L i n n e a n Obs e rvatio ns An Architectural Exposé on Landscape in Time Johan Stockselius Tutors: Ori Merom & Rumi Kubokawa KTH School of Architecture – Spring 2020
IN DE X PROLOGUE – The Botanist’s Path 4 – 25
PART I – Walking in the Footsteps of Linnaeus
26 – 35
PART II – Introducing an Alternative Trail
36 – 43
PART III – The Incisions 44 – 141
Incision I – Buried History
46 – 63
Incision II – Towering Tree Tops
64 – 85
Incision III – Sunken Perspective
86 – 103
Incision IV – Early Bloomers
104 – 123
Incision V – Wetland Invasion
124 – 139
PART IV – Looking Back at the Future
Summary
140 – 145
146 – 147
“Omnia mirari etiam tritissima” “Find wonder in all things, even the most common place”
Carl Linnaeus, 1707-78
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PROLOGUE T h e B o tani st’s Pa th
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Time. Time changes the landscape. This fact has always been the case and no landscape is constant. The transformation of the landscape is one happening across all scales.
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PROLOGUE
Wandering through a landscape can tell many stories about its history and the changes to it from over time. But the walk in itself has also all the parts of a narrative: A sequence through a landscape can offer many dramaturgical elements: the sight line that creates interest; The crossroad that demands a choice; The height that creates anticipation but also offers a glance back to reflect on what has been; The rhythm, sometimes a slow transport distance, sometimes an escalation. There are obviously many metaphors in the ways of moving through a landscape.
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The lichen that spreads with the wind to the bare rock and over the centuries slowly conquers it; The algae and fungi that in symbiosis take over the barren surface and create conditions for other vegetation to grow there. The livestock that create its own paths and grazes the meadows, also creating new habitats with conditions for low vegetation to thrive. But also the elemental forces of nature such as the mountain ridges that slowly but constantly rise from the earth after being pushed down by the heavy inland ice for millennia.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Time and landscape
Uppsala
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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PROLOGUE
Project location
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Herbationes Upsaliensis My thesis work is in Uppsala – one of Sweden’s oldest cities and the fourth-largest in terms of population, renowned for both its universities and its mighty cathedral, but also for the legacy of the botanist Carl Linnaeus. My quest for this thesis project has been to map and document the transformations of the landscape over time to explore its effects on the landscape as a space we visit and experience. Through various approaches of gathering data I have made a personal selection of stories regarding the changes to the landscape in and around Uppsala, which I have chosen to emphasise through architectural interventions, striving to challenge and deepen the understanding of both man’s and nature’s impact on the environment we inhabit. The Herbationes Upsaliensis, the eight herbal trails of Uppsala, have an unusual historical documentation from being part of the Swedish botanist, zoologist, and the founder of the systematic biology Carl Linnaeus’ field study excursions. In the 1700’s Linnaeus published his work with the same name as the trails, meticulously describing the species living along the different sections of each trail. With the objective of investigating time’s effect on our surroundings, the well documented findings of Linnaeus, his disciples and others regarding the herbal trails, make them a unique case study to delve into. With Linnaeus’ eight herbal trails – now a tentative nomination proposal to the 10
UNESCO World Heritage List – as a starting point for my investigation I have chosen to look closer on the Ultuna trail, as a study for my project. Stretching from the city park – where the old city customs used to be, and where Linnaeus and his disciples used to rally for their excursions – along the winding ridges of Kronåsen and Ultunaåsen, the shores of the Fyris river and ending with a serpentine footbridge over the swampy wetlands of Sunnerstaviken.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – PROLOGUE
Bird shooter
Musicians Tallyman Prefect
Carl Linnaeus
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Herbal trails
– PROLOGUE
“Herbationes Upsaliensis”, Uppsala 1 : 16 000 13
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Other herbal trails
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Ultuna Trail
– PROLOGUE
The Ultuna Trail, Uppsala 1 : 16 000 15
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Ultuna Trail
– PROLOGUE
The Ultuna Trail, Uppsala 1 : 6000 17
Carolina Rediviva
Uppsala Cathedral Uppsala Castle
Uppsala University Hospital KronĂĽsen ridge
UllerĂĽker Hospital
Ultuna Ridge
Swedish University of Agricultural Science
Liljekonvaljeholmen Folk Park
Sunnersta Marsh
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Stora Torget Square The City Park
Studenternas IP Stadium
Kungsängen Meadows
– PROLOGUE
Fyris River
Uppsala folkhögskola
Sunnersta Footbridge
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Stora T
Uppsala Cathedral Carolina Rediviva Uppsala Castle
Uppsala University Hospital
KronĂĽsen ridge
UllerĂĽker Hospital
20
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Torget Square
The City Park Studenternas IP Stadium
– PROLOGUE
Kungsängen Meadows
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Ultuna Ridge
Swedish University of Agricultural Science
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Fyris River
– PROLOGUE
Uppsala folkhögskola
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Liljekonvaljeholmen Folk Park
Sunnersta Marsh
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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PROLOGUE
Sunnersta Footbridge
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PART I Walkin g in the Footsteps of Li nna eus
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My method for exploring the trail has, just like Linnaeus, been by walking the landscape.
