NOW
XX X X
x fx x x x x
t.\Wli.j5 v0olt-\\
J
(a) Water consists ofhydrogen and oxygen. (b) The average person breathes 21,600 times a day. (e) The world is round.
The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and wiU be true in the future. It expresses general statements ollact and timeless truths.
(d) I study for two hours every night. (e) I get up at seven every morning. (f) He always eats a sandwich for lunch.
The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activities.
:2-2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
'.
•..•..
;E
s~~ ~~
o
"
I
-,'
:t'('$$
( j) 1 arn taking
Often the aetivity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year. Note (l): The sentenee means that writing a book is a general aetivity Susan is engaged in at present, hut it do es not mean that at the moment of speaking she is sitting at her desk with pen in hand.
".. '"
a
~
The present progressive express es an activity that is in progressat me moment 01speaking. It is a temporary aetivity that began in the past, is eontinuing at present, and will probably end at sorne point in the future.
..r:::
~
o
tU
(g) John is sleeping right now. (h) 1 need an umbrella beca use it is raining. (i) The students are sitting at their desks right now.
five eourses this semester. (k) John is trying to improve his work habits. (1) Susan is writing another book this year.
EXERCISE2. Simple present vs. present progressive. (Charts 2-1 and 2-2) Directions: Practice using present verbs. l. 2. 3. 4. 5.
o
Give sorne examples of your daily habits. Use the simple presento Give sorne examples of "general statements of fact or timeless truths." Describe activities that are in progre ss in this classroom right now. Describe activities that are in progress in the world right now. Thumb through this texto Stop when you see an illustration. Are there any activities in progress in the illustration? Describe them.
EXERCISE3. Activity: using the present progressive.
(Chart 2-2)
Directions: On a piece of paper, write an action that a classmate can demonstrate (e.g., stĂĄnd up, smile, open the door, sneeze, write on the chalkboard). Give your paper to the teacher, who will redistribute the papers at random to the class. Then everyone will take turns performing these actions for the entire class to guess and describe, using the present progressive.
Present and Post, Simple and Progressive
13
!il
( o
EXERCISE4. Simple present vs. present progressive. (Charts 2-1 and 2-2)
I
Directions: Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses. 1. Dianecan't
(JJCt?~e6
2. Diane (wash)
3. Kathy (sit usually) J
her hair every other day or so.
ut;)lJCt\\~
but today she (sit)
5. (you lock always) J
~i.f:
in the front row during class,
i/::)tO t tt rl{) ti
'I"'-g
4. PIe ase be quieto 1 (try) ~ J
her hair.
come to the phone because she (wash)
in the last row .
.)
to concentrate.
5
Do 'Jo\,) a(wรก 6
\ocK
the door to your apartment
when you leave? 6. 1 wrote to my friend last week. She hasn't answered my letter yet. 1(wait still) J
6H 1\
aVV\
(J)7. After
w(jJ~1 (18
for a reply.
six days of rain, I'm glad that the sun (shine)
---,,6<-\ยกv---,i,-V\,-t~
_
again today. in my bedroom window and
8. Every morning, the sun (shine) (wake)
WQ.Kt.
meup.
\6
9. A: Look! It (snow)
bV\ow~ilj-.
B: It's beautiful! This is the first time I've ever seen snow. It (snow not) J
doe6
r.1~ 6'f\oW
in my country.
10. A: Close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (lJ do)
am r
dol~
?
B: You (rub) (ob the top ofyour desk with your hand. A: Close, but not exactly right. Try again. B: Aha! You (rub) A: Right!
o
are... (ubio::)
your hands together.
EXERCISE5. Activity: using present verbs. (Charts 2-1 and 2-2) Directions: Work in pairs. Follow the directions in each item. Switch roles in each item. j.
l. Speaker A: Close your eyes. Speaker B: Make a sound. Speaker A: Describe what your partner is doing without opening your eyes. Use the present progressive. 2. Speaker A: Watch Speaker B carefully. Speaker B: Make a subtle movement, that is, a very small, slight, barely noticeable movement (e.g., blink faster, move your Httle finger). Speaker A: Describe what your partner is doing. Use the present progressive. 3. Speaker A: Describe a classmate, but do not name him or her. Speaker B: Identify who Speaker A is describing. Speaker A: Describe several other classmates for Speaker B to identify.
14
l
CHAPTER 2
1
2-3
STATIVE VERBS
''
" '
,
(a) Yum! This food tastes good. I like it very mucho (b) INCORRECT: This food is laSting good. I am liking it very mucho
Sorne English verbs have stative meanings. They describe states: conditions or situations that existo When verbs have stative meanings, they are usually not used in progressive tenses. In (a): tastes and like have stative meanings. Each describes a state that exists. A verb such as taste has a stative meaning, but also a In (c): tasting describes the action of the chef puning something in his mouth and actively testing its flavor (progressive). In (d): tastes describes the person's awareness of the quality of the food (stative). A verb such as like has a stative meaning. It is rarely, if ever, used in progressive tenses. In (e): It is incorrect to say He isn't liking it.
(c) The chef is in his kitchen. He is tasting the sauce. (d) It tastes too salty. (e) He doesn't like it.
progressive meaning.
The chef is tasting the sauce. It tostes too salty. He doesn't like it. COMMONVERBS THAT HAVE STATIVE MEANINGS Note: Verbs with an asterisk (*) are like the verb taste: they can have both stative and progressive meanings and uses. know realize understand recognize
believe feel suppose think*
imagine* doubt* remember* forget*
want* need desire mean*
(2) EMOTIONAL STATE
/ove like appreciate pleas6 prefer
hate dislike fear enozry
mind care
astonish amaze surprise
(3) POSSESSION
possess
have*
own
belong
(4) SENSE PERCEPTIONS
taste* smell*
hear feel*
see*
cost* owe weigh* equal
be* exist matter
(l) MENTAL STATE
tJo~-acfro/IL
(5) OTHER EXISTING STATES
seem look* appear* sound resemble . look like
consist of contain include*
Present and Post, Simple and Progressive
15
o
EXERCISE6. Verbs thot hove both stotive ond progressive meonings. (Chart 2-3) Direetions: Discuss the differences in meaning of the italicized verbs in each group of sentences. 1. a. These flowers smell good. NA b. Hiroki is smelling the flowers./l 2. a. 1 think Roberto is a kind man.!'IA b. 1 am thinking about this grammar. A 3. a. 1 see a butterfly. Do you see it too? NA b. Jane is seeing a doctor about her headaches. 4 c. Jack and Ann are seeing each other. They go out together every weekend. A 4. a. Kathy looks cold. I'lllend her my coat. IJ/!J b. Tina is looking out the window. She sees a butterfly. 1> 5. a. Sam appears to be asleep. Let's not disturb him. ",A b. My favorite actor is currently appearing at the Paramount. 11 6. a. b. c. d.
