Building Construction by jiyann ng

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BLD60303

PROJECT 1 : EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION

Content INTRODUCTION

SUPERSTRUCTURE

DOORS & WINDOWS

INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENT SITE

BEAM & COLUMN

DOORS WINDOWS

Pages 19 - 24

Pages 43 - 48

Pages 1 - 2

ROOF SITE & SAFETY

SUPERSTRUCTURE

PLANTS & MACHINERY

SLAB Pages 25 - 27

Pages 3 - 8

ROOF TYPE & CONSTUCTION PROCESS (SITE/REFERENCES) Pages 49 - 57

PRELIMINARIES WORK SITE LAYOUT SETTING OUT EARTH WORK

SUPERSTRUCTURE WALL Pages 28 - 37

Pages 9 - 13

FOUNDATION

SUPERSTRUCTURE

FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTUCTION PROCESS (SITE/REFERENCES)

STAIRCASE

Pages 14 - 18

Pages 38 - 42

CONCLUSION SUMMARY REFERENCES Pages 58 - 62

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENT SITE INTRODUCTION TO THIS REPORT AND ITS CONTENTS. INTRODUCES THE RESEARCH OF THIS ASSIGNMENT, THE MODULE AND THE SCOPE OF RESEARCH. THE PURPOSE, AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH FROM THE ASSIGNMENT.

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Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort - West Wing Located at Kuala Rompin, the Johor-Pahang border on the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, this charming resort is a hidden gem waiting to be discovered. It is an ideal choice of accommodation for all, either corporate or leisure. Known for its paradise on earth, the resort offers unknown pleasures and luxuriate in Mother Nature's cradle. Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort is set amidst the best environment Malaysia has to offer: with the lush unspoiled 130 million years old tropical rainforest of Endau Rompin National Park and pristine golden sandy beaches, both just a stone's throw away. Its 86 units of rooms feature Deluxe, Chalet, Villa for guests' selections, Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort offers variety of recreational facilities include golf course, beach sport, fishing activities, night jungle walk, jungle trekking, cycling, fire flies and clams picking

SITE & SAFETY PLANTS & MACHINERY CONSTRUCTION WORK IS A DANGEROUS WORK LAND-BASED JOB WHICH INCLUDES MANY DANGEROUS TASKS AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS SUCH AS FALLING FROM HEIGHT, COLLAPSING AND ELECTRIC SHOCK. HOWEVER THESE CAN BE CONTROLLED BY THE MANAGEMENT TO DECREASE THE RATE OF HAZARDS OCCUR IN CONSTRUCTION SITE. SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND TRAINING ARE NEEDED TO PROVIDE FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKER TO CREATE A SAFE CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENT

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Construction Signboard This board is to communicate with the public to provide information about the site. The information found on it board would include; project owner, the architect, structural engineer, M&E engineer, landscape architect, developer, quantity surveyor and contractor. It will also have the works that with happen in the project like start and finish dates. This board is always elevated at the front entrance of the site and stays erected throughout the whole construction period.

Safety Signboard Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) Factories and Machinery (building operations and works of engineering constructio) regulations 48. Danger Signs A simple but effective warning notice in the national language shall be placed in a conspicuous position at the discharge end of every chute to warm the employees and public. This are placed at the entrance on the construction site to warn the people what is happening in the construction site

Hoarding DOSH regulations 11.1 The worksite should be fully barricaded by protective hoarding so that the general public would be protected from work in process. The hoarding should be able to protect not the only the public from danger within the site but also act as barrier or security to prevent persons from trespassing into the site Each hoarding panel is 10ftx8ft made with metal(steel) and is painted with a finish coat to protect it material from, rusting. The hoarding provides protection to the public and the site

Safety Helmets DOSH Factories and Machinery (safety, health and Welfare) 32. Safety Helmets (b) every person exposed to falling or flying objects and blows on the head shall wear well fitting industrial safety helmets Safety helmets take in the impact force of falling objects are it hits the helmet .

First Aid Kit DOSH Factories and Machinery (safety, health and Welfare) 38. First Aid Any injured person shall at all times receive prompt first-aid treatment and such further medical attention as may be necessary. First aid is always found in the office as a box with a crescent and white background

MACHINERY MOBILE CRANE

EXCAVATOR It is use in preliminary earthwork, as it removes greeneries on site before construction can take place. It also can dig trenches and holes from foundation.

BACKHOE

It can lift heavy loads to a height advantage. It can travel on the road so it can transport and carry heavy objects to and away from site

10 TON ROLLER COMPACTOR It is can dip up hard compacted ground or lift heavy loads and carry these loads. It can also smoothen soil surfaces and can pushing objects into holes

It is used to compress the soil and other surface and smoothen surface, compacts soil, gravel and concrete when working on ground work

CONCRETE MIXER

BACK PUSHER It is used to push soil into holes or clear the soil from greeneries when doing earthwork.

