2
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primary secondary tertiary
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DISSECTING THE MODULE
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Section L1 & L2 1:200
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DOCUMENTATION
LINEAR MODULE I (1:50) LINEAR MODULE II (1:50) LINEAR MODULE I (1:30)
D O C U M E N TAT I O N
This section documents the process of learning and discovery through the unique methodology of physical model making. The first phase of physical explorations sought to invent and explore new forms and structures, through the application of physical modelling tools that were abstracted from the techniques of the architect. The second phase of physical models at a scale topography and plane, and the generation of surface or cladding to enclose the building. Linear modules L1 and L2 were selected for further studies, as the linear configuration provided greater versatility and responded better to the linear site. This phase sought to transform the abstract structural models into architectural space, through a site specific and programmatic
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of 1:50 investigated the relationship between
approach. The final physical model at 1:30 sought to refine the approach towards topography and weaving surface. At this scale, furniture was added for programmatic visualisation and study of interior spatial effects such as lighting. With the progression of the physical models at various scales, the vocabulary derived from the techniques of Velez has been developed and refined into a new language for bamboo structures, that is consistent yet novel in the spaces that it generates. â–ś
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
Plan
Front elevation
LINEAR MODULE L1 (1:50)
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Short elevation
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Short elevation
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
Plan
Front elevation
LINEAR MODULE L2 (1:50)
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Front perspective
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Short elevation
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
Front elevation
Back elevation
LINEAR MODULE L1 (1:30)
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Short elevation
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Short elevation
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
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D O C U M E N TAT I O N
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FUTURE POTENTIALS
FUTURE POTENTIALS
The research was a journey of learning and discovery, repeatedly performing the same task at various levels of intensity to explore and experiment with different outcomes. The result was a consistent, novel language and series of vocabulary that was derived from the techniques of Simón Vélez, but a radical departure from his architectural works. The research also sought to balance the two key forces in the project - structure and the taxonomy with rigour to refine control of the joinery as vocabulary. Learning to work with the limitations of the material and adopting the non conventional methodology of crafting often led to discoveries that were novel and not predicted. Beginning with the study of precedents by the architect, the research was a fine balance
THE POETICS OF CONSTRUCTION
topography, through repeating the operations in
between challenging the project to develop a constructional language that departed from architect's techniques, yet being less stringent with the process to allow unexpected discoveries and takeaways to happen. While craftsmanship was as a methodology, there is potential for the digitalisation of the physical models through 3d scanning and point cloud that can
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