Sue is feeling the cat's furoA The cat's fur feels soft. 1'11> I'm not feeling well today. A 1feel that it is important to respect other people's opinions. /'lA
7. a. Ann has a caro IJA b. 1 am having a hard time, but Oiga is having a good time. A 8. a. 1 remember my first teacher. Do you remember yours? iVA b. Aunt Sara is looking through an old picture album. She is remembering the wonderful days of her childhood. J 9. a. This piano is too heavy for me to lift. It weighs too mucho tJ 1> b. ThĂŠ grocer is weighing the bananas.~
16
CHAPTER 2
-
2-4 AM 1IS 1ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE
_
(a) Ann is sick today. AIex is nervous about the exam. Tom is tal! and handsome.
Be + an adjective usually expresses a stative meaning, as in the examples in (a). (See Appendix Chart A-3, p. A4, for information about adjectives.)
(b) ]ack doesn't feel well, but he refuses to see a doctor. He is being foolish. (c) Sue is being very quiet today. 1 wonder if anything is wrong.
Sometimes main verb be + an adjective is used in the progressive. It is used in the progressive when ir describes temporary, in-progress behavior. In (b): ]ack's foolishness is temporary and probably uncharacteristic of him.
(d)
INCORRECT: Mr. Smith is being old. CORRECT: Mr. Smith is old.
In (d): Age does not describe a temporary behavior. Be + old cannot be used in the progressive. Examples of other adjectives that cannot be used with am/is/are being: angry, beautiful, handsome, happy, healthy, hungry, lucky, nervous, sick, tal/, thirsly, young.
ADJECTIVES THAT CAN BE USED WITH AM/IS/ARE BEING
bad (ill-behaved) careful cruel fair foolish funny generous
o
good (wel/-behaved) illogical impolite irresponsible kind lazy logical
loud
responsible
mee
rude
noisy patiem pleasam polite quiet
serious sil/y. unfair unkind unpleasam
EXERCISE 7. AM lIS 1 ARE BEING + adjective. (Chart 2-4) Directions: Mark the adjectives that can be used to complete each sentence. 1. Don't pay any attention to Johnny. He's just being tired v funny v foolish v silly
_
2. A: You shouldn't act like that, Tommy. You're not being B: Okay, Dad. I'm sorry. carejul./ kind/ -healthy. responsible /
_
3. A: There's something different about Tom today. B: What do you mean? _ today. A: He's being so -ha-tUisomequiet '" polite / -talt 4. 1 don't approve of Ann's behavior. She is being ....angry unfair / cruel 1 unpleasant /
_
5. The children are being awfully _ today. good'/ noisy / hungry.
5Ă&#x153;Ăşe
Present and Post, Simple and Progressive
17
r
~"'-A' -
-
l'
",
. ,' ;
p
,
o
EXERCISE8. Simple present vs. present progressive. (Charts 2-1 --+ 2-4) Direcnons: Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses.
cósts
l. 1 can't afford that ringo It (cost) 2. Look. It (begin)
1
J.
. Y>aVG
~I{
~C jíYl
í~
too mucho
to rain. Unfortunately,I
my umbrella with me. Tom is lucky. He (wear)
(have, not*)
W\al
le>
fv1~
a raincoat. 3. 1 (own, not)
dO~¡t.f
OCAJV\..
an umbrella.
1 (wear)
a
waterproof hat on rainy days. 4. As a rule, 1 (sleep)
5(~
(get)
6leep i6
01.)0,1./1.1
6. Right now 1 (look)
-fa kill15 IOoK i V\ 4t
(A.-Yl
7. Right now 1 (look) GVV\ W(
dOf,?"".f \ook.i'\Ac,
~+tll\C/
his pencil. Wan-~ing
in her~ook. (scrateh)
\S ~dv18 daydreaming,
\?
butperhaps
he (think)
ó.-a..
j00
his resto
loo~
'Yla6
\nave.
a frown on her
any fun right now.
around the dassroom. Carlos (bite)
GC(CL+C~t~_
~6 iV¡¡(\K.flll tl
~h tflk
'
f'b
Yoko (write)
b¡.f iolt3>---- __
his head. Ahmed (stare)
6te.. V'Yt6
out the window. He (seem)
tenses. What (you, think)
Jor~
V)eed6
at Janet. She (look)
J (have) She
face. She certainly (have, not)
for my dasses.
a nap in the living room. We (want, not)
to wake him up. He (need)
angry. 1 wonder what's the matter.
lb
~.fud j
up and (study)
5. Shhh. Grandpa (take)
c\ov'p,f
until 6 o'dock in the morning, and then 1
to be
hard about verb
.J Ahmed (do)
.
~.5
?
0000000
*A form of do is usually used in the negative when the main verb is have (especially in American English but also commonly in British English): 1don'c have a caro Using have without a form of do is also possible but less common: 1 haven'c a caro
18
CHAPTER 2
.'.
...โ ข
8. 1 (want)
to figure out the meaning of this saying: "The pen is mightier than the sword." 1 (know) that "mightier" (mean)
KVl.ow
VV\ettv'l0
"more powerful," but what's a "sword"? What ("sw@rd/' mean)
Joeb 0uJO(d
?
9. Right now Martha is in the science building. The chemistry experiment she (do)
do t v'l3
i? (be)
i6
is dangerous, so she
bei..-ยก.g
very careful.
She (want, not) cfot'6Vl't
(J)(bv'\t
to spilI any of the acid. She (be, always)
i? alwa:JS
careful
when she does a chemistry experimento
o
EXERCISE9. Activity: using present verbs in writing. (Charts 2-1
-7
2-4)
Direetions: Go to a place where there are many people (such as a zoo, a hotel lobby, a street comer) or imagine yourself to be there. Describe what you see. Let your reader "see" what you see by drawing a picture in words. Use present tenses. Begin with a description of what you are doing: 1 am sitting on a bench at the zoo.
2-5 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS REGULAR VERBS:
The simple past and past participle end in -ed.
