Toilettes Ecolo Proposal Draft

TOILETTES ECOLO PROPOSAL

Authors Joanna Brindise, Barbara Kane, Joanne Ng, Nneoma Nwankwo Virginia Tech, 2015-2016 Faculty C.L. Bohannon, Ph.D., ASLA, Assistant Professor

Virginia Tech College of Architecture and Urban Studies College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences University Honors toilettes.ecolo@gmail.com www.issuu.com/toilettes/ecolo 2015-2016

Toilettes Ecolo

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION - p. 5 Authors Biography Stakeholders Funding AWARENESS - p. 11 The Conflict Theory of Change Letter of Intent MHM - p. 19 Girl’s Narrative MHM Selection Criteria Voices of Schoolgirls on MHM Needs I-3 Approach to MHM Washing and Drying Disposable Pads DRY TOILETS - p. 33 Introduction Ventilation Basic Toilet Build Bucket Latrine vs Composting Decomposition Pit Sizing DESIGN PROPOSAL - p. 47 Option 1 Option 2 POTENTIAL PARTNERS - p. 53 Sanergy Omni Processor TIMELINE - p. 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY - p. 61

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Toilettes Ecolo

INTRODUCTION Authors Biography Stakeholders Funding

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AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES

Joanna Brindise | Architecture Joanna is a fifth year architecture student focusing on the public space and circulation of informal settlements in Medellin, Colombia. Her interests are to capture the unique in any location to find where identity is being challenged and how to form new solutions. In addition of regarding sustainability due to environmental efficiency and moderations of materials, energy and space, she believes that the truest sustainable spaces embed the person within its design and the loyalty of the users become the strength to true architectural longevity. She believes that an opportunity to the Senegalese Girl’s Bathroom Design Build would allow her to be a part of a collaborative and creative team to design a project that she believes in.

Barbara Kane | Architecture Barbara is a fifth year architecture student writing a thesis on the effects of the built environment on the healing process in a new center for diabetics clinic in Dakar, Senegal using local materials. Through capitalizing on the site’s natural characteristics, the cultural context, and the local materials, she hopes to connect the architecture with nature to promote well-being.

She grew up in Senegal, finished high school in Wales and came to the United States to attend Virginia Tech in 2010. As part of her studies, she was a member of the 2013- 2014 design/buildLAB which collectively designed and built a fieldhouse in an impoverished town in Virginia for the Baseball Little League. She believes that architecture has the ability to drive economic development when done in an empowering way, and if deeply rooted in its context and cultural sensitivities.

Toilettes Ecolo

Dr. C.L. Bohannon, ASLA | Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture in the School of Architecture+Design. He joined Virginia Tech in 2014. Dr. Bohannon’s research focuses on the relationship between community engagement and design education and building methodological approaches that can enhance community-university relationships in the design process. Through his research Dr. Bohannon works in the landscape context of community history and identity, environmental (in) justice, and community learning. His research has led to contributions to the theorization and application of community engagement in design education. Dr. Bohannon was a recently named an Emerging Engagement Scholar by the Engagement Scholarship Consortium.

Nneoma Nwankwo | Political Science Nneoma is a final-year student majoring in Political Science, and double minoring in Public and Urban Affairs and English. She hails from Lagos, Nigeria. In 2014, she was awarded the Austin Michelle Cloyd Scholarship for Social Justice, which provided grants for her menstrual hygiene research. She is interested in urban development, politics and economics, and has conducted extensive study on Menstrual Hygiene across West Africa. Her relevant research can be found at Innovation for Agricultural Training and Education (VT Innovate) and Agrilinks.

Joanne Ng | Architecture Joanne is a fifth-year thesis Architecture student at Virginia Tech focusing her studies on sustainable, incremental, participatory design of social spaces and social housing of Haitian bateyes in the Dominican Republic.

She has been involved with multiple projects in Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and currently serves as a member of the Board of Directors of Project Esperanza. Recipient of the Student Initiated Research Grant, Joanne traveled back to the Dominican Republic to research bamboo as a construction material. She believes that the process of creating architecture has the power to empower, dignify, and catalyse social and political impacts.

