BUILDING SERVICE [ARC 2423] PROJECT 2 THE INSPIRATION AND THE INTERVENTION LOOK KIT YEAN OOI SHIN TZE WONG CHEA YEE TEH TSU TSEN TIOW TZE JINN YUSRA BADI NKYA NAROKA CAROLINE K. NJAU
0300432 0302058 0302420 1103P12147 1101P13103 0304627 1001C74796
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM Fire protection system is a system, structure or equipment in a building that helps to reduce danger to a person and property by detecting or extinguishing fire. Its made up of active and passive system. The passive system features relate to elements of construction which are generally part of the fabric of the building as opposed to active features such as sprinklers, detectors, alarms, etc.
PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM 1 2
Consists of Compartmentation – a concept that reduce the likelihood of smoke inhalation-deaths by subdividing a large building so that a fire starting anywhere is caged within it’s cell of origin. and means of escape – it is a continuous unobstructed path for evacuees to evacuate from any point of the building to a public way.
COMPARTMENTATION 1)
“Fire resisting” – means the construction so designated. Including doors, has a minimum standard of fire resistance of not less than half hour in accordance with the relevant Schedule of these By-laws or which achieves such standard when tested in accordance with BS 476: Part 8 1972 except that, in the case of the doors, a. The rabbets to the door frame or the door stops whichever may be not that less 18 mm deep; and
b. The door is rendered self-closing;
UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 SECTION 162 Fire doors in compartment walls and separating walls
SECTION 173 Exit doors 1 All exit doors shall be openable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. 2 Exit doors shall close automati cally when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.
Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
Means of escape
SECTION 163 Door closers for fire doors All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors, 2 Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating devices to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
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“Storey exit” means a fire rated door to a protected staircase or a corridor protected with a fire resisting structure in accordance to the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws and in the case of ground floor accommoda tion storey exit means a door leading direct to a place of safety outside the building. “Protected staircase” – means a staircase separated from the building it serves by partitions having an FRP of not less than half hour and which has all openings in such partitions fitted with fixed lights and self-closing doors each having an FRP of not less than half hour. “External staircase” – means a staircase which is completely open to the external air on at least two sides from the level of the top of the balus trade to the underside of the flight of stairs immediately above; “Smoke lobby” – means a protected lobby being the approach to a staircase and which acts as a fire and smoke check between a storey and the staircase. “Exit route” means a route by which persons in any storey of a build ing may reach a place of safety outside the building and may include a room, doorway corridor, stairway or other means of passage not being a revolving door, lift or escalator.
SECTION 157 Protected shafts consisting of staircase
SECTION 196 Smoke Lobbies
A protected staircase or a protected shaft containing a staircase shall not contain any pipe conveying gas or oil or any ventilating duct other than a duct surveying only that staircase or shaft.
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SECTION 169 Exit Route No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.
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Access to a staircase smoke lobby shall be by means of fire doors opening in the direction of escape. The width of the smoke lobby shall at no point be less than the required exit width. Smoke lobbies shall be provided at the basement levels where an escape staircase serving up upper storey is extended to a basement.
SECTION 166 Exits to be accessible at all times 1
Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exists as may be necessary.
2 The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.
SECTION 167 Storey Exits
SECTION 74 Arrangement of storey exits
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Except as provide for in by-law 194 every compartment shall be provided with at least two storey exits located as far as practical from each other and in no case closer than 4.5 metres and in such position that the travel distance specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are not exceeded. The width of storey exits shall be in accordance with the provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws.
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Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured between the nearest edges of the openings Each exit shall give direct access to — a. A final exit
Distance between the exits at CPU is 27 m.
b. c.
A protected staircase leading to a final exit; or An external route leading to a final exit.
SECTION 225 Detecting and extinguishing fire 1
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Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the tenth schedule to these By-laws. Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest point of fire brigade access. Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for the fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
FIRE HYDRANT CARPARK FOR FIRETRUCK
MAIN ROAD
Location: It is located outside the building and should be easily accessed by the fireman especially during an emergency. It should be away from obstructions like street furniture and photo booths.
Location specifications Not less than 2m from adjacent buildings and overhangs Between 0.61m to 2.4m from Fire Appliance Access Away from risk vehicular. Not more than 9m apart from each other ( in new buildings adjacent to existing developments, a new hydrant or hydrants will have to be provided if there is no hydrant within 45m radius of the new building.)
SECTION 227 Portable Extinguisher Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on the exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Descriptions A fire hydrant is an above-ground connection that provides access to a water supply for the purpose of fighting fires. The water supply may be pressurized, as in the case of hydrants connected to water mains buried in the street, or unpressurized, as in the case of hydrants connected to nearby ponds or cisterns. The user attaches a hose to the fire hydrant, then opens a valve on the hydrant to provide a powerful flow of water. Every hydrant has one or more outlets to which a fire hose may be connected. The user can attach the hose to a fire engine, to use a powerful pump to boost water pressure and possibly split into multiple streams.
location for fire hydrant
SECTION 228 Sprinkler Valve 1 Location: The fire extinguisher is located with the hose reel and fire alarm. Fire extinguishers are normally used when there is a minor fire. It is located at a place where it is easily obtained. Description: They are colour coded cylinders containing compressed liquids and gasses appropriate to various sources of fire Standard firefighting equipment in all commercial & public building. Their objective is to remove or sufficiently reduce at least one component of the fire triangle Class A
Info Ordinary Combustibles: Wood, paper, cloth, trash and other ordinary materials
B
Flammable liquid and gases: Gasoline, oils, paint lacquer and tar`
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Fires involving live electrical equipment
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Combustible metals
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Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media: vegetable or animal oils or fats.