It is used to make and mix concrete on site if the site is far from where the concrete is mixed.

DUMP TRUCK As it can travel on the road it is used to transfer materials to and away from site or just around to site.

BAR BENDING MACHINERY

BAR CUTTING MACHINERY It is used when making reinforcement bars to put in beams or concrete. To cut the bars

It is used when making reinforcement bars to put in beams or concrete. To bend the bars

Preliminaries Work SITE LAYOUT SETTING OUT EARTH WORK PRELIMINARIES PRESENT THE GENERAL DETAILS OF A PROJECT AS WELL AS GOING INTO THE SPECIFICS THAT SHOULD BE KNOWN, LIKE WHAT WILL BE REQUIRED TO EXECUTE THE PROJECT AND WHAT CONDITIONS ARE RELEVANT. PRELIMINARIES, IN GENERAL ,TEND TO OUTLINE NUMEROUS DETAILS CONCERNING A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT THAT IS NEARING THE END OF ITS PLANNING STAGES

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SITE LAYOUT / SITE BOUNDARY Lanjut Beach & Golf Resort, Kuala Rompin Site Security

Construction Site

Site Boundary & Temporary Fencing

Wash trough located near the entrance of the site

Entrance

Site Office Workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Quarters

Temporary Toilet, Storage

Outside the site office

Temporary Storage Area

SITE CLEARANCE Site clearance is the compulsory procedure to remove any obstructing elements such as vegetation found on site to prepare for excavation or structure building. It involves: - demolition and removal of existing buildings and structures; - grubbing out of bushes and trees; - removal of topsoil to reduce levels

2. The bulldozer is then used to remove the cleared vegetation from the site. Uprooted trunks and loose rocks are pushed toward a collection point. Taller/heavier trunks that cannot be pushed by the bulldozer are towed away by another machinery.

3. Next, the topsoil at 30 cm is removed because it contains decaying organic matter and roots. This part of the soil is unstable as a construction material for foundation and structure building. Site before clearance

Site after clearance progress

surface soil is usually from 5 to 30 cm deep

STEPS soil surface

1. First, Vegetation is removed. A bulldozer is used to uproot the trees. 4. Lastly, excavate the desired depth and transport the topsoil to another space as it can be reused later. remove the surface soil

SETTING OUT Setting out of a building refers to the act of measuring and marking out a full size plan of the building or element of the building on site. It is usually undertaken once the site has been cleared out of any debris or obstructions and any reduced level excavation work is finished.

pegs

PROCESS

cord/string

1. The first task in setting out the building is to establish a baseline to which all the setting out can be related.

width of foundation

2. After the baseline has been set out, each corner should be marked with a corner post. A check should now be made of the setting out lines for right-angles and correct lengths

Setting out done on site

3. After completing and checking the setting out of the main building lines, profile boards are setup to determine the corners of the buildings. These are set up clear of the foundation trench positions to locate the trench, foundations and walls.

corner posts

site boundary

nail in the center of post

50 x 50 corner post driven firmly into the ground

90Â° to all angles

cord marking outline of building

baseline of the building

outline marked on ground with dry lime or similar powder.

EARTHWORK & EXCAVATIONS Earthwork is a process which involves removing, moving and adding large quantities of soil, rocks from an existing land to another area.This is done to achieve a suitable level or height for a construction purpose. The specific type of earthwork done is determined by the condition of the site and soil and to prepare the site for other construction works such as making roadways, works on bridges and under tunnels.

TYPES OF EXCAVATION Topsoil Excavation The removal of topsoil as a Building Regulation Requirement Depth varies from site to site but usually in a 150 to 300mm range. Topsoil contains flora and fauna life and decaying matter which makes the soil compressible and unsuitable to support the building structures.

Cut & Fill Method Used for sites with slopes - existing slopes are measured and levelled. This is a common and most used method as it can help save on the labour work of landfilling and also time consumed on transport. The quantity of soil that has been removed will equal to the quantity to be filled.

formation or reduced level

original ground level cut fill

Excavation done on site

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION TYPE & CONSTUCTION PROCESS (SITE/REFERENCES) THE FUNCTION OF ANY FOUNDATION IS TO SAFELY SUSTAIN AND TRANSMIT TO THE GROUND ON WHICH IT RESTS THE COMBINED DEAD, IMPOSED AND WIND LOADS IN SUCH A MANNER AS NOT TO CAUSE ANY SETTLEMENT OR OTHER MOVEMENT WHICH WOULD IMPAIR THE STABILITY OR CAUSE DAMAGE TO ANY PART OF THE BUILDING

