CO2 Added to the Environment - Electricc Car Versus Gasoline Car - JL by John A. Shanahan

CO2 Added to the Environment Electric Car Versus Gasoline Car A Comparison of Two equal sized Cars Tesla Model 'S' versus Toyota Camry All input variables included Introduction . . . Electricity declines from the moment it is produced until it is Used. The following examination and calculation of these loses must be included when Evaluating Electric Cars.

Physics 101 . . . OHM's Law . . .

Resistance from Uploading, Transmission, distribution and Charging

NOT – The ‘Magic’ Source of Electricity as We are Led to Believe 1

Introduction . . . Schneider-Electric Welcome to the Schneider Electric Blog Jacques Schonek Transmission Losses vs Distribution Losses on the Transmission network, the percentage of network losses is lower than on the distribution network. Citizens Advice suggests that about 1.7% of the electricity transferred over the transmission network is lost, and a further 5-8% is lost over the distribution networks https://www.nationalgrideso.com/document/144711/download Electricity has to be transmitted from large power plants to the consumers via extensive networks. The transmission over long distances creates power losses. The major part of the energy losses comes from Joule effect in transformers and power lines. The energy is lost as heat in the conductors.

Considering the main parts of a typical Transmission & Distribution network Here are the average values of power losses at the different steps. · 1-2% – Step-up transformer from generator to Transmission line · 2-4% – Transmission line · 1-2% – Step-down transformer from Transmission line to Distribution network · 4-6% – Distribution network transformers and cables. The overall losses between the power plant and consumers are then in the range between 8 and 15%. This must not be mixed up with the efficiency of power plants like nuclear, coal-fired or natural gas turbine. These technologies are based on a thermodynamic cycle, which efficiency is in the order of 35%. This means that the combustion of nuclear, coal, or Gas, will produce heat, which will be converted into mechanical energy and then into electricity. (35% is the average efficiency of Gasoline Engines also) https://blog.se.com/energymanagement-energy-efficiency/2013/03/25/how-big-are-power-line-losses/

An 'average' of 12 % Line Loss and Transmission Loss will be used for these calculations. Green Car Reports – Why it takes more Energy than your Battery holds The real reason for the discrepancy is that you lose some energy to Heat to the onboard charging. According to Kia, for instance, it’s typical for the onboard charger to lose 14 percent or more of the energy input on the way to charging the cells in the battery pack. Factor in charger inaccuracies (Kia notes that 3 to 5 percent isn’t unusual) and you could end up ‘officially’ putting in well over 15 percent more energy than the battery’s capacity while restoring the charge to 100 percent. https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1098248_charging-an-electric-car-why-it-takes-more-energy-thanyour-battery-holds Green car congress - 05 September 2018 Unlike conventionally fueled vehicles, electric vehicles experience a loss of energy during “refueling,” with an energy loss of about 16% from the wall power to the battery duringcharging. https://www.greencarcongress.com/2018/09/20180905fotw.html#:~:text=Unlike%20conventionally%20fuele d%20vehicles%2C%20electric,to%20the%20battery%20during%20charging. 2

Based on ‘averages’ and the KIA commentary - 16% will be used for this calculation

Energy Information Administration – USA How much carbon dioxide is produced per kilowatt-hour of U.S. electricity generation? In 2019, total U.S. electricity generation by the electric power industry of 4.13 trillion kilowatt-hours (KWH)

from all energy sources resulted in the emission of 1.72 billion metric tons 1.90 billion short tons—of carbon dioxide (CO2). This equaled about 0.92 pounds of CO2 emissions per Kilowatt-hour . . . US Energy information. https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=74&t=11

0.92 lbs. of CO2 per KWH . . . Will be used for this examination

Calculation . . . Tesla Model ‘S’ To cover 15,243 miles, I used 5,074 kWh of electricity, for an average of 333 watt-hours per mile (.333 KWH) https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1090685_life-with-tesla-model-s-one-year-and-15000-miles-later This ‘Consumption Reading’ noted above is based on the ‘Power Consumption Odometer’ IN the car . . .

NOT from the household meter and what you PAY for ! 0.92 lbs. CO2 X 12 % (line loss) = .11 lbs. CO2 line loss 0.92 lbs. CO2 + .11 lbs. CO2 (line loss) = 1.03 lbs. CO2 up to charging station 1.03 lbs. CO2 X 16 % (battery charging loss) = .16 lbs. CO2 charging loss 1.03 lbs. CO2 (to charging station) + .16 lbs. CO2 (Charging Loss) = 1.19 lbs. CO2 per KWH charged battery

Tesla Model ‘S’ with Electric Engine 1.19 lbs. per KWH X .333 kwh per mile = 0.39 lbs. of CO2 per mile https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1090685_life-with-tesla-model-s-one-year-and-15000-miles-later

5,850 lbs. of CO2 per year 3

Toyota Camry with Gasoline Engine Exprhttps://www.autoexpress.co.uk/toyota/camry/mpgess

98 grams per km. or 0.216 lbs. per km X 1.6 km to miles = 0.34 lbs. CO2 per mile

5,100 lbs of CO2 per year 0.39 lbs. CO2 (Tesla) X 15 % = .05 lbs. CO2 per mile

Conclusion . . . Tesla produces 0.39 lbs. of CO2 per mile . . Toyota Camry produces 0.34 lbs. of CO2 per mile Therefore . . . Tesla model 'S' produces 15 % more CO2 than the Gas-Powered Toyota Camry

per Mile driven . . .

Furthermore . . . Tesla's Sale of Environmental Credits Helps Drive Profitability https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/23/teslas-sale-of-environmental-credits-help-drive-to-profitability.html

Tesla revenue hit $6.04 billion during the second quarter of 2020, with about 7% of that, or $428 million, coming from sales of regulatory credits. CFO Zach Kirkhorn said during the company’s earnings call Wednesday that Tesla expects revenue from sales of regulatory credits to double in 2020 versus the prior year but to decline over time. Without zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) and other regulatory credits, Tesla would not have been able to report a four consecutive quarters of GAAP profitability (Generally Accepted Accounting Principals), a milestone it reported Wednesday that meets the qualifications for Tesla to join the S&P 500.

Tesla Made More Money Selling Credits and Bitcoin Than Cars Tesla’s bitcoin bet paid off, while Model S and Model X production came to a halt in the first quarter of 2021. https://www.autoweek.com/news/green-cars/a36266393/tesla-made-more-money-selling-credits-andbitcoin-than-cars/ Emissions credits accounted for $518 million in revenue in a quarter that saw a pre-tax income of $533 million and a net income of $438 million on a GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principals) basis. Needless to say, the credits account for almost the entirety of Tesla's profit for this quarter—in fact, sales of emissions credits have been a major source of revenue for Tesla for quite some time, contributing to hundreds of millions in income for the past few quarters. The automaker accumulates regulatory credits because it produces only EVs and sells them for a profit to other automakers that are short of these credits.

'Environmental Programs' and 'Public Policy Initiatives' make Tesla Profitable . . . Not energy savings and NOT CO2 savings . . . Why do western Governments Subsidize, with our Tax Dollars . . . such an Obvious Scientific Lie ??