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STAKEHOLDERS

FUNDING

Toilettes Ecolo

C.L. Bohannon

Project Advisor

Assistant Professor - Landscape Architecture cbohanno@vt.edu 540-231-9866 Dr. Mbarou Gassama Program Manager of Gender Hygiene and Sanitation Programme UN Women mbarou.gassama@unwomen.org 221-33-869-9938 Babacar Ndiaye Operations Office Coordiation Unit of the Water Supply and Sanitation Program of the Millennium (PEPAM)

b.ndiaye@pepam.sn 221-77-524-9039

Sarah Vandyke Assistant Director Virginia Tech University Honors

sarajane@exchange.vt.edu 540-231-4591 Russell Shrader Assistant Director Virginia Tech University Honors rbshrade@vt.edu 540-231-4591

Virginia Tech University Honors

Henri De Hahn School Director Virginia Tech School of A+D hdehahn@vt.edu 540-231-2680

Virginia Tech School of A+D

Bob Schubert Associate Dean for Research Virginia Tech CAUS silver@vt.edu 540-231-5607 Kate Natishan URI Representative Virginia Tech Undergraduate Research Institute uri@vt.edu

Virginia Tech CAUS

Virginia Tech Undergraduate Research Institute

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Toilettes Ecolo

AWARENESS The Conflict Theory of Change Letter of Intent

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THE CONFLICT: ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND EDUCATION

Research from international development organizations such as UN Women and WaterAid has shown that the lack of proper menstrual hygiene facilities leads to menstrual-related absenteeism amongst schoolgirls.

One in ten school-age African girls skips school during menstruation, which amounts to an average of four days every four weeks (United Nations Children’s Fund). The lack of proper sanitation facilities in schools constitute an impediment for girls’ access to education.

Following the World Health Organization’s recommendation, the optimal ratio of toilet facilities to pupils is one to thirty (1:30). Assessing the current state of infrastructures in Senegal, this ratio exceeds one to eighty-five (1:85) on average, and in a few instances one to eight-hundred (1:800) in Dakar (Birdthistle, 2011).` Coupled with the lack of toilet infrastructure in schools, is the type and availability of sanitary material used, and provisions for the proper disposal or handling of the latter. According to a study conducted by the UN Women in June 2014, 69.8% of women in the Louga region of Senegal use disposable sanitary pads, and change them between two (2) and four (4) times a day. This frequency in changing stresses the importance of providing a safe and clean environment at school for these girls, and a proper place to dispose of sanitary material. Even though 96% of respondents said they washed sanitary materials in toilets, testimonies from participants in focus groups in Saraya and Kedougou (Senegal) state some reasons for not washing their sanitary protection or changing at school: “The lack of a safe place to wash fabric protection.”

“The toilets are unsuitable and are shared with the boys: this is not discreet and there is no privacy.”

“There are no toilets in schools; and where there are, they are dirty and there is no soap or water.”

Toilettes Ecolo

• Poor school sanitation facilities as a factor that can impede girls’ access to their education

(United Nations Children’s Fund) • Ratio of toilets to pupils in Dakar, Senegal

Median 1:85

Max 1:800

WHO recommendation 1:30

Sweden standard 1:15

(Water and Sanitation Program Field Note 2007)

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THEORY OF CHANGE

By providing safe, private and accessible sanitation facilities in schools, girls are more likely to attend classes, thus reducing menstrual-related absenteeism, and allowing girls the opportunity to take ownership of their education. In this way, girls are ultimately more socio-economically empowered. The 2020 Sustainable Development Goals suggested by the United Nations outlines seventeen goals needed to “transform the world,” and most salient to our project are Goals 5 and 6, which highlight achievement of gender equality and access to water and sanitation for all, respectively.

Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all girls and women Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all Target 2 of Goal 6: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations According to a study done in Colombia, Senegal and Kenya by Pr Ralph Hall, 74% of households used water productively, and of those, 49% of households earned income from those activities.1 In order to limit the strain on the already scarce water supplies, we are proposing dry toilets that do not require water for flushing, and harvesting rainwater to complement the water supply for hand-washing purposes.