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FACTORS DETERMINING TYPE OF FOUNDATION Foundation can be classified into shallow and deep foundation and is determined by the following factors:

GROUND CONDITION The ground or soil condition is necessary for determining the type of suitable foundation. The soil on which the building rests may be stable, level and of uniform composition, but in some situations it may be otherwise. When the load is transferred from the structure to soil through foundations, the soil tends to consolidate and settlement of foundation occurs.The settlement of foundation causes cracks in building walls, beams, slabs etc. and building can even fail in case of large settlement. Where soil close to the surface is capable of supporting structure loads, shallow foundations can be provided. Where the ground close to surface is not capable of supporting structural loads, deep foundations are used.

LOAD FROM BUILDING The loading condition depends on the form and type of building to be constructed. In case of low rise building with large span, the extent of loading is relatively modest, so shallow foundation is preferred in this case. On the other hand, high-rise building with short span has high loads. Therefore, deep foundation is required in such cases.

SHALLOW FOUNDATION RAFT FOOTING -

PAD FOOTING

Used to spread the load of the superstructure over a large base to reduce the load per unit area being imposed on the ground. Useful where low bearing capacity soils are encountered and where individual column loads are heavy.

Suitable for most subsoils except loose sands, loose gravels and filled areas. Usually constructed of reinforced concrete and where possible are square in plan.

square footing

STRIP FOOTING -

rectangular footing

circular footing

CANTILEVER FOUNDATION

Suitable for most subsoils and light structural loadings such as those encountered in low to medium rise domestic dwellings where mass concrete can be used.

Can be used where it is necessary to avoid imposing any pressure on an adjacent foundation underground service.

cantilever end of beam existing wall beam

point loads uniformly distributed load (udl)

column base

existing foundation

DEEP FOUNDATION Pile Foundations -

A series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit the load(s) of a structure to a lower level of subsoil. Can be used when suitable foundation conditions are not present at or near ground level making the use of deep traditional foundations uneconomic.

Classification of Piles Piles may be classified as either End bearing or Friction piles, according to the manner in which the pile loads are resisted.

End Bearing Piles

Friction or Floating Piles

The shafts of the piles act as columns carrying the loads through the overlaying weak subsoils to firm strata into which the pile toe has penetrated.

Friction piles obtain support by adhesion or friction action of the soil around the perimeter of the pile shaft.

load

pile cap

pile

firm strata

pile cap

pile transmits load directly to firm strata - it also receives lateral restraint from subsoil

pile transmits load directly to surrounding soil via friction between the surface of the pile and soil

pile deep layer of weak subsoil such as clay or silt friction

ON SITE: REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) FOOTING Pad footings are made up of rectangular or square concrete ‘pads’ that support localised single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed structures.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Pad footing on-site Excavation is done to the desired level. A layer of lean concrete is placed to provide a firm base.

Formwork is built. Spacer blocks are placed before reinforcements are laid.

Formwork

Reinforcement bars bent and tied in a basket

Stump reinforcements are erected in rectangular arrangement. Ready-made concrete will set and cure in the formwork and is dismantled afterwards

The rebar “basket” is placed into the formwork, raised above the concrete base.

SUPERSTRUCTURE BEAM & COLUMN BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE USED TO AS A STRUCTURE OF A WHOLE BUILDING . THE USAGE OF THESE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ACTS AS A SUPPORT THAT CAN WITHSTAND LOAD PRIMARILY BY RESISTING BENDING . THE PRECAST CONCRETE ARE REINFORCED AND CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY BUILDING ONCE THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE DONE. BEAMS ARE USED AS A LEDGE FOR OTHER PRECAST FLOORING TO REST ON. THEY ARE ALSO MANUFACTURED TO SUIT EACH PARTICULAR STYLE OF BUILDING DESIGNS.

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BEAM Materials used on our site: Reinforced Concrete (RC) - Also known as composite beam, it is made of concrete and steel. - RC is a composite material in which the poor tensile strength and ductility of concrete are counteracted by including reinforcement.

Here the reinforcement is steel reinforcing bars (rebar), embedded passively in concrete before the concrete sets.

A singly reinforced beam is used, in which the concrete element is only reinforced near the tensile face and the reinforcement, called tension steel.

This strengthens concrete beams, columns, and slabs by providing more resistance towards compression and tension forces.

