Purvi Bomb Architectural Thesis Research-Islands on the edge

ISLANDS ON THE EDGE Studying Coastal islands and architectural solutions to coastal islands

Purvi Bomb Fifth Year Semester IX (Part 1)

Guide: Ar. Geevith Tr Raghavan

L.S.Raheja school of Architecture Affiliated to Mumbai University 2021-2022

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Purvi Pramodkumar bomb has successfully completed his/her design dissertation (Part 1) on the topic ‘ISLANDS ON THE EDGE’ under the guidance of Ar. Geevith Raghavan tr.

The dissertation is undertaken as a part of the academic study based on the curriculum for Bachelors of Architecture program conducted by the University of Mumbai, through L.S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai.

SEAT NUMBER: ______

Thesis Guide: Ar. Geevith Raghavan tr L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai Principal: Ar. Mandar Parab.

L. S. Raheja School of Architecture, Mumbai External Juror: ______________________________ Internal Juror: ______________________________

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission entitled ISLANDS ON THE EDGE- Study of coastal islands and architectural solutions for them represents my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references.

No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I have read and know the meaning of plagiarism* and I understand that plagiarism, collusion, and copying are grave and serious offences in the university and accept the consequences should I engage in plagiarism, collusion or copying.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact source in my submission.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: Purvi Pramodkumar Bomb Exam Roll No: Date:

Place:

*The following defines plagiarism: “Plagiarism” occurs when a student misrepresents, as his/her own work, the work, written or otherwise, of any other person (including another student) or of any institution. Examples of forms of plagiarism include: • the verbatim (word for word) copying of another’s work without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • the close paraphrasing of another’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without appropriate and correctly presented acknowledgement; • unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another’s work; • the deliberate and detailed presentation of another’s concept as one’s own.

“Another’s work” covers all material, including, for example, written work, diagrams, designs, charts, photographs, musical compositions and pictures, from all sources, including, for example, journals, books, dissertations and essays and online resources

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This book is a compilation of hard work, of not just mine but a number of people who have given me their support, love and care.

Firstly, my parents and my sister for always being my constant rock of support and for never doubting my potential.

Thank you Geevith sir, I am most grateful for all the guidance that you have given me. I could not have made it through this process without you. As a teacher and mentor, you have taught me more than I could give you credit for here, your impact has helped me to flourish as a person. You have shown me, by your example, what an architect and person should be and this is something I would always carry with me in my life.

My journey in architecture is incomplete without thanking the faculty of L.S Raheja School of Architecture-Ar. Swanand Mahashabde, Ar. Sachin Vedak, Ar. Anmol Warang, Ar. Meghana Patil, Ar.Uttara Nalawde, Ar. Arun Fizardo, Ar. Mildred Tinto, Ar. Rohan Patil, Ar.Shraddha Raghavan Tr. Ar. Sachin Prabhu,Ar. Neeta, Ar. Mridulla Pillai Gudekar, Ar. Anuj Gudekar, late Shahane sir and others who have, in these 5 years moulded me into an architect that I am today and revolutionized the way I look at architecture and life.

I would like to express my sincerest apologies to the library staff of L.S Raheja for their futile efforts to maintain silence in the library in my presence and yet helping us out in all way possible to gather any piece of information useful for this thesis to be complete.

And lastly my whole heart to all my batchmates for their unconditional love, to my besties for keeping me sane and being my constant source of entertainment -Ritik, Vedika, Akanksha, Riddhi, Atharva, Pallavi, Raj, Shazneen, Meet, Shrusti, and to my group of design dissertation for their full support to bunk group discussions on having no work.

I dedicate this thesis to the people of Munroe Island who made me feel at home during my site visit and who made me realise the potential an architect holds to change a place, making me fall in love with their homeland during the process.

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Writing a dissertation is very much like being in a long-term relationship: there are likely to be some very good times and some perfectly dreadful ones but it’s a big help if you like what you’ve chosen.

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PROLOGUE

I am 22 years old and have lived in Mumbai my entire life; it was on a train journey from Mumbai to Surat that I discovered the most scenic place in Mumbai, which I was previously unaware of. Between Vasai and Virar, there was a little island called Panju off the coast. For a few moments, the train lines traversed the island, allowing me to take in its grandeur. Mangroves abound, with clear water and mountains in the background. A group of settlements with a temple head could be seen from afar. A few salt pans and a few fishing boats sitting on broken jetties could be seen from a distance.

After returning home and reading more about the island, I learnt that it has been inhabited for over 60 years by a population of around 3500 people who have been campaigning for a station since the country's independence. In the midst of this bustling city, this selfsustaining island with its modest inhabitants stood out.

The villagers fished, but they were subjected to climate change. The island was steadily sinking as a result of human activity, and the inhabitants raised their voices in support of better settlements and infrastructure. The island lacked potable drinking water as well as a disaster management strategy and yet many Mumbaikar’s were unaware of even its existence.

This led me to select my thesis topic for my architectural research that would focus on coastal islands near mainland’s in need of restoration and rejuvenation, islands which have a distinct character and personality distinct from mainland metropolitan life but are underdeveloped because to a variety of topographical, socioeconomic, and economical causes Some islands are experiencing climatic change, necessitating a robust, longterm approach to assist local communities in remaining in their homeland rather than migrating to congested cities.

Architecture can act as a tool to protect, restore and develop them.

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ABSTRACT

Cities are blooming into dense urban jungles as a result of urbanisation and globalisation. Islands are neglected and least developed. An island is a body of land surrounded by water. There are six major kinds of islands continental, tidal, barrier, oceanic, coral, and artificial and the world consist of more than 1200 coastal islands, near to cities and accessible for development.

The expansion of cities and nations increases land pressure and has an adverse impact of global warming.

Global warming has led to rising sea levels, while rising sea temperatures first impact the coasts and coastal islands, which are sinking few natural islands. So, one hand where we are competing for land and resources, and on the other, we are letting islands sink and then creating artificial islands in the name of urban innovations and technological advancements.

Changing global patterns and rising sea levels are endangering the houses of those who live on islands and along the shore. Indigenous island communities, despite contributing the least to greenhouse gas emissions, are suffering the most. These island populations are home to 80 percent of the world's biodiversity.

Rising sea levels are displacing islands, threatening not only their ancestral land but also their traditional way of life. Islands endure land loss, hurricanes, floods, and storms on a daily basis as a due to climate change for no fault of their own.

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PROJECT GOAL

The thesis would focus on the possibilities for preserving the cultural and ecological environment of coastal islands while developing them through resilient and sustainable architecture. It focuses on viewing islands as traditional indigenous communities with rich biodiversity rather than as just land parcels for tourism attractions. To focus on providing the island with what it lacks and to use architecture as a tool to provide the people with a sustainable solution.

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OBJECTIVES

o Understanding the developments of offshore islands near metropolitan cities (urban context) o Understanding the need of coastal island communities facing climate change. o Comparing tourism-based infrastructure and gentrification1 and its impact on the ecology of the island. o Understanding flood resilient architecture methods adopted by coastal communities to withstand climatic changes. o Preserving unique island features such as sense of place, character, and environmental values. o Understanding environmental degradation of mangroves and wetlands of coastal islands. o Studying potential habitable islands in need of restoration or coastal infrastructure. o Investigate common problems in relation to tourism, residential development and environmental management. o What are some constraints and opportunities for sustainable development owing to significant development pressures- those near cities? o The evolution of the concepts of urban resilience and its relationship with vulnerability and adaptability.

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SCOPE

While islands may be at the small end of those geographic entities on our planet of human significance, they do symbolize the balance of isolated independence and integration into larger systems that are essential characteristics of all physical existence, whether geographically or metaphorically. Our planet too is an island in space, and we may have yet to learn to live within its limits. The people on the islands who were dependent on the ocean for years, they got their food from it, work from it and now sadly they will die from it.

While climate change might be far away in the future for us living on land its already affecting the people on islands and as islands shrink and disappear, the population booms.

HYPOTHESIS

o Should Islands rethink their approach to development adopting measures of sustainable development while meet the resources and services, needs of current and future generations without compromising the health of the ecosystems? o Developing resilient architecture and policy must include climate resilience into them and prescribe circular economy-inspired to tackle climate vulnerabilities on islands o Traditional approaches have not proven successful in solving developing problems -Should new concept that considers islands in a new way and tackles tourism-based infrastructure be adopted? o To promote sustainable developments of island -Should a shift in the approach from land centric to ocean centric approach be adopted?

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Methodology towards a framework for sustainable development of islands SMALL COASTAL ISLANDS DEVELOPMENT.

Climate change and sinking of islands

Tourism based infrastructure against the eco system of islands

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Resilient and sustainable approach for community building

Looking at new innovative solutions for old problems for the welfare of the local islanders

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CONTEXT CHAPTER 1-Around the globe Introduction-Significant gap in research

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Examples of few developments of coastal islands.

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Governor’s island Islands of Sunder ban Padimate islands Atlantic City -Chelsea Heights Airports on Islands as developments

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o o o o o

CHAPTER 2-The Paradox of Paradise Introduction-What we fail to understand?

Critical Analysis o Development of Artificial islands on Penang islands o Tourism based Infrastructure on Maldives o Developments of Barrier islands.

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CHAPTER 3-Getting in the groove Resilience thinking

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Coastal Resilience

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Sustainable Coastal Management

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Island Management Strategy

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SIDS

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Challenges faced by SIDS

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Architectural Solutions

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o Fresh water architecture for scarcity for water o Climate resilient Architecture -Floating architecture o Disaster Resilient Architecture

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Waste management on coastal islands

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CHAPTER 4-Local Case studies Panju island in Mumbai 72 73 74 75 75 76

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Macro Data collection Micro data analysis Accessibility Climate analysis and topography Infrastructure Future government Proposals for the island Gharapuri islands in Mumbai

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Geography Tourism and its impact Atherogenic Influence Climate and Accessibility Resources and Utilities Future government proposals

CHAPTER 5-Kanoon 86

Need for IPZ

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More about Island Protection Zone Notification

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Prohibited laws

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Permissible Laws ICRZ-Island Coastal Protection Zone

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IIMP-Integrated Island Management Plan

CHAPTER 6-Moral of the Story 95

Sustainable Development

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Self-sufficiency of Coastal islands o Blue Economy o Circular Economy o Human Centric Approach

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Tourism and its impacts on Coastal islands

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CHAPTER 7- Site -The beginning Introduction to Munroe Island

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Beauty and Tragedy of the island

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Macro data Analysis

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Location

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Occupations

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Maps and graphical data

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Tourism

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House typology and Architecture

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Case study of local houses

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Mind map of my site visit

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Waste management

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Vegetation and Soil Conditions

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Challenges faced by Munroe Island

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Site-Micro study and selection criteria

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Design Intent

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Case study of Vellar Tourist Village

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Figure I:The hungry tide by National Foundations

“There’s more I have to say, so much more but I’ve disappeared...”

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INTRODUCTION EXAMPLES OF FEW COASTAL ISLANDS o GOVERNORS ISLAND o PADIMATE ISLAND o ISLANDS OF SUNDERBAN o ATLANTIC ISLANDS o AIRPORTS ON ISLANDS

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The island lay before their eyes like an unfolded map-Developments around the globe

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Figure II:Climate and time by round glass

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INTRODUCTION

In the early twentieth century islands where primarily used as immigration stations, quarantine facilities, and hospitals. Sometimes as prisons for war victims, experimentation stations for laboratories or navy ports.

Their development was always neglected and architecture had not reached their shore. It was merely side-lined by urban mainland developments and thus many coastal islands still remain unexplored and unplanned due to this development gap.

Despite the clear delimitation set out by their physical properties, islands are inherently ambiguous entities, presenting a dual nature suggestive of both isolation and connection. They are strongly linked to and dependent on their mainland or each other, if part of an archipelago while also isolated in terms of their culture, island characteristics and closely knit communities.

Today many islands are transforming and converting into tourist destinations or recreational centres converting into sustainability designed redevelopments.

This thus involved architects and planners to understand their role and understand the role of architecture in coastal islands The thesis intends to appraise and accept the sinking of few Islands which had potential to develop but sank the state of dystopia by balancing nature, architecture, and history of the eras that the island has witnessed. Also, focuses on how the island communities will react to climate change and adapt as the island passes into oblivion.

The focus of this chapter is on islands near metropolitan centres which are readily accessible but subjected to various development pressures that may threaten ecological, social and economic well-being. This chapter contributes to the field of island studies by addressing the lack of comparative case studies (lack of data) and research on offshore islands. In relation to existing island literature.

