Asian Architecture [ARC 2213/2234] PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY
Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
NAME:
JOASH LIM YUN - AN
STUDENT ID:
0317197
LECTURER:
PN. YATI
SUBMISSION DATE:
8 JUNE 2015
Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara. Table of Contents
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Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
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2.0 Contextual Architecture …………………………………………………………………………….....
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2.1 View ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2.2 Orientation ……………………………………………………………………………………….
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3.0 Design Strategies ………………………………………………………………………………………
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3.1 Structural System ………………………………………………………………………………..
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3.2 Materiality ………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 3.3 Passive Cooling …………………………………………………………………………………. 11 4.0 Construction Methods …………………………………………………………………………………. 12 4.1 Soil Nailing ………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 4.2 Deep Piling (Foundation) ………………………………………………………………………. 13 4.3 Soil Cut Method Construction …………………………………………………………………. 14 5.0 Pasive Design of Forest in Countering Enviromental Issues ………………………………………. 15 5.1 Passive Design of Rainwater Harvesting System in Countering Enviromental Issues …. 16 6.0 Case Study Comparison …………………………………………………………………………......... 17 7.0 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
8.0 References ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
Abstract The main reason of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the design strategies and the construction methods in conserving the nature and further analyze the influences of topography towards the contextualized building. Although the soil within the slope is tough and solid but there are always an unpredictable event that may or may not happen such as landslides due to the gradient of the slope is relatively steep. The methods of conducting this research is through observation, document analysis, and also an interview session with Ar. Chan Mun Inn. A case studied of Chempenai House is also conducted to compare the effectiveness of the both construction foundation in handling landslide issue. Therefore the range of the research paper is within the design strategy and construction methods in contexts to conservation of nature and the solutions to the responding issue that may occur with comparison of the case study. It can be seen that the Chempenai House demonstrate a proper foundation solution to apprehend the landslide occurrence by using pilotis to uphold the weight which transfer the load to the deep soil. However House 484 uses cut soil method to create a platform for the house which possibly produce landslide occurrence. House 484 uses lightweight reinforced concrete to create parts of the house cantilevered to capture the view. The topography of the Country Heights Damansara is of hilly condition whereas the house is located on a class 3 slope which requires proper design strategy and construction method. Corbeling structure and deep piling foundation were used in the House 484 to allow the house to fit contextually into the nature with the slope. This research paper can be further analyzed or used as a reference for other students for comparison studies.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
1.0 Introduction As the name proposed Country Heights Damansara is located on top of a hill where the area is surrounded by greeneries and a strategic location for a picturesque view of the city centre Kuala Lumpur. The soil within the Country Heights Damansara is well compacted and relatively old and solid which provides suitability and stability for a house to be constructed on top of this luxurious green land. Facilities are located around the area for the beneficiary of the neighbourhood such as the man-made waterfall (highest man-made waterfall in Kuala Lumpur), an exceptionally large garden park for exercising and many more. The circulation of the highway allows easy access to the Country Heights Damansara and public transport transport (LRT) can be found within the area.
Figure 1: Bird Eye View of the House 484 Location. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
House 484 was built on a tip of a lagoon shaped hill which provides a 270째 view of the Desa Park City and the lushes of green forest surrounding the house. The House 484 was designed by Design Collective Architects (DCA) and interiorly furnished by Essential Design Integrated (EDI), the project was supervised by Ar. Chan Mun Inn. The house propose a sense of modernity in architectural style, where the structure is placed on a sloppy gradient land where parts of the house cantilevers out to capture the amazing view of the scenery.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
A research paper is conducted to analyse the possible issues that would appear or happen in the future during the period of the situation of the house. A documentation is carried by obtaining information through interviewing the architect, literature research and comparison of another case study. This paper research shall be investigating the effectiveness of design strategies and construction methods in conserving the nature of house 484, Damansara by responding to the following research questions: Question 1: What are the design features and construction methods in conserving the nature environment? Question 2: Where and why is the building placed at that specific location (contextual architecture)? Question 3: How does the topography influence the choices of building structure, foundation and materiality in prevention of landslides?
2.0 Contextual Architecture “Context comes from the Latin contexere meaning to weave together, to join together or to compose. The context is the interconnected whole that gives meaning to the parts.� (George Butterworth). Contextual architecture also known as contextualism is the consideration of merging the building/structure towards the site content/condition of specification. Consideration of the environment should be taken into account when designing a building to emphasize on the sustainability of the building and the environment. To uphold and respect the existing site context in bringing and merging it into a singular idea to form a passive and sustainable design approach.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
2.1 View The House 484 was built contextually on a specific area of 25째 - 30째 slope for the extraordinary surrounding view of green forest. The view consists of the opposite landscape hill and the neighbourhood of the Desa Park City.