Importance of reinforcement -

Without reinforcement, beams will crack if too much pressure is applied to it

Reinforced concrete can fail due to inadequate strength, leading to mechanical failure, or due to a reduction in its durability. Corrosion and freeze/thaw cycles may damage poorly designed or constructed reinforced concrete. When rebar corrodes, the oxidation products (rust) expand and tends to flake, cracking the concrete and unbonding the rebar from the concrete.

DEFLECTOR BEAM DETAIL Beam-to-Column connection : Beams are set on bearing pads on the column Corbels. Steel angles are welded to metal plates cast into the beams and columns and the joint is grouted solid.

PROCESS OF IN-SITU CASTED BEAMS

1. Construction of a beam will require formwork for its sides and soffit. The latter will have to be supported temporarily until the completed beam has gained sufficient strength. 2. Once soffit formwork has been erected, the necessary reinforcing steel is fixed, making the necessary connection to the reinforcement in the supporting columns or other elements. The side formwork is then fixed. Spacers are required to make sure that there is adequate cover to the reinforcement. 3. The concrete is then cast and the top surface of the beam finished off to the required level. After finishing, the top surface must be covered to prevent moisture loss. Generally the side formwork may be removed the day after the concrete is cast, taking care not to damage the surface of the concrete and corners. All exposed surfaces must be covered with polythene or wet hessian to prevent moisture loss for about 5 days, so that the concrete is fully cured.

4. As indicated above, the soffit supports and the soffit formwork should not be removed until the beam had reached sufficient strength for it to carry its own weight and any additional imposed loads.

COLUMNS 1. Columns at ground level are constructed on a pile cap, edge beam or some other type of foundation. 2. On our site the construction process is similar. At the base of the column, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;starterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bars will project from the supporting member. 3. Reinforcement, main vertical bars and horizontal links, will lap with starter bars for continuity. Reinforcement projects from top of the column for continuity. Formwork is fixed, with the necessary props to make sure that it is vertical and does not move during the casting of the concrete. 4. A variety of methods are used to fix the base of the formwork in place and to ensure a grouttight seal. Then, concrete is placed slowly and vibrated (using poker vibrators). 5. The side formwork is thus removed the day after the concrete is cast, taking care not to damage the surface of the concrete, corners etc. 6. Finally it may be appropriate to provide temporary protection to corners to prevent damage by other construction work. 7. To conclude, the column should be wrapped with polythene for about 5 days, to prevent moisture loss so that the concrete is fully cured.

In-Situ Columns

SUPERSTRUCTURE SLAB REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS ARE USED IN FLOORS , ROOTS AND WALLS OF BUILDING AND AS THE DECK OF BRIDGE . SLABS MAY SPAN IN ONE DIRECTION OR IN TWO DIRECTIONS AND THEY MAY BE SUPPORTED ON MONOLITHIC CONCRETE BEAMS ,STEEL BEAMS, WALLS OR DIRECTLY TO THE STRUCTURE â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;S COLUMNS

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SLABS -

Here the slabs are made of reinforced concrete. They are plate structures, horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, laid with reinforcement bars to withstand load. They are supported on foundations and is used to construct the ground floor of the building. Ground-bearing slabs built using formwork.

GROUND SLABS

Concrete Slab -

Minimum thickness is 100mm and maximum is 500mm, depending on the load it has to bear. Directly on the ground , can drain heat from a room. Concrete slabs are usually cast above a layer of insulation such as expanded polystyrene, and the slab may contain underfloor heating pipes. However, there are still uses for an uninsulated slab, typically in outbuildings which are not heated or cooled to room temperature. In those cases, casting the slab directly onto a rocky substrate will maintain the slab at or near the temperature of the substrate throughout the year, and can prevent both freezing and overheating.

Construction -

In site concrete slabs are built on the building site using formwork - a type of boxing into which the wet concrete is poured. If the slab is to be reinforced, the rebars are positioned within the formwork before the concrete is poured in. Plastic tipped metal, or plastic bar chairs are used to hold the rebar away from the bottom and sides of the formwork, so that when the concrete sets it completely envelops the reinforcement. Ground slab, the formwork may consist only of sidewalls pushed into the ground. The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel.

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SUPERSTRUCTURE WALL A WALL IS A VERTICAL STRUCTURE , USUALLY SOLID , THAT DEFINES AND SOMETIMES PROTECTS AN AREA, MOST COMMONLY, A WALL DELINEATES A BUILDING AND SUPPORTS ITS SUPERSTRUCTURE , SEPARATES SPACE IN BUILDINGS INTO SECTIONS, OR PROTECTS OR DELINEATES A SPACE IN THE OPEN AIR.