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Residential and tourism developments have an impact on people and places all over the world, and their sheer number, scale, and intensity, as well as their ability to supplant existing traditions, values, and practises, are particularly problematic. In this paper, I look at the effects of such developments on islands, which are places where geography has shaped or influenced certain political, economic, environmental, and social conditions.

As a result, the chapter looks for evidence to support the claim that vulnerability is a part of governance, and that vulnerability can be reduced if both vulnerability and governance are treated as interconnected phenomena.

Despite the fact that many academics based in cities are aware of the offshore islands near metropoles, there are significant gaps in research on them. While many offshore islands (particularly those near metropolitan areas) receive plenty of public attention, they are perhaps the most understudied category of islands in terms of research.

The thesis also aims to identify and suggest possible and practical SIDS measures to reduce the socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability of states, particularly communities most vulnerable to natural disasters.

This chapter examines the various types of development on a few coastal islands, emphasising the need for and potential for further exploration of such undeveloped islands. It also informs readers about the role of architecture in promoting island growth for the welfare of the locals.

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Location: close to Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn Area: 172 acres Climate: Cool (irregular mild rainy monsoon)

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Figure III:'governor's island' by Diller Scafidi + Renfro

GOVERNORS ISLAND-NEW YORK

Figure IV: Governors Island landscaping for improving walkability

Figure V: Governors Island urban parks with terrain landscape

According to an article by Govisland.com (2018); Properties and New development

Governors Island's design transforms the once-deserted island from a utilitarian, windswept military base closed to the public into a vibrant, resilient, and thriving mixeduse destination. With Governor's Island's enormous success as a recreational oasis attracting New Yorkers, the government trust plan to rezone land use on the island to allow for the development of residential buildings.

New Yorkers can enjoy open, breath-taking views of New York Harbour, Lower Manhattan, Brooklyn, and the Buttermilk Channel from the government island, which serves as a weekend park for the city's residents. Urban farms, play parks, water parks, waterparks, biking and running, tracks, art installation plazas, streetscape and hills, a climate change centre, hotels, dormitories, educational institutes, and a convention centre are among the amenities available. Stakeholders are investing in residential real estate as a result of the success of the plan for a recreational island in the densely populated city of New York.

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Location: 40 kms from Vizag, East coast of India Area: 120 acres (settlement), 1,820 acres Climate: Hot (Jun-Oct is rainy monsoon season) Population: 11,894 (2019)

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Figure VI:Jharkali Islands on Sundarbans

ISLANDS OF SUNDERBANS According to an article by newspaper Shudder islands (downtoearth.org.in)(2014) by an Anonymous Author -The Sundarbans, which is spread across 4000 sqkm, is an archipelago of 102 islands. Out of these 102 islands, 54 are inhabited by people, while the rest of the area is covered by forests.

Figure VII :Amphibious house module with bamboo and timber from a thesis initiative.

Figure VIII: Amphibious house module with bamboo and timber from a thesis initiative.

It is critical to understand the ecology and geographical features of an island before it evolves, as evidenced by the terrain of the governor's island. The Sundarbans, located in West Bengal, are a threatened ecosystem. It also has a distinct geographical location. It is the world's largest estuarine delta. This area, which is dotted with islands, is surrounded by the world's largest mangrove forest. The Sundarbans are facing a number of challenges as a result of climate change. Islands are disappearing as sea levels rise, and rising salinity in the water and soil has posed a serious threat to the health of mangrove forests and the quality of soil and crops. The building built to fight vulnerable environment combine locally sourced stone at the base with concrete pillars wrapped with bamboo filled with oil tanks for creating a floating base.

Planting native salt-tolerant grasses and a diverse set of carefully identified mangrove species in different zones of degraded mangrove patches is part of the coastal management solution. It also includes the use of growth-promoting bacteria, as well as the creation of a mangrove nursery for the propagation of mangroves for transplantation.

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Figure IX:Resilience for padimate coastal island

Location: 40 kms from Vizag, East coast of India Area: 120 acres (settlement), 1,820 acres Climate: Hot (Jun-Oct is rainy monsoon season) Population: 11,894 (2019) ISLANDS ON THE EDGE | 34

PADIMATE ISLANDS IN ANDRA PRADESH

The case study focused on understanding the resilience building of an island, here a fishing village on the east coast of India that is prone to natural disasters and vulnerable to climate change. These are the areas that are most susceptible to flooding.

The four layers of resilience being Social Infrastructure, Green Infrastructure, Built Structure and Physical Infrastructure To further enhance the resilience of the coastline, the concept of living shorelines is proposed that will be achieved by reviving the old mangrove cover along the coast, with supplementary measures such as strengthening of road networks and sea walls at critical points

Figure X: Research handbook from green climate fund highlighting 4 layers of resilience

INFERENCE: The particular case study helps understanding the layers of resilience involved in planning resilience for an island. Where apart from architectural intervention there are layers of other sub development involved to make it a functioning model

To improve the site's mitigation capacity, multipurpose prototype shelters are proposed.

During normal times, these shelters can serve as high schools or clinics, and during disasters, they can serve as storm shelters. The proposed prototype's architecture vocabulary is inspired by cyclone-resistant structures. To withstand extreme climatic conditions, the building has a hipped roof, clear stilt floor, and woven palm jails as window shutters.

This is aided by the strengthening of embankments, the creation of living shorelines, and the expansion of retention capacity.

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Location: Close to Philadelphia Area:17Acres Climate: Frequent cyclones and flooding

Atlantic City, New jersey USA Area: 17.21 sq. mi cyclones and flooding

Location Climate: Frequency Population

Figure XII: -The Rockefeller Foundation Atlantic City, NJ 2014

4- RESILIENCE FOR ATLANTIC ISLANDS Atlantic City, New jersey USA Location 17.21 sq. mi

and flooding

Area: Climate: Frequency cyclones Figure XI: -The Rockefeller Foundation Atlantic City, NJ 2014 Population

Atlantic City, New jersey USA Area: 17.21 sq mi

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Location Climate: Frequency

ATLANTIC ISLANDS

Principally the lifting of homes and infrastructure—anticipates rising sea levels and calibrates wetland migration to create a liveable future in the coastal back bay and provides an alternative to fortification and beach nourishment SITE: Elevated roads would function as protective edges throughout the neighbourhood.

These barriers are strategically designed to allow water to penetrate them at specific points. This controlled permeability, in concert with a reduction of hardscape throughout Chelsea Heights, would allow for its slow transformation into a true amphibious suburb.

The case study examines the critical relationship between city and ocean, combining the logic of each to improve residents' quality of life. This case study focuses on putting the layers of resilience into action for a model set up city in Atlantic after understanding them.

Atlantic City is vulnerable both economically and geographically. This city has been in the path of several historic storms as part of a lowlying barrier island, and its coastal morphology has been significantly altered.

From the works of http://structuresofcoastalresilien ce.org/:(2014)-Conceptual planning for Atlantic islands by SCR Organisation

The lifted roads in Chelsea Heights would work together as a series of barriers to slow storm surge as it approaches the backside of Atlantic City proper. Wetlands, as opposed to hardscape, also slow the movement of water in storm events.

Chelsea Heights would effectively perform as a sponge protecting both itself and the rest of the city.

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AIRPORTS AS DEVELOPMENTS ON ISLANDS

“Aviation connects the world. Over 58 million jobs and $2.2 trillion in global GDP are supported by modern air transport. Around the world abandoned airports near metropolitan cities are built into airports airports”.

Figure XIII: Picture by world geography

Figure XIV:Picture by CNN Travel

According to ABBB1 (September 2014)Small Island states: Building a sustainable future through air transport:

Each connection for tourism purposes also builds social and business connectivity for local residents and traders of the island. It also means local aviation partners can help build quality long-term jobs for residents. One example of this is Nadi International Airport, which handles 98% of all international visitors to Fiji Few other initiatives include the Rarotonga Airport in the Cook Islands which came up with solar-array power station. The 3,800 panels covering just over 10,000 square meters will generate nearly a megawatt of power, which will provide about 6% of Rarotonga city’s annual electricity generation needs this is one of the growing number of projects where airport solar power is being used to help meet energy requirements in the local community But now how can the development growth be reconciled with the other aspect of sustainable development – environmental improvements and specifically climate change? Aviation currently emits around 2% of global CO2 emissions.

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INTRODUCTION CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FEW DEVELOPMENTS o PENANG ISLANDS o MALDIVES o BARRIER ISLANDS

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The paradox of paradiseThe grass on the other side.

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As a Resident of Vipin island puts it: “Why is it that only such developmental projects which are sure to trigger off huge environmental hazards come up on this small island? We are the ones who will have to bear its aftermath. And what makes it worse is that none of this so-called progress actually benefits on ground.”

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INTRODUCTION

This chapter highlights developments of islands which are the perfect example to illustrate the negative impacts of human Gentrification and interference in coastal island developments. Unless, policymakers and developers understand the true natural potential of an island and develop it for the betterment of the local’s community there and not for their personal profits the aim of the research is pointless.

It is important to understand coastal management the threats to the ecological environment, needs of the local communities, traditions and culture of the islands etc before proposals are executed for the island.

Also, the management of the island after the proposal should be directly in the hands of the locals allowing them to benefit from the returns. The true purpose of an architectural intervention is to be human centric and look at upliftment of island indigenous communities first. Many a times the profits are bone by greedy developers and shareholders under the name of a welfare project for a social cause. It should be every country’s resolution to come up with immediate action.

The most widespread environmental problems affecting all island communities are availability of drinking water, and safe disposals of sewage and waste. Sometimes urban developments on islands ignore these parameters.

The thesis highlights various problems of island communities in the next chapters.

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CASE 1-CRITICAL ANALYSIS -DEVELOPMENTS OF BARRIER ISLANDS

Figure XV:Penang in dangers-Ariel view of proposed artificial islands

The goal of this proposal is to create a “global destination” that facilitates long term sustainable economic and cultural growth of Penang Island For more than five years, the State Government has been engaging with the local fishing community, with approximately 6153 fishermen participating in stakeholder engagements to better understand the fishing community's challenges and how the project can benefit them. The main issue confronting fishing communities is the depletion of line fish stocks.

The plan provides assistance to fishermen in South Penang Island in the form of boats and engines. There are also business and job opportunities, as well as training, free tuition, scholarship, and education opportunities for young fishermen and fishermen's children, as well as housing initiatives. generating new economic and employment opportunities These initiatives will not only reduce impact but also create new habitats for marine life in the project site's vicinity and other parts of Penang, ensuring the fisheries sector's long-term viability.

Figure XVI:Views of the making of the island by Edge Market

Figure XVII:Views of the making of the island by Edge Market

According to research by Lizzie Crook (August 2020)-Masterplan of urban Lilypad-Penang (Dezeen):

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Figure XVIII:Graphical representation of planned proposal by the star

What they failed to understand? o

The area is rich in prawns and fish in the area. We will see permanent environmental degradation and the extinction of Penang's street food culture if we build islands. Reclamation is unjustified and would increase erosion, while pollution along the coast reduces freshwater supplies even further.

o

Powerful people suppressed petitions fishermen communities

have from

o

Residential construction will not be required until 2030. How will it ensure the security of water resources for the additional global settlers it claims to be settling when it can't guarantee the current population?

o

The $2 billion in loans could be used to redevelop the sinking Penang airport and other unfinished projects.

o

The fishing communities do not agree with the incentives offered to them, but they are compelled to comply due to political pressures.

Automation, encouraging public transportation, enhancing green city initiatives to reduce carbon emissions, disaster risk management plans, and the use of recyclable materials are all priorities.

The minimum platform level on Island A will be 3 metres above sea level, with 20% of PSI land set aside for green parks, mangroves, water canals, wetlands, floodplains, and bioswales to boost biodiversity and cool the environment by one to two degrees. The Green Tech Park, which is powered entirely by renewable energy, will appeal to global electrical and electronic (E&E) companies and is expected to reduce carbon emissions by 50% by 2030.

Education campuses will also be set up, creating an education hub for local and international students, attracting talents from all over the world to Penang. A lifestyle campuslike environment will enhance industry collaborations with education institutions, enabling development and upskilling of our workforce to move the industry up the value chain. There will also be ample lush public open spaces, public beaches and promenade, which can be used as venues for leisure, events and festivals that promote Penang’s local culture and eco-tourism

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“Marine biologists fear that this recent surge in manmade assaults could eventually choke the archipelago’s coral reefs”

“This lead an increased “Marine biologists fearwill that thistorecent surge innumber of sediments and nutrients in the ocean. Such a high number of manmade assaults could eventually choke the resorts will put an immense amount of pressure on archipelago’s coralreefs reefsand irreversibly damage them” the coral

”

“

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“Due to abiologists lot of loopholes in the existing and a weak Marine fear that this recent surge regulations in

”

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“

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infrastructure, understand about the island's “Due to a lotand ofThis loopholes in theanexisting a weak history, culture, ecology.