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Cantilever structure provides an experiential view of 270째 of the green scenic.
The building seats on the tip curve of a lagoon shape slope of unobstructed view. Figure 2: Rough Sketch Site Plan.
Due to the positioning of the house, the surrounding houses are unable to block the view of the house due to the curvature of the site. This allows the significant view to be sole-purposefully made for the house alone.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
2.2 Orientation The building was oriented to the south-east facing to reduce the hot glare of the western sun. The eastern sun contains less heat exposure compared to the western sun where the morning sun provide good natural lighting to the house where the living room and the bedrooms are exposed to the intrigue of the climatic conditions. The western sun is being shaded by the existing vegetation therefore heat is prevented from penetrating the house. The site context of the building was well considered and respected where the nature environment and the climate responses were integrated into the design form of the house.
Morning Sun
Living Room
Figure 3: Ground Floor Plan. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
Figure 4: Left Elevation. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
Due to the orientation of the building, the left faรงade was left expose the noise pollution coming from the North-South Highway. Double brick cavity wall was used on the faรงade to reduce the noise from transferring into the house and furthermore to cut off the view of the road from the left elevation.
Sound
Figure 5: Site Plan. Source: www.Google Earth.com
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
The house envelope also contains double brick cavity wall as part of the passive design of the house to achieve thermal comfort where heat is trapped in between the hallow gap of the cavity. During the night, heat is being drained away and the cycle continues as the day approaches the following day.
Cool
Heat
Figure 6: Diagrammatic of Double Brick Cavity Wall.
3.0 Design Strategies Topography An understanding was made clear towards the topography terrain of the site before the designing of the house. The slope land was part of the criteria of the design brief stated by the owner of the house, wanting to reside the house on top of slope gradient to allow a visual of the landscape of the surrounding. The levelling of the Country Height Damansara is hilly and the house was residing on one of the smaller hills of approximately 26m height. The house which built to the slope uses about 16m of the hill’s height. Ÿ of the house is plotted into the ground where the rest was left cantilevered out from the ground.
Figure 7: Model Showing the Levelling of the Topography. Source: Ar. Mun Inn
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
3.1 Structural System The structural system used in the design and construction of the House 484 is Corbeling Structure. A corbel arch is an arch-like construction methods which uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space within a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge (Brandston,H. 2006). Houses 484 uses a similar technique but in this case uses the horizontal floor slab to span across the slop to create the cantilever expression while the back part of the house hold down the weight to the ground.
Horizontal Planes Corbel
Masonry Corbel
Figure 8: Application of Masonry Corbeling into the House 484.
Corbeling of structure allows the building to cantilever out thus reduces the built area of the ground. Therefore lesser impact towards environmental issues such as the landslides and erosion of soil. The house has a similar design as the Fallingwater House by the famous modern master Frank Lloyd Wright, the horizontal planes and cantilevering of the structure to create a sense of extrusion of the building from the ground. Man and nature of the architectural style can be found in both houses, as the house seems to be merging with the nature. “No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. Hill and house should live Figure 9: Cantilevering of the house. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
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together each the happier for the other� (Frank Lloyd Wright).
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
3.2 Materiality The material used in the building is lightweight reinforced concrete, the ability of reinforced concrete is able to allow spanning of the structure to cantilever out but with proper construction and designing method.
Figure 10: Lightweight Reinforced Concrete. Source: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/gallery/2011/9/2/1314984141317/Reinforced-concrete-002.jpg
Extraction
Recycle/ Reuse
Manufacturing
Life Cycle Assessment Concrete On- Site Construction
Demolition
Maintenance
Figure 11: Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete.
Concrete is considered as one of the sustainable material as its ability to be recycled and reuse after demolition. Low processing energy enables reduction of life cycle impact of a building. The light colour concrete minimizes the urban heat island effect when used as pavement of exterior façade. Most importantly, because of concrete’s thermal mass, concrete buildings can be extremely energy efficient. From a life cycle perspective, concrete-frame buildings perform well when compared to steel frame buildings. As a result, concrete buildings have lower carbon footprint over their entire life cycle (Lemay, L. P.E., S.E., LEED AP, Sr. VP, Sustainable Development, NRMCA, 2011). ARC 2213/2234 Asian Architecture
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
3.3 Passive Cooling Design One of the passive cooling strategy is usage of wide open plan which oriented to capture the natural breeze to allow cross ventilation to happen.