One thought that has constantly been with me during the investigative part of the project is how extensive the changes in the landscape are and how, in comparison with the recordings of Linnaeus and others after him, they have changed the surroundings of the city so drastically. This has raised me the critical question of ”What is really worth preserving?”. As a response to the nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage List – are we only grasping on to an idea of what has been, or is there more to it that could be brought to the light – telling us both of the time that has passed but also the way we live now and how we could learn from it in the future?
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WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF LINNAEUS
The selection of stories has been based on various factors, such as sightings and items found during study visits as well as mapping and available research and literature on the sites in question. I have later classified the stories in the categories: anthropogenic, naturogenic and geogenic. As a part of the process, I have later narrowed the frame to focus on the five anthopogenic stories, mainly focusing on human’s impact on the landscape.
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From my investigative walks along the trail I have made a selection of stories – a selection representing different types of transformations that have occurred in the landscape along the trail. Each story is its own but together they create a mosaic of the alterations to the landscape that constitutes the snapshot in time that is Uppsala today.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
What is really worth preserving?
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF LINNAEUS
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T HE STO R I ES (Binominal nomenclature)
Generic name Specific name Historical layering Forest plantation Waterway alteration
Anthropogenic
Global warming Introduced species Forest’s takeover
Naturogenic
Parasitical species Esker creation
Geogenic
Glacial esker springs
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF LINNAEUS
33
T HE STO R I ES (Binominal nomenclature)
Generic name Specific name Historical layering Forest plantation Waterway alteration
Anthropogenic
Global warming Introduced species Forest’s takeover
Naturogenic
Parasitical species Esker creation
Geogenic
Glacial esker springs
34
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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WALKING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF LINNAEUS
35
“Between every two pines there is a doorway to a new world.” John Muir, 1838 – 1914
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PART II I ntroduci ng a n A lter nati ve Trai l
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Starting from the old trail that Linnaeus described in his time – my idea has been to present an alternative trail, parallel to the one of Linnaeus, presenting the old trail from new perspectives.
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INTRODUCING AN ALTERNATIVE TRAIL
The main ambition of these incisions has been to make one reflect on what one sees, thereby experiencing the essence of the site and the stories it contains.
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Lined with incisions – precise interventions to the site with the ambition to present the findings of my investigation – working as filters through which we can have new experiences of our surroundings – steering our vision and our understanding just like the way a ray of light refracts in a glass of water.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
An alternative trail
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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INTRODUCING AN ALTERNATIVE TRAIL
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Ultuna Trail Alternative Trail
– INTRODUCING AN ALTERNATIVE TRAIL
The Ultuna Trail and Alernative Trail, Uppsala 1 : 6000 43
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PART III Th e Inci si ons
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Incision I.
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THE INCISIONS
BURIED HISTORY
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INCISION I
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BURIED HISTORY
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Buried History
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THE INCISIONS
1 : 6000
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INCISION I
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BURIED HISTORY
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Is it possible to record the passing of time? Starting off from the city centre, following the trail of Linnaeus from a distance, you will soon stumble upon the lush City Park. But buried beneath the well-trimmed lawns and plantings of the park lies the clay pits of the Crown’s former brick garden.