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areas ... when the tourism industry started expanding in the Maldives,”

Negative impacts: 1.

Destruction of Agriculture as an occupation

2.

Soil Erosion and unnatural moving of land

3.

Death of corals protecting the island edge

4.

Contamination of ground water/spread of diseases

5.

Depletion of marine bio diversity.

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CASE 2-TOURISM BASED DEVELOPMENT OF MALDIVES

Figure XIX: Coast of Male-the capital city of Maldives

Figure XX:An aerial view of Garbage Island of Maldives

The Maldives' tourism industry is significant, accounting for over 32.5 percent of GDP and generating $2.7 billion in revenue in 2017. The Maldives is an archipelago of islands made up of 26 ringed atolls, each with a smattering of smaller islands. but Maldives is facing a dreadful reality: their country is sinking and may vanish entirely.

Figure XXI:An aerial view of Malé, Maldives’ capital.

Photo by: Asian Development Bank

(How corruption, tourism, environmental sustainability plays out in paradise (2021) by Anuradha Varanasi in Detex-inside development)

Because the country has limited land and is low-lying, it is vulnerable to worsening weather events such as inundation, high winds, and storm flooding. This hasn't stopped humans from creating fascinating tourist resorts. In the Maldives, housing and critical infrastructure, such as five airports and 128 harbours, are concentrated along coastlines.

With the help of the World Bank, the Maldivian Ministry of Environment is implementing Coastal Protection Projects. The projects are aimed at preserving the coral reef and coastal wetlands, both of which are rich in biodiversity and act as erosion barriers. Protecting groundwater and increasing rainwater harvesting, as well as elevating critical infrastructure, are among these measures.

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CASE 3-DEVELOPMENT OF BARRIER ISLANDS

Figure XXII: Ocean city Maryland is built on Fewick island, an Atlantic barrier island

Figure XXIII: Miami fighting against rising seas-barrier island

Barrier islands are long, narrow offshore sand or sediment deposits that run parallel to the coast. Some barrier islands can stretch for more than 100 miles (160 kilometres). A shallow bay separates the islands from the main land.

Barrier islands are frequently found in chains along the coast, separated from one another by narrow tidal inlets. Barrier islands, on the other hand, are delicate, ever-changing ecosystems that are vital to coastal geology and ecology.

Development has put these ecosystems in jeopardy and increased the risk of property loss.

Figure XXIV:Picture by the conversation

Building hard infrastructure such as homes, roads and hotels on barrier islands interrupts their lateral migration. Needless to say, beach communities want their dunes to stay in place, so the response often is to build control structures, such as seawalls and jetties But in the mid-20th century, planners and developers began to view the nation’s barrier islands as resort towns in the making -a steady source of tourism dollars, property tax revenue, and construction jobs.

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According to The Australian Magazine -The conversation. A research article

by Journalist- Anna linhoss (2015

RESILIENCE THINKING COASTAL RESILIENCE SUSTAINABLE COASTAL MANAGEMENT SIDS CHALLENGES OF COASTAL ISLANDS ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS

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03

Getting in the groove.

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“It’s how are we going to live in it, not how are we going to stop it…” - Leslie Koch, of the Trust of Governors Island 2

“It’s how are we going to live in it, not how are we going to

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INTRODUCTION

Coastal islands face multiple risks related to the climate change crisis and allied bio-geoclimatic variability thus affecting a large population. Vulnerability of coastal islands to climate change is an issue that has gained attention globally. Peri-urban areas in the global south have peculiarities and challenges which are different from urban cores and these needs to be addressed while dealing with issues of ensuring resilience Resilience, in the ecological domain, has been defined as “the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity. The goal of ecological resilience thinking is to identify and avoid thresholds that will lead to undesirable “regime shifts” in natural systems.

Resilience thinking has evolved in the recent decades to accommodate the advancements in understanding of the ecological equilibrium states. The theory on ‘SocioEcological Resilience’ addresses the newer understanding that ecosystems are continuously changing and there does not exist one constant equilibrium.

The questions of resilience and vulnerability are often either related to either preparing for a ‘catastrophe’ or for ‘post-disaster management’. However, in the cities of the global south, the questions of ‘everyday resilience’ are pertinent. This is especially true when dealing with communities whose livelihoods heavily dependent on the environment/seasons are often ignored in the studies Coastal resilience is the ability for a coastal community to independently withstand shocks caused by hazardous storms and coastal flooding, adapt to future occurrences, and rebuild when necessary. Incorporating resilient and vi adaptable design elements into architecture could help to create a more sustainable built environment that reacts more efficiently to challenges and difficulties that occur in the natural world

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This design implements a ‘Timeline Design’ approach, in which the building program of this resilient coastal project can evolve its functions and occupancy uses based on the phases in which the sea is predicted to fluctuate. This design approach also conveys the idea of implementing compartmental stewardship within a coastal community, meaning that each resident can play a role in the contribution toward resilience and self-sustainability within the community.

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The coastal region has a strategic value that plays an important role in improving the national economy and people's welfare. However, coastal areas are highly vulnerable to threats of damage.

•

Sustainable coastal management in the area of regional economic development and conservation of coastal natural resources, especially on small islands, is a longterm responsibility between government and society.

•

The sustainable management approach relies on the availability of coastal habitat resources, together with conservation efforts, cultural education, and economic empowerment of local communities.

•

Ecotourism development in mangrove forest area and optimizing the potency of marine tourism sector in coastal areas

•

Potential development of micro hydro power plant for energy independence.

o

Whereas increased residential development often appears consistent with the prevailing human population growth paradigm, tourism-related development often lacks the same inevitability because of implied community choice regarding the type of economic development to be encouraged.

Development of Island Management Strategies involves classification by the socio-economic, cultural, and ecosystem-based characteristics not only of the islands themselves but also their surrounding environments.

Environmental baselines should include: defining the natural dynamics of reef islands and high island 3 shorelines (erosion, accretion patterns and island migration rates) at a range of timescales; the health and status of island ecosystems. o

To develop comprehensive strategies to manage the threats to island biophysical systems that allow communities to coexist with the natural dynamics of islands.

o

To identify, design and implement alternative adaptation strategies that are sensitive to the natural dynamics of island biophysical systems.

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Figure XXV: Sustainable coastal management chart

1) Increased Safety and Resilience of Island Communities o The international community should continue to support a range of disaster risk management measures to assist island States to reduce their levels of vulnerability and risk.

Implementation of Waste Management.

2) Development of Renewable Energy 3) Conservation of Coral Reefs and Mangrove Forests o For example, coastal erosion is prevented by the breaking of waves at the reef margin, creating sheltered areas along island coasts; also, bottom sediment stability is secured by mangrove root systems, reducing tsunami traction force.

Island States need to establish environmental criteria and monitoring mechanisms to manage excess land-based nutrient budgets or hazardous material spills (e.g., oil spills) that could damage coastal ecosystems.

4) Management of the Surrounding Ocean Areas 5) Establishment of Baselines and Maritime Limits 6) Implementation of Practical Fisheries Management Policies

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Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a distinct group of developing islands with very specific social, economic and environmental vulnerabilities. The United Nations has identified 52 such islands located in the Caribbean, the Pacific, the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea. These countries share a number of unique characteristics, such as a narrow economic base; dependence on larger countries for foreign aid, investment, and more importantly sea and air transport; geographic isolation reducing the economies of scale; near total reliance on importation of resources and consumer goods; vulnerability to coastal erosion; and sensitivity regarding traditional land rights

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SIDS have access to natural assets and unique indigenous knowledge that can help them to develop sustainably and manage their natural environment productively and equitably. In order to take advantage of these opportunities policy makers must develop integrated solutions to environmental challenges.

Figure XXVI: Graphics showing sustainable module islands

COMMON CHALLENGES FACED

BY SMALL ISLANDS

Beyond GDP: Developing Appropriate. Indicators of SIDS Sustainable Development

Current method of measuring economics, that is GDP tends to neglect adequate features pertaining to sustainability. No real socioeconomic development, risk of losing their cultural, environmental integrity.

Beyond GDP: Developing Appropriate.

Indicatorsand of Local Synergizing Indigenous Knowledge and Modern Science SIDS Sustainable as a basis for DevelopmentSustainable Island

SIDS possess a wealth of underutilized Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) that could be synergized with modern science to develop sustainability strategies that are more Current method of measuring appropriate to local realities. Externally economics, that is GDP to neglect derived strategies may not tends be appropriate to adequate features pertaining to small islands

Development.

sustainability. No real socio-economic development, risk of losing their cultural, environmental integrity.

Surrounded by the ocean, their groundwater is

Beyond GDP:and Developing Degradation Scarcity of Synergizing Indigenous and Freshwater resources Appropriate. Indicators of Local Knowledge and Modern SIDS Sustainable Science as a basis for Development DegradationIsland and Scarcity of Sustainable Freshwater resources Development .

Degradation and Scarcity of Beyond GDP:resources Developing Freshwater Appropriate. Indicators of Synergizing Indigenous and SIDS Sustainable Local Knowledge and Modern Development Degradation and Scarcity of Science as a basis for Freshwater resources Sustainable Island Development.

prone to saline intrusion. 73% of SIDS face a risk of groundwater pollution and lack catchment areas for rainfall due to depletion of SIDS wealth of underutilized tropicalpossess montane acloud forests.

Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) Their indiscriminate and increasing use is that could be synergized with modern endangering human health, fragile island Current tomethod measuring science developof sustainability ecosystems and asto well as economics, thatare isbiodiversity GDP neglect strategies that moretends appropriate to agricultural production, and contaminating adequate features pertaining to local realities.

Externally derived freshwater resources . sustainability. strategies mayNonotreal be socio-economic appropriate to development, risk of losing their cultural, small islands environmental integrity.

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Averting the Loss of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests.

Averting the Loss of Tropical Montane Cloud Forests.

Climate and Environmental Change Driving Population Displacements.

Climate and Environmental Change Driving Population Lack of human resources Displacements.

Climate and Environmental Change Driving Population Displacements.

Reaching the Limit of Land Climate and Environmental CapacityDriving Population Change Displacements.

Degradation of TMCFs from human activities and rising temperatures can result in the loss of important ecosystem services such as their capacity to extract moisture from clouds and release it into the hydrologic system. Their loss can have serious consequences for freshwater resources, food security, and biodiversity in SIDS

Climate change affects these islands first, migration of locals. loss of land. Resources, ecosystem and fresh water.

Undoubtedly, SIDS are among those countries where the lack of human capacity for Climate affects these islands supportingchange sustainable development is of first, e migration of locals. loss of land major concern. inadequate financial .resources, and fresh water. resources forecosystem human capacity development, and the emigration of existing skilled labour force.

Oil imports account for the largest claim on foreign exchange earnings in many SIDS, severely draining their limited Climate change affects these financial islands resources.

Coasts and ports services provided first, e migration of locals. loss of land by island as ecosystem economic activities along with Undoubtedly, SIDS are among countries .resources, andthose fresh water . tourism-based infrastructure. where the lack of human capacity for supporting sustainable development is of major concern. inadequate financial CONCLUSION resources for human capacity development, Underpinning all ofand thethe challenges above is the emigrationoutlined of existing skilled labour Oil imports account for the largest claim on fact that SIDS areforce. finding it increasingly difficult to foreign exchange earnings in after many SIDS, Climate changeDuring affectsand these islands access financing for development. the severely draining their limited financial first, e migration of locals. loss of land global economic and financial crisis, economic activity resources.

Coasts and ports services provided .resources, ecosystem and fresh water. in many SIDS has been shrinking and debt levels rising. by island as economic activities along with Investment flows and donor resources from abroad have tourism-based infrastructure. likewise been contracting. SIDS governments have been forced to make difficult budgeting decisions and to Undoubtedly, SIDS are among those countries undertake monetary and fiscal tightening where the lack of human capacity for supporting sustainable development is of Oil imports account for the largest claim on major concern. inadequate financial foreign exchange earnings in development, many SIDS, resources for human capacity severely draining their limited financial and the emigration of existing skilled labour force. resources. Coasts and ports services provided PURVI BOMB l LS Raheja School of Architecture 59 by island as economic activities along with tourism-based infrastructure.