1 (Hall, R.P.; Vance, E.A. and van Houweling, E. 2014. “The productive use of rural piped water in Senegal.” Water Alternatives 7(3): 486) <http://www.water-alternatives.org/ index.php/alldoc/articles/vol7/v7issue2/260-a7-3-3/file>.

Toilettes Ecolo

It is not possible to meaningfully achieve Goal 5 of ensuring gender equality in schools, without creating proper facilities for adequate sanitation for girls in schools. This will reduce menstrual-related absenteeism and other factors, which result in girlsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; under performance in school or skipping school during their menses.

Through the creation of environmentally-friendly toilets, our project aims to contribute to the double bottom line of increasing access to sanitation for both male and female students, and closing the gap between males and females in schools (and consequently, in the professional workforce).

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LETTER OF INTENT

“Toilettes Ecolo” is a social venture, which aims to build earth-friendly toilets in public schools in rural Senegal. The toilet structures will be built using a sustainable material palette that adapts to Senegal’s climate, and fulfills the needs of the school children. “Toilettes Ecolo” will also respond to the needs of pre-and-post pubescent girls, by providing biodegradable menstrual pads, which can properly be disposed of in the toilets, thus lowering the instances of menstrual-related absenteeism. Holistically, “Toilettes Ecolo” seeks to ensure that school children in Senegal have proper access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), in line with Goal 6 of the 2020 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This social venture, Toilettes Ecolo, is proposed by four Virginia Tech students: Joanna Brindise, Barbara Kane, Joanne Ng, and Nneoma Nwankwo. With diverse backgrounds in Architecture, Public & Urban Affairs, and Political Science, the founders of Toilettes Ecolo are wellversed in WASH research, and Architectural Innovation. With our interest in menstrual hygiene management, clean water, and community development, we are well-equipped to bring Toilettes Ecolo to Senegal.

For the specific venture proposed for 2016, we hope to build three (3) male and four (4) female toilets as a pilot project at Collège Ndiatène in Saint-Louis, Senegal. The building will encourage sustainability through the transferring of construction techniques and knowledge, allow young girls dignity by providing safe and private spaces, and exemplify green architecture through the use of local and inexpensive materials.Regarding the material for the toilets, we propose a bamboo structure with clay bricks infill. As a fast growing and very strong material, Bamboo shows the highest potential for structural use towards the construction of the toilets.

Although it grows sporadically in Dakar, it is widely available in the North and South of Senegal.

Clay bricks are excellent thermal insulators, as they can keep the indoor temperature cool despite high temperatures outside; thus they are better suited for the climate than concrete blocks. Clay in Senegal is easily accessible and can be stabilized with lime for construction.

Toilettes Ecolo

To emphasize the sustainability aspect of this project and to minimize maintenance issues, rainwater will be collected for handwashing purposes.

Simultaneously, a plastic barrel will be used to collect the waste, and a system will be designed to easily pull it out so that the waste can be sold per barrel as fertilizer or for biofuel, therefore generating some money to cover the toiletsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; upkeep.

According to a study in Louga conducted by the UN Women and WSSCC (Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council) Joint Programme, 36% of girls stay away from school while on their periods. Also, the school toilets included in the study had no soap and no dustbin, and in most schools, there were no separate facilities for males and females.

Similarly, in a study in Kedougou conducted by the aforementioned Joint Programme, 40.6% of girls missed school for at least a day during their periods, while two schools included in the study had no toilet facilities whatsoever. The importance of changing the narrative regarding access to proper WASH facilities in schools cannot be overemphasized. Through the creation of sustainable and menstrual hygiene-based toilets, Toilettes Ecolo is committed to improving access to water, sanitation and menstrual hygiene management for school children, which in turn betters their access to education. Our mission fits in perfectly with the goals of ONU Femmes; thus, your support will be invaluable to us. We are determined to accomplish our goals, and we seek your hand in partnership.