Figure 12: Wind Direction Distribution – Location Kuala Lumpur. Source: http://www.windfinder.com/windst atistics/morib_kuala_lumpur
Prevailing Wind
Figure 13: Wind Frequency (Hrs) – Location Kuala Lumpur.
Figure 14: First Floor Plan. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
From the Figure 13 above, it can be understood that the strong prevailing wind comes from the south-east direction but overall wind flows in all direction consistently throughout the year based on Figure 13. Thus the prevailing wind is able to provide good natural ventilation for a passive designed house.
As the house is orientated to southeast facing the cantilevered structure has wide opening layout which allows cross ventilation to happen across private rooms and living rooms. Windows are kept open during the day to allow cooling effect while night the window Figure 15: Open Plan of Living Room. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
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are
closed
for
security
purposes.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
4.0 Construction Methods In this area of construction methods, a research of the types of foundation used in House 484 are being analysed and what are the methods of constructing the building made in prevention of occurring landslide. “It is of structural first (safety), design secondary” – quote by Ar. Mun Inn; states that the safety measurement of the stability of the house need to be thoroughly considered through the understanding of the construction methods which can be applied to the steep slope in order to prevent the risk of having the building to slip if landslide where to happen.
4.1 Soil Nailing The first procedure is to ensure the soil beneath the steep slope is locked in to the ground through introducing soil nailing to the slope which prevents the soil from slipping. Soil nail can prevent landslides by inserting steel reinforcement bars into the soil and anchoring them to the soil (Rodriguez, J., n.d.). The process of soil nailing starts by drilling a hole into the soil with the exact depth must be provided by the geotechnical engineer, the reinforced steel nail is then placed into the hole. The nail is later grouted to the soil which shot-crete is layered above the nails to provide an aesthetic value to the finishes (Rodriguez, J., n.d.). For this case of the house 484, the soil nailing is done in the basement level of the house which a thick retaining wall is placed over the façade.
Figure 16: Soil Nail Construction. Source: http://www.earthcontactproducts.com/images /soil_nail_fig3.png
Figure 17: Typical Soil Nail Detail. Source: http://civcal.media.hku.hk/soilnailing/introductio n/components/_images/snd1.jpg
The grouted soil nail hole is usually of 4 inches wide. The usage of centralizers is to maintain an even thickness of grout around the bar. Nails may be epoxy-coated or provided with a protective sheath for corrosion protection (Rodriguez, J., n.d.).
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
4.2 Deep Piling (Foundation) Deep foundation was considered to be one of the main and most expensive used for the construction of house 484 during inclusive of the earthworks and the excavation. Generally the idea of the foundation is to provide support to the structure above where the live and dead load force are distributed equally to the ground. Deep piling are long, strong and slender column embedded to the deep hard rock beneath the hard soil where the loads are transfer deeper to the layered bed rock to provide stronger support to the house. A foundation is described as piled when its depth is more than three times its breadth (Atkinson, 2007).
20m
Load
Hard Rock
Figure 18: Section Diagram Showing the Transfer of the Load to the Piles. Source: Ar .Chan Mun Inn
The house 484 uses the application of deep piling where the piles drives into the soil of 20 meters deep into the ground reaching the hard rock bed. This is to allow the building to seat on the piles and not exerting too much force to the ground which could cause the soil to slip and landslide could happen. The force will transfer into the hard rock (20m) which absorbs most of the load force exerted by the house. Deep piling are convenient of location or area placement where the differential settlement such as slope is obvious. Although it is compared to be pricier compared to shallow foundations. The material of the piles are usually of steel reinforced concrete which also has a similar outcome as soil nailing which provides anchoring to the soil reducing the risk of landslip but piling are not able to withstand horizontal load from the ground which could cause the piles to crack therefore, soil nailing was introduced to further improve the stability of the soil.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
4.3 Soil Cut Method Construction The slop soil was cut according to the proportion ratio and based on the floor plan layout of the design of the house. The ideology of this method is considered to be safer compared to the cut and filled method as if the filled gravelled area is not well compacted, it could cause structural damage to the house where land could slip and collapse.