Figure XXVII:warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the ‘lakes in the air

Figure XXVIII:W-garden proposes a system that uses harvested water for food production as can be seen here

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ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPTS

FRESH WATER ARCHITECTURE

A Design boom proposal initiative by Kieron marchese (2019) Warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the ‘lakes in the air’

Keeping in mind the prime problem of scarcity of fresh water resources in an island ecosystem. the program would look at reimaging island water culture to reintroduce authentic principles of the Haupia’s to make modern developments sustainable.

Architecture can support in the way people collect, protect, and respect water.

Vittori’s proposal was a lightweight, easily constructed, and infrastructure independent system like warka. comprising a bamboo frame that supports a mesh polyester material inside, the tower is both cheap and easy to build. atmospheric water vapor from either rain, fog, or dew, condenses against the cold surface of the mesh, forming droplets of liquid water that trickle down into a reservoir found at the bottom of the structure, each tower has the capability of providing a community with up to 100 liters of water per day.

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Figure XXIX:Yaucht house -Floating house cepncept in Miama for toursits

Figure XXX:Floating flood proof house by Bamboo

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RESILIENT ARCHITECTURE Figure XXXI:Image showing lifting of house during floods

In general, amphibious structure is divided into 2) AMPHIBIOUS HOUSESAccording to Design boom project three types: stilt house, boat house, and FLOATING initiative by Zach Andrews (2019)floating-house could this luxe floating house be a ARCHITECTURE The restriction by IPZ for reclaiming land prohibits reclaiming land from the sea by building dams and heightening dikes which is why use floating houses or boat house 2) AMPHIBIOUS HOUSES- architecture helps communities of the island to fight vulnerable climatic conditions and periodic FLOATING rise in sea levels Generally there are two basic ARCHITECTURE principles for making floating houses.

First is the pontoon principle in which one makes a solid platform, lighter than the water and the other based on the ship in which a 2) AMPHIBIOUS HOUSES- hollow concrete box is created which is open on FLOATING the top. solution to rising waters in Miami?

ARCHITECTURE WORKING- Four base platforms that touch the rock bottom of water, so that the house is anchored at the bottom of the ocean. The pillars even rise up to 10 meters in case of a flood. The design of amphibious homes has built-in back-up systems including food storage, rain collection and power generation systems. The floating house acts like yacht which can electrically move with the use of solar energy provided by solar panels

The pontoon principle has the benefit of its use in shallow water, compared to the hollow concrete box while the concrete box has the benefit of higher space utilisation within as a part of the building. The house is sited within a wet dock comprising retaining walls and base slab. When flooding occurs the dock fills with water and the house rises accordingly. Similarly, when water subsides, houses come down. All the pipes, ducts and wires for water, gas, electricity and sewage disposal in such "amphibious" homes are flexible, designed to remain functional even when the house rises several metres from its usual position. Amphibious homes that rest on land are also built for rising conditions.

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The CSW confirmed stone walls technology is a smart ,low tech and cost effective construction process for rural housing ,inspired by vernacular stone architecture .This house was built as a rehabilitation programme by locals over a period of 35 periods to fight cyclones It is highly suitable for post disaster contexts and owner driven reconstruction programs optimizing locally sourced raw material such as stone and timber either collected or recycled from previous structures .The wire mesh and cages were manufactured on site ,creating income generating activities of this technology is the use of stone ,collected on site and limiting the need for importing HIP ROOF WITH MUD PLASTERING

HIP ROOF WITH TIMBER MUD PLASTERING SHUTTERING

RIGID FRAMEWORK + HORIZONTAL BRACING = RIGID DIAPHRAGM

HIP ROOF WITH WIREMESH MUD PLASTERING CONFINED STONE WALL BASE

HIP ROOF WITH MUD PLASTERING WIREMESH CONFINED STONE WALL BASE NO CONCRETE

WIREMESH FOUNDATION CONFINED STONE WALL BASE

Figure XXXII :Exploded view explaining three structural system

NO CONCRETE FOUNDATION

WIREMESH CONFINED STONE NO CONCRETE WALL BASE FOUNDATION

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DISASTER RESILIENT STRATEGY

The main factors that affect the level of damage that a building suffers are: Site conditions: the intensity of the shock is directly related to the type of soil layers supporting the building

2) AMPHIBIOUS HOUSES-FLOATING ARCHITECTURE

Building configuration: Regularity and symmetry in the overall shape of the building make it stronger.

Opening size: openings weaken the building: large openings can be a direct case of damage

2) AMPHIBIOUS Figure XXXIII:NIDM Faulty foundations uprooting houses HOUSES-FLOATING ARCHITECTURE

2) AMPHIBIOUS HOUSES-FLOATING ARCHITECTURE

Rigidity Distribution: The rigidity of the building needs to be evenly distributed; column and walls should best run from the foundation of the roof Ductility: timber buildings with strong connnections have this capacity ,but brittle buildings like brick and concrete blocks crack easily. Which can lead to collapse Construction Quality: poor construction and poor workmanship are major causes of damages

Figure XXXIV:NIDM Faulty foundations uprooting houses

Weak ground floors: Two storey buildings can be very vulnerable to earthqaukes.

Roofs: Generally light roofs are suggested to be applied .When strapped to cyclone specifications the roofs will normally be able to withstand earthquakes.

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WHERE DOES ALL THE WASTE GO ON AN ISLAND?

WHERE DOES ALL THE WASTE GO ON AN ISLAND? WHERE DOES ALL THE WASTE GO ON AN ISLAND? WHERE DOES ALL THE WASTE GO ON AN ISLAND?

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In some SIDS, solid waste is currently thrown in the open dumpsites, illegally deposited in the sea or on unused land, in the streets or being burnt in piles in residents’ backyards. Open burning of municipal waste is also quite common despite laws to the contrary, and towns and cities have been continuously exposed to destructive effects, such as carcinogenic toxins from uncontrolled burning and other impacts of poor waste management.

Poorly managed wastes also can have negative effects on tourism owing to health warnings about infectious and vector borne diseases, and the poor aesthetics of litter in the streets The environmental effects of increased nutrients in coastal waters and groundwater, aesthetic effects of litter and blocking of drains and waterways owing to indiscriminate dumping of solid waste are only few of these impacts.

SIDS have high cultural values grounded on longstanding traditions. Being small nations, residents generally have a strong sense of community values.

Potential solutions to waste management issues may not be sustainable if these factors are not taken into account but the issues these small coastal islands face is the need to be funded by external sources or government for managing waste solutions. The lack of resources, skilled labour, man power curbs the issue of managing waste to be tackled and islands continue to get dumped with waste with no proper managing. Development of public private partnerships is usually the optimal arrangement for the implementing and operating of improved waste management services in SIDS But it does not come without the selfish needs of profit of greedy stakeholders and investors.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a controversial aspect of isolated environments, not only because the production of waste grows exponentially, but also because in these isolated regions the difficulties are accentuated in comparison with the mainland territories.

The limitation of space, the technology of scale and the peaks of generation due to existing tourism, are clear examples of the barriers that must be overcome.

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PANJU ISLANDS-MUMBAI GHARAPURI ISLANDS-MUMBAI

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Figure XXXV:Ferry to Panju Island by Times of India

INTRODUCTION Coastal islands near Mumbai face multiple risks related to the climate change crisis and allied bio-geoclimatic variability thus affecting a large population.

Vulnerability of coastal areas to climate change is an issue that has gained attention globally. Through a diachronic understanding and a community survey, the chapter approaches the issues with socio- ecological resilience of three peri-urban coastal islands and their vulnerable habitats north of the city of Mumbai, along the River Ulhas.

The chapter brings out the importance of expanding the understanding of socio-ecological resilience in these unknown, undeveloped coastal islands and the need to bring out transformative and productive changes for the betterment of the local communities there.A coastal settlement predominantly occupied by fishing communities at the helm of succumbing to urban pressures located at the north of the Vasai CreekArabian Sea interface. The case study chosen had peculiarities representative of the typical conditions of land-water edge types one may encounter in the coastal peri-urban areas.

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Figure XXXVI:Formation of Panju Island

PANJU ISLAND -A CASE STUDY Panju island is an Estuarine Island. situated between Naigaon and Bhayandar region of the city of Mumbai, With the population of approximately 3800 people, The island covers an area of 269 hectares. Panju island is located in the Vasai creek, where water from the Ulhas River meets Arabian Sea. A railway Bridge passes through the island connecting the two mainlands’ of Naigaon and Bhayandar with each other. Being A riverine island. Panju has abundant growth of Mangroves. The island is currently having a certain balance between human interventions and nature.

Figure XXXVII:Pnaju island from Google maps

The sediment that creates barrier islands comes from the mainland source, rather than coming from offshore sources. Waves from Arabian sea and Ulhas River hit the coast through long shore drift. As water penetrates further into the landform, forming streams, the process becomes repetitive thus making the streams wider and eventually forming the island

LOCATION: It is located at 19.333° N 72.85° E with a maximum elevation of 1 m (3 ft)

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Figure XXXVIII: Jetty for ferry on reaching Panju Island

TRANSPORT: The island fights for a station since independence even though the western railway lines pass through it. Mode of transportation includes taking ferries from Jalgaon jetty and Naigaon jetty taking about 15 minutes to reach the island.

VEGETATION: 68% of the island is covered by diverse vegetation that includes the precious mangroves as well. The lakes on the island khare talao and Gode Talao take up 1% area. Fields of rice and paddy and salt pans collectively take up 30% of the area.

OCCUPATION: fishing, agriculture, salt farming, younger generation prefer to work on mainlands outside island.

ACTIVITIES: Mangroves visit, bird watching, salt farming, rice farming, ruins of the Vasai fort, scenic view of the surroundings.

UNI Project Published by Devanshi Gajjar (2019)-Panju island Community for a better future

INFRASTRUCTURE: School, Health care center, Elementary schools and temples

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Figure XXXIX:asitespecificexperiment.wordpress.com

ANTHROGENIC INFLUENCE: There is an illconceived proposal by the local government to build an edge wall to ‘protect’ the island from erosion and flooding. Moreover, the Vasai Development Plan identifies Panju Island as a potential tourist spot with road connectivity and land use changes in order to promote a largescale construction of tourism-based infrastructure including multiple resorts that ignore the fragile state of the island’s bio geography.

CLIMATE: Humid weather almost throughout the year with november to january being compartively cooler.Flooding during the monsoons degrades the island edge.excessive rains has lead to the expansion of the vasai creek increases the sea level pf panju every year.

Figure XL:DP Map of Panju Island

TOPOGRAPHY: The island is predominantly composed of alluvial silt deposited by the Vasai River. The predominant portion of the Island is about 1 meter above the mean sea level. This makes it highly susceptible to sea level rise.

Illegal sand mining is an issue along the water edge of the island.

WATER SUPPLY: The ground water in the village is saline and cannot be used for consumption.

The ground water table is very high and this often creates problems like water seepage through the building floors and poor drainage as observed by the team during the rainy season. Water connection to the city is brought in from the mainland in Bhayander via a submerged pipeline in the estuary and water supply is irregular.

Figure XLI: Legend for above Figure

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Are you in favour of the government proposals made for Panju?

A bridge connecting Bhayender and Naigoan via Panju has been suggested by the government. It would increase the island's connectivity, but it would require the removal of several hectares of mangroves and would serve as a conduit for allowing an increasing number of vehicles onto the island. Is Panju experiencing climate change?

Is Panju experiencing Climate change?

Panju experiences adequate rainfalls. Sometimes the jetty areas are flooded and the edges are eroded making coastal developments difficult. But a long stretch of island is well protected by marshlands and salt pans reducing floods. (No reports about climate change) Is resilient architecture a need for Panju suitable?

Questionable, since houses there are of concrete, bricks. What would you do of the existing fabric? Panju is not a fit for resilient rural architecture but if you want with your proposal, the development in Panju takes a different direction then you can try.

You could educate the communities about new existing materials to be looked at for construction, keeping their culture alive.

Are people happy with the government proposals? Do they encourage outsiders visiting the island?