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WALL A wall is a vertical structure, usually solid, that defines and sometimes protects an area . most commonly , a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure , separates space in buildings into sections, or protects or delineates a space in the open air. Types of Walls -concrete wall -masonry wall -dry wall -glass wall -curtain wall

Exterior Wall -able to withstand horizontal wind loading -can serve as shear walls and transfer lateral wind and seismic forces to the ground foundation if rigid enough -act as protective shield against weather -insulation toward air,sound,damp,moisture and heat -able to support the weight of building or non bearing

Walls are Placed in Interior (wall/partitions) -subdivides the space in the building -can be structural or non-bearing -provide required degree of acoustical separation -accommodation of necessary electrical and mechanical services

Concrete Wall Characteristics -usually load bearing -texture & appearance can be controlled by the use of formworks formworks, admixtures admixtures & additives additives -often used in highâ&#x20AC;?rise buildings in Malaysia -often used in government projects in Malaysia, as part of the Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) -offers greater speed of construction & control of quality

3 type of concrete wall construction -

cast in-situ reinforced concrete frame with RC infill panel walls cast in-situ shear wall precast concrete wall

TEXTURE OF CONCRETE WALL

Precast Concrete Wall Construction Process 1. Remove precast wall from delivery truck 2. Conduct sample measurement to confirm on the accuracy of the critical dimensions of precast concrete elements and openings 3. Check the locations and conditions of the lifting inserts before hoisting 4. Check on the accessibility of unloading point and storage area 5. Set references line and offset line to determine the position of the precast elements to be installed 6. Provide level pads (or shim plates) for setting the level of the elements. Set the level pads in the position using non-shrink mortar 7. Lift and rig the panels to its designated location with the use of wire ropes 8. Adjust the panel to the position and secure it with diagonal props 9. Prepare and apply non-shrink mortal to seal the gaps along the bottom edge of the inner side of the panel 10. For corrugated pipe sleeve or splice sleeve connection, prepare and pour non-shrink grout or proprietary grout 11. For panels with cast in-situ joints ,install the joints rebars as required 12. Remove excess grout infill after precast wall is erected

Mortar Mixture of sand and lime , or mixture of sand and cement with or without lime. purpose of adding lime is to increase work ability of the mortar. proportioning by weight is more accurate compared to proportioning by volume.

Quality of Masonry Construction Quality of masonry construction solely depends on good workmanship. using the trowel correctly can improve the accuracy and quality while spreading the mortar. diagram below shows the correct way of handling the equipment .

Typical Mortar Mixes (by volume) 1. cement mortar - suitable for brickwork in exposed conditions cement : sand 1 : 3 2. lime mortar - suitable for internal brickwork lime : sand 1 : 3 3. gauged mortar cement : lime : sand 1 : 1 : 6

Masonry Wall -

-suitable for severe exposure

can be either load bearing or non load â&#x20AC;&#x201C; bearing one of the oldest material, and the most common materials materials for walls construction construction in Malaysia durable, good sound insulation, fire insulation and thermal insulation offers great flexibility in form and appearance

: 2 : 9

-suitable for most condition except serve exposure 1 : 3 : 12 - internal wall use only

METHOD OF MASONRY WALL CONSTRUCTION

1.Lay out bricks in dry run and mark indication line with chalk 2.Temporarily remove the bricks and spread 3/4 inch thick of mortar bed. 3.Place the bricks within the indication boundary and leave 3/8 inch thick gap in between 4.Bricks will be trimmed so that it will fit in perfectly 5.Spread a layer of mortar and continue the second layer brick placement 6.Use level to ensure the all the bricks are places in line 7.Last brick will be pushed into remaining space 8.Scrape off excess mortars from the joint 9.Finished wall is ready for plastering and painting.

WALL DETAILS Bricks were laid in slanted at the top row of the party wall to allow expansion when fire occurs.

TYPE OF JOINT

Single Flemish Bond -combination of flemish and english bond which provide attractive appearance -cannot be applied in having thickness less than one and TYPE OF BOND

Structural Frames Casing Timber frames require diagonal bracing or shear planes for lateral stability and may qualify as heavy timber construction is used with noncombustible ,fire-resistive exterior walls and if the members meet the minimum size requirement specified in the building code

ELECTRIC CASING INSTALLATION

PLUMBING SYSTEM INSTALLATION

Structural Frames that can be founded on site

PLASTERING TECHNIQUE

Plastering Process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even , smooth,clean and durable surface -a mixture of lime or gypsum ,sand and water ,sometimes even with fiber added will be used for coating walls and when harden Splash dash help to increase friction when applying plaster to the wall and increase the bonding

Types of Plastering 1. lime plaster - binding agent is lime 2. cement plaster - binding agent is cement 3. mud plaster - applied in two coats, thickness for first and second coats is 18mm and 6mm respectively 4. stucco plaster - decorative type of plaster 5. plaster on lath - lathing might be expanded metal or timber Small flat-topped pyramid with mortar at every corner and side end (make sure they are all same height).this method is use to make sure the mortar is laid perpendicularly