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MHM Girlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Narrative MHM Selection Criteria Voices of Schoolgirls on MHM Needs I-3 Approach to MHM Washing and Drying Disposable Pads

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GIRLâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NARRATIVE

Common Current Situation

Poorly maintained/ non-existent bathroom

No place to wash or dispose of feminine products

Loss of security/dignity to attend school

The Effect of Toilettes Ecolo

Sustainable pads/ available pads

Toilettes Ecolo

Specific restroom for girls that is regularly maintained

Higher attendance of girls going through puberty 1

1 Brindise, Joanna Diagram of current and potential psychological change

The Psychology of Puberty 1. Feeling overly sensitive: uncomfortable in your own skin, sensitive about your own appearance, temperamental, depressed 2. Looking for an identity: finding your independence against the crowd 3. Feeling uncertain: starting to think about adult topics, such as future goals 4. Peer pressure: easily influenced based on your surroundings 5. Mood swings: shifting levels of hormones 6. Feeling conscious about yourself: your peers developing differently than you leading to anxiety 1 As the bodies of young girls between the ages of 8-13 change rapidly, so does their psychological development.

1 The Psychological Impact of Puberty. (2014). Retrieved March 04, 2016, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/83801-psychological-impact-puberty/

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MHM SELECTION CRITERIA

Toilettes Ecolo

Young girls often miss school due to the lack of safe and clean toilet facilities, and the lack of proper equipment to leave the house (no menstrual pads, shame associated with staining, nowhere to wash the reusable pads at school, etc.). Since our goal is to encourage girls to attend schools while menstruating, it becomes inevitable to tackle both issues – setting up the right infrastructure at school (toilets) and providing a low cost solution to ensure girls do leave their house to attend school during that time of the month.

We are proposing a toilet facility that would: · Be ecological: dry toilets · Be separate from the boy’s toilets · Be clean and well ventilated to be odor-free · Have a washroom to wash cloths · Have a drying room with sun exposure to dry cloths (high windows for privacy) · Be able to generate some money to finance its upkeep · Be the catalyst to encourage the use of either biodegradable pads or reusable pads over disposable We aim to redesign bathrooms with a focus on addressing menstruation and its spatial needs, as well as providing better solutions to menstrual needs.

Ultimately, we plan to create low-cost sustainable dry toilets with local materials. Through reselling of waste products and provision of proper sanitary waste disposal, our proposal ensures reduction of menstrualrelated absenteeism, and supports a global transition to green architecture.

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VOICES OF SCHOOLGIRLS ON MHM NEEDS

Toilettes Ecolo

Focus group and interview data from Alaoma Secondary School, Ozuitem, Abia StateEastern Nigeria (Nwankwo, 2013).

“We want to be properly taught about menstruation.”

“We want boys in our school to understand menstruation.”

“We need private toilets or latrines where we can change our pads without fear.”

“We want the government to make sure that pads are not too costly.”

“We want our voices heard” “We need clean water and soap to wash our hands after using the toilet.”

“We need trash bins to properly throw away used sanitary material.”

“We want a chemist to get painkillers if we have cramps.”

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I-3 APPROACH TO MHM

Toilettes Ecolo

Nwankwo, Nneoma Diagram of MHM Approach

The I-3 approach maintains that three key steps--impart, invest, and implement-- when taken by leaders at all levels can greatly alleviate the issue of poor menstrual hygiene management (Innovation for Agricultural Training and Education).

Impart - Ensuring that reproductive health and menstrual hygiene topics be taught in schools, and mandating that teachers be thoroughly trained in these topics. This will provide access to accurate information, break the silence associated with periods and diminish the influence of harmful socio-cultural attitudes towards menstruation.

Invest - Government investment in social businesses that produce lowcost pads using environmentally-friendly material such as biodegradable banana fiber. This makes pads more affordable, ensure environmental sustainability, and empowers local women who produce the pads.

Furthermore, resources should be allocated to build sanitation infrastructure such as toilets, which will ensure privacy and security for girls.

Implement - Laws and policies that establish MHM as a top priority in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) issues, and provide adequate sanitation for all.