FUTURE GOVERNMENT PROPOSALS. The proposed project is essentially a bridge project and involves construction of bridge on Vasai creek connecting Vasai and Bhayandar cities. The mangroves at the places where bridge is to be constructed fall under protected forest categories which are to be cut in order to construct a bridge. The proposed bridge project is mooted by Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) Five districts in Maharashtra’s Konkan region have identified six wetlands (One of them is Panju land) that could be declared ecotourism destinations — a move that will put these ecologically crucial areas in the spotlight, increase awareness about their importance and help improve their conservation. No written proposal made yet for the same. o Vasai Virar Municipality proposes it to be developed as a Tourism based destination. No action has been taken on the proposals; they remain on paper.

Disregarding environmental aspects for newer developments. o Panju Island were mostly highly satisfied with the water and electricity supply to the Island while they expressed low satisfaction in waste collection and public transport access and low satisfaction in the availability of emergency services in case of a disaster. o About 25% of the respondents of Panju Island have expressed that they would take help from the government authority in the event of a flood or a catastrophe.

Their main concern since many years have been connectivity and so they agree with the proposals.

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Figure XLII:Ariel view of Gharapuri islands by Darya Firasti

GHARAPURI ISLANDS-A CASE STUDY

The culture of a city usually takes roots in its historical background’s essence of its origin or the sense of the place of lost historic or cultural landscapes are important national assets. Gharapuri islands is a picturesque island and its presence on the world map is due to its unique group of caves and rock cut architecture. Taking it as an example to study the cultural landscapes of an island. The gharapuri islands is a world heritage site and an important cultural marker of the Mumbai city.

Annually 6 lakhs tourist visit the island and is a source of livelihood for the resident’s population of the island. But it also brings in its own set of cultural and environmental stresses.

Figure XLIII:Elephanta map by Elephanta caves official site

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Figure XLIV:Rock cut architecture -Elephanta caves

The island was known as puri. The island played an important role in the history of the deccan plateau and also the state of Maharashtra It was somewhere in the 2nd century that Buddhist monks-built stupas and rock cut caves on Gharapuri islands and it became a thriving port back then.

Figure XLV:asitespecificexperiment.wordpress.com

Figure XLVI:Contours by Science Direct

According to landscape thesis written

by Nirruppama Sawant -LS Raheja school of Architecture.

The small island is dotted with numerous ancient archaeological remains that are the sole testimonies to its rich cultural past. These archaeological remains reveal evidence of occupation from as early as the 2nd century BC. The rock-cut Elephanta Caves were constructed about the mid-5th to 6th centuries AD. The most important among the caves is the great Cave 1, which measures 39 metres from the front entrance to the back. In plan, this cave in the western hill closely resembles Dumar Lena cave at Ellora, in India. The main body of the cave, excluding the porticos on the three open sides and the back aisle, is 27 metres square and is supported by rows of six columns each.

Tourism as defined by WTO as travel for pleasure or recreation and is one of the world’s largest industries. It is an important source of revenue for the local population and even entire countries -essential tool to overcome biodiversity loss, eradicate poverty, particularly in sensitive ecosystems and protected areas but should be a willing participation of all stakeholders.

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ANTHROGENIC INFLUENCE Until Feb 2018, the island did not have electricity which is also a major reason why the island has not seen infrastructural development ,50% of resident’s population has migrated to neighbourhood mainland due to lack of basic amenities, primarily medical facilities and education. Gharapuri islands looks at boosting tourism but also neglects the basic needs of the local communities in the island.

Figure XLVII:Gharapuri Island Stock Photography and Images - Alamy by : Arijit Nag.

CLIMATE The climate of island is characterized by hot summers with high humidity, pleasant winters and heavy monsoon rains. The parent rock of the island is basalt lava flow.

Temperature- Average maximum 35C Average minimum -11C. Rainfall- 2500mm of annual rainfall south west monsoon winds Humidity- Average 60% Wind-Direction- is WNW, SW and ENE, Average wind speed :19km/hr

Elephanta Island too will not be spared. Rising sea levels and the increased frequency of extreme weather events will not only cause great loss of lives and property in coastal Mumbai but also on its offshore islands including the Elephanta. The efforts made by the government to promote tourism on the island might just be wasted if extreme weather banishes tourism from the island altogether.

Livelihoods of those dependent on tourism will also suffer

According to projections, sea levels along the coast of India will rise varyingly by 3.5 inches to 34.6 inches by 2100. Mumbai is predicted to be one of the first victims of climate change in the country.

ACCESSIBILITY The island is accessible by ferry from gateway of island, Bhauncha Dhaka. The unique landscape comprising of forested hill coastal edge, interspersed historic monuments, ancient water holding tanks as well as small village communities, Network of interconnected system, pedestrian movement site with its many layers of history accumulated over cultural landscapes.

(According to an article by world atlas posted by Oishimaya Sen Nag (2019) Climate Change: A Threat to World Heritage Sites)

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Entry point -to main caves 45 mins

Ferry Jetty to Entry point 15-20 mins

COST Ferry from gateway –Rs200 Island entry fee- Rs5 Entry fee to caves -Rs40 Figure XLVIII:Author

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Gateway of Indian to ferry

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WASTE MANAGEMENT Limitation of resources creates an imbalance on the island. All commodities like food, fuel, cooking gas etc. needed for the sustenance of the villagers as well as tourists, once got on the island remains on the island due to lack of waste management Demand of drinking water by the tourist and other plastic little is accumulated on the island resulting in a severe stress.

Figure XLIX:Waste dumped by tourist on coastal edge of Gharapuri

WATER DEMAND Presently a provision of only one water fountain for the tourists has been made for the tourists near the main caves Site observation have revealed that the tourists face water shortage by the end of the day. This situation further increases during weekends and peak season.

CURRENT TOURISM o

o

o

OIL SPILLS o

In the year 2010 two oil vessels MSC chitra and kahlija collided, A few kms off the east coast of Mumbai harbor resulting in oil spills.

Gharapuri islands was severely affected resulting in loss of mangroves along the north west and south west island edge and loss of vital marine habitat Plastic as well as other forms of litter dumped into the sea from surrounding mainland are washed ashore during high tide on the island edge. The little entangles with the roots of the mangroves hampering its growth

o

IMPACT

OF

Contribution of waste litter plastic bottles dumped on the islandLack of waste management Restricted Movements of island communities due to tourist spots everywhere Increase in Monkey menace due to unethical behaviour of tourists to provide food to monkey Un-organized stalls eating outlets Villager’s source of livelihood concentrated along main tourist pathway -abandoned farmlands and livestock

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FUTURE GOVERNMENT PROPOSALS

Figure L:Settlements of Gharapuri island

MTDC Proposal and its impact Is proposing development of a heritage coastal circuit Gateway of Indian elephant caves – Shivadi fort Elephant caves – CBD, Navi Mumbai the natural drainage pattern of the site would be disturbed. The food plaza would increase concentration and number of foot fall and plastic little in the area. In recent years, the local government has adopted several measures to boost tourism to the Elephanta Caves.

The Mumbai-Elephanta Caves ropeway project has been planned to connect Mumbai and Elephanta Island via a ropeway system that will reduce travel time between these destinations to only 14 minutes instead of an hour. The island was also electrified by an undersea cable as recently as 2018.

Although such arrangements are expected to boost tourist footfall on the island in the near future and also raise the living standards of the Islanders, human-provoked nature’s wrath in the form of climate change, an acknowledged reality, might make the island inaccessible to all in the distant future.

Figure LI:Rope way project by Twnety 2 India on the move

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UNDERSTANDING NEED FOR IPZ ISLAND PROTECTION ZONE PROHIBITED AND PERMISSIBLE LAWS ICRZ

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INTRODUCTION

Coastal islands have not always been prime property. For a long time, there was no pressing need for formal protection for coastal areas or coastal islands. It was only in 1981, at the encouragement of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi that the first guidelines on coastal development was prepared by the Moe. However, as guidelines are not legally binding, the slowly increasing conflict in coastal areas was not effectively addressed by their introduction.

Finally, the central government passed the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification, to regulate activities within 500 m of the High Tide line in coastal areas of the Indian mainland and the islands.

The new CRZ 2011 notification restricted itself to governing only the mainland of India. At the same time the two island systems i.e., the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Lakshadweep islands were placed under the purview of a separate notification called the Island Protection Zone (IPZ) notification.

The rationale given for the separation of coastal areas on the mainland from the islands coastal environment was the unique nature of the island environment and social structure, which required a different strategy from the mainland. This is certainly true in the case of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Coastal islands in our country were diverse biodiversity hotspots that were neglected in the development scope for a long time, and thus architecture was not considered necessary.

According to the imp’s notification handbook written

by Marianne Manuel Mallika Sardeshpande (2011) under Dakshin foundation

These diverse island systems, with their distinct social and cultural histories, stand in stark contrast to the mainland's coastal states. As a result, they deserve special attention in order to preserve their ecological treasures, and they require a different development strategy than the mainlands in order to provide for the long-term development of their people.

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The IPZ notification in its preamble draws attention to the need to provide livelihood security to local communities such as fisherfolk and tribals, the need to protect the unique ecosystem found in the islands and the need to promote sustainable development using scientific principles. o To look at islands as unique ecosystems and to look at infrastructural developments for the local communities, fishing communities, hazard (natural disaster) control infrastructure, tourism-based infrastructure, groundwater/fresh water supply infrastructure, construction of industries. o CRZ 1991 notification whose basic aim is to prevent uncontrolled and unregulated development in sensitive coastal ecosystems such as the islands The IPZ notification additionally allows for smaller islands to be governed by a new framework i.e., island level management plans which covers under its scope the regulation of activities carried out across the entire island and not just their coastal areas. IPZ is more inclusive of traditional local human settlements and fishing activities, and also makes more provisions for tourism-related infrastructure development on the islands.

The management of the IPZ is categorised into two types, a.) Island Coastal Regulation Zone (ICRZ) b.) Integrated Islands Management Plans (IIMP) There are certain prohibitions in the IPZ which do not have any exceptions: • mining of sand from in and around nesting and breeding grounds of endemic and endangered species • Disposal of solid wastes including fly ash, industrial waste, medical waste, non-biodegradable waste, and the like • construction of shore protection works (hard constructions) on the seaward side of the corals, mangroves • disposal of untreated sewage or effluents According to the environmental Research Handbook

Indian portal

• red category of industries (as prohibited under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 within ten km from ecologically sensitive areas

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PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES

No one can Set up new industries or expand existing industries a.) Except Desalination plants in intertidal areas which are not ecologically sensitive. b.) Except Projects of the Department of Atomic Energy. c.) Except Storage of non-hazardous cargo such as edible oil, fertilisers and food grains No one can draw groundwater and undertake related construction within 200m of HTL. a.) Except Areas which are inhabited by local communities, where groundwater can be drawn only for their use if no other source of water is available and only when done manually through ordinary wells No one can Reclaim land, create bunds or disturb the natural course of seawater Except Reclaim land for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels etc. Dress or alter the sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for beautification, recreation and other such purposes except for When required for defence and security purpose or any measure to control erosion It allows for eco-tourism activities like mangrove walks, tree huts and nature trails in island coastal regulation zone IA. construction of roads, roads on stilts by reclaiming land in exceptional cases for defence installations, public utilities or strategic purposes in eco-sensitive zones. It states that in case construction of such roads pass through mangroves, a minimum three times the mangrove area destroyed during the construction process shall be taken up for compensatory plantation of mangroves elsewhere

1.Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except those directly related to water front or directly needing foreshore facilities.

2.Manufacture or handling or disposal of hazardous substances.

3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units 4.Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents into the water course.

5. Discharging of city untreated waters and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other human settlements.

6. Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of land filling or otherwise; the existing practice, if any, shall be phased out within a reasonable time not exceeding three years from the date of notification.

7.Dumping of ash or any wastes from the date of notification.

8. Mining of sand, rocks and other substrata materials not available outside CRZ areas.

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PERMISSIBLE ACTIVITIES

(a) agriculture, horticulture, gardens, pasture, parks, play field, and forestry. (b) projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy; (c) mining of rare minerals; (d) facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as specified in Annexure-II; (e) facilities for regasification of liquefied natural gas; (f) facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources; (g) facilities for desalination plants and associated facilities; (h) weather radars ; (I) construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter, community toilets, bridges, roads, provision of facilities for water supply, drainage, sewerage, crematoria, cemeteries and electric sub-station which are required for the local inhabitants may be permitted on a case-to-case basis. (j) construction of units or auxiliary thereto for domestic sewage, treatment and disposal with the prior approval of the concerned Pollution Control Committee; (k) facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities and the like; (l) airstrips and associated facilities. (j)Water front and foreshore facilities (h)Erosion control measure infrastructure (I) light houses (k) Pipeline convince system

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What are ICRZ plans?