Concentration of Load Concentration of Load
Figure 19: Section of the Soil Cut and the Positioning of the Basements. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
The result of creating a soil cut method has a similar feature to corbeling where the soil cut causes steeping effect increasing the stability of the building. The utilities area are placed on these cut soil area where strong and thick retaining wall area placed across these utilities room to hold the weight of the cut soil. The thickness of these retaining wall are wider as much of 350 mm compared to the upper levels which are about 200-250 mm double brick cavity wall. Another reason of not having fill soil method is to allow different levelling to occur where the cantilevering of the structure is able to promote an appeasing perspective. Filled gravel would cause the section to look rather flat. Soil nailing and the basement retaining wall can be found at these room to secure the positioning of the building.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
5.0 Passive Design of Forest in Countering Environmental Issues As part of the green built environment, the green forest substantiates a solution as a passive design in apprehending environmental issue. Environmental such as landslide and surface erosion are prone to danger to the neighbourhood located around the site slope. Surface erosion is a water-driven process, occurring largely during and after periods of intense rainfall, while landslides are gravity-driven (Stokes, V., 2010). Due to the great deal of forest tree surround the site, it is truly beneficial in apprehending these environmental issue that may occur on that particular slope. The roots of the tree within the ground provides a helpful hand in holding the soil together while increasing the friction of the roots and the soil thus not allowing the ground soil to slip and roll down. They further stabilize soils and increase substantial strength with a deep and strong network of living and dead root material (Gray and Megahan, 1981).
Figure 20: Sketch of the Tree Roots on Steep Slope.
Besides, it act as a passive design strategy in solving the water runoff issue which could cause surface erosion in leading to landslide. The green vegetation absorbs most the water during the rain therefore preventing soil erosion furthermore it forms preferential drainage paths and networks through the soil and substrate (Chandler and Bisogni, 1991). Integration with the nature with the building creates a sustainable and passive design which helps in countering the environmental issues.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
5.1 Passive Design of Rainwater Harvesting System in Countering Environmental Issues. Rainwater harvesting system has been substantially used in residential area as part of the passive design of the building. Water are collected through different ways such as through rain catchment, and nowadays common way was through the roof where it flows through the gutters and down to a funnel where the storage tank stores the collected water from the roof. There are advantages and disadvantages of this rainwater harvesting system, one of its functionality is to allow a continuous supply of water in the house if whenever the main water supply storage goes empty, but the contrast its dependent on the amount of rainfall drop as the weather is unpredictable may it be huge or less rain pour. But due to the climatic of Malaysia’s weather rainfall is consider consistent throughout the year and is not affected by the seasonal change. This system requires less maintenance and is easy to install. The process for a drinkable water it requires an additional technology/equipment to filter the contaminants of the rainwater to allow water to be feasible. Usually in Malaysia, the rainwater that is collected usually are not for drinking purposes but serve for sanitary purposes or watering the plants.
Figure 21: Drainage System. Source: Ar. Chan Mun Inn
Figure 22: Water Retention Pond.
House 484 uses this passive design strategy of water harvesting system by gathering the water from the higher level of the slope; gravitational pull causes the water to flow down the pathway where the water is collected in a water retention pond. The water is gathered is used to water the existing vegetation and plants and not part of daily drinking water as the expenses to purify the water is rather expensive.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
6.0 Case Study Comparison Through this research of House 484, a comparison is made between House 484 and Chempenai House. Chempenai House is located in Damansara Hills, where the building is located on a similar topography to House 484. The Chempenai House is situated on a site of a slanted ground. An analysis of the Chempenai House is conducted to compare the effectiveness of its design strategy and construction method to House 484. One of the design strategy was the usage of egg-crated reinforced concrete which reduce the weight drastically where the load transferred to the ground is minimal. Thus reducing the risk of landsliding.
Figure 23: Egg-Crate Concrete of Chempenai House.
The egg-crate design acts as a shading device reduces the solidity of the envelope unlike House 484 which seems to be rather heavy and sturdy therefore possible of exerting huge amount of stress load to the deep ground causing the ground to slide.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
The Chempenai House was raised above the ground level through pilotis, a reinforced structural concrete which supports the house seemingly like the traditional Malay houses which uses stilts to raise the house above ground.
Figure 24: Concrete Stilts Column.