By virtue of Toilettes Ecoloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission, we seek to work within the Invest arm of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;I-3 approach,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; by building environmentally sustainable toilets that will be private and secure places for young girls.

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WASHING AND DRYING

Place where sanitary material are washed:

Rainwater Collection Pipe/Storage Tank Example

Annual Rainfall Data: 300mm in Northern part of the country (Saint-Louis)

Toilettes Ecolo

Reasons for not washing their sanitary protection or changing at school: “The lack of a safe place to wash fabric protection.”

“The toilets are unsuitable and are shared with the boys: this is not discreet and there is no privacy.”

“There are no toilets in schools; and where there are, they are dirty and there is no soap or water.”

The above testimonies are from participants in focus groups located in Saraya and Kedougou (Senegal).

Rainwater Collection: Collecting rainwater would reduce the strain on the available water sources for use for hand-washing purposes, or to wash reusable menstrual cloths.

Design considerations that can be put in place to size the catchment container and gutters include square footage of the roof, rainfall for the region, and type of roof.

The average rainfall per year in Saint-Louis, a region in the North-West part of Senegal is 300mm.1 Water is best collected through pipes running from a slanted roof, which would run into a storage tank. The tank could be fitted with a tap/faucet and a filter system in order to allow easy access to the water collected, and to ensure that the water is as clean as possible (especially as the water from the roof is likely to have unwanted debris).

1 Annual Rainfall Data Source: EnterpriseWorks, UNICEF, and Practica. “Etude De Faisabilite Des Forages Manuels.” UNICEF. Republique Du Senegal, May 2010. Web. <http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/SENEGAL_Rapport_forages_manuels_(FINAL).pdf>.

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DISPOSABLE PADS

JANIPADS

AFRIPADS

THINX

Toilettes Ecolo

For research purposes and to better understand what ecological solutions already exist as a substitute for disposable pads, we looked at three companies: JaniPad, Afripads and Sustainable Health Enterprises.

Our vision is to similarly empower women in Senegal so they can make the pads and sell them for a cheaper price than what is currently available.

By doing this in conjunction to providing the adequate infrastructure in schools, we hope to significantly reduce the gender inequality gap caused by menstruation.

JaniPad products are disposable biodegradable pads made from water hyacinth, a highly absorbent but invasive plant found in water bodies.

The pads have four layers; the top and bottom ones are made out of a biodegradable plastic, and the ones in-between are made out of water hyacinth. The advantage of the JaniPad is it solves two problems - it uses an otherwise undesirable plant and through processing can become a biodegradable sanitary material.1 Afripads offer pads made with reusable fabric, while Sustainable Health Enterprise makes disposable biodegradable pads using banana fibers.

The two firms are social enterprises dedicated to empowering women by employing - the trainees are thus able to generate income from selling the washable pads, and are providing the women and girls with sanitary materials to reduce their absenteeism from school or work.2 Thinx underwear are moisture-wicking, anti-microbial, absorbent, and leak-resistant. The award-winning products were designed to alieviate the lack of access to sanitation products in rural Uganda. They also send funds to AFRIpads in Uganda, where they hire local women to sew and sell washable, reusable cloth pads.3

1 2 3

http://www.janipad.com http://www.afripads.com http://www.shethinx.com

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DRY TOILETS Introduction Ventilation Basic Toilet Build Bucket Latrine vs Composting Decompostion Pit Sizing

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INTRODUCTION: DRY TOILETS

Toilettes Ecolo

A dry toilet is a toilet that operates without flush water, unlike a flush toilet.

The dry toilet may be a raised pedestal on which the user can sit, or a squat pan over which the user squats in the case of a squat toilet. In both cases, the excreta (both urine and feces) falls through a drop hole. The benefits of a dry toilets are that they are a realistic option for areas that do not have a larger sewage network and/or where water may be not as available. Sustainably, dry toilets do not need water and therefore do not cause sewage pollution. They are low cost, odorless, quiet, there is less cleaning involved furthermore, composting destroys pathogens and the humus can be safely returned to the soil for agricultural use as compared to flush toilets. 1

1

(n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_toilet

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VENTILATION

Toilettes Ecolo

Kwok, A. G., & Grondzik, W. T. (2007). The green studio handbook: Environmental strategies for schematic design. Oxford: Architectural.