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Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible by the Fire Authority. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Descriptions A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected.
Location: Sprinklers should be located close to ceiling. Location specifications: The water supplying sprinkler discharge on a branch-line for grid is situated between and fed through two cross-main, the water supply for any discharging sprinkler will always come in two directions.
A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been detected. When a fire starts, hot air reaches the sprinkler head, that sprinkler head is activated. Each closed-head sprinkler is held closed by either a heat-sensitive glass bulb. It is filled with a glycerin-based liquid that expands at the appropriate temperature, breaking the glass and activating the sprinkler head. The sprinkler heads can detect a high temperature -- usually between 135 and 165 degrees Fahrenheit. The sprinkler head is attached to a system of pipes that are hidden behind the walls or ceiling. These pipes wind through the building and outside to connect with a reliable water source. When the sprinkler head is triggered, a valve to the pipe system is opened, releasing the water that is kept under pressure from the pipes. The water is quickly pushed out of the pipes through the sprinkler head, spraying water downward and out to the sides. This carefully designed spray of water extinguishes the fire below and prevents it from spreading. The sprinklers in these systems are attached to pipes containing pressurized water at all times. Individual sprinklers in the vicinity of a fire are set off by heat, allowing water to flow through them immediately. Wet systems are required for multi-storey or high-rise buildings and for life safety. They also are the most reliable, because they are simple, with the only operating components being the automatic sprinklers and (commonly, but not always) the automatic alarm check valve. An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to the system piping.
wet riser pump location
INTERNAL HYDRANTS SECTION 231 Installation and testing of wet rising system 1
Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 metres above fire appliances access level.
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A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
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Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimetres diameter and shall by hydrostatically tested at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least 24 hours.
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Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 6.5 millimetres instantaneous coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1 millimetres diameter equipped with an approved cradle and a variable of fog nozzle.
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A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground level to the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimetres outlet above the roof line.
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Each stage of the wet riser shall not exceed 61 metres, unless expressly permitted by D.G.F.S but in case exceeding 70.15 metres.
Basement Plan
Descriptions Wet rising mains are fitted in tall buildings due to the excessive pressures required to pump water to high levels. A Wet riser is a supply system intended to distribute water to multiple levels or compartments of a building, as a component of its fire fighting systems. They are advantageous to the fire service in two respects. Firstly they provide a fixed distribution system within the building that requires no fire service resources or equipment. Secondly it is designed as part of, and to maintain, the compartmentation of the building. Wet rising mains consist of vertical pipes similar to the dry rising main system with landing valves at each floor except the ground. The pipe system is connected to a permanent water supply normally a tank fed from the town mains. Duplicate automatic pumps, one duty and one standby supply this water to the pipe system.
SECTION 247 Water Storage 1 2
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Water storage capacity and water flow rate for the firefighting systems and installations shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws. Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.
Wet riser storage tank, sprinkler storage tank, and domestic storage tank location
Location: It is located in the wet riser room at basement level. The reason it is placed at the lowest level of the building is to provide a continuous flow of water with pressure within the systems.
Hose Reel
Hose Reel Location
Location: It is located between the exit and the elevator of the CPU building. The reason it was located there because it can be easily accessed by the fireman during a fire or people in the building can use it for emergency purposes. Descriptions: A fire hose is a high-pressure hose that carries water or other fire retardant (such as foam) to a fire to extinguish it. Outdoors, it attaches either to a fire engine or a fire hydrant. Indoors, it can permanently attach to a building's standpipe or plumbing system. Firefighting hose reel is the part which can be easily accessible. Hose connections are often made from brass. The fire hose reel outlets should be properly housed in glass fronted cabinet secured under lock and key.
ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEM “Dry rising system” means a vertical water main which is normally dry, of appropriate size, and fitted with hydrant outlets which can be charged with water by the Fire Authority’s pumps via fire service inlet and shall comply with BS 3980 and BSCP 402.101
UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 SECTION 203 Installation and testing of dry rising system 1 Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level.
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A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby
Dry risers shall be of minimum “Class C” popes with fittings and connections of sufficient strength to with stand 21 bars of water pressure. The dry riser shall be not less than 102 mm in diameter in buildings in which the highest outlet is 22.875 m or less above the fire brigade pumping inlet and 152.4mm diameter where the highest outlet is higher than 22.875 m above the pumping inlet. 102mm diameter dry risers shall be equipped with a two way inlet and 152.4mm dry risers shall be equipped with a four-way pumping inlet.