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
hope stop listen study start
hoped scopped listened studied started
IRREGULAR VERBS:
PAST
PRESENT
PARTICIPLE
PARTICIPLE
hoped stopped listened studied started
hoping stopping listening studying starting
The simple past and past participle do not
end in -ed. SIMPLE FORM
b.reak come jind hit swim
SIMPLE PAST
broke carne found hit swarn
PAST PARTICIPLE
broken come found hit swurn
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
breaking coming jinding hitting swimming
English verbs have four principal parts: (1) simple form (2) simple past (3) past participle (4) present participle
Sorne verbs have irregular past forms. Most of the irregular verbs in English are given in the alphabetical list in Chart 2-7, p.22.
Present and Post. Simple and Progressive
19
•
( a) They have moved into a new aparttnent. (b) Have you evervisited Mexieo? ( e) I have never seen snow. (d) I have alreadyseen that rnovie. (e) Jaek hasn't seen ityel. (f) Ann started a letter to her parents last week, but she slill hasn'tjinished it. (g) Alex fee1s bad. He has just heard sorne bad news.
The present perfeet expresses the idea thatsomething happened (or never happened) beforenow, at an unspecified time in the pasto The exaet time ir happened is not important. If there is a speeifie mention of time, the simple past is used: They moved inlO a new apartment lasl month. Notiee in the examples: the adverbs ever, never, airead y, yet, still, andjust are frequently used with the present perfeet.
(h) We have had four tests sofar this semester. ( i) I have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks. (j) I have met many people since I carne here in June. (k) I have jlown on an airplane many times.
The present perfeet also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exaet time of eaeh repetition is not important. Notiee in (h): sofar is frequently used with the present perfeet.
(1)
(m)
i'!
'1' \;.1
(n)
::/'
J~
(o) (p)
I have been here since seven o'clock. We have been here for two weeks. I have had this same pair of shoes for threeyears. I have liked eowboy movies ever since 1 was a child. I have known himfor many years.
The present perfeet, when used withfor or since, also expresses a situation that began in the past and continues lOthe present.* In the examples, notiee the differenee between since andfor: since + a particular time for + a duration of time
*The verbs used in the present perfect to express a situalion that began in the past and stilI exists are typicalIy verbs'with a stative meaning (see Chart 2-3, p. 15). The present perfect progressive, rather than the present perfect, is used with action verbs to express an activity that began in the past and continues to the present (see Chart 3-2, p. 42): ¡'ve been silting al nry desk for an hour. Jaek has been watehing TV sinee seven o'eloek.
o
EXERCISE3. Present perfect VS. simple post. (Charts 2-9 and 3-1) Directions: Use the simple past or the present perfecto In sorne sentences, either tense is possible but the meaning is different. l. I (attend, not)
hOl.ve,,'t- OI.t-t-e"J.eJ.
wev1.f-
2. Al (go)
r1 (( ~ veLi
3. Bíll (arrive) 4. Bill (be)
\¡¡ú0
~eC"1
any parties since I carne here.
to a party at Sally's apartment last Saturday night. here three days ago. here since the 22nd.
5. Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the termo You (miss, already) ~a,v(..
a.1'C4.0j
V\t1i?~dtoo many classes. You (miss)
VV\.i
Gst:d
two classes just last week. 6. So far this week, I (have) 36
CHAPTER 3
two tests and a quiz.
\O:~
He (draw)
7. Alex is an artist.
'.tta6' d(áWVl
many beautiful pictures in his
d{eu)
lifetime. Last week he (draw)
a beautiful mountain
scene.
'v-ta 6 ca Iluf
8. Jack really needs to get in touch with you. Since this morning, he (cal!)
Ca.l\ed
here four times trying to reach you. He (cal!)
_
at 9:10, 10:25, 12:15, and 1:45. 9. Janet (wear)
her new blue dress only once since she bought
it. She (wear)
it to her brother's wedding last ,month.
10. The night has ended, and it's daylight now. The It (rise)
( O~
12. Fatima (see, never) 13. I (know)
~av
(rise)
~Q5
(" i~vt
at 6:08.
?éiW
11. Last January, I (see)
.l-lOYlttworK
SUD
ha0
snow for the first time in my life .
Vlt."¡CC
e. kv1 OWv'\
0te-~
snow in her emire lifetime.
Greg Adams forten years.
14. A: Is Ahmed here yet? B: Yeso He I'arrive, J'ust*)
j"5f al~qVe.d .
~a?
l'
15. A: I (be, not)
bGtv'eVl'{
(respond, not)
~ai':l\lllt
~!II\..
up
( IJVlM
. able to reach Mr. Chang yet. ~
.feSrD1ded_
YI ow
he
to any ofmy attempts to reach him.
B: Oh?
A: I (start) I (fax) \, a.. V e..
6tc«tcc/
f~)l~~
him four times. And 1 (send)
him twice. I (phone)
l1av'e
B: I guess modern communications
o
trying to reach him three days ago. Since then,
6evrf
l1cu1c-
f'-lovted
at least six e-mails.
don't mean much if there's no one at the other end.
EXERCISE4. Present perfecto (Chart 3-1) Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. Speaker A: Your book is open. Ask the questions. Speaker B: Your book is, closed. Answer in complete semen ces. Example: SPEAKER A
(book open):
How many tests have you taken since youstarted class?
coming to this
SPEAKER B
(book closed): I have taken (three, severa!, many) tests sin ce I started coming to this class. OR I haven't taken any tests since I started coming to this class.
*Just can indicate that something happened a very short time ago, very c10se in time to the present moment, but still in the pasto When just expresses this meaning, it is frequentIy used with the present perfecto However, in informal English the simple past is also often usedoBoth (a) and (b) are correct: (a) ['ve jUStjinished a letter ro nry parentso (b) 1just jinished a letcer ro nry parents.
Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses
37
l. o
EXERCISE8. Present perfect VS. simple post. (Charts 2-9 and 3-1) Directions: Use the simple past or the present perfecto
~~ye
1. What (youJ learn)
le~v~e.A
YÓlA
'v1a.ve.
And how many new friends (you, make) 2. Since classes began, I (have, not)
~,,(.
~O-d
~c..
since you (come)
ttKc..
~OCJ
vY\..
ha.,J
VtavV'l~-t .
here?
?
much free time. I (have)
several big tests to study foro
3. Last night tny friend andI
we.."li
"'ad
(have)
sorne free time, so we (go)
to a show.
4. I admit that I (get*)
5o.f-k t1.