Ventilation of the catchment spaces is necessary for the development of dry toilets. The ventilation system allows the odor to transfer from the space to make the experience sanitary and comfortable. The ventilation system should exhaust at least 2 feet (.6m) above the building roof peak using PVC or other similar pipe material for proper air flow.

Effective composting requires a minimum ambient temperature of 65 F (18 C) because temperatures that are too low slow the rate of compost.

A popular and efficient techniques to ventilate the bason include the use of a PVC pipe, which is painted matte black where it is exposed to the sun to allow the sun to heat the tube so that the interior heat rises, producing an air exhaust current outwards as shown in the diagram. 1

1 Lengen, J. V. (2008). The barefoot architect: A handbook for green building.

Bolinas: Shelter publ.

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BASIC TOILET BUILD

Toilettes Ecolo

http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/composting_toilets.htm

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BUCKET LATRINE VS COMPOSTING TOILET

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Simple Methods of Excreta Disposal. Tech. no. SAN 1.M.1. USAID: Water for the World. <http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/SANITATION/Latrine%20Design%20and%20Construction/Simple%20Methods%20of%20Excreta%20Disposal%20(USAID).pdf>

Bucket Latrine: • Maintenance intensive • Waste in removable containers • Waste taken off site daily/ every couple of days and transported to a treatment facility or a nearby pit Considerations: • External Access Composting Toilets: • Design intensive • Waste accumulates in a fixed pit • Waste decomposes inside pit - taken out every year or every two years • Can be sold as fertilizer Considerations: • External access • Sun exposure • Ventilation pipe for air flow and smells • Water table height

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DECOMPOSITION

Toilettes Ecolo

WASTE INTO ORGANIC FERTILIZER Typically, excreta decomposes within 1.5 to 2 years (Sulabh)1. However, there are a few ways to accelerate the decomposition and stabilization process. First, by optimizing the carbon to nitrogen ratio in the waste through adding straw and vegetable waste to the pit (World Bank).2 Second, by reducing the water content through heating up the waste by including a panel to transmit solar radiation (World Bank) Thirdly, by adding cover material such as sawdust, soil, ash or leaves to help dry the excreta (CAWST).3 Guidelines: Coffee grounds, vegetable peels, fruits, kitchen scraps etc. in small pieces may be added No cooking grease, dairy products, bones, meat, lime, diseased plants, etc.

Try to use approximately the same amount of fresh and dried materials A good size for a single compost pile is 3ft in diameter and 3ft deep The optimal temperature range for rapid decomposition is between 90F 140F (32C - 60C) Add straw and vegetable waste to optimize the carbon to nitrogen ration in the waste Water decomposes excreta faster Cover material in sawdust, soil, ash, leaves to help dry the excreta and reduce the smell and control flies

1 “Advantages of Sulabh Toilets.” Sulabh International Organisation. Web. 05 Feb. 2016. <http://www.sulabhinternational.org/advantages-of-sulabh-toilet>.

2 “Toilet Options - Pit Latrines.” The World Bank Group. Web. 04 Feb. 2016. <http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menu-technical-options/ pit-latrines>.

3 Latrine Design and Construction for Project Implementers. Publication. Alberta, Canada: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, 2014. <http://resources. cawst.org/collection/latrine-design-and-construction-project-implementers_en>

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PIT SIZING

Toilettes Ecolo

CAWST Formula Volume = (N x 1.5R x Y)/1000 + (0.5x Area)1 If manually emptying sludge, depth < 1.5m below ground level (CAWT) Years in use (Y) = 1 # of users (N) = 15 Sludge accumulation ratio (R) = 60L/person/year if depth = 1.5m and square pit Then dimensions = 1.16m x 1.16m x 1.5m (depth) Years in use (Y) = 2 years and square pit Then dimensions = 1.6m x 1.6m x 1.5m (depth) â&#x20AC;&#x153;The minimum space between the two pits should be 1 meter or equal to the depth of pits below the level of incoming pipe or drain, whichever is moreâ&#x20AC;? (Sublah) At least 2m between bottom of pit and highest annual groundwater level (Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology - CAWST)