ICRZ Plans are basically maps prepared for each island falling under the ICRZ category and form the basis for decision-making and project clearance under the IPZ 2011The ICRZ Plans should address vulnerability to human life and property based on elevation, geomorphology, sea level trends and horizontal line displacement and indicate suitable areas that are safe for locating homes, infrastructure, etc What are the various elements that need to be incorporated into the ICRZ Plans?

Disaster Management.

Strengthening of roads, Adequate cyclone shelters.

Vegetation along the seaward side, including mangroves, should be planted to act as a bio-shield.

Areas under habitation Houses or infrastructure of local communities which already exist at the time of preparation of the Plan should not be displaced. Repair of existing buildings or infrastructure including reconstruction activities should be allowed.

Planning for energy needs Using conventional sources of energy mainly tidal and hydro Regulations regarding extraction of construction material The mining of construction material, especially sand from deep sea bed (beyond fifteen meters depth), after undertaking proper scientific studies may be permitted in the IIMP. Other construction material, such as bamboo, local forest products can be identified and used.

Material like metal, hollow brick blocks, and the like, should be imported from the mainland.

Regulation on fishing There should be no restriction with regard to traditional fishing by local communities including installation of fish aggregating devices as recommended by the Islands Administrations.

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INFERENCE SUSTAINABLE DEVLEOPMENT SELF SUFFICIENCY OF ISLANDS o BLUE ECONOMY o CIRCULAR ECONOMY o CLIMATE RESILIENCE o HUMAN CENTRIC APPROACH o TOURISM BASED INFRASTRUCTURE

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Moral of the story

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Inference

Islands not only lack access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, energy, food, and housing or connectivity but a recognition of their own in this fastgrowing world.

Every island requires an upliftment depending on their needs.

As humans first and architects later we should look at delivering to these coastal islands what they lack, to look ata development not marked by tall towers but by fulfilment of local needs. Creating an identity for these islands while also putting an end to their problems is the main aim.

To move such an agenda forward, it is essential to identify new approaches, with the tools necessary for a holistic progress of the islands. One of the first steps is to make islands self-sustainable and to prescribe innovative approaches to bolster this sustainable development.

For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core elements: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection.

These elements are interconnected, and our efforts should contribute to building an inclusive, sustainable, and resilient future for people of the islands. The target for harmonizing the three core elements work in balance with three co-elements: Human centric, Sustainable development and Resilient Community. A human centric approach looks for being socially inclusive and encourages local participation for their betterment and upliftment.

Achieving Economic stability in today’s world cannot ignore sustainable approaches.

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Sustainable development of islands requires the calibration of three kinds of nonlinear systems: environmental, social, and economic. These systems include laws, regulations, taxation, policies, elections, health, education, employment, crime, violence, and markets with biology, hydrology, geology, wildlife, climatology, and land-use. These systems work on different time scales and by different processes as parts of a whole in a single island biosphere. Systems thinking and other tools can help countries better deal with the complexities of interacting non-linear systems.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY Defining a Sustainable Development Tailored to the Needs of Islands

Framework

The Sustainable Islands Platform aims to create a new approach that targets the needs of islands and prescribe es blue economy and circular economy inspired interventions in key areas such as sanitation, waste management, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, energy, transportation, and health. Traditional approaches have not proven successful in solving developing problems on SIDS. The fisheries sector is a major foreign exchange earner on islands and is vital to sustain the livelihoods of island populations

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Blue Economy

The concept of blue economy cannot be discussed without incorporating circular economy and climate resilience, which are driving concepts behind the blue economy. These concepts, when converged, target some of the biggest issues that islands face and complement existing approaches to economic growth, environmental sustainability, climate change mitigation and adaptation, social inclusion, diversity, equity, and good governance. As such, sustainable islands would benefit from a blue economy, circular economy, and resilience approach (BCR) as project priorities.

A blue economy model is capable of improving the lives of island and coastal communities by increasing their independence and transforming their economies into more competitive players in global markets. Blue economy solutions improve on sectors that islands already know well, like fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism, while developing new, innovative solutions to target areas which typically have not been solved through ocean technology, like renewable energy and biotechnology

Circular Economy A circular economy is a system that is restorative and regenerative by intention and design. It replaces traditional end-of-life models with restoration, repair, reuse, and refurbish; promotes the shift toward the use of renewable energy; eliminates the use of toxic chemicals, which impair reuse and return to the biosphere; and aims for the elimination of waste through the superior design of materials, products, systems, and business models The use of recyclable and local materials for construction in these islands helps foster an approach for using materials efficiently and for a longer time. The concept of temporary architecture also helps circular economy in achieving flexibility for re-using already used materials for a upcycled construction.

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Climate Resilience

Climate resilience is the ability to prepare for, recover from, and adapt to the harmful effects of climate change, including ocean warming and acidification, sea level rise, more frequent and severe weather events, extended periods of drought, torrential rain, and extreme The restriction by IPZ for reclaiming land prohibits reclaiming land from the sea by building dams and heightening dikes which is why use floating houses or boat house architecture helps communities of the island to fight vulnerable climatic conditions and periodic rise in sea levels. Amphibious housing which rises with rising water level and have all services incorporated in one designed prototype allow for fighting floods, while floating boat houses is another similar solution Increase investment in renewable energy, reduce fuel dependence, foster innovation and implement a climate -focused economic recovery that foster s the sustainability of islands. Increased intensity and frequency of cyclones, drought and flooding, changing rainfall patterns affects the economy of the island pushing them 10 years back in the GDP growth There is a growing discussion of climate -induced relocation as a result of the impacts of climate change, including the possibility that entire populations of lowlying islands migrating to crowded cities. Proposing an architecture to fight these climate vulnerabilities will be the aim.

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Human Centric Developments

People are involved in the development of a socially inclusive development. People's development, for the people, by the people. The current method of measuring economics, namely GDP, tends to overlook important aspects of social-economic growth. Greedy investors and landowners frequently propose developments on islands for the sole purpose of profit, ignoring the needs of the local population, causing damage to the island and its ecology, as well as jeopardising islanders' happiness.

Having a design proposal created by locals, maintained by locals, and governed by locals gives them a sense of belonging and ownership, as well as demonstrating the proposal's success through tourism.

Tourism Based Infrastructure My hypothesis questioned whether some tourismrelated infrastructure would harm the island's environment and ecology by increasing its threshold capacity, but tourism-related proposals can be encouraged if they focus on enhancing the cultural significance of the place while not exceeding the tourists' threshold capacity.

If done with environmental integrity and social well-being in mind, tourism brings economic growth to the islands, creates jobs, and increases global recognition of places.

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MUNROE ISLAND-KOLLAM, KERALA SITE ANALYSIS AND SELECTION CRITERIA PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES DESIGN INTENT CASE STUDY FOR DESIGN INTENT

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Site: The Beginning

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Figure LII:Lives of People at Munroe island by The hindu

Figure LIII:Settlement on the edge of munroe island by Trip advisor

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SITE

Located 27 km away from the heart of Kollam, Munroe Island is accessible by road, rail, and inland water navigation. The island is said to be sinking but after monitoring the island for the last year and retracing satellite images it was found out that only structures near the coast were damaged due to poor engineering or faulty foundations and that the land does not subside.

Global warming and climate change are also seen as the main forces driving the steady inundation. The island has reported a dip in its population after the dam.

Located 70 km away and constructed in the 1960s under the Kallada Irrigation Project, the dam blocked the flow of fresh water as a result of sediments from the Kallada river — the main determinant of the land’s fertility. Today the whole area has turned saline in addition to that, during monsoons the low-lying areas get flooded and tsunamis have caused for people to migrate to larger cities, or re construct houses Though there is water everywhere, Munroe Island faces shortage of drinking water.

My study would aim at upbringing the tourism potential of Munroe Islands, ensuring host population participation in the envisioning process. The 13.4sq km island with a population of about 10,000, throws up immense scope to attract tourists. It offers to the tourist coir retting process, coir weaving, fishing, prawns feeding, migratory bird watch, narrow canals and waterways, coconut farms, lagoons, mangrove plants and beautiful tiny islands.

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Islands have tremendous unexploited potential to foster growth and achieve cohesive socio-economic development. The study is conducted in order to understand the overall socio-economic characteristics of the island and how it supports tourism sector.

There is an immense potential in this island to attract tourists as an economic development and employment generation.

The island is still not utilized efficiently as it has potential to bring development for the state also while be self-sufficient on its own.

Figure LIV:Map Showing Regional Connectivity

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MUNROE ISLAND-KOLLAM

Kerala Backwaters are a unique feature of the State and is found nowhere else in the world. Backwaters are a network of lakes, canals, and estuaries and deltas of 44 rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. The backwaters of Kerala are a sel supporting eco-system teeming with aquatic life. Though Kollam has many tourism destinations, the tourist’s visiting the area is less when compared to other districts in Kerala, thus ranking Kollam in the 12th position (12th in terms of domestic tourist and 10th in case of foreign tourist).

Latitude is 9°0′0″N and longitude is 76°37′0″E 3.32 m height above mean sea level

As mentioned in the tourism department statistics, 2018; the main attraction in Munroe Island is coir manufacturing. But as of now the main attraction in the area is canal boating and homestays. Coir manufacturing is currently declining in the area. In case of the total accommodation facility licensed in Kollam district, about 85% is in Munroe Island. “About 80% of the total tourist visiting Kollam, mainly goes to Munroe Island as a holiday destination”, says Secretary District Tourism Promotion Council, Kollam

Entry into island from Idiyyakadavu bridge Kallada river canal

Major road network

Figure LV:Author

Ashtamudi lake

Railway line

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Early means of income was coconut plantation and coir spinning, by the decline of these they started fishing as an income generation. There are 2 types of inland fish cultivation: 1) Ashtamudi lake fish cultivation, 2) Kallada river fish cultivation.

Pearl spot cultivation is only possible at the places near Ashtamudi Lake. Main cultivations in fresh water are crabs, lobster, prawns, clams, pearl spot, mullets, tilapia etc. During the flood the fish pond were flooded and they lost their fishes. The no: of ponds are less when compared to past years Backwater fishing is one of the major income sources.

Freshwater prawns, lobster, crabs, clams and oysters which find a ready market overseas are caught from these backwaters.

Important fishes: Pearl-spot, milk fish, mullets, Tilapia, Murrells etc. Low lying area of the panchayat have greater potential for fish cultivation especially shrimp, pearl spot etc.

After the decline of agriculture in the island, residents started to focus on tourism as their livelihood. In the form of homestays, restaurants, boating etc., as local guides, stakeholders. Different types of packages are available by the tourism department and also private resorts to move around the island Cycles are provided to the visitors by the homestays to move around the village and experience the beauty of the island. They provide the stayers with local cuisine as requested by the visitors Department of tourism has allocated about 3 crores for the development of tourism infrastructure and many projects are on the way for the development of the island. The natural estuaries are one of the best aspects of tourism in the area. Canal boat trip is one of the major tourism activities in the island. Small canopy boat takes the tourist throughout the island as per the interest of the tourist.

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Figure LVI:Map showing major junctions of the island

Figure LVII:Map showing population density

Figure LVIII: Map showing flood affected areas

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Figure LIX:Map showing the contours

Figure LX:Accessibility and Homestays

Figure LXI:Map showing places of worship

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TOURISM IN MUNROE

Visitors are fond of the natural beauty, canal boat ride, the village walk, cycling through the village etc. The visitors mainly prefer to stay in homestays rather than resorts in the village. The homestays cost around 10002000 per person per night including food. All the visitors evaluate their accommodation to be excellent in all aspects. Homestays provide the visitors with all the experience in island.

From the visitor’s survey conducted it was identified that almost all the visitors are seeking more environmentally friendly and cultural experiences and also, they are willing to pay for it to have more fruitful experience on the island. From the survey it was identified that the destination is not overcrowded with visitors.

Island is not vulnerable to any sort of tourism influences because till now the visitors count has not exceeded the threshold level/carrying capacity of the island, also the tourists are very keen to keep the nature as such without harming it. Tourist avoid the use of plastics to a maximum extend, they don’t get on to the natural environment and habitat of the island. Waste management till now is not an issue in the island, they dispose the biodegradable waste in house and nonbiodegradable waste will be collected by governmental agencies.

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Sadly, the future of Munroe Island seems bleak with rapid ecological changes. Certain areas of this island are sinking. We will take you to one of those houses in this area to give you an idea about the struggle and fear these people face in their daily life. It is believed this island will be completely submerged underwater by 2050.