Process of Plastering After the brick wall is completed, plaster has to be applied on wall before painting. 1. Use a mixer to combine all of the ingredients that is to make plaster. 2. Put a corner of the hawk into the plaster mix and use the trowel to push the mix onto the hawk. Rest the trowel on the hawk, tilt the hawk back and scrape the plaster onto the trowel. 3. Evenly spread the mortar across the wall when applying it. Continue applying the plaster until youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve covered all of the wall. 4. Once the plaster is touch dry, screed the wall. Do this by dragging the straight edge along the wall. Screeding takes any excess plaster off the wall to give it a nice flat finish. 5. After the last screed, there might be areas where the plaster is uneven or patchy. Use the trowel and hawk to apply plaster where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needed.

Mixer -Plastering should be done after curing on the brick wall. -Cement and fine aggregate mix ratio should be: // 1:6 (1 cement : 6 fine aggregate) for internal plastering of bricks and // 1:4 for external plastering -Never do a plastering beyond 12 or 15mm thickness on a brick wall

SUPERSTRUCTURE STAIRCASE STAIRCASE ARE DESIGNED TO LINK FLOORS IN BUILDINGS. FUNCTION OF STAIRCASE ARE TO PROVIDE MOVEMENT FROM DIFFERENT LEVELS. MOST IMPORTANTANTLY, STAIRCASE IS BUILT TO ENSURE SAFETY AND EASE OF TRAVEL IN THE EVENT OF FIRE .STAIRCASE RETURN ON ITSELF IS TO ECONOMICAL IN SPACE ,ESPECIALLY WHEN THERE ARE NUMBER OF FLOORS TO BE CONNECTED.

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TYPE OF STAIRCASE

Timber Staircase

Glass Staircase

Staircase Material

Concrete Staircase

Steel Staircase

STAIRCASE ON SITE CAST-IN-SITU CONCRETE STAIRCASE Description: 1. A stair flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings. 2. A staircase or stairway is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings,newel posts, handrails, balustrades and additional parts. 3. Stairs allow easy movement between the different levels of a design. 4. Building regulations limit the general parameters of the design with regard to safety during emergency such as fire

STAIRCASE ON SITE

HALF LANDING STAIRS -This is the most commonly found stairs on site. Also can be found easily in any public buildings

STAIRCASE REGULATIONS The staircase should comply with these rules: -The top of the handrail must be located between 34 and 38-inches (860 and 970-mm) above the pitch line. -Along any open side of a stairway, the balusters must be located such that a 4-3/8-inch (110 mm) sphere cannot pass through. -The riser height is limited to 7-3/4 inches (200 mm). -A minimum tread depth of 10 inches (250 mm) is required, measured horizontally between the nosings of adjacent treads. -The headroom clearance along any point of the must be at least 80-inches (2 meters)

CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE

- The wooden formwork is the commonly used method for cast in reinforced concrete staircase. Scaffoldings are used to support the formwork.

- Reinforcement bars were placed inside the formwork and were tied to another starter bar on the next floor.

- After all the rebars were set with all the formwork in position, process of pouring concrete will start.

DOORS & WINDOWS DOORS WINDOWS DOORS IS AN OPENING OR CLOSING STRUCTURE WHICH IS COMMONLY USE AS AN ENTRANCE. IT DIVIDES BOTH INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR SPACES AS WELL AS CONNECTS EACH OTHER. WHILE , WINDOW IS AN OPENING THAT ALLOWS LIGHT, SOUND AND AIR TO PASS THROUGH. IT CONTRIBUTES IN AIR CIRCULATION AND HEAT REDUCTION

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Interior View of The Building

Frame, paneled door

Sliding Door

Materials : Timber,Steel

Materials : Steel,Glass,Plastic and rubber

TYPES OF DOOR INSTALLED 1. FRAME, PANELED DOOR - These are very strong and will give good appearance when compared to battened doors. These are the widely used doors in almost all types of buildings. - Stiles, vertical members and rails, horizontal members are grooved along the inner edges of frame to receive the panels.

2. GLAZED DOOR - Glazed doors are generally provided in interior wall openings or in hospitals, colleges etc. - The interior of room is visible through glazed doors and light also passes through glazed portion of the door.

3. SWING DOORS In this case, the shutter is attached to frame by double action spring which helps the shutter to move inwards as well as outwards.