The concrete stilts column were created is for security purposes, and in other cases is due to differential settlement where the topography of the slope was steep. This further allows cross ventilation to happen beneath the house which cools the floors. The load is transferred through the pilotis and towards the piles beneath the ground where the load settles in the deep hard rock of the slope. The advantages of the stilts is able to retain the natural contour of the ground thus not affecting the drainage of the soil during a down pour. The rain water is able to absorb within the ground and flows continuously toward the ground. The construction method is relatively much cheaper and simpler compared to House 484 which uses Soil Cut method which uses more complicated foundation installation and rather more expensive in cost. Beside a drainage system is need to be constructed in House 484 to allow the water to flow along the cut soil ground whilst Chempenai House is able to save cost in constructing a drainage. These strategies applied in Chempenai House greatly proven in resulting of lesser risk of landslides of having stilts application in construction wise and egg crate materiality in reducing load transferred to the ground.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
7.0 Conclusion In conclusion, House 484 has proven some points of effectiveness in design strategies and construction methods in conserving the nature. Where application of structural system of corbeling, lightweight reinforced concrete, proper construction methods of soil nailing, deep piling foundation, soil cut method construction of the slope and the introduction of the passive design in house 484. These strategies and methods has proven its capability of controlling the environmental issues such as the soil erosion and landslides. The building is also design contextually to bring in the passive design features into the structure such as the construction of the house with the surrounding of the nature and topography. The allows the house to be integrated with the nature coming as a whole which is similar to the Fallingwater House by Frank Lloyd Wright and integration of the house with the nature. In comparison with the case study, certain features of the egg crate structure and the raised building with stilts is able to further provide stability of the house in reducing the risk of landslide and soil erosion. Raised stilts is of a wiser solution as compared to soil cut method which increases the chance of damaging the existing soil which could lead to a disruption of water flow of the rain thus increasing the risk of landslide due to the eroding of the soil. Adoption of faรงade design strategy similarly to egg crate of Chempenai House provide additional benefit of reducing the weight load transferred to the ground therefore cutting off the stress applied to the ground. Houses 484 is proven to be one of the suitable sustainable design strategies in apprehending the issues regarding to the environmental.
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Effectiveness of Design Strategies and Construction Methods in Conserving the Nature of House 484, Damansara.
8.0 References An Introduction to Rainwater Harvesting. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2015, from http://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/introduction.html Stokes, V. (2010, July 22). The impact of forests and forest management on slope stability. Retrieved June 1, 2015, from http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/Slope_stability_and_CCF.pdf/$FILE/Slope_stability_and_CCF.pdf Rodriguez, J. (n.d.). What is Soil Nailing? Retrieved May 31, 2015, from http://construction.about.com/od/Earthwork/a/What-Is-Soil-Nailing.htm Designing Buildings Wiki Put all construction industry knowledge in one place. Integrated, collaborative, free. (2015, May 19). Retrieved May 31, 2015, from http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pile_foundations Brandston, H. (2006, November 6). Corbels Architecture and History - What Are They And Where Did They Come From. Retrieved May 23, 2015, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Corbels-Architecture-and-History---What-Are-They-And-Where-Did-They-ComeFrom&id=345879 Lemay, L. P.E., S.E., LEED AP, Sr. VP, Sustainable Development, NRMCA (2011, October). Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Buildings. Retrieved May 24, 2015, from http://www.nrmca.org/sustainability/CSR04 - Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete Buildings.pdf Struble, L., & Godfrey, J. (n.d.). How Sustainable Is Concrete. Retrieved April 18, 2015, from http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/sustainable/strublesustainable.pdf Tips for building on a sloped terrain. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2015, from http://www.firstinarchitecture.co.uk/tips-for-building-on-a-sloped-terrain/ Greenbuildingindex.org - What & Why Green Buildings? (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2015, from http://www.greenbuildingindex.org/why-green-buildings.html Sahabuddin, F. (2011, January 1). How Important Is Context In Contemporary Architectural Design. Retrieved April 18, 2015, from http://www.academia.edu/2040500/How_Important_Is_Context_In_Contemporary_Architectural_Design Geertsema, M., Highland, L., & Vaugeouis, L. (2009, January 1). Environmental Impact of Landslides. Retrieved April 18, 2015, from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-69970-5_31 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting - Conserve Energy Future. (2013, June 10). Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_Disadvantages_Rainwater_Harvesting.phpUsage of sustainable material to counter react the environmental issue. Ng, V. (2012). Being In Cloud Nine. In Architecture Malaysia (4th issue., Vol. 24, pp. 26-33). Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan: Architecture Malaysia.
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