The Tsunami that lashed the island in 2004 brought about a vast change in the nature of water bodies. Many mangroves were destroyed and certain areas got completely submerged in the water, and even to this day, several lowlying areas get flooded on high tide days. More than 430 families have abandoned their homes to the opposite shore fearing the dreadful tidal waves and soil erosion that submerged their houses.

Figure LXIII: Houses along mangrove cover

Figure LXVI:Cellar foundation to prevent waterlogging

Figure LXII:Doorsteps submerged in water

Figure LXIV:House in ward 3 submereged in water due to high tide

Figure LXV:Houses with higher plinth facing problems

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HOUSE TYPOLOGY The local houses follow a simple traditional planning with every house built with an outside toilet and a storage or drying place at the back of the house. Materials used include concrete, lime and roof is covered with clay tiles with a timber or steel truss framing or timber joinery.

Figure LXVII:Houses with Makaan Dukaan Concept

The terrace of every house is accessible and used for storage or drying of clothes, coconuts, spices and fishes.

The plinth level varies from 0.60m to 0.75m.

Some houses have a temple right outside the house and some have cattle shed or animal shelter area.

The plinth is made of rocks layered with cement and the foundation is often pile and raft foundations with coconut trunks used as piles.

Figure LXVIII:House with terrace used for storage

The ground water level is high and water is drained out using pumps before piles are laid.

Some traditional houses are near canals and creeks and have a boat parking area near it to park their boats or some have parking spaces for autos.

Houses generally have long chajjas projections and have ventilations.

and

Saline water often decays the concrete and makes the house weak

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Figure LXIX:Map shpwing wards of Munroe island

Employment Pattern

Figure LXX:Employment graph

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LAND USE

Settlements interspersed with coconut gardens and mixed crops are dominant in the elevated part of the island. The area that lies to the west of railway track is mostly low lying having numerous water bodies and tidal creeks with coconut and natural species, mainly mangroves, on the banks. [6] Aquaculture is practiced in such areas where traditional and modern aqua farms are seen. The area had large-scale coir retting practice in earlier periods, which are now limited to very few locations.

• Residential are more concentrated in ward 5 and 6, followed by ward 1,3,12 and 11 • Though ward 12 have no roads they are easily accessible from the main road and railway line •Agricultural land use are more concentrated in ward 4, 6, 8, 9 and 13. ward 13 is highly effected by the high tides, thus reducing the productivity • Pisciculture is more concentrated in ward 1, 2 and 13.

As they share boundary with both lake and river, presence of more internal water channel is seen.

Commercials are mainly concentrated in ward 3, 7, 8 and 9. Because of more connectivity comparing to other inner areas. They are mostly seen along the main road.

• There is a scope for revival of agricultural sector in the study area.

• Barren land areas can be restored to its original uses by appropriate legislations to enhance agricultural and tourism activities. Riverside can be developed into parks and recreational area.

• Improves focus on agricultural productivity, so that inland farming can be increased

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G+2 Structure with traditional carpentry architecture and vast planning with first floor being a covered terrace used as storage space, drying space, UGT space with a Shikhar for decorative elevational feature. The house has a temple right outside the main entrance and a courtyard space in the centre with grilled partitions on ceilings.

Figure LXXI:Exterior facade of the house

The house has a temple right outside the main entrance and a courtyard space in the centre with grilled partitions on ceilings.

Figure LXXII:Temple outside house

Figure LXXIII:Plan of first floor terrace space

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CASE STUDY-LOCAL HOUSE Owner: Mr Sethu and Mrs Rejitha Ananda Vilasam

Figure LXXIV: Inside the house near the living room

Figure LXXV:Elevation of Traditional Munroe house

Figure LXXVI: First floor roof used as as storage space

Every Munroe house has an open veranda or drying space behind the kitchen (backyard of the house) and a toilet outside the house.

Houses after renovation had toilets made inside as well.

Figure LXXVIII: Plan of a Traditional Munroe house Figure LXXVII: Showing Rainwater collection system

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MUNROE PRIMARY SCHOOL Munroe primary school near the Rehabilitation centre which is at a higher contour level and does not flood during rains.

MUNROE RAILWAY STATION The station is poorly maintained and number of people using the railway station on a daily basis is less. . Few

factories like the coir factory and cashew nut factory lie on the eastern side, flooded most times.

GENERAL JOHN MUNROE REHABITATION CENTRE

To put the place to good use, Munroe handed over the land to Malankara Church Mission Society to set up a rehabilitation centre and relief camps.

In honour of the great British administrator – General John Munro who served as Resident and Diwan of the States of Travancore and Cochin between 1810 and 1819, KALLADA RIVER JETTY Small government jetty of Munroe often used as a hangout place by the elders in that ward.

KHADI FACTORY The factory is dimly lit and is a small working space of about 10Mx 13M -working space for 10-13 women.

PLACES VISITED IN MUNROE

Munroe has many Temples and smaller shrines of Lord Vishnu becoming places of social gatherings during festivals

TIMBER FACTORY Mahogany Timber Factory on the main road which supplies raw material to construction places for roof making of local houses or even boat making

VISHNU TEMPLE MUNROETHURUTHU

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5 STAR HOTEL CONSTRUCTION SITE First G+4 modern looking structure in ward 10

GRAM PANCHAYAT OFFICE Gram Panchayat office in ward 2 of East Kallada marked as a landmark for locals.

RAGU’S ART GALLERY Ragu artist famous for his mural paintings and temple art is the only art gallery in Munroe.

MUNROE ISLAND

The church is next to a primary school and its compound includes the residents of father Albin with a small old well now unused

SAINT MATHAIS CSI CHURCH

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Second most practised farming after coconut in Munroe

MUNROE RAILWAY STATION Munroe has only one railway station near ward1 and ward 2. The western side of the railway line often floods and is a high tidal zone. Few factories like the coir factory and cashew nut factory lie on the other side of the railway station which was flooded during my site visit and was not accessible. The eastern part of the railway line is a low tidal zone with many residential settlements and small commercial general stores.

The railway station is poorly maintained and number of people using the railway station on a daily basis is less.

GOVERNMENT KHADI FACTORY Government khadi factory is in ward 6 with only women workers producing khadi clothes and khadi bags for sale in the local area and for exporting to nearby places in Kollam.

The factory is dimly lit and is a small working space of about 10Mx 13M -working space for 10-13 women.

Figure LXXIX:Author

Figure LXXX:Author

CSI CHURCH The Munroe church is in ward 12 next to the general joe Munroe rehabilitation centre.

The church is next to a primary school and its compound includes the residents of father Albin with a small old well now unused.

5 STAR HOTEL UNDER CONSTRUCTION The foundation for a G+4 structure was a pile foundation with raft setting using 6ft coconut trunks as piles. The saline underground water is pumped out and then cured coconut trunks (cured in salt water) are driven with machines rested on a concrete raft foundation.

The underground water table is at 3ft forward 6. The soil used is red soil which is imported from Kollam due to poor soil for construction in Munroe. Munroe is rich in black clayey soil unfit for construction due to no hard strata.

Figure LXXXI:Author

Figure LXXXII:Author

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RAGU’S ART GALLERY Ragu artist famous for his mural paintings and temple art is the only art gallery in Munroe. His paintings are exceptional and portray the raw beauty of the island.

GENERAL JOGN MUNROE MUSEUM -REHABITATION CENTRE Figure LXXXIII:Author

Figure LXXXIV:Author

To put the place to good use, Munroe handed over the land to Malankara Church Mission Society to set up a seminary for training priests.

In honour of the great British administrator – General John Munro who served as Resident and Diwan of the States of Travancore and Cochin between 1810 and 1819, the Society named this island as Munroe Island. His house is now used as habitation centre and relief camps for people during floods. Local residents come to stay for a few days when floods increase.

The Society encouraged the cultivation of fish, coconut, paddy, cloves, etc and the tax collected from this trade were used to construct the famed CMS college of Kottayam. Later this practise was discontinued and this island became a panchayat in Kollam district.

AGRICULTURAL OFFICE

Figure LXXXV:Author

Interviewing Agricultural officer. The office helps farmers with techniques used for coconut farming and farming of vegetations and also teaches hem organic farming.

DUCK FARMS

Figure LXXXVI:Author

Besides this water tour, wea village walk through the coconut farms, banana and paddy cultivation, rubber and spice plantations. Most of the locals engage in prawn breeding, boat building, sand mining, duck poultry farming, oil extraction, and coir making.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management is one among the basic essential provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban centres clean. SWM is a major problem for many urban local bodies in India, where urbanization, industrialization and economic growth have resulted in increased municipal solid waste generation per person From the socio-economic survey, 100% of people in Mundrothuruth panchayat are having own house management. MSFs provide with waste collection.

Figure LXXXVII:SWM in gram Panchayat

Waste collection is irregular about the effects of burning nonbiodegradable waste on site and segregation of both organic and inorganic waste, impacts of unscientific waste disposal.

Infrequent non-biodegradable waste collection by the authority.

Island is not vulnerable to any sort of tourism influences because till now the visitors count has not exceeded the threshold level/carrying capacity of the island, also the tourists are very keen to keep the nature as such without harming it. Tourist avoid the use of plastics to a maximum extend, they don’t get on to the natural environment and habitat of the island.

Waste management till now is not an issue in the island, they dispose the biodegradable waste in house and non-biodegradable waste will be collected by governmental agencies.

Figure LXXXVIII:Waste collection outside local house

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VEGETATION AND SOIL TYPE OF MUNROE

The top soil of Munroe Islands is acidic saline soil as per the classification of soils by the Department of Soil Survey and Soil Conservation. This soil is commonly observed in low-lying marshes, waterlogged and poorly drained areas near the rivers and streams, which are subject to tidal waves. Sea and backwater tides make these soils saline.

Figure XC:Ace leaf plant

Figure LXXXIX:Hardy Banana

Figure XCIII:Looproot Mangroves

The traditional structures were light weight in nature with wooden side walls and thatched roofs but in last 20 years this had changed to concrete structures with concrete roofing.

Traditional house required only localized techniques of piling and not beyond a depth of 2m. However, new concrete structures, requires piling up to the sand strata which is not done as the traditional farmers in the region cannot afford such costs of construction. Hence the clayey layer which consolidates due to the load gives away and seeps out to the adjacent water bodies over time. State of Environment Report Kerala (2007) reports heavy sand mining in the Kallada River bed. The report states that the river bed lowering rate as 11 cm/year. The unscientific sand mining practice has made the region unstable Variety of Flora like hardy bananas, sugarcane trees, Neem trees. Pinanga palm trees, Ace leafed trees, Eudia, etc are found in abundance.

Figure XCI:Pinanga palm trees

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Munroe receives funding for social infrastructure projects from Kerala tourism and the Kerala government.

Children have access to recreational activities such as drawing, tree climbing, plantations, and household chores. To promote creativity and enrich Munroe's culture, they must be encouraged and taught better skills.

During floods, the nearby rehab centre and school serve as relief camps for residents of nearby homes. In the event of an emergency, more of these relief camps should be built.

CLIMATE CHANGE There are many secondary effects of climate change and sea level rise to the island. Continued increases in air and water surfaces temperature. This climatic effect brings changes to the small diverse and isolated ecosystems. As sea level rises, water intrusion occurs on low lying regions as well as salinification. As a result, becomes become very difficult for the agricultural and commercial sectors mainly coir manufacturing, which reduces the quality of the coir.

The increase in temperature level causes extinction of fish species as well as migratory species. When the temperature level rises, the pH level of water decreases, which causes the fish species to move out of their normal habitat

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ANALYZING PROBLEMS

There are no lights on the streets. It is not possible to travel at night. Road networks need to strengthened.

Wards 1 and 2 are subjected to adverse climate change, with houses submerged for the majority of the day during high tides and water lingering during low tides, causing damage to property, land fertility, house strength and materials, and inviting disease-carrying insects.

Due to a lack of government parcels, people lack community gathering spaces, and the tightly knit village tends to know each other.

A lack of coastal infrastructure such as jetties, promenades, and beach nooks, among other things Residents need to be aware of the island’s potential in terms of its beauty and simplicity. People must be aware of its existence, rich history, culture, and islanders, as well as their traditional way of life.

Tourists' home stays are lacking in amenities and facilities.

There is a lack of good food and hygienic conditions. Despite its beauty, it is difficult for tourists to live on the island.

Dying occupation spaces such as coir factories, khadi factories, cashew nut factories, timber factories, boat building factories, and fishing farming lands must be revitalised and made known to tourists.