~}le.
older since I last (see) __
\¡¡ave
you, but with any luck at aH, I (get, also)
ccl?ojº;.f:I:e,q,
6_.~_w
_
wiser.
I
dvt2-!lce.4
5. The science of medicine (advance)
a great deal in the
19th century.
~cwe.. VV'Júde.
6. In the last fifty years, medical scientists (make)
many important
discoveries. 7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of libraries (change) libraries (be) (become)
cl-tCt.~yd
~O'vc..
wefe
'na.ve
greatly through the years. In the 1800s,
simply coHections ofbooks.
ke.wN\~
multimedia
disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. (change, also)
bs ~
c..~t'Á
However, today most libraries
centers that contain tapes, computers,
The role of the library in society
In the 1800s, libraries (be)
~re.
open only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone. 8. A: Are you taking Chemistry B: No, I (take, already**) it last semester.
101 this semester?
\1all("
a1lraJj
~1<ó1
it. I (take)
_-t CO""-\C-=--
_
This semester I'm in 102.
*COMPARE:
(a) 1 have gotten OR have got tour leuers so lar this week. In this sentence, have gouen / have got is present perfecto (NOTE: Got is used as the past participle of get in both American English and British English. Goteen occurs only in American English.) (b) 1 have got a problem. In this sentence, have got is NOT present perfecto ['ve got a problem = 1 have a problem. The expression have got means "have" and is common in informal spoken English. Its meaning is present; it has no past formo **TypicalIy,the present perfect is used in sentences with already,yet, andjust, but in sorne situations the simple past is also commonly used with these adverbs in informal English, with no difference in meaning.
40
CHAPTER 3
9. A: Hi, ]udy. Welcorne to the party. (you, meet, ever)
+hll~JOv ~~
'C\'le.
t
rny
cousin? B: No, 1
lla.lleVl' r I.fc-t J
10. A: Do you like lobster? B: 1 don't know. 1 (eat, never) 1!. A: (you, eat) ~C1IJ'
'J>U
\,¡a.ve
V'le{J~(
ea4e-"l
ea.tC-vt.
it.
yet?
n
B: No. You? A: Yeah. 1 (eat, already)
~a."~ e;t!ctt<d'j etll:c~ 1 (jinish,just) ~allc
jv?& f=!~i~kut,
12. A: Do you do rnuch traveling? B: Yeso 1 like to trave!.
have
A: What countries (you, visit) B: WelI,I (be)
JOUVí~;.f~
h<-ve. .bee\ll
?
to India, Turkey, Mghanistan,
and Nepal,
arnong others. A: 1 (be, never) ~a.,I/'t
\t\~\lC(
WC~C:J0J
to any of those countries.
When (you, be)
in India?
B: Two years ago. 1 (visit, also) Central America.
b~e~
1 (take)
b-~albO 1:00
k.
díJ
TI)
V¡SíM_ rnany'ofthe
countries in
a tour of Central America
about six years ago. A: Which countries (you, visit)
vi? :i
?
B: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.
ha...vt alwúp c...Ja.,t.£~d to travel to other countries, but h2."en -i ~ttd . the opportunity to travel extensively.
A: 1 (want, always) (have, not) (go)
c...)eI¡.[
JDIIle.
1
l
to England six years ago, but 1 (go, not). ~Cl-"~'N
1
t. ,.
anywhere since then.
O 'EXERCISE 9. Activity: using the present perfecto (Chart 3-1) Directions: Discuss andlor write answers to sorne or alI of the folIowing questions. l. What significant changes have taken place in your life since you were thirteen years old? 2. What are sorne interesting experiences you have had in your lifetirne? 3. What are sorne things you have not yet done in your lifetirne but would like to do? 4. Who are sorne ofthe people you have rnet, and what are sorne ofthe things you have done in the past couple of rnonths? . 5. What are sorne of the places you have visited in the world or in your country, and when did you visit thern?
!~'
Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses
41
¡
;
,) 3-2
ยก
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
v
L
Right now I am sitting at my desk. (a) I have been sitting here since seven o'clock. (b) I have beensitting here for two hours. (c) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don't you take a break? (d) It has been raining all day. Ir is stiH raining right now.
This tense is used to indicate the durationof an activity that began in the past and continuesro thepresentoWhen the tense has this meaning, it iS.used with time words, such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week.
(e) I have known Alex since he was a child. (f) INCORRECT: I have beenknowing Alex since he was a child.
Reminder: verbs with stative meanings are not used in the progressive. (See Chart 2-3, p. 15.) The present perfect, NOT the present perfect progressive, is used with stative verbs to describe the duration of a state (rather than an activity) that began in the past and continues to the presento
Do~ adro",( }jO u6e
"
L~
(recently)
lXERCISE
V(rb~
c.o Vlt-~
VllJOUS )
I
(g) I have been thinking about changing my major. (h) AH of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week. ( i) My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft.
When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it express es a generalactivity in progressrecently, [ately.
(j) I have lived here since 1995. I have been living here since 1995. (k) He has worked at the same store for ten years. He has been working at the same store for ten years.
With certain verbs (most notably [ive, work, teachJ,there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses when since or for is used.
10. Error analysis: present perlect progressive.
(Chart 3-2)
Directions: Which verbs in these sentences should be present perfect progressive? Correct the errors in verb tense usage.
\'t::t\l~ \ou"t p\a~tV)g
l. The boys are playing soccer right now. They ~ must be getting tired. 2. Alex is talking
00
playing for almost two hours. They
ha.0 heevt fcJklVl~
the phone. He ~
00
the phone for more thao half an hour. He
should haog up sooO. Long distance is expensive. \t\aNt buVl {( ~~"'~ 3. I'm trying to study. 1 ~ to study for the last hour, but something always seems to interrupt me. 1 think I'd better go to the library.
42
CHAPTER 3
I
ยก
1
ยก 1.
~ab 4. Mr. Ford is waiting in the dentist's office. He ~ minutes.
b~~yt,wa..fff~1
waiting there for the last twenty
He hopes the dentist can see him soon because he has abad toothache.
IIIIII MUJa .AO
ri'EXERCISE 11. Presen! pertec! vs. presen! pertec! progressive. (Char!s 3-1 and 3-2) Directions: Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive. either tense may be used with Hule or no change in meaning. 1. It (snow) h(;l~
k~'iSVlOW~'1q::J
\-ยกa.\lG
2. We (have)
In sorne sentences,
aH day. I wonder when it will stop.
~ad
three major snowstorms so far this winter.