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“Fire lifts” means lift capable of being commandeered for exclusive use of firemen in emergency “Firemen’s switch” means a switch located adjacent to the fire lift by the designated floor to enable the fire brigade to gain control of the fire lifts.
SECTION 243 Fire Lifts
SECTION 249 Smoke and heat venting
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1 In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided for the safe use of exit
Dry rising system shall be provided in every building in which the top most floor is more than 18.3 metres but less than 30.5 metres above fire appliance access level. Smoke Lobby Fire Lift Normal Lift
The exit of the smoke vent is located on the roof top of the building
This is where the smoke is absorbed from the building – it is located in the classrooms and smoke lobby.
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Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the further most point of the floor.
Smoke vent attached at the ceiling of Basement Carpark
SECTION 251 Smoke vents to be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke 1 Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purpose of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies. SECTION 154 Emergency mode of operation in the events of power failure. 1
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On failure of mains of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open. After all lifts are parked, the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation: Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lights, this mode of operation need not apply.
SECTION 155 Fire mode of operation 1 The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated auto matically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. 2
If mains power is available all lift shall return in se quence directly to the designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls, overriding the emergency stop button inside the car, but not any other emergency or safety devices, and park with doors open.
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The fire lifts shall then be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch.
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Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only operate in response to car calls but not to landing calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.
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In the event of mains power failure, all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor and oper ate under emergency power as described under para graphs (2) to (4).
SECTION 229 Means of access and fire fighting in buildings over 18.3 metres high 1
Buildings in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres above fire appliance access level shall be pro vided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire fighting access lobbies, fire fighting staircase, fire lifts and wet or dry rising systems.
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Fire fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor, level and shall be located that the level distance from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres.
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A fire fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire fighting access lobby and shall be directly accessible from outside the building at fire ap pliance access level. This may be one of the staircase required as a means of egress from the building.
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A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the fire fighting staircase at each floor level.
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The fire lift shall discharge directly into the fire fighting access lobby fire fighting staircase or shall be con nected to it by a protected corridor.
SECTION 225 Detecting and extinguishing fire 1
Ever building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire with fire alarms together with illu minated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
SECTION 226 Automatic system for hazardous occupancy 1
Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of occupants.
SECTION 172 Emergency exit signs 1
Storey exits and access to such exits hall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishing or other equipment.
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A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
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Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 mm high with the principle strokes of the letters not less than 18 mm wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black back ground.
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All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
SECTION 236 Special hazards 1
Places constituting special hazards or risk due to the nature of storage, trade, occupancy or size shall be required to be protected by fixed installations, protective devices, systems and special extinguishers as may be required by the Fire Authority
There is a nitrogen sprinkler system in the generator room because use of water will spoil the generator
This is the generator located in the basement in the generator room.
NFPA 13 4.5 – Air, nitrogen or other approved gas Where air is used to charge, maintain or supervise sprinkler system, nitrogen or other approved gas shall be permitted to be used.
SECTION 240 Electrical Isolating Switch (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolating switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. (2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM Introduction: An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. Fire alarm systems are used to notify people to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, to request such civil defence as fire brigades emergency services, and to send digital signals to associate systems interface to control the spread of fire and smoke. Fire Alarm Systems are classified as either Conventional or Analogue Addressable. Functions: 1. Detect the presence of a fire. 2. Notify the occupants 3. Notify the fire department (usually through a central station connection) 4. Operate other fire safety functions, e.g., release magnetically held open smoke doors.
UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS 1984 SECTION 237 Fire Alarms (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two- stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
Type of Fire Alarm System used in Canadian Pre- University: Analogue Addressable:
This type of installation gives each detector on a system an individual number, or address. Thus, analogue addressable detectors allow a fire alarm control panel, and therefore fire fighters, to know the exact location of an alarm. In certain systems, a graphical representation of the building is provided and the exact location of the alarm can indicated on the diagram. Analogue addressable systems are usually more expensive than conventional non- addressable systems, and offer extra options, such as a custom level of sensitivity (sometimes called Day/Night mode) and contamination detection from the main panel that allows determination of a wide range of faults. Panels can also be interconnected to control a very large number of detectors in many other buildings commonly used in hospitals, universities, resorts and similar large centres.
Basic components of a fire alarm system: 1. Alarm Initiation Devices (a) Break Glass
Descriptions of break glass: The break glass call point is a device to enable personnel to raise the alarm in the event of a fire, by simply breaking a frangible element and thus activating the alarm system. The following notes give guidance for the correct siting and positioning of break glass call points: 1. Break glass call points should be located on exit routes and in particular on the floor landings of staircases and at all exits to the open air. 2. Break glass call points should be located so that no person need travel more than 45m from any position within the premises in order to give an alarm (30m if layout is unknown). 3. Generally, call points should be fixed at a height of 1.4m above the floor, at easily accessible, well-illuminated and conspicuous positions free from obstruction. 4. The method of operation of all call points in an installation should be identical unless there is a special reason for differentiation. 5. Manual and automatic devices may be installed on the same system although it may be advisable to install the manual call points on separate zones for speed of identification.