CONSTRUCTION OF DOORS FRAME, PANELED DOOR

1.Milling the rails and stiles

- A basic frame and panel item consists of a top rail, a bottom rail, two stiles, and a panel. This is a common method of constructing cabinet doors and these are often referred to as a five piece door. - First make trial cuts of the cope profile (rail) and the stick profile (stole) in scrap stock and check the accuracy of the joint. This is extremely important when working at maximum thickness (7/8â&#x20AC;?). Make sure your stock is flat and cut straight with square edges.

2. Gluing up panels

- This is simply accomplished using the CMT Reverse Glue Joint bit. Place the first panel front-face down on the router table and accurately center the wood to the bit.

3. Milling the floating panel

TYPES OF WINDOW INSTALLED 1. TOP HUNG SASH OPENING OUT

2. LOUVRED WINDOW

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF LOUVRE WINDOW

1. Check frame to be true, drill hole in sill

3. Insert and attach louvre galleries

2. Apply sealant to seal

4. Insert and attach head section

ROOF ROOF TYPE & CONSTUCTION PROCESS (SITE/REFERENCES) ROOF IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF EVERY BUILDING WHERE IT ACT AS A PROTECTION TOWARDS WEATHER AND PRIMARY SHELTERING ELEMENT FOR THE INTERIOR SPACES OF A BUILDING . THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF MUST BE STRONG TO WITHSTAND WIND LOADS THEREFORE EACH COMPONENTS HAS TO BE SECURELY FASTENED TO EACH OTHER.

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TYPES OF ROOFS FLAT ROOF 1. RC Concrete beam, purlin and decking

PITCH ROOF 1. RC Concrete beam, purlin and decking

2. Steel truss system

3. Fascia truss system

STEEL TRUSS SYSTEM

Our site building has a steel truss roof system. A steel truss system is the Queen Post Truss is designed to be a very reliable, simple and versatile type of roof truss that you can use at any given time. It offers a good span, around 10m, and it has a simple design which makes it perfect for a wide range of establishments.

FORCES The truss roof has two different forces that act on it. One is Tensile force (this is a pulling away from each other force) and the other is compressive force (this is a push towards each other force). The tensile force is on the base of the roof and the diagonal steel truss while the Compressive force work on the top part of the roof and the steel truss perpendicular. Therefore the force cancel each out making the roof stable and suitable for the structure.

Tensile force Compression force

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 1. Calculation of roof slope 2. Layout of roof framing plan construction 3. Roof framing 4. Underlayment 5. Roof drainage 6. Roof flashing 7. Roof covering

1. CALCULATION OF ROOF SLOPE The roof span, runs and rises must be considered before construction. Span: distance between outer edge and top plate Total run: half of span Unit run: to figure out the slope to rafters Total rise: vertical distance from top plate to upper end Unit rise: the number of inches that a roof rises from 12â&#x20AC;? Slope= ratio (unit rise: unit run) Pitch= ratio (total rise: span)

2. LAYOUT OF ROOF FRAMING PLAN CONSTRUCTION 1: Outline roof of the building 2: Outline the rectangle 3: Drawing centre lines in every rectangle 4: drawing 25 angled line to centre line 5: Centre lines in 3 connect the hip and valley rafter 6: Layout of roof framing plan

Unit run Total rise

Unit rise Unit rise

Rafler

Total run

Unit run

Span

3. ROOF FRAMING Piping and ductwork and other mechanical services can pass through the webbing spaces

The truss is perpendicular to the their planes.

Steel Bearing Plate

Reinforced Concrete Column

TRUSS CONNECTION DETAILS

Connection of truss and column

SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

Connection from truss to steel column

Flying Bracing Section

SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

Connection from truss to reinforced concrete column

4. UNDERLAYMENT The usage of sisalation under the roof frames is as follows: Super Sisalation (A) Physical characteristics: The outer layer of aluminium foil is bonded to high density kraft papers which is then bonded together with heavy flame retardant and tear strength. (A) Thermal performance: When used in conjunction with an airspace. Sisalation is an effective thermal insulation material because of the high reflectivity, and low emissivity of its aluminium foil surfaces.

Aluminium foil Polyethylene extrusion Kraft paper Reinforcing glassfibre Flame retardant adhesive Kraft paper Polyethylene extrusion Aluminium foil

Cover starter unit

5. ROOF COVERING Cement Mortar Is a materials which gives a protective surface to the roofing structure. The function is only to prevent ingress or egress of heat & moisture into the building. The material used is tiles which are made of a ceramic material and is hard and brittle, but The disadvantage is that it is poorly suited for places where tree limbs can fall on a house's roof. As your site does not that any large tree is a good suitable material.