I
wonder how many more we will have. 3. It's ten
P.M.
~a.vt.
I (study)
beevt
~fvJJf~
for two hours and probably won't
finish until midnight.
4. I (write)
bit""
w rt ftel/\.
them three times, but I stiH haven't received a
reply., 5. The telephone (ring)
(l)~j
~a6
four times' in the last hour, and each
time it has been for my office mate. 6. The telephone (ring)
~Ci
ve.
bu~ {r Vl~
for almost a minute.
Why doesn't
someone answer it? 7. A: (you, be)
.\-\Q.\It.. ~OLl
B: Not yet. I (try)
bee([.
~alle ~C""
able to reach Bob on the phone yet?
.fr~(~
for the last twenty minutes, but
aH I get is a busy signa!. 8. A: Hi,]enny.
6-( e ~oo B: Studying.
NoN CtifiOI\ \ . V\(l\ltVlI-f
I (ste, not)
do r "'8
~ee"\..
you for weeks. What (you, do)
ยก
lately?
~:ยก
p.t>(~,t~:Ue.. Pertect and Pertect Progressive Tenses
43
et<J1YIJ
~ú-I}c, "'CIJ~( 9. A: What are you going to order for dinner? B: Well,I (have, never)
ko.,vL.
'fltVcf
oC
\"rul
vegetarian pizza, so 1 think 1'11
order that. 10. A: What'sthe ~
mauer? Your eyes are red and puffy. (you, cry)
?
[-(U-¡Vl'"
!J
B: No. 1 just finished peeling sorne onions. 11. A: Dr. Iones is a good teacher. How long (he, be)'~a~ the university? B: He (teach)
~e. bcclll
at
.
"'ú6 bee~ feack~~
here for twenty-five years.
12. The Hule girl is dirty from head to foot because she (play)
ha6 buvt
~\QJ~J
in the mudo
o
EXERCISE12. Present perfect and present perfect progressive with SINCE and FOR. (Charts 3-1 and 3-2) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. 1. ... since eight o'clock this morning. -+ 1 have been sitting in class since eight o'clock this morning. -+ 1 have had three classes since eight o'clock this morning. 2. . .. since 1 carne 10 . . . . 3 since (year). 4 since (month). 5 since (day). 6 since ... o'clock this morning / afternoon / evening.
44
CHAPTER 3
7. . .. 8 9 10 11 12. . ..
since the beginning of this century. since .... for (number o/ years). for a long time. for several months. for the last ten minutes.
••••••••
---------------
tt.__ •••
""(t?,~ UMj
~~~t"
-\::
\.a
~e
T~(~ ~t?le
lJ(
{{ov~( fa lIj~
l1avl
~1A.!>olll1.'1.ia.
rw{ ¡ue t~;(< í:"f'" ~ ••.f a",d
l.
tt
»0 {{(( Á.
~-
\OdtCtGte
CóVI
00( v ti0,6
~e~'¡~ ~'CbreM5
-{(ea+ Ma:d
'jov (alll do
t
}blll~ t'a4
t-{CC-lt'tf5
h
á-l
£'ovrtt'
1'1
¡~9JIII1
_I
1'1 tec
o...J )ütiK
JI. S;Oi/t''¡ ud be 10ft 1) d.illlK. Coffcc tI
[tI. A
a ((tiW'6, 4,4 cal
{OO"'-\.
3
ti
?'e~ al '"'J'-!+ -IkC; 4.. <1-
cU(/~
Ja>& ~ 1.
.["
Co"t.fOífable
30i'lj !lc
J~( vtil~
he;p.
lo
tet{.
(OOW\
A. N04 -kv ~{J 8- 1(lA-tp<." p{vi( l. 4. ~(
i.-t
~t"(.
(lOl;Mt
04
.(00
11u"
Ct
~
WP(M
,(00-1 ~
(i,.) tt•.•• f( ••.
~ e~ w eU
f-lu-
"1"'"
o
EXERCISE18. Troublesome verbs. (Chart 2-8) Directions: FolIow the directions. 1. Name things that rise. 2. Lift somethihg aboye your head. Use raised or rose in a sentence to describe that action. 3. Put something on your desktop. Use set or sat in a sentence to describe this action. Then use laid or lay to describe this action. 4. Look at the object on your desktop. What is it doing? Describe its "activity in progress" by using setting or sitting in a sentence. Then use laying or lying in a similar sentence to describe this object. 5. Describe the geographical location of your country by naming at least two countries or bodies of water that border it on the north, south, east, or west. Use lies or lays. For example, Ganada (lies/lays?) lO the north 01 the United States.
2-9
SIMPLE PAST
x
_
'
(a) 1 walked to sehool yesterday. (b) John lived in Paris for ten years, but now he lives in Rome. (e) 1 bought a new ear three days ago.
The simple past indica tes that an aetivity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the pasto
(d) Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain. (e) When Mrs. Chu heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate. (f) When 1 dropped my cup, the eoffee spilled on my lap.
If a sentenee eontains when and has the simple past in both c1auses, the aetion in the when c1ause happens first. In (d): lst:The rain began. 2nd: She stood under a tree.
1st: It began to rain. Rita
2nd: Rita stood under a tree.
stood under a tree when it began ta rain.
Present ond Post, Simple ond Progressive
27
,
!
(g) 1 was walking down the street when it began to rain. (h) While 1 was walking down the street, it began to rain. ( i) Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain. (j) At eight o'clock last night, 1 was studying. (k) Last year at this time, 1was attending school.
In (g):lst: 1 was walking down the street. 2nd: It began to rain. Both actions occurred at the same time, but one action began ear;lier and was in progress when the other actwn occurred. In (j): My studying began before 8:00, was in progress at that time, and probably continued.
(1) While 1was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room.
Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously.
2nd: It began to rain.
1st: Rita stood under a tree. Rita
o
was standing under a tree when it began te rain.
EXERCISE19. Simple post VS. post progressive. (Charts 2-9 ond 2-10) Directions: Use the simple past or the past progressive of the verbs in parentheses. in class at this
1. 1 am sitting in class right now. 1 (sit) exact same time yesterday.
2. 1 don't want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The same thing happened yesterday. (rain)
-1.
CA,)Q~
He (study)
4. 1 (hear, not)
.•••......_-.