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The petrol blue clay of the Fyris river was inherited by the city from the ice age and the subsequent land rise. The clay has since, to say the least, shaped Uppsala throughout history:
THE INCISIONS
The agricultural land around Uppsala is among the most fertile in Sweden and perform well during dry periods due to the properties of the clay soil. The clay is nutritious and lime rich with the ability to hold water, although not seen as an ideal foundation for building. Taking new clay from the depths of the former clay pits and burning it for brick, this proposal is a tower spiralling upon the unsteady soil of clay masses. Placing the tower’s heavy foundation in the ground water level of the clay – with a hemispherical foundation and mounted inside a fixed brick tube the tower uses the principles of Stoke’s law to let it for the centuries to come sink into the ground. Constantly being moistened by the adjacent Fyris river the mud will slowly but steadily swallow the tower – one day – who knows exactly when? – returning the clay material to its origin.
Uppsala City Park 1 : 2000 51
INCISION I
A
A
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BURIED HISTORY
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Uppsala City Park, Plan
1 : 200
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INCISION I
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BURIED HISTORY
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
Clay
Clay / Groundwater level
Clay
Section A-A 1 : 200 55
BURIED HISTORY – INCISION I
+ 25 m
0m
25 m
50 m
75 m
100 m
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS –
Fyris River
City park
THE INCISIONS
Ground water level
Clay
Post glacial gravel
Bedrock
Landscape section 1 : 1000 57
BURIED HISTORY – INCISION I
Time’s effect on the sinking of the structure Isometric projection 1 : 400 58
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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INCISION I
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BURIED HISTORY
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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INCISION I
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BURIED HISTORY
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Incision II.
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THE INCISIONS
TO W ER I N G TR EE T O PS
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
Towering Tree Tops
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Buried History
– THE INCISIONS
1 : 6000 67
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
A recreated outlook Not far south of the city park the mighty Kronåsen ridge rises from the ground. In this place the animals used to roam 350 years ago on the then grazed and open dry meadows, treeless and rich in flowers. Since then, the ridge has been given space for large plantations of pine trees.
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The arboriculture has taken over the terrain and not only pushed away low and sun craving flowers but also changed the expression of the entire ridge by camouflaging most of its own forms, such as ancient shoreline markings and glacial kettle pits and replaced them with its coarse trunks and tall bushy tree crowns. Here, instead, shade-resistant grasses, groves and brushwood live as well as the hole-building birds, woodland insects, polypores and lichens that they attract.
THE INCISIONS
This incision proposes an elevated path on the slope of the ridge, parallel to Linnaeus’ trail on the ridge’s crest, recreating the magnificent view of the Kronåsen Ridge. The path is made of a wooden modular truss system, bringing its visitors on a journey amongst the tree tops, offering an alternative outlook on the forest, with all of its new inhabitants as well as the city as a whole.
Kronåsen Ridge 1 : 2000 69
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Plan
1 : 200
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INCISION II
Linnaeus’ Trail
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Section, Year 1753
1 : 200
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INCISION II
Linnaeus’ Trail
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Section, Year 2020
1 : 200
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INCISION II
Linnaeus’ Trail
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Alternative Trail
Section, Proposal
1 : 200
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
Modular System, Isometric Projection
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Isometric Projection
1 : 2 000
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Isometric Projection
1 : 400
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INCISION II
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TOWERING TREE TOPS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Incision III.
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THE INCISIONS
S U NKE N PERSPECTIVE
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
Towering Tree Tops
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Buried History
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1 : 6000 89
THE INCISIONS
Sunken Perspective
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
Fyris River / Vindbrovägen 1 : 2000 91
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
Changes are something we must learn to live with, and certainly we will be better off adapting if we study the changes up close. Really close. What can we learn and how must we adapt ourselves to be able to even come so close?
Human’s meddling with nature, with everything from implantation of species to pollution and eutrophication, show on our surroundings. By changing our perspective, this incision aims to create a space where we can get to learn the water habitat and the creatures that we share it with. A ramp submerged into the river, protected from the water by walls ending just above the the water surface, and provided with a pump in case of seasonal flooding – this is a series of aquatic observatories, bringing our vision closer to, or even under, the water – allowing ourselves to follow the ever-changing image of the river.
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THE INCISIONS
From being hunted to almost extinction for its precious fur to being artificially brought back, by re- implantation in the country in 1922, the beaver is for the first time in centuries now to be found in Uppsala’s Fyris River again. The beaver builds its lodges along the river banks and cut down trees to build their dams, to allow themselves to alter the flow of the river. As the animals dam up the river they are also said to cause problems to our modern infrastructure as they cause culverts to overflow.
