3 conditionals

E-MAGAZINE Student: Joeselyne Delgado Teacher: Andrea Rosales

PASSIVE VOICE l It

is used to emphasize who/which does not perform the action. l E.g. The house was built in 1999. l -We’re interested in the house, not who built it. l

However, If we want to mention who performs the action, we use the preposition “by”

Structure:

Subject

Example

Verb to be

The apple Subject

Past. Participle

Was

Eaten Verb

complement

By you agent

Examples:

Footnote l

You can use passive voice in all tenses, but it is more common to use it in simple present, past and present perfect.

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It is uncommon to use passive voice with the following tenses: *Present Perfect Continous; *Future Continuous; *Future Perfect Continous; *Past Perfect Continous.

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Practice l

READ THE FOLLOWING REPORT. CROSS OUT THE WRONG VERB FORMS.

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An article about teen’s most common problems is writing/is being written for school newspaper. Some students are interviewing/are being interviewed right now. An hour ago they were discussing/were being discussed what they were going to say. They were being felt/were feeling pretty nervous, but there was no reason for that. Look at him. He seems so confident now. He is answering/is being answered a though question. He is being laughed/is laughing at by those bullies. Shame on them! The bullies are sending/are being sent to the Headmaster’s office.

Rewrite the following sentences using passive voice l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

We set the table.

She pays a lot of money I draw a picture..

My father is washing the car.

Farmer Joe is milking the cows Somebody hit me.

We stopped the bus.

A thief stole my car Joe has cleaned the tables We have lost the key They had started a fight He was playing the guitar she was watching a film I was repairing their bikes

The Passive Causative The causative form is used when we don't do something ourselves, instead we arrange for someone else to do it for us.

NOTES: l

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Example: lI

asked someone to fix my car l ACTIVE SENTENCE l I have my car fixed l I should have my car fixed l PASSIVE SENTENCES l

***The object is between the main verb and past participle.

Practice

CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don’t water flowers, they die.

If you have a headache,

stop watching TV.

If clause:

Main clause:

PRESENT SIMPLE

PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE

With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice.

FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather is nice,

we will go for a walk.

If you don’t apologize, she will never trust you again.

If clause:

Main clause:

PRESENT SIMPLE

FUTURE SIMPLE

The first conditional refers to the present and future.

It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future.

SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can’t do this because he doesn’t have any money.

If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house.

SECOND CONDITIONAL Susan wants to phone Paul but she can’t do this because she doesn’t know his number.

If I knew his number, I would phone him.

SECOND CONDITIONAL If I had a lot of money, I would buy a big house.

If I knew his number, I would phone him.

if-clause: PAST TENSE SIMPLE

main clause: PRESENT CONDITIONAL would + infinitive

The second conditional refers to the present and future.

It expresses an unreal situation and its probable result.

The situation or condition is improbable, impossible, imaginary, or contrary to known facts.

FIRST v. SECOND CONDITIONAL If John runs fast, he will win the race.

This is still possible to happen.

If John ran fast, he would win the race.

This is unlikely to happen because John doesn’t run fast.

THE DIFFERENCE: FIRST and SECOND CONDITIONAL Both conditionals refer to the present and future.

The difference is about probability, not time.

First conditional: real and possible situations Second conditional: unlikely to happen

THIRD CONDITIONAL Jack wanted to buy a house last year but he couldn’t do that because he didn’t have any money.

If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a big house.

THIRD CONDITIONAL Yesterday, Susan wanted to phone Paul but she couldn’t do that because she didn’t know his number.

If I had known his number, I would have phoned him.

THIRD CONDITIONAL If I had had a lot of money, I would have bought a big house.

If I had known his number, I would have phoned him.

if-clause: PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

main clause: PAST CONDITIONAL would + have + past participle

The third conditional refers to the past and it is not based on facts. It expresses the a situation which is contrary to reality in the past.

SECOND v. THIRD CONDITIONAL If I saw a car accident, I would call an ambulance.