CHAPTER 2
to go to the zoo because it
Roger at nine last night, but he (be) not)
CAJaS
q,f<JcCiV1j~__
--Cl iJ V1(+ \1t'~rJ
because 1 (sleep)
28
wa.vt:f
(ú...fYlill1j.
eo..-ll t.d
1 (cal!) at home.
did~'+
1 (want) not)
wa'::J
0\t~e\"'8
ú.Xl~ r) If-
at the library.
the thunder during the storm last night
5. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun (shine)
lAJa'?
0~;~l
~;
c» a C;) 5(~
The birds (sing)
Cvccl kcd
,.
l
"'8
wefe 'a'j()c.i~,- __
6. My brother and sister (argue) (walk)
o_fevldeJ
fe\\
(tiptoe)
t\oW\~í\(
it, I (find)
a surprise.
8. While Mrs. Emerson (read) (fal!)
about something when I
into the room.
7. I got a package in the mail. When I (open) __
fWl'\¿
caz,=, 6(owt:5 .
A ~ool breeze (blow)
...(;r
--- the linle boya story, he J e lo~ the book and quietly
cuaS ,t'acf t
~sleep, so she (clase)
~fti.d
out of the room.
9. A: Why weren't you at the meeting? B: I (wait)
WCt0
10. A: (you, hear)
~
B: No, I (listen, not)
wa.lf~Vlj
d
'vte~
jO,v waó""
for an overseas caH from my family.
t
what she just said?
\6tCIII . . I (think)
CAXtÓ'
-fttl fl k¡~
about something else.
11. A: How (you, break)
-.dJ d
b eaK
JOU
ypur arm? B: I (slip)
~-=e-=-~,---
while I (cross)
wa6
on the ice
Cr05~; Vl.3
the street in front of the dorm. 12. A: I'm sure you met Carol Iones at the party last night. B: I don't remember her. What (she, wear) '-b.. l.,'
---,-Q""'--V¡..:.>ob!:~_w-=-=~,-,-t:L",,-r_'_~3 __
~W~-::>
cvc:c6
?
13. It was my first day of class. I (find,finally)
'\
,"--~~.'.
.~ ~
-4~Vla..1I;-40t,)Vl4
the right
CuaS ¡::¡.\( -(el d ~ . fuH of students. On one side of the rooín, students (talk, busily) W e( e.. .kÜ \(.'L~ 6~ \,j to each other in Spanish. Other students (speak) cv e( e. ~K\ V)g ]apanese, and sorne (converse) Wf( e. Covt.W\S 7~ in Arabic. It sounded like the United room. The room (be, already)
Nations. Sorne ofthe students, however, (sit,just) quietly by themselves. I (choose) and (sit)
Qú{ I úJci ~
(stop)
e""o?e-
ú.)t{C
j'u7é'
~~.("rVl~
an empty seat in the last row
down. In a few minutes, the teacher (walk) into the room and -aHthe multilingual conversation
~.f°'freL. Present and Post, Simple and Progressive
29
o
EXERCISE23. Using progressive
verbs with ALWAYS. (Chart 2-11)
Directions: Your roommate, Jack, has many bad habits. These bad habits annoy you! Pretend you are speaking to a friend and complaining about Jack. Use the present progressive of a . verb in Column A and complete the sentence with a phrase from Column B. Use always, constantly, or jorever in each sentence. Say your sentence aloud with annoyance, impatience, or anger in your voice. Bxample:
He's always messing up the kitchen! COLUMNA
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
COLUMNB
mess up leave borrow brag try crack forg~t
a. about himself โ ข...b. the kitchen c. d. e. f. g.
my clothes without asking me to give me my phone messages his dirty dishes on the table to show me he's smarter than me* his knuckIes while I'm trying to study
8. Complete the jollowing with your own words. A: 1 realIy don't know ifI can stand to have Sue for a roommate one more day. She's driving me crazy. B: Oh? What's wrong? A: WelI, for one thing she's always
_
B: RealIy? A: And not only that.
She's forever
_
B: That must be very inconvenient for you. A: It is. And what's more, she's constantIy
_
Can you believe that? And she's always
_
B: 1 think you're right. You need to find a new roommate.
2-12 USING EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE WITH PROGRESSIVE VERBS (a) - What is Kay doing? - She's studying in her room. (b) - Where's Kay? - She's inher room srudying.
An expression of place can sometimes come between the auxiliary be and the -ing verb in a progressive tense, as in (b) and (d): is + in her room + studying was
(c) (d) -
What was Jack doing when you arrived? He yPas reading a book in bed. Where was Jack when you arrived? He was in bed reading a book.
+ in
bed
+ reading
In (a): The focus of both the question and the answer is on Kay's activity in progress, i.e., on what she is doing. In (b):The focus ofb9th the question and the answer is on Kay's location, i.e., on where Kay ยกs.
*In formal English, a subject pronoun follows than: He's olderthan 1 (am). In everyday informal English, an objeet pronoun is frequentIy used after than: He's olderthan me.
Present and Post, Simple and Progressive
31
o
If OYVle wo{ K. EXERCISE24. Using expressions of place with progressive verbs. (Chart 2-12) Use the given verbs and expressions ofplace to complete the dialogues. Use usual word order if the focus is on an activity in progress. Use inverted word order if the focus is on the person's location.
PART J.
1. listen to musie \ in her room A: Where's Sally?
l\\ ~eV' V'aalMli.sre\\l\\B
B: She's ~.
ra IMl.\Slc.
2. listen to musie \ in the living room A: What's Stirasuk doing?
li.sre\\l\\B
B: He's
r~e li.Yl\\B V'aalM.
ra IMl.\Slc l\\
3. wateh TV \ in his bedroom A: Where was Jack when you got home? B: Hewas
'v\t6 'gd<ooW\
.~V\
WCL-t-CVt\v'\.j \\1
4. wateh TV \ in his bedroom A: What was Jack doing when you got home?
Wo..-{c'vtí""3 -r::V
B: He was
IV\
\A'\t:> (COVY).
5. take a nap \ on the eoueh in the living room A: What's Roy doing?
B: He's
+1.i,Y..N:3
IL VI
6f
O'"
f ~e.Coveh i'" -fltL lf vi
::1
roo V>1 ,
6. take a nap \ on the eouch in the living room A: Where's Roy? B: H~'s
Ov1
-f~e., Lo()e-~ ,VI .f-Vte. \tV\~
(OOVVl
-faJ.z~:3 a.
V1Ctf.
7. attend a eonferenee \ in Singapore A: Where's Ms. Chang this week? B: She's
\
vt 0 í VlJa..~[e. a-f.fu\ el~~3
(L Cotll.fe ( (VI
ee .