Location: It located near the entrance and exit. People can easily break the glass and trigger the alarm when they are escaping to the exit during fire emergency.
(b) Heat Detectors
Location: It is located in the generator room at basement level. The reason putting a heat detector in a generator room is because generator can easily produce heat while generating electricity. Therefore, heat detector can help to trigger the alarm while abnormal temperature rises in the generator room.
Descriptions: Heat detectors may be the Point type (which respond to temperatures surrounding one particular spot), or the Line type (which responds to temperature change along its line). All Point type heat detectors should include a fixed temperature element operating at a pre-determined temperature. Some may also include a rate-of-rise element designed to operate in response to a rapid rise in temperature. Heat detectors are in general less sensitive than other types of detector and should therefore not be used where a small fire will cause unacceptable losses.
(c) Smoke Detectors
Descriptions: There are two principal methods of smoke detection: the ionisation chamber, and the optical scatter chamber. The detection method chosen will usually depend on the type of fire risk to be protected against. In the ionisation chamber, an electric current flows between two electrodes and is reduced by smoke. Ionisation detectors are particularly sensitive to small particle smoke such as that produced in rapidly burning fires but are relatively insensitive to large particle smoke such as that produced by overheated PVC or smouldering polyurethane foam.
Location: It is located in every room and every corridor. This is to ensure that there is no any burning materials happen in the campus.
Siting and spacing of detectors In a building the greatest concentration of smoke and heat will generally collect at the highest parts of the enclosed areas and it is here therefore, that detectors should normally be sited. Depending on the category of system chosen and the nature of the property to be protected, detection will typically be placed in other high risk areas such as kitchens, boiler rooms and plant rooms.
Obstructions (i) Heat and smoke detectors should not be mounted within 500mm of any walls or obstructions greater than 250mm. (ii) Where the obstruction is less than 250mm, detectors should not be mounted within twice the depth of the obstruction. (iii) If any lantern light within a protected area is 800mm or more in depth, or is used for ventilation, a fire detector should be sited in the lantern light. (iv) Detectors should not be mounted within 1m of any air inlet of a forced ventilation system. (v) Other than in category L4, L5 and P2, if any vertical shaft penetrates one or more ceilings, a fire detector should be sited at the top of the shaft and on each level within 1.5m of the penetration. E.g. Lift shaft, escalator etc (vi) Obstructions greater than 10% of the ceiling height treat as a wall.
(vii) Cellular structure ceilings: - Down-stands less than 10% of the ceiling height, standard spacing. - Down-stands greater than 10% of the ceiling height, reduced spacing. - Detectors located on beams for small cells where the width is less than 4 x the depth. - Detectors located in the cells where the width of the cell is greater than 4 x depth. (viii) Structural Beams: - Provided the length of the beam is no greater than 10.6m for smoke and 7.5 for heat detectors then special spacing are provided. - If the beams are greater than above, a detector is required in each cell. (ix) Partitions or storage racks that reach within 300mm of ceiling should be treated as walls.
1. Notification Appliances Bells
Smoke Detectors
Descriptions: Bells may be used for fire alarm signals where their sound is distinctive and will not be conÂŹfused with similar audible signals used for other purposes. Bells are normally operated by 12 or 24 volts DC (direct current) and may be of the single-stroke or vibration type connected in parallel. Bells may be provided with 4-inch through 12-inch gongs (in 2-inch increments). The 6- and 10-inch sizes are the most commonly used. Usually, bells with 4-inch gongs are reserved for use as trouble signals. Generally, the larger the diameter of the gongs the lower the frequency and the louder the audible signal (expressed in terms of decibels [dB]).When activated, the fire alarm evacuation signals sound immediately throughout the premises. Audible, visible & textual to alert the occupants. Audible or visible signals are the most common and may utilize speakers to deliver live or pre-recorded instructions to the occupants. Audible textual appliances, which are employed as part of a fire alarm system that includes Emergency Voice Alarm Communications (EVAC) capabilities.
Location: It is located in every room and every corridor. This is to ensure that there is no any burning materials happen in the campus.
High reliability speakers are used to notify the occupants of the need for action in connection with a fire or other emergency. These speakers are employed in large facilities where general undirected evacuation is considered impracticable or undesirable. The signals from the speakers are used to direct the occupant’s response. The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building known as Fire Wardens Stations, or from a single location designated as the building Fire Command Centre.
3. Command and Control Centre SECTION 238 Command and Control Centre Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkle, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by- passing the switchboard.
Location: Command and Control Centre is located at ground floor to ensure easy contact with bomba.
Descriptions: In Canadian Pre - University, a fire alarm, smoke detector, and sprinkler system are connected to control panel in control panel room, which located in the block c first floor near the parking area. The function of this control panels is to receive signals from all the detectors and triggers due to the presence of smoke or fire. Once they receiving the silent signals in the control panel room, the security will command the nearest respective security to check the area where the signal was sent from either one of the heat detector, smoke detectors or break glass around that area. If the fire outbreak is caused by system error signal, it will be deactivated as well as any other sprinkler that went off. Inside control panel room also completed with smoke print and fire intercom.
4. Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication System SECTION 239 Voice Communication System There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, once a fire brigade communication system and the other a public address system between the central station and the following areas: (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; (b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hostel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.
Fire Intercom on control room
Fire Intercom near fire escape door
Location: Fire intercom is located opposite the lifts of every floor and command and control centre to ensure people can easily communicate with command and control centre when there is an emergency.
Descriptions: This system is used to supplement a protected premises where it is necessary to select evacuate or relocate occupants to areas of refuge, rather than evacuate them. Its standby power supply must operate the system for 24 hrs, followed by 15 minutes of operation during an alarm. Because of the emergency nature of a voice communication system, special requirements in NFPA 72, the National Fire Alarm and Signalling Code, also cover the survivability of the sys¬tem, so that fire damage to one paging zone will not result in loss of communication to another if there is to be partial evacuation. The voice/alarm system consists of a series of high reliability speakers located throughout the building. They are connected to, and controlled form, the fire alarm communication console located in an area designated as the building fire command station. From the building fire command station, individual speaker zones or the entire building can be selected to receive voice messages that give specific instructions to the occupants. Some systems have fire warden stations on each floor, or fire zones, to which a fire warden would go to assume local command and pass on specific evacuation instructions. The fire command station is usually operated by a trained building employee until the fire depart¬ment arrives, at which time the officer in charge takes over. The system may also be used during fire fighting operations for communication with the fire fighters.
One important aspect of a voice communication system is that since complete building evacua¬tion is not always feasible, it can instruct occu¬pants to relocate to “Safe” areas where they can wait out the fire. In such cases, communication with these people must be maintained to prevent panic and to facilitate further relocation of nec¬essary. NFPA 72-2010 requires that the notifica¬tion appliances circuits meet certain survivabili¬ty characteristics and continue to operate during a fire. The Code offers various alternatives to meet these requirements including installing the cable serving the notification circuits in a 2-hour shaft of in a stairwell in a completely sprinklered building or through the use of Circuit Integrity (CI) cable or other 2-hour rated cable installed in a raceway. The goal of course is allow the voice communication system to be used continu¬ously throughout the fire incident.
5. Automatic Sprinkler Systems Interface with Fire Alarm Systems An automatic sprinkler system must be connect¬ed as a separate point or zone on the fire alarm system in the facility. If there is no fire alarm system in the building, a manual fire alarm box must be installed (location determined by the AHJ). This box may be used to notify the cen¬tral station of a fire when the automatic sprin¬kler system is shut off for maintenance. Nor¬mally a waterflow alarminitiating device is used to connect the automatic sprinkler system to the fire alarm system. A waterflow switch may be a pressure type switch or vane type switch (see photo below and drawing on following page). The control valve is monitored for off-normal position. This function is normally served through the use of a valve supervisory switch. This device must also report separately as a su¬pervisory signal (not a trouble signal) at the fire alarm control unit.
PROPOSAL - SMK Pusat Bandar Puchong Basic components of a fire alarm system: 1. Alarm Initiation Devices (a) Manual Break Glass (b) Heat Detector (c ) Smoke Detector
Manual Break Glass
Heat Detector
Smoke Detector
Location: 1. 2. 3.
Manual Break Glass is located near the exit to ensure that people can easily break the glass and trigger the alarm when escaping from emergency. Heat Detector is located in generator room, computer room and science lab because those places are hazard places and easily produces heat. It can trigger the alarm when there is abnormal rise of temperature in those areas. Smoke Detector is located in everyplace and every floor including staff room and classroom. Even in AHU, smoke detector can be found. When the returning air from classrooms passes through the AHU that contain smoke element, the smoke detector will trigger the alarm.
2. Notification Appliances
ALARM BELLS
SECTION 237 Fire Alarms.
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these Bylaws. (2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two- stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
Location: 1. Alarm Bell is located near the exits to evacuate people when there is an emergency.
3. Command and Control Centre SECTION 238. Command and Control Centre. Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkle, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by- passing the switchboard.
Location: Command and Control Centre is located at ground floor and near to main entrance to ensure easy contact with bomba.
4. Emergency Voice/Alarm Communication System SECTION 239. Voice Communication System. There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, once a fire brigade communication system and the other a public address system between the central station and the following areas: (a) Lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases; (b) In every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area; (c) In each dwelling unit and hostel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the public address system.
Location: Fire intercom is located opposite the lifts of every floor and command and control centre to ensure people can easily communicate with command and control centre when there is an emergency.
5. Fireman Switch SECTION 240 Electrical Isolating Switch (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolating switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served. (2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Location: The fireman switches are installed opposite of lifts in every floor. It is installed 2.75 m from the ground to avoid normal people to touch it. It is only allowed to be switched off by fireman using fireman’s hook.