Field Tiles

6. ROOF FLASHING The flash is to drain water away from the roof so that water leak into the structure from an angle or joints. Thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier (WRB) system. In modern buildings, flashing is intended to decrease water penetration at

objects such as chimneys, vent pipes, walls, windows and door openings to make buildings more durable and to reduce indoor mold problems..

Galvanized or copper channel flashing

S-tiles

Counter flashing Top log of flashing min. 4”

Underlayment extended up sidewall min. 6”

Approx. 6” min

7. ROOF DRAINAGE GUTTER A gutter is a component of water discharge system for a building is. Water collected by a rain gutter is fed, usually via a

downpipe (also called a leader or conductor),from the roof edge to the base of the building where it is either discharged or collected.

PVC Gutter

Internal Corner

Joiner

Stopper Section

Expansion Cutlet

CONCLUSION SUMMARY REFERENCES THE SUMMARY AND REFLECTION BY THE TEAM AFTER DISCUSSION .AS CONCLUSION ,CONSTRUCTION PROCESS IS THE MOST ESSENTIAL PART FOR AN ARCHITECT TO MANIPULATE TO ENSURE THE QUALITY OF THE BUILDING AS WELL AS ENSURING THE SMOOTHNESS OF EVERY CONSTRUCTION STAGES

0324644 MUHAMMAD ZULKARNAIN

As conclusion, surveying a process along the project running enhance the quality and the precision of building construction. Also it helps to identify certain material used that actually essential for building also give a suitable ambience to the user of the space.

Excavation process was brought to clear the land

Piling is implanted as a base and foundation

Scaffolding is built to hold the formwork for the first floor beam

Formwork of ground beam is being filled

Construction of roof, doors, windows and walls marks end of the project

Backfilling of sand is carried on after the completion of the ground beam

Construction of ground floor slab formwork

First floor slab is constructed after the completion of first floor slab

Through this project, we were able to introduce basic principles and procedures of construction process through real-life project. We were also able to understand the sequence and coordination of construction at site. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate our understanding and knowledge of construction, material and technology.

In the end, we have successfully produced a complete documentation and an analysis of construction elements. We also understood and had an explanation of construction elements and its components. We had a lot of fun going into this project and learned a lot from the contractors that brought us along and also gained a lot of experience.

-Chudley, R & Greeno, R 1999, Advanced Construction Technology, 3rd edn, Longman -Chardley, Greeno, R 2005, Building Construction, Butterworth Heinemann Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2008). Building construction handbook. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Pella, B. (n.d.). Window & Door Installation Instructions | Pella.com. Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://www.pella.com/support-center/installationinstructions/default.aspx Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://nesa1.uni-siegen.de/wwwextern/idea/keytopic/7.htm Door terminology - Google Search. (n.d.). Retrieved May 17, 2017, from https://www.google.com/search?q=door terminology Precast concrete | YourHome. (2016). Yourhome.gov.au. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/precast-concrete What is Grillage Foundation, Definition, Construction, Uses ~ Civil Engineering Blog. (2016). Civil Engineering Blog. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2015/05/what-is-grillage-foundation-definition.html image.(2016).Dictionaryofconstruction.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/spread-footing.html What is stepped foundation? definition and image. (2016). Dictionaryofconstruction.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/stepped-foundation.html Bar bending machine-Reputable Manufacturer-Ellsen Machinery. (2016). Ellsen Bending Machine. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://ellsenbendingmachine.com/bar-bending-machine/ Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation.. (2016). Abuildersengineer.com. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://www.abuildersengineer.com/2012/10/essential-requirements-of-good.html Inverted Arch Foundation. (2016). The Construction Civil. Retrieved 16 May 2017, from http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/inverted-arch-footingfoundation/ 54 Flat Roof Construction. (2016). Chestofbooks.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Construction-Superintendence/FlatRoof-Con- struction.html (2016). Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.bestmaterials.com/PDF_Files/ metal-roof-fastening-details-postframe.pdf (2016). Nfrc.co.uk. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.nfrc.co.uk/docs/default-source/form-protected-documents/homeowners/householders-guide-toflat-roofing-2015.pdf?sfvrsn=2 roo W. (2016). DIFFERENT TYPES OF STAIRS AND THEIR USES. Retrieved May 19, 2017, from http://theconstructor.org/building/types-stairs-uses/11304/ Stair Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved May 19, 2017, from http://schools.ednet.ns.ca/ avrsb/133/ritchiek/notes/Text/grade10/stairconstruction.htm

Stairs and stair building an introduction, the basic of stair design. (n.d.). Retrieved Oc- tober 19, 2016, from http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/stairs.html C. (2008). How to Build Stairs. Retrieved May 19, 2017, from http://www.instructa- bles.com/id/How-to-Build-Stairs/