Munroe's only tourist attractions are boating and canoeing.

Tourists enjoy the boat racing festival during Ornam.

Munroe is rich in fish, prawns, and sea food, but only a small part is commercialised and exported to neighbouring districts.

It also exports cashew nuts, and these abundant resources must be marketed in order to boost the country's economic growth.

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Munroethuruth Island, also known as Munroe Island in Kollam District is an island within the Ashtamudi backwater system. This island attracts tourists due to its natural beauty with disposition of numerous interconnecting canals.

Scarcity Of Drinking Water – Another problem on the island is the scarcity of drinking water. During high tide, the public water supply system stops functioning and water has to be transported in canoes.

Environmental Refugee – There has been a steady exodus from munroethuruth, which currently has only 2200 families, and is dotted with abandoned houses in varying stages of decay.

Tidal Surge – The threat of tidal surge became aggravated after the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004. The whole island called Ekkappuram is completely submerged. As NCESS study has found that the total water – holding capacity of Ashtamudi Lake has decreased by 15% in the last 17 yrs.

Construction of Thenmala Dam- It is located 70km away and constructed in the 1960s under the Kallada Irrigation Project. The dam blocked the flow of fresh water as result sediments from the Kallada River was also stopped. It was the main determinant of the land’s fertility. Now, the whole area has turned saline.

Mangroves: There has been 85% reduction in mangrove area during 1967-2016. Floristic study of different sites in Kollam revealed the occurrence of 12 species belonging to six families. Mangroves, their distribution of species is determined by salinity, competition and other physical factor.

Coastal regulation zone: This coastal regulation zone is the environmentally most critical area. It has been further classified as CRZ - 1A and CRZ - 1B

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Figure XCV:Land use map of Munroe Island

Site selection Criteria

Figure XCIV:Map of homestays in Munroe Island

Highlighting vicinity of site to home stays allowing for faster recognition of Design proposal by tourists and inviting a larger footfall

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3-View from Idiyakkadavu Exchange Road

EXCHANGE ROAD

3

SITE

2

ASHTAMUDI LAKE

1

1-Munroe View point

2-View from Ashtami Lake

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DESIGN INTENT

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HERITAGE AND TOURIST CENTRE Craft stores

Training centre

Homestays

Prototype for Climate Resilience

The heritage centre is a cultural village that showcases Munroe island's art and traditions in order to revive the declining occupation and provide employment for many locals. Workshops and craft stores for coir craft coconut arts, cashew nuts with timber art stores and terracotta art stores, and so on will be located there. The women-run khadi factory in Munroe will also have khadi clothing stores in the heritage village. and timber factory in Munroe that produces timber furniture and wooden artefacts will be displaced in the centre.

It will also include training centre for farmers to help them with new technology and funding for coconut farming. The centre will include a mangrove cultivation centre for cultivating mangroves and increasing awareness about mangrove protection among locals. The proposed design will be close to boating and canoeing directing tourists to visit the place directly for a three-hour boating experience travelling the island and seeing its beauty.

The tradition of homestays will be carried on in the centre, with the caveat that they will not be replaced by hotels or resorts (in order to maintain the island's homey feel). Small home stays for tourists who want to stay in the heart of the island and get a true sense of the island's culture.

The centre will have a prototype flood-proof housing system set up, as well as workshop lessons teaching locals how to build their own flood-proof homes using concepts such as floating houses and amphibious houses. Being an example for disaster management for the tourists.

The majority of the island's land is owned by private individuals, with very little government land available for community gatherings and social gatherings. The centre will serve as a gathering place for islanders to come together, celebrate festivals, and learn about and grow the island's cultural significance. Kids will have their own space where they can engage in recreational activities, play, and learn artistic skills.

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CASE STUDY- VELLAR CRAFT VILLAGE (KOVALAM KERALA)

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ABBREVIATIONS

o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o

The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation (RIOC) New York’s Urban Development Corporation (UDC) According to The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), small island developing states (SIDS) tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) Invasive alien species (IAS) Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) EU European Union GHG Greenhouse Gas ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability PPCR Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience RAMSES Reconciling Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainable Development for Cities SEA Strategic Environment Assessment UN United Nations UNISDR UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction GFDRR-Global facility for disaster reduction and recovery National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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REFERENCES

Pacific island cities call for a rethink of climate resilience for the most vulnerable (theconversation.com) The Mangrove Society | Landscape Design Story (uni.xyz) Vulnerability to climate change of islands worldwide and its impact on the tree of life | Scientific Reports (nature.com) Island Sustainability (witpress.com) island | National Geographic Society Climate Change and it's effects on the Maldives (arcgis.com) Island turns into tourist attraction | Deccan Herald Resilience of the Sinking Half | Siddarth PT - RTF | Rethinking The Future (re-thinkingthefuture.com) In pictures: Ghoramara island in the Sundarbans, is slowly being swallowed by the sea | The News Minute REBUILDING KERALA - Flood Resilient Planning and Architecture- A case of Uliyannoor Village (uni.xyz) Six Konkan wetlands may be declared ecotourism hubs | Mumbai news - Hindustan Times Conservation and Sustainable development of Island Ecosystems: Challenges in Indian context - Academike (lawctopus.com) Small islands: meeting the challenges of freshwater resilience (unesco.org)

2173emerging issues of sids.pdf (un.org) book_inprogress_4.indd (dakshin.org) Atlantic City, NJ | Structures of Coastal Resilience How corruption, tourism, environmental sustainability play out in paradise | Devex

Islands on the Edge: Exploring Islandness and Development on Four Australian Case Studies (utas.edu.au) warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the 'lakes in the air' (designboom.com) book_inprogress_4.indd (dakshin.org) 10185IIED.pdf Microsoft Word - disaster resistant housing 1.docx (sheltercluster.org) sid.pdf Sustainability | Free Full-Text | An Efficient Waste-To-Energy Model in Isolated Environments. Case Study: La Gomera (Canary Islands) | HTML (mdpi.com) RHC-S1 CSWArchitecture - Build Academy Resilient Architecture: Adaptive Community Living in Coastal Locations (umass.edu)

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I:The hungry tide by National Foundations ........................................................................................2 Figure II:Climate and time by round glass.......................................................2 Figure III:'governor's island' by Diller Scafidi + Renfro ..................................................................................2 Figure IV: Governors Island landscaping for improving walkability ..............................................................2 Figure V: Governors Island urban parks with terrain landscape ...................................................................2 Figure VI:Jharkali Islands on Sundarbans ......................................................................................................2 Figure VII :Amphibious house module with bamboo and timber from a thesis initiative. ...........................2 Figure VIII: Amphibious house module with bamboo and timber from a thesis initiative. ..........................2 Figure IX:Resilience for padimate coastal island ...........................................................................................2 Figure X: Research handbook from green climate fund highlighting 4 layers of resilience..........................2 Figure XI: -The Rockefeller Foundation Atlantic City, NJ 2014 ......................................................................2 Figure XII: -The Rockefeller Foundation Atlantic City, NJ 2014 .....................................................................2 Figure XIII: Picture by world geography ........................................................................................................2 Figure XIV:Picture by CNN Travel ..................................................................................................................2 Figure XV:Penang in dangers-Ariel view of proposed artificial islands .........................................................2 Figure XVI:Views of the making of the island by Edge Market .....................................................................2 Figure XVII:Views of the making of the island by Edge Market ....................................................................2 Figure XVIII:Graphical representation of planned proposal by the star .......................................................2 Figure XIX: Coast of Male-the capital city of Maldives..................................................................................2 Figure XX:An aerial view of Garbage Island of Maldives ...............................................................................2 Figure XXI:An aerial view of Malé, Maldives’ capital. Photo by: Asian Development Bank .........................2 Figure XXII: Miami fighting against rising seas-barrier island .......................................................................2 Figure XXIII: Ocean city Maryland is built on Fewick island, an Atlantic barrier island ................................2 Figure XXIV:Picture by the conversation .......................................................................................................2 Figure XXV: Sustainable coastal management chart.....................................................................................2 Figure XXVI: Graphics showing sustainable module islands .........................................................................2 Figure XXVII:warka water towers collect clean drinking water from the ‘lakes in the air ............................2 Figure XXVIII:W-garden proposes a system that uses harvested water for food production as can be seen here ...............................................................................................................................................................2 Figure XXIX:Yaucht house -Floating house cepncept in Miama for toursits .................................................2 Figure XXX:Floating flood proof house by Bamboo ......................................................................................2 Figure XXXI:Image showing lifting of house during floods ............................................................................2 Figure XXXII :Exploded view explaining three structural system ..................................................................2 Figure XXXIII:NIDM Faulty foundations uprooting houses............................................................................2 Figure XXXIV:NIDM Faulty foundations uprooting houses ...........................................................................2 Figure XXXV:Ferry to Panju Island by Times of India.....................................................................................2 Figure XXXVI:Formation of Panju Island........................................................................................................2 Figure XXXVII:Pnaju island from Google maps ..............................................................................................2 Figure XXXVIII: Jetty for ferry on reaching Panju Island ................................................................................2 Figure XXXIX:asitespecificexperiment.wordpress.com .................................................................................2 Figure XL:DP Map of Panju Island .................................................................................................................2 Figure XLI: Legend for above Figure ..............................................................................................................2 Figure XLII:Ariel view of Gharapuri islands by Darya Firasti..........................................................................2 Figure XLIII:Elephanta map by Elephanta caves official site .........................................................................2 PURVI BOMB l LS Raheja School of Architecture 143

Figure XLIV:Rock cut architecture -Elephanta caves .................................................................................... 2 Figure XLV:asitespecificexperiment.wordpress.com.................................................................................... 2 Figure XLVI:Contours by Science Direct ........................................................................................................ 2 Figure XLVII:Gharapuri Island Stock Photography and Images - Alamy by : Arijit Nag................................. 2 Figure XLVIII:Author ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure XLIX:Waste dumped by tourist on coastal edge of Gharapuri .......................................................... 2 Figure L:Settlements of Gharapuri island ..................................................................................................... 2 Figure LI:Rope way project by Twnety 2 India on the move ........................................................................ 2 Figure LII:Settlement on the edge of munroe island by Trip advisor ........................................................... 2 Figure LIII:Lives of People at Munroe island by The hindu ........................................................................... 2 Figure LIV:Map Showing Regional Connectivity ........................................................................................... 2 Figure LV:Author ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LVI:Map showing major junctions of the island ................................................................................ 2 Figure LVII:Map showing population density ............................................................................................... 2 Figure LVIII: Map showing flood affected areas ........................................................................................... 2 Figure LIX:Map showing the contours .......................................................................................................... 2 Figure LX:Accessibility and Homestays ......................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXI:Map showing places of worship .................................................................................................. 2 Figure LXII:Doorsteps submerged in water .................................................................................................. 2 Figure LXIII: Houses along mangrove cover .................................................................................................. 2 Figure LXIV:House in ward 3 submereged in water due to high tide ........................................................... 2 Figure LXV:Houses with higher plinth facing problems ................................................................................ 2 Figure LXVI:Cellar foundation to prevent waterlogging ............................................................................... 2 Figure LXVII:Houses with Makaan Dukaan Concept ..................................................................................... 2 Figure LXVIII:House with terrace used for storage ....................................................................................... 2 Figure LXIX:Map shpwing wards of Munroe island ...................................................................................... 2 Figure LXX:Exterior facade of the house ...................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXI:Temple outside house ............................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXII:Plan of first floor terrace space ................................................................................................ 2 Figure LXXIII: Inside the house near the living room .................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXIV:Elevation of Traditional Munroe house................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXV: First floor roof used as as storage space ................................................................................. 2 Figure LXXVI: Showing Rainwater collection system .................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXVII: Plan of a Traditional Munroe house ...................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXVIII:Author.................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXIX:Author ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXX:Author ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXI:Author ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXII:Author ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXIII:Author .................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXIV:Author.................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXV:Author..................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXVI:SWM in gram Panchayat ....................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXVII:Waste collection outside local house ................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXVIII:Ace leaf plant ....................................................................................................................... 2 Figure LXXXIX:Hardy Banana ........................................................................................................................ 2 Figure XC:Euodia ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure XCI:Pinanga palm trees ...................................................................................................................... 2 Figure XCII:Looproot Mangroves .................................................................................................................. 2 Figure XCIII:Map of homestays in Munroe Island ........................................................................................ 2 Figure XCIV:Land use map of Munroe Island ............................................................................................... 2 ISLANDS ON THE EDGE | 144

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