PART JJ. Answer the questions, using the present progressive or the past progressive. the expression of place in parentheses and add your own words.
8. A: Where's Joan? (at the library) B:
'5~els
t'l.r
r~e
li.'bV't'I.!)' srl.\eAYl\\B .paV' t'I.
9. A: Is Mark here? (upstairs) B: Yeso
.Ht'S
l.Jp-5..fa..\("~
lOO\'(fVlj
reSr.
tOC
Ú
bk.
10. A: Have you seen Professor Marx? (in her offiee) B: Yeso
32
CHAPTER 2
21-.,
CJt? 1>1 ~tr
of#C;:;,
((Vítwl]
tt"!>{-S.
Use
Âżk~ o EXERCISE13. Activity:
using the present perfecf and present perfect progressive in writing. (Charts 3-1 and 3-2) ÂĄ
Directions: Choose one to write about.
'/1
,1
l. Write about your first day in this class. What did you see, hear, feel, think? Then write about what you have done and have been doing in this class since the first day. 2. Describe your last week at horne before you carne to this city/country. Then describe what you have done and have been doing since you arrived here.
3-3 PAST PERFECT
X X
I
(a) Sam had already left by the time Ann got there. (b) The thief simply walked in. Someone had forgotten lO loek the door.
The past perfeet expresses an aetivity that was completed before another (Utivity or time in the pasto
(e) Sam had already left when Ann got there.
In (e): First: Sam left. Second: Ann got there.
(d) Sam had left before Ann got there. (e) Sam left before Ann got there.
If either before or after is used in the sentenee, the past perfeet is often not neeessary beeause the time relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used, as in (e) and (g). Note: (d) and (e) have the same meaning; (f) and (g) have the same meaning.
(f) After the guests had left, 1 went to bed. (g) After the guests left, 1 went to bed.
*COMPARE:
Sam kft when Ann
gOl there.
= First:
*
Ann gOl there.
Second: Sam left.
Sam had already leff when Ann gat ta the cafeteria. Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses
45
;1 l'
,1 ,!
o
EXERCISE14. Controcting HAO. (Appendix Chart C) , Directions: The auxiliary verb had (but not the main verb had) is usually contracted with personal pronouns in both speaking and informal writing. Had is also often contracted with nouns and other words in informal speaking, but not in writing. (See Appendix Chart C, p. A17.) Practice pronouncing contracted had in these sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
o
We'd never seen it before. He'd never seen it. They'd never seen it. I'd never seen it before. I'd like to see it again.* We got home late. The children h~~ already fallen asleep. My roommates had finished dinner by the time 1 got home. My roommates had dinner early. We couldn't cross the river. The flood had washed away the bridge. You were at Jim's at eight. Where had you been before that? Who .had been there before you?
EXERCISE15. Simple post VS. post perfecto (Chorts 2-9 ond 3-3) Directwns: Use the simple past or the past perfect to cOIl).pletethe sentences. Are there sorne blanks where either tense is possible? L d 1£9(.{. Vl O(w't& 1. Sam (be) V\a a newspaper reporter before he (become)
be.. Cti V\II (,
t e Ir
2. 1 (feel)
a businessman.
Oí
a little better after 1 (take) .
'vi ad
..feo((
taJ<~vL
the
medicine. a quiz when 1
3. 1 was late. The teacher (give, already)
qo t
(geE)
J
to class.
4. It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) (stop)
\/la4
__ w_a_~ __ ' over, the rain
'ófoeeet.L. (oa,f\Il~_
the earth, but they
extinct by the time humankind first (appear)
*COMPARE:
46
CHAPTER 3
l'd seen = l had seen ('d + past participle = past perfect) l'd lihe l would lihe ('d + simple form would)
=
=
~' ... 1
-
,.1
(.
_
-40W\~WO\
\1\tve( ~c.lI\.
v\ J~t_tQ
____
.r_'I{~1
-
~.
any of Picasso's paintings before I (visit)
the art museum.
7. Yesterday at a restaurant,
I (see)
Pam Donnelly, an old friend of
m;; I (seeJnot) \Aarl",,!didh,t-
•
k:
k a-J
6. I (seeJneVér)
'
reCoJVI:¡~
her in years. At first, I (recognize, not)
\c'Y6-t-
her beca use she (lose)
a great
deal of weight. 8. In 1980, my parents (emigrate) They (travelJ never)
'v1a..d
j (atcA
e,W\ ~
Vl(.vC( -t£t{.
11(.
to the United States frOID China.
\cd
outside of China and were, of
course, excited by the challenge of relocating in a foreign country. (seule) (grow) __
Gt lije¿! ge{.w
in California. up there.
My sister and I were born there and
Last year, I (go)
China for the irst time to study at Beijing University.
a\wttj 6 wa . Jl-ted background.
o
Eventually, they
wt"l-/:;
I (wantJ always)
to
''vial
to visit China and learn more about my own family
My dream was finally realized.
EXERCISE16.Past perfecto (Chart 3-3) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5..
1had never before I .... By the time , he had already .... lhad'never until I . My ... after I had already . The movie had ... by the time we ....
6. In (year)J I Prior to that time, I had . 7. When I , someone else had already . 8. Last (month), I I had never .
Before that,
'1'
3-4
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE e,¡ WlQIt '\lQ,t J
(a) The poli ce had been Zooking for the criminal for two years before they caught hirn. (b) Eric finally carne at six o'c1ock. 1 had been waiting for hirn since four-thirty.
The past perfect progressive ernphasizes the duration of an aetivity that was in progress before another
(e) When Judy got horne, her hair was still wet beeause she had been swimming. (d) 1went to Jane's house after the. the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been crying.
This tense also rnay express an aetivity in progress close in time lO
~* ílt<\{t~
~,a~\{
!JC.h1i\.
actiuiry or time in the pasto
, !",¡ ~I', l-,
¡:.
another activiry or time in the pasto
Pertect and Pertect Progressive Tenses
f ¡~ ,
47
,
o
EXERCISE17. Present perfect progressive ond post perfect progressive. (Charts 3-2 ond 3-4) Directions: Use the present perfect progressive or the past perfect progressive to complete the sentences. for Nancy for the last two hours, but
l. We (wait) she still hasn't arrived.
for Nancy for over three hours before
2. We (wait) she finally arrived yesterday. 3. It is midnight. I (study)
Wtve. betV'l
SlIJ~
t Vlj
for five straight hours.