6. Fire Exit Signs
The distance between the emergency lights are according to the Malaysia Standard. And the emergency lights are located along the hallways and staircase to keep the place lighted in case of power outage. The emergency staircase exit signs are located in front of the staircase to lead people to the nearest exit in the event of a fire.
7. Speical Hazards
Nitrogen sprinkler are used in the science lab. Because of the type of storage, water sprinkler are not suitable in the science lab and workshop. Thus nitrogen sprinkler are used.
8. Fire Exit Door
The fire exit doors are used on the storey staircase as a method of compartmentation, to prevent the fire from spreading to the staircase.
9. Fire Extinguisher SECTION 227 Portable Extinguisher Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent positions on the exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Location: The fire extinguisher is placed with the alarm bell and the hose reel. They are placed outside of the important spaces of the school so that when a minor fire occurs, people can reach out to it easier.
10. Hose Reel
Location: Normally the hose reel is placed with the fire extinguisher and the fire alarm so it is easily accessed.It is placed outside the classroom so that when emergency occurs, the occupants can save fire as fast as possible
11. Sprinkler Valve SECTION 228 Sprinkler Valve 1 2
Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible by the Fire Authority. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
LOCATION: This is a loop system for the fire sprinkler. Every space is equipped with fire sprinklers. They are located at the corridor, classrooms and offices, etc.
ELEVATOR SYSTEM An elevator or (lift) is a permanent lifting installation serving two or more defined landing levels, comprising an enclosed space, or car, whose dimensions and means of construction clearly permit the access of people, and which runs between rigid vertical guides, or inclined to the vertical by less than 15째. A lift, therefore, is a vehicle for raising and lowering people and/or goods from one floor to another floor within a building directly (single push-button control) or with intermediate stops (collective control). Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. CASE STUDY Canadian Pre-University makes use of one types of elevator system, which is Geared Traction Elevators with a gearbox that is attached to the motor, which drives the wheel that moves the ropes. Geared traction elevators are capable of travel speeds up to 500 feet per minute. Gearless Traction Elevators and Fire escape life is used for the academic all floors within the building include basement parkings.
Types of elevator system There are three types of convoying methods in buildings, Elevators & Escalators & Ramps, have different dimensions and uses according to building type & number of users in it. Elevator Types According to : 1. hoist mechanism. 2. building height. 3. building type. 4. elevator Location. 5. Special uses
Based on UBBL requirements, For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided
1. Traction Elevators(Pull elevator) Traction elevators are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft. They are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators. A counter weight makes the elevators more efficient. Traction elevators that used in Canadian Pre- U are Gearless Traction Elevators.
Traction elevators that do not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits in the override space and the controls sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft. Machine-room-less elevators are becoming more common; however, many maintenance departments do not like them due to the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided.
B – Gearless Traction Elevators they have the wheel attached directly to the motor. Gear-less traction elevators are capable of speeds up to 2000 feet per minute.
Smoke Lobby Fire Lift Normal Lift
The elevator lobby on each floor is the focal point from which corridors radiate for access to all rooms, stairways, service rooms, and so forth. Such lobbies must be located above each other. The ground-floor elevator lobby(also called the lower terminal) must be conveniently located with respect to the main building entrances. Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor. SECTION 153 1 All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. 2 Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or poto-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which afer thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.
Main Component of System: 1. Car Sling, a metal framework connected to the means of suspension, 2. The elevator cabin, 3. Mechanical accessories
Mechanical accessories : 1. Roller Guides - as a guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails (A set of three wheels that roll against the guide rails) rather than sliding on the rails.
Emergency trap door opened from inside the car by using triangular key and from outside the car without a key by turning the link to pull locking arms. of trap door causes the lift to stop if the locking ceases to be effective; restoring the lift to service shall only be possible after deliberate relocking. rescue and evacuation of passengers.
2. Car ceiling is designed to be able to support two persons during maintenance operation without permanent deformation.Car ceiling is prepared also to mount emergency trap door, blower fan and balustrade.
3. False ceiling is the main source of lighting in the elevator car, there are many different designs for elevator lighting. Fluorescent lighting and spot lights are the most common lighting elements used for elevator lighting and a combination of the two types can be used also.
ADA Accessibility guildelines for buildings and facilities 4.10.11 illumination levels. The level of illumination at the car controls, platform, and car threshold and landing sill shall be at least 5 foot candles. Section 151 Ventilation to lift shafts Where openings to ligt shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less thn 0.09 square metre erlift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air lift shafts be vented to the exterior through a duct of required FRP as for the lift shaft 1. Front Panels The front panel assembly defines door opening height and location. Side panel were used as the elevator front panel in Canadian Pre-U’s elevator
Section 152 Car Operatng Panel COP 1. Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S 2. Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a minimum FRP of half hour. 3. No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre
Car operating panel COP is A panel mounted in the car containing the car operating controls, such as call register buttons, door open and close, alarm emergency stop and whatever other buttons or key switches are required for operation.
Car Floor finishes: Car floor shall have sufficient mechanical strength to sustain forces which will be applied during normal operation, safety gear operation and impact of the car to its buffers.