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Leaving the ridge behind and continuing south, along the banks of the Fyris river you will soon be greeted by its vivid wildlife: seabirds, insects, fish and even mammals.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Events by water
INCISION III
A
A
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
1 : 200
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THE INCISIONS
B
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B
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Plan
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Section A-A
1 : 200
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Section B-B
1 : 12
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
0,8 m 0,6 m 0,4 m 0,2 m
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
0m
Waterlevels of the Fyris River during 2017 Source: Fyris-on-line.nu
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Isometric Projections
1 : 200
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INCISION III
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SUNKEN PERSPECTIVE
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Incision VI.
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THE INCISIONS
EA R L Y BL OOM E R S
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INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
Towering Tree Tops
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Buried History
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Early Bloomers
1 : 6000 107
THE INCISIONS
Sunken Perspective
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INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
Searching for the optimal prerequisites to flourish, this incision seeks to manipulate the conditions of the site, creating a microclimate, where the vegetation can prosper: A glass and wooden structure in two layers create protection from the wind as well as surfaces for the sun’s rays to reflect and multiply in. Inside, concrete walls in different heights are raising, acting as heat absorbents and home to climbing plants. Together the parts constitute a blooming maze on the empty and flat plains of Ultuna: Lush, yet a reminder of an ominous future coming our way.
Ultuna 1 : 2000 109
THE INCISIONS
What will the winters of the future look like, when the flowers of spring are already in bloom months ahead of time?
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Further south along the river, plain land opens up on both sides of the river. The rare chirping of finches spread with the wind over the desolate Febraury plains. From the black dirt, a group of newly awakened yellow coltsfoots (tussilago farfara) rises. In the glade, the treacherously beautiful mezereum (daphne mezereum) boasts with its lilac but deadly poisonous flowers. The hepatica (hepatica nobilis) curiously peeps from last year’s undefinable masses of dried-up leaves and rotten stalks. Usually at this time of year, the entire terrain is buried under the snow covers of the grim winter.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
A blooming garden of an ominous future
A A
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INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Plan
1 : 300
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EARLY BLOOMERS – INCISION IV
Coltsfoots (Hästhov/Tussilago) Tussilago farfara Blooming period: 2nd to 4th week of April Found during study visit: Febraury 20 Finding place: 59° 49’ 55.4” N 17° 40’ 27.3” E 112
Mezereum Daphne m
Blooming Mars-
Found durin Febrau
Finding 59° 49’ 17.0” N
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
m (Tibast) mezereum
ng study visit: ury 13
g place: 17° 35’ 43.0” E
Blooming period: 3rd – 4th week of April Found during study visit: Febraury 20 Finding place: 59° 49’ 35.8” N 17° 40’ 56.6” E 113
Source: Den virtuella floran/Swedish Museum of Natural History
g period: -April
Hepatica (Blåsippa) Anemone hepatica
EARLY BLOOMERS – INCISION IV
Winter
Spring
Uppsala: 1,9° C
Uppsala: 2,6° C
Swedean: 1,9° C
Sweden: 2,4° C
Increase of seasonal mean temperature Mean temperature increase between the study periods 1860-1900 and 1991-2019. 114
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
Summer
Autumn
Uppsala: 1,3° C
Uppsala: 1,5° C
Sweden: 1,2° C
Sweden: 1,3° C
Source: SMHI – Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
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INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS – THE INCISIONS
Elevation (north facing) 1 : 150 117
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INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Section A-A
1 : 150
119
120
INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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INCISION IV
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EARLY BLOOMERS
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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124
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Incision V.
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125
THE INCISIONS
WE T L A N D IN V A S I O N
126
INCISION V
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WETLAND INVASION
Towering Tree Tops
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Buried History
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Early Bloomers
Wetland Invasion 1 : 6000 127
THE INCISIONS
Sunken Perspective
128
INCISION V
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WETLAND INVASION
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Sunnerstaviken Marsh
1 : 2000
129
INCISION V
A
A
130
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WETLAND INVASION
At the end of Linnaeus’ trail, the plains along the riverbank turn into wide and swampy wetlands.