1 Latrine Design and Construction for Project Implementers. Publication. Alberta, Canada: Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, 2014. <http://resources. cawst.org/collection/latrine-design-and-construction-project-implementers_en>

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DESIGN PROPOSAL Option 1 Option 2

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OPTION 1 This design centralizes the sinks around the rainwater catchment tank, so that it is easily distributed to both the male and female toilet rooms. By doing so, it allows easy access for the truck to empty the pits or for manual removal of the waste from the pits once the excreta has decomposed into compost. Each pit has a vent to ensure the facilities remain odor-free.

This method allows for on-site decomposition of the waste, hence less maintenance. Considering the estimated number of uses per day, the pits will be sized to be emptied every year.

1

2

A103

A103

1500

1450

1 A102

2

2100

9300

1000

Storage or Drying Room

Water Collection Tank

1500

1000

A102

1700

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4150

3750

1500

1700

1600

Level 2 4000

Level 1 0

Level 2 4000

Level 1 0

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OPTION 2 This design focuses on the congregation of the bucket latrines at the center of the building, allowing the collectors to access the latrines through the middle corridor. The usage of bucket latrines would require an off-site compost, where the waste would be collected three or four times a week, depending on the usages of the restrooms.

This method allows for a more controlled process of decomposition, and prevent the accumulation of waste in the restrooms, which may increase odor. However, higher maintenance may be required.

Similar to the previous design, rain water can be collected and filtered to be used for washing hands as well as hygiene sanitation products.

1

6' - 0"

6

1

DN

7' - 0"

1

6' - 0"

3

3' - 0"

3' - 0"

3' - 0"

3' - 0" 20' - 6"

1

1-main level 1/4" = 1'-0"

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3' - 0"

5' - 0"

30' - 6"

4' - 0"

DN

7' - 0"

2

1

1

Section 1 1/4" = 1'-0"

Section 2 1/8" = 1'-0"

1

3D Ortho 3

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POTENTIAL PARTNERS Sanergy Omni Processor

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SANERGY

Toilettes Ecolo

Sanergy is a holistic model focused on five areas: Build: pre-fabricated low-cost sanitation facilities focused on hygiene, accessibility, and affordability Franchise: local residents become franchise partners and operate the facility. Sangery provides training, operational and marketing support, and daily waste collection service to ensure cleanliness Collect: team trained to collect the waste on a daily basis. Use of wheelbarrows, handcarts, and/or truck to ensure transportation even through narrow and unpaved roads in informal settlements Convert: waste converted into organic fertilizer and renewable energy at a centralized facility Transfer: fertilizer sold to a variety of Kenyan farms 1 Cost per Toilet: $500 Learning from the Sanergy model, we hope to provide a similar holistic model using design solutions to address Menstruation Hygiene Management as well as the lack of sanitation infrastructure in public schools in Senegal.

1

http://saner.gy/our-work/the-sanergy-model

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OMNI PROCESSOR

Toilettes Ecolo

The Omni Processor is a â&#x20AC;&#x153;stationary combined heat and power plant that converts fecal sludge and other combustible waste streams into electricity, potable water, and ash. The heat from combustion within a fluidized sand bed is utilized to generate high pressure steam that is expanded in a reciprocating piston steam engine connected to a generator, producing electricity. The exhaust from this engine (process heat) is used to dry the incoming fecal sludge. The water that is evaporated out of the sludge is then treated to meet clean drinking water standards. The combustion gases are treated as necessary to meet local emission standards. The first running prototype is running in Senegal currently, and we will be in contact with the engineers in hopes of a future partnership.â&#x20AC;? (Omni Processor) A potential partnership with Omni Processor would allow us to design a more holistic process, using the waste collected from the restrooms to be converted into water and energy that could be redistributed back to the respective communities. Although it is a very new prototype, it has demonstrated a promising technology that will create positive change, especially for those living in rural communities. 1

1

http://janickibioenergy.com/s200.html

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TIMELINE

After our planned visit to Senegal in March, we hope to adapt our two designs - the composting latrine and the bucket latrine - to reflect site conditions and constraints, but also local material availability and sourcing, local building techniques, and initial pricing to create with a budget.