The smart elevator alarming system needs to automatically communicate alarm conditions at each elevator installation to a regional control center. This allows the company to dispatch local service personnel to each problem location, cutting response times and aiding the company in manpower allocation. The following three features are required by the centralized monitoring system: Every car panel(station) is equipped with full access button for call registry, door-open, alarm, emergency stop, and firefighter control. Also always provided is an intercom device that permits communication with the building control office. A door close button is sometimes provided if extensive hand operation of the car is under manual control. Controls that do not concern the normal passenger are grouped in locked compartment in the car panel. These include a hand-operation of the car is under manual control. Controls that do not concern the normal passenger are grouped in a locked compartment in the car panel.
Floor size is the same size of the car (width & depth) and Floor extension defines door opening, location and side portal depth.
ADA Accessibility guildelines for buildings and facilities 4.10.10 floor surfaces. Floor surfaces shall comply with 4.5.
PROPOSAL FOR ELEVATOR SYSTEM SMK PUSAT BANDAR PUCHONG Gearless machines generally utilized for passenger service, with car capacities of 2000 to 4000 ib (907 to 1814kg), although special cars of 500 fpm (2.5 m/s), geared machines are used. At writing, maximum speed of car are 200 fpm (10 m/s), faster drives have been developed and likely play in the role in the development of the next generation of very-high rise buiding.
One elevator and one bomba lift is located at the front portion of the building which near the entrance, another pair of elevator were located at the back end to transport peoplewho are using the classroom and workshop that leave far away from the entrance. Based on the minimum distance requirement of location of elevator, the distance of one pakage of elevator should have minimum 45m away from another pack.
LOCATION: Elevator that located near the entrance where it were located near the lobby as well to consume more people that using the elevator. Elevator location where also base on the location of the staircase as well for the user in case they do not want to use it.
Based on UBBL requirements, For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided
Elevator were connect form ground floor to third floor to transport people that are using the classroom, computer room and workshop from second floor and third floor Emergency elevator (bomba lift) were located on each pack from front to end of the building to for emergency uses in case the there are fire disaster happen.
2ND FLOOR PLAN
3RD FLOOR PLAN
Centralized Air – Conditioning System Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Introduction Function Direct Expansion Air Conditioning system Components of System Operation of System UBBL requirements Images and Diagrams of System (included in other parts as well)
1. Introduction An air – conditioning system can generally be used for cooling or heating for a particular object or building environment (structure) in order to obtain thermal comfort within the vicinity. Heat transfers from a cooler low – energy reservoir to a warmer high – energy reservoir. Due to the fact that Malaysia has a warm and humid climate (tropical), Air conditioning will mostly be used for cooling, factors that mainly contribute to heat gain in this instance are machines, people, lights and solar radiation, hence the need for cooling. Air conditioning is necessary to provide an optimum interior temperature and humidity that would be suitable for the comfort of the inhabitants. Taylors Canadian Pre University Campus located in SS15 uses the centralized air conditioning system as well as a backup system known as the “split air conditioning system”, though the secondary system is part of the airconditioning used in this case study, the focus in this study is on the centralized cooling system.
2. Function
3. Direct Expansion Air Conditioning system (DX):
The centralized air conditioning system is basically a system that has only one central source of conditioned air that is then distributed around the structure through a distributed network of ducts.
This system has a large compressor and condenser, which are in the housed in the plant room whilst an expansion valve, cooling coil and AHU are housed in separate rooms. The cooling coil is basically fixed in the AHU; which also has a large blower housed within the same section. The blower’s job is to suck hot air from the rooms via the ducts and blows it over the cooling coil, which comprises of the refrigerant. Cool air is then supplied through various ducts into spaces, which need to be cooled
Within this system there is a plant room where there is a large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and also where the evaporator is kept. These factors perform all functions that are similar to a typical refrigeration system, though some parts may be much larger that usual and have higher abilities. The compressor is the open reciprocating type; where there are multiple cylinders and is cooled by water. The compressor and condenser are of shell and tube type. The chilled air is then spread around via the ducts to all the halls and classrooms, as other spaces that require cooling. There is also a component known as the AHU (air handling unit), which is basically a blower; though there are two types of centralized air conditioning systems, Taylors Canadian Pre University uses only one kind, which is known as the Direct Expansion system
4. Components 4.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) And It’s Location
The control box to the centralized AC
The AHU Room
Vent In The AHU Room To Reduce Heat
AHU’s primary function is to offer conditioned air to numerous rooms in the building. AHU naturally has got damper used to control the amount of outdoor air that enters the system, the amount of air exhausted from the system, and the amount of return air from the rooms that is re-circulated through the system. Usually AHUs maintain a continuous rate of air released from temperature. In order to provide the desired discharge of air temperature required in the supply duct, it (AHU) had to be maintained by controlling the coil and dampers.
Schematic of a general AHU
In the Pre- Canadian University, the AHU is located in an enclosed room near the elevators (see figure 3: location of AHU). The AHU rooms are place directly above each other on almost every floor, that is from second floor to the lower roof plan.