But I don’t see an accident now. This is unlikely to happen.

If I had seen a car accident, I would have called an ambulance.

But I didn’t see an accident yesterday.

This is contrary to the fact in the past.

THE DIFFERENCE: SECOND and THIRD CONDITIONAL The difference is about time.

Second conditional: refers to the present and future Third conditional: refers to the past situations

ALL CONDITIONALS 0. If he drives carefully, he avoids the accident.

General time reference.

1. If he drives carefully, he will avoid the accident tomorrow.

This is still possible to happen.

2. If he drove carefully, he would avoid the accident today.

But he doesn’t drive carefully. This is unlikely to happen.

3. If he had driven carefully, he would have avoided the accident yesterday.

But he didn’t drive carefully, so he didn’t avoid the accident.

PRACTICE l

REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING THE RIGHT CONDITIONAL

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1. I don’t live near my office, so I have to drive 2. He has eaten so many sweets that he isn’t hungry now 3. Anne doesn’t look nice because her clothes are always untidy.

4. She won´t babysit for us if we don’t pay her.

5. We can`t go for a picnic because it is raining.

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Answers: l l

1. If I lived near my office so I wouldn’t have to drive 2. If he hadn’t eaten so many sweets, he would have been hungry now

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3. If Anne weren’t always untied, she would look nicer.

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4. Unless we pay her, she won´t babysit for us.

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5. If it weren’t raining, we would be able to go for a picnic.

Decide which conditional is: Cero, 1st, 2nd, 3rd

Answers:

REPORTED SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH l Indirect

speech is usually used to talk about the past.

l It

reports what a person said without using the exact words l THAT can introduce indirect speech REPORTING VERBS:

Say, mention, claim, asked, add, tell, admire, admit, consider, promise,…

RULES TO FOLLOW PRESENT TENSE - He said, “I loved her so much”

PAST TENSE - He said that he loved her so much

PAST TENSE - He said, “I loved her so much”

PAST PERFECT TENSE - He said that he had loved her so much

PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT TENSE - He said, “I have loved her so much” - He said that he had loved her so much WILL FUTURE - He said, “I will love her so much”

WOULD - He said that he would love her so much

IMPERATIVE - He said, “Love me!”

INFINITIVE - He told her to love him

TIME/SPACE EXPRESSIONS: YESTERDAY

The day before

TODAY

That day

LAST WEEK/MONTH/…

The week/month/... Before The previous week/month/...

TOMORROW

The next day

NEXT MONTH/YEAR/…

The following month/year/…

THIS/THESE

That/those

HERE

There

NOW

Then/at that moment

QUESTIONS: WH/HOW – QUESTIONS

WH/HOW – WORD REMAINS

1. He asked me, ”Why do you love me?”

2. He asked me, ”How much do I love me?”

1. He asked me why l loved him 2. He asked me how much I loved him.

YES/NO – QUESTIONS

IF/WHETHER

1. He asked, “Do you love me?"

1. He asked me if I loved him 2. He asked me whether I loved him

***BE CAREFUL! Do not use quotation marks when writing indirect speech

PRACTICE l Choose the

correct word: l 1. She said/told us to stand up. l 2. She said/told the manager he was leaving. l 3. Everybody said/told the concert had been terrible. l 4. The Primer Minister said/told that things would get better soon. l 5. Alice said/told she was sick.

MORE PRACTICE l Write

what Matt said, making the necessary changes: l 1. “I’m living in New York.” l 2.“My mother isn’t very well.” l 3. “My brother had an accident.” l 4. “Tom can speak Japanese.” l 5. “My husband has just finished reading.” l 6. “I will go to Anna’s birthday party.”

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“How old are you?” l 8. “Are you married?” l 9. “Do you live nearby?” l 10. “Can you speak German or French?” l 11. “Where have you worked before?” l 12. “How much money do you want?” l 13. “When can you start?” l 14. “What are the boys doing?”