Phase One:

Idea

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Present Draft

Site Visit

Discuss Proposal

Phase Two:

Design Development

Second Iteration

Construction Documentation

Maintenance

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Afripads. Retrieved from <http://www.afripads.com/our-products/ afripads-menstrual-kits> “Advantages of Sulabh Toilets.” Sulabh International Organisation.

Retrieved from <http://www.sulabhinternational.org/advantages-ofsulabh-toilet>.

Annual Rainfall Data Source: EnterpriseWorks, UNICEF, and Practica.

“Etude De Faisabilite Des Forages Manuels.” UNICEF. Republique Du Senegal, May 2010. Web. <http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/SENEGAL_ Rapport_forages_manuels_(FINAL).pdf>.

Birdthistle I, Dickson K, Freeman M, Javidi L. (2011) What impact does the provision of separate toilets for girls at schools have on their primary and secondary school enrolment, attendance and completion: A systematic review of the evidence. London: EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London.

Center for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (2014). Latrine Design and Construction for Project Implementers. Retrieved from <http://resources.cawst.org/collection/latrine-design-and-constructionproject-implementers_en> Composting Toilets. http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/ composting_toilets.htm Dry Toilets. Retrieved March 04, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Dry_toilet EnterpriseWorks, UNICEF, and Practica (2010). “Etude De Faisabilite Des Forages Manuels.” UNICEF. Republique Du Senegal. Retrieved from <http://www.unicef.org/wash/files/SENEGAL_Rapport_forages_ manuels_(FINAL).pdf>.

Focus group and interview data from Alaoma Secondary School, Ozuitem, Abia State-Eastern Nigeria (Nwankwo, 2013).

Hall, R.P.; Vance, E.A. & van Houweling, E. (2014). “The productive use of rural piped water in Senegal.” Water Alternatives 7(3): 486.

Retrieved from <http://www.water-alternatives.org/index.php/alldoc/ articles/vol7/v7issue2/260-a7-3-3/file>.

JaniPad. Retrieved from <http://www.janipad.com/> Kwok, A. G., & Grondzik, W. T. (2007). The green studio handbook: Environmental strategies for schematic design. Oxford: Architectural.

Toilettes Ecolo

The Psychological Impact of Puberty. (2014). Retrieved March 04, 2016, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/83801-psychological-impactpuberty/ Sustainable Health Enterprises.Retrieved from <http://sheinnovates. com/> Sanergy. http://saner.gy/our-work/the-sanergy-model cawst.org/ collection/latrine-design-and-construction-project-implementers_en> Simple Methods of Excreta Disposal. Tech. no. SAN 1.M.1. USAID: Water for the World. <http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/ EH_KEY_REFERENCES/SANITATION/Latrine%20Design%20and%20 Construction/Simple%20Methods%20of%20Excreta%20Disposal%20 (USAID).pdf> UN Women West Africa Sub Regional Office, and Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (2015). Menstrual Hygiene Management: Behavior and Practices in the Louga and Kedougou Regions, Senegal. Rep. UN Women. Retrieved from <http://wsscc.org/ wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Louga-Study-EN-LoRes.pdf>.

“Puberty Education & Menstrual Hygiene Management (2014) “Good Policy and Practice in Health Education #9: UNESCO. Retrieved from <http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf>.

The World Bank Group. Toilet Options - Pit Latrines. Retrieved from <http://water.worldbank.org/shw-resource-guide/infrastructure/menutechnical-options/pit-latrines>.

USAID: Water for the World. Simple Methods of Excreta Disposal. Tech. no. SAN 1.M.1. Retrieved from <http://www. watersanitationhygiene.org/References/EH_KEY_REFERENCES/ SANITATION/Latrine%20Design%20and%20Construction/Simple%20 Methods%20of%20Excreta%20Disposal%20(USAID).pdf>

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