4.2 Chiller:
4.2.1 Containments Of Chiller 4.2.1.1 Compressor:
Chiller In The Lower Roof Plan
Compressor And Control Box To The Chiller
It removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle therefore liquid can circulate within a Heat Exchanger to chill the air or equipment as required.
This is the main element of the system that draws refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and compresses it to high pressure. This in turns condenses the liquid due to raised temperature caused by compressing the refrigerant. Then vapor is easily cooled with the normal flow of exterior air to produce cold air.
4.2.1.2 Expansion valve:
4.3 Air Ducting
This controls liquid refrigerant flow in the evaporator with the aid of a remote bulb, capillary/feeler tube, TXV(thermostatic expansion valve) body. As the refrigerant is emitted through the expansion valve, pressure is downgraded abruptly and it then vaporizes and inflates. The expansion valve id then controlled by the capillary tube and a temperature-sensing bulb.
These are known as either high-pressure or lowpressure systems – high or low velocity systems. Supply ductwork will usually be designed to operate at low velocity and pressure unless the building constraints command otherwise.
4.2.1.3 Condenser: Both sensible and latent heat of vapor absorbed the air conditioner units are rejected by the condenser. The air propelling across the condenser fins removes the heat from the refrigerant thus its cause to condense back to liquid. 4.2.1.4 Evaporator: Is a heat exchanger that attracts heat into the air conditioner system, and release cool air into the air-conditioning space, done by using a refrigerant?
Taylors Pre-University’s air duct is rectangular in shape; these are being used to collect air from conditioned rooms to the AHU. The air duct is covered with aluminum sheet for temperature insulation. After air is processed by AHU, fresh air is then sent to rooms through the rectangular air ducts. 5.How it works A RVEC cycle has four basic components; an evaporator, compressor, condenser, and thermal expansion control device. The evaporator is located on the Internal of the air supply ductwork, which absorbs the heat via expanding of the refrigerant process flowing within. The refrigerant then flows to a compressor where it’s compressed and triggered to condense in the condenser, thus release and removal of heat from supply air. Flow of condensed refrigerant liquid through the thermal expansion control device is followed, which regulates the flow and pressure of the refrigerant back into the evaporator.
6. Benefits direct expansion air conditioning (DX) system DX systems less expensive to install, and uses less space in mechanical and electrical rooms than centralized cooling systems It can expand in an incremental fashion matching changed building requirements Packaged Systems have standardized operating performances per unit, to allow extra accurate system sizing Packaged Systems commonly demand less ventilation, and do not want devoted condensate lines Packaged Systems dominate less space than equivalent to split systems. 7. Operation The air conditioning systems are controlled using a Building Automated System known as BAS, which is linked to the control room. The system allows operation and monitoring to the air conditioning much easier. It also allows the system to be switched off at this point in order to minimize the consumption of energy. There is generally only one kind of centralized air conditioning system within the whole of Taylors Pre University campus and it consists of one active chiller unit, which is located at the roof top area. There are 7 AHUs found in the structure itself starting from the second floor.
8. UBBL Requirements a. The underside of openings for the entry into any mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning plant shall not less than 1 meter from any external pavement, road way, ground level or similar external surface. b. According to the guide, the AHU room on every level is of equal sizes and dimensions. - Lack of space around sided of AHU prevents effective maintenance check or cleaning of room. - The UBBL guide provides enough spatial measurement guides specifically for the AHU rooms and highlights on importance
Proposal for Centralized Air – Conditioning System SMK Pusat Bandar Puchong Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Chiller AHU Air Ducting Components inside chiller
1. Proposal of Centralized System and components For the proposal, section of the assignment, we were required to recommend an addition of the centralized system to the case study at hand, within this recommendation we were to suggest where to implement the main components such as AHU, control unit, chiller, evaporator, compressor and how to apply the ducting to supply cool air through the structure.
2. Basic components and their location a. Chiller
LOCATION: It is located towards the back of the classroom area and after the workshop. This is due to the fact that the chiller makes a large amount of noise that can be greatly distracting. Hence its location, further methods to reduce sound as the compound space is limited would be sound-proofing.
Toward the back is where the chiller would be placed away from the classrooms so as the noise would disrupt the studying process – incase there is some noise ouput extra sound proofing to be provided to reduce the noise.
b. AHU
LOCATION: The AHU is located next to the teacher’s room from the first floor as indicated by the section highlighted in red, it is also close to the stairs so it won’t obstruct anything. It is located in this section as it is the administrative block and it would be easier in terms of maintenance and so forth.
The AHU unit wich can be similar to the one within the case study
From top showing idea of ducting to be placed inside the classrooms. The second picture highlights where in the classroom the ducting should be placed to provide and remove air and finally the last picture represents how the ducting will be all all the floors – joint from one side to the other.
c. Air Ducting
LOCATION: The location of the ducting is not so specific as to where in the rooms but is more specific as to the area where the ducts pass through: classrooms, library, office areas and toilet areas (generally to remove stale air from the toilets).
d. Components inside chiller: Compressor, Evaporator, Expansion