By elevating platforms in the bay, thereby separating them from contact with the invasive grass’ reproduction ways, this proposal is a recreated slice of the now gone shore meadows of the Fyris River. Tying together the old trail with the alternative trail this incision consists of a series of elevated decks making a new home for a type of vegetation and wildlife that has not been able to thrive on the site for centuries. A sheep pen with animals grazing the meadows creates conditions for the most sun craving species to sprout.
Plan 1 : 400 131
THE INCISIONS
The great manna grass which uses its creeping rhizomes to spread beyond its periphery does only reproduce through water. This is a property utilized in the incision for Sunnerstaviken.
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Here in Sunnerstaviken, it was Carl Linnaeus himself who came up with the idea to introduce the giant weed, great manna grass. The fastgrowing plant was supposed to revolutionize livestock management by acting as feedstuff for the livestock. The experiment failed as it turned out that the animals refused to eat the plants. On top it all off, the plant quickly spread along the adjacent waterways and took over new areas at the same time as it aggressively pushed away other plants.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Elevated and endangered
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INCISION V
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WETLAND INVASION
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Section A-A
1 : 300
133
WETLAND INVASION – INCISION V
Isometric Projection 1 : 300 134
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
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INCISION V
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WETLAND INVASION
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
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THE INCISIONS
Elevation (east facing)
1 : 400
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INCISION V
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WETLAND INVASION
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
–
THE INCISIONS
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“The question is not what you look at, but what you see.” Henry David Thoreau, 1817-62
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PART IV Lo o king B ac k a t the Future
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Looking back at the future
Through my incisions along the alternative trail, my aim has been to suggest a way to discuss the mentioned topics. By using architecture as a narrative tool, describing our relationship and exchange with the landscape that surrounds us, I hope that the architecture can also work as a torch to shine a light on our historical and ongoing impact on the transformation of the landscape. Everything we do has in some extent consequences – so would also the incisions proposed in this thesis project. Like Linnaeus’ introduction of the great manna grass in the wetlands of Sunnerstaviken – it is very difficult to predict the effects of our actions. However, with the understanding of the things we have done in the past we might begin to see the
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The City Park
Ultuna
Alternative Trail
And as a response to the previously asked question of ”What is actually worth preserving” my answer would be that the preservation in itself would fall flat if it cannot provide the keys that make available the history and development that it states it wants to preserve. In that sense, this thesis project intends to propose a possible response to that question, with the view that transformation is inevitable and maybe even welcome.
landscape and architecture as a process, portent to the transformations to come, and with awareness, be better equipped for the future.
Linnaeus’ Trail
These have been the five stories connected to the findings of my investigation of Linnaeus’ herbal trail. Transformations in the landscape occur at different levels – across different scales and over different time spans – constantly. From the mountain ridges to the tracks of insects. These forces that are always in motion are often very difficult for the human eye to grasp, but are not rarely the result of human interference.
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS –
“Towering Tree Tops”
Kronåsen Ridge
“Sunken History”
Fyris River “Early Bloomers”
Sunnerstaviken Alternative Trail
Linnaeus’ Trail
“Wetland Invasion”
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LOOKING BACK AT THE FUTURE
“Buried History”
144
LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
–
LOOKING BACK AT THE FUTURE
145
Uppsala Cathedral Uppsala Castle
Stora Torget Square The City Park
Uppsala University Hospital
Studenternas IP Stadium
Kronåsen ridge
Ulleråker Hospital
Kungsängen Meadows
Fyris River Ultuna Ridge
Swedish University of Agricultural Science
Uppsala folkhögskola
Liljekonvaljeholmen Folk Park
Sunnersta Footbridge Sunnersta Marsh
Buried History
Alternative Trail
Carolina Rediviva
Clay
Sunken Perspective
Towering Tree Tops
Clay / Groundwater level
0,8 m 0,6 m 0,4 m 0,2 m 0m
Early Bloomers Wetland Invasion
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
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LINNEAN OBSERVATIONS
Alternative Trail
Linnaeus’ Trail
“Buried History”
“Towering Tree Tops”
The City Park Kronåsen Ridge
“Sunken History”
Fyris River “Early Bloomers” Ultuna Sunnerstaviken Alternative Trail
Linnaeus’ Trail
“Wetland Invasion”
– SUMMARY
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