WISHES & WOULD “Wish” is used when the speak wants truly to be different, to be exactly the opposite We can make second and third conditionals more emphatic either “I wish” or “If only”.

Uses of “wish” Types

“True” statement

Verb forms following wish

A wish about the future

1. She will not tell me 1. I wish that she 2. He isn’t going to would tell me be here 2. I wish he were 3. She can’t come going to be here tomorrow 3. I wish she could come tomorrow

A wish about the presente

1. I don’t know French 2. It is raining right now 3. I can’t speak Japanese.

1. I wish I knew French 2. I wish it weren’t raining right now 3. I wish I could speak Japanese

A wish about the past

1. John didn’t come 2. Mary couldn’t come

1. I wish John had come (2nd) 2. I wish Mary could have come. (3rd)

Uses Wish + to + infinitive:

Meaning

Examples

We can use 'wish' with the infinitive to mean 'would like'.

We don't usually use a continuous tense with 'wish' in this case.

1. I wish to speak to the headmaster.

Wish + object + to + infinitive:

We can use 'wish' with •I wish these people to an object and an leave. infinitive.

•I do not wish you to publish this article.

•Wish + somebody + something:

This is used mostly in set phrases.

•I wished him a happy birthday.

•They wished us Merry Christmas.

WISHES AND REGRETS Wanting to change the present

Regretting the past

PRESENT SITUATIONS

PAST SITUATION

Days are so short in winter I wish days were longer

Very few people came to my party I wish more people had come

She’s sorry she never wins a match She wishes she won a single match

John failed his driving test Tom wishes he had passed his driving test

He works very little I wish he worked harder

I got ill after eating lobster I wish I hadn’t eaten lobster

“Would” to make wishes…

It is usually used to indicate that the speaker wants something to happen or someone other than the speaker to do something in the future.

Examples:

It is raining. I wish it would stop.

(I want it to stop raining.)

It’s going to be a good party. I wish you would come.

Read the following sentences and make wishes according to the previous sentence.

1. You have just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice. You say I wish I… 2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some photographs, but you didn’t bring your camera. You say I wish I… 3. A good friend of yours visited your town, but unfortunately you were away when he came. So, you didn’t see him. You say I wish I… 4. You have just come back from your holiday. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say I wish I…

Make “wishes” using “would”. Look at the example given.

Example: It’s raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. So, you want it to stop raining. What do you say? I wish it would stop raining.

1. You are waiting for Sam. He is late and you are getting impatient.

You want him to come. What do you say? I wish…

2. A baby is crying and you are trying to sleep. You want the baby to stop crying. What do you say? I wish…

3. You are looking for a job –so far without success. You want somebody to give you a job. What do you say? I wish…

4. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. What do you say? I wish…

Reflections l

What do you know as a result of participating in the class discussion that you did not know before?

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What can you do as a result of participating in the class discussions that you couldn’t do before?

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What could you teach someone to know or do as a result of participating in the class discussions that you couldn’t teach them before?

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I did not know several things such as The Passive Causative, Indirect and Embedded Questions, and some phrasal verbs.

Because of my classmates’ help, I was able to understand and improve my English. Also, the teacher helped us with some explanations and exercises that she had. I have some classes in English; so, I have been able to apply that knowledge in order to benefic myself. For example, In composition class, I have applied the new knowledge in my essays and paragraphs. When I am checking my peers’ essays, I tell them which mistakes they have and how they should fix them.

Bibliographic references l

Conditional sentences, all types, Exercise, Statements. Englisch-hilfen.de.

Retrieved

15

December

2016,

from

http://www.englisch-

hilfen.de/en/exercises/if_clauses/mix3.htm l

Fuchs, M. & Bonner, M. (2012). Focus on grammar (4th ed.). White Plains, NY: Pearson.

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Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje. (2016). Exercise of Reported Speech. San José, Costa Rica.

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Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje. (2016). Exercise of Passive Voice. San José, Costa Rica.

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Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje. (2016). Exercise of Wish – If Only. San José, Costa Rica.