No wonder I'm getting tired. 4. It was midnight. I (study) ~
bce..~ ~foJjiVl:3--for five straight
hours.
No wonder I was getting tired. 5. ]ack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn't answer because he (daydream) 6. Wake up! You (sleep)
ckJ~((tLwt r~ \Aa-V( trt91 5Iccp~:3
VJad
betV\.
for the l.ast ten minutes. long enough. It's time to
get up.
o
EXERCISE18. Review of verb tenses. (Chopters 1 ~ 3) Directions: In pairs or groups, discuss the meaning of the verb forms and answer the questions about the pairs of sentences. 1. a. Dan was leaving the room when I walked in. b. Sam had left the room when I walked in. QUESTION:
Who did 1 run into when 1 walked into the room?
ANSWER: Dan. 2. a. When the rain stopped, Gloria was riding her bicycle to work./ b. When the rain stopped, Paul rode his bicycle to work. QUESTION:
Who got wet on the way to work?
.
/
3. a. Ken went lO the store because he was running out of food. b. Ann went to the store because she had run out of food. QUESTION: Who is better at planning ahead? 4. a. Ms. Lincoln taught at this school for nine years. / b. Mr. Sanchez has taught at this school for nine yearsy QUESTION: Who is teaching at this school riow? 5. a. Alice was walking to the door when the doorbell rango b. George walked to the door when the doorbell rango ~
I
QUESTION:
Who had been expecting the doorbell to ring?
6. a. When I got there, Marie had eaten. b. When I got there, loe ate.ยก QUESTION:
~
Who was still hungry when 1 got there?
7. a. Donna lived in Chicago for five years. b. Carlos has been living in Chicago for five years. / QUESTION:
48
CHAPTER 3
Who stilllives in Chicago?
R
I
8. a. ]ane put sorne lotion on her face because she had been lying in the sun. / b. Sue put sorne lotion on her face because she was lying in the sun. QUESTION: W'ho put lotion on her faee after she jinished sunbathing? 9. a. 1 looked across the street. Mr. Fox was waving at me. / b. 1 looked across the street. Mrs. Cook waved at me. QUESTION: W'ho began lO wave at me before 1 looked aeross the street?
j'
¡ j
o
EXERCISE19. Error onolysis: present ond post verbs. (Chopters 1 ~ 3) Direetions: Correct the errors.
\ V\o..Vt,
\
l
eoo~td
1. Since 1 carne to this country, 1 am learning a lot about the way of life here. Ca"",!. \t!ttvc.. VlellC( bi:::vqk-t 2. Before 1 come here, 1 never was ouymg :wYthing from a vending machine. arr\~-
V¡tt"~~a.V\
3. 1 arrive here only a short time ago. 1 am here only since last Friday. -thdfl,l k"lov.->~o.d ~ee", 4. When 1 arrived here, 1 hadn't known much about the United States. 1 ~ many
j
movies about America, but that wasn't enough. , "'a "e c.'v>¡¡lII ~(.O 5. My understanding of this country changed a fot since 1 arrived.
to~cMcd
6. When 1 was in my country, 1 had coached a children's soccer team. When 1 carne W(;.f\(;-ul
here, 1 had warited to do the same thing. Now 1 am coaching a soccer team at a local ~\lG bu!!. coa~iV\G{ elementary school. I!!!1 coachinz. this t~m for the last two months.
b"ed
7. My grandfather had lived in a small village in Italy when he was a child. At nineteen, \IVlC)(¡cd VV1 tt 'm aH í e& he had moved to Rome, where he had met and had married my grandmother in 1947. .
f()a~
bec"fI.
-
wa5
My flither had been born in Rome in 1950. 1 am born in Rome in 1979.
\1a,lIe bett1 \~vi.¡t~oC
~Q.
"t \; ve<:!
o.x~ed
\1tl~CI\'~b!CY\.
8. I'm living in my cousin's apartment smce 1 have amved here. I'm not able to find rny "'{¡IIe
loo'<ed
\-)av(t\'f iou",J
own apartment yet. 1 look at several places for rent, but 1 don't find ohe that 1 can afford.
h e,
_.
~1Ie.
-
-
9. How longf;ou been living here? I'been here for almost two year6.
~lf
10. Wh~ou
o
.
.
-
no have beeIi in class the last couple of days?
EXERCISE20. Activity: using verb tenses. (Chopters 1 ~ 3) Direetions: From the given situation, make up a "chain story." One personbegins the story; then others continue the story in turn, using the cue words in the given listo Work in groups or as a dass. Example: (Pi erre) had a terrible day yesterday. The trouble began early in the morning. His alarm dock rang at 7:00. CUE: when SPEAKER A: When his alarm dock rang, he got out of bed and stepped on a snake. He was nearly frightened to death, but the snake siithered away without biting him.
Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses
49
1;
I ยกi "1
iiยก ยกII
lii
I:! Ir.
i
CONTENTS 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4
4-1
J
j
Simple future: will and be going to Will vs. be going to Expressing the future in time clauses Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time
4-5 4-6 4-7
ยก" I
Future progressive Future perfect Future perfect progressive
SIMPLE FUTURE: WILL AND BE GOING TO
/.
(a) Jaek will finish his work tomorrow. (b) Jaek is going tofinish his work tomorrow. (e) Anna will not be here tomorrow. (d) Anna won't be here tomorrow.
Will or be going to is used to express future time. * In speeeh, going to is often pronouneed "gonna." In (d):The eontraeted form of will + not is won't.
*!be use of shaU with 1 or we to express future time is possible but uncommon in American English. ShaU is used more frequently in British English than in American English.
o
EXERCISEl. Simple future. (Chart 4-1) Directions: Will is usua11ycontracted with personal pronouns in both speaking and informal writing. Will is often contracted with nouns and with other words in speaking, but not in writing. Practice pronouncing contracted will in these sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
i~
1'11'come. He'l1 come. You'l1 come. She'l1 help uso They'l1 help us too. I'm sure we'll do we11on the test. !t'11probably rain tomorrow. Bob will ("Bob'l1") be here soon. The weather wi11be hot in August. Mary will come tomorrow. Bill will be here too.
9. The children will be home at 3:00. 1O.Who will be at the meeting? 11. Where will you be around five? 12. How long will Tom be here? 13. Nobody will recognize you in that wig. 14. That will be a lot of fun. 15. What will you do?
51
4-2
WILL vs. BE GOING TO
To express a
Use either
PREDlCTION:
WIU
or
BE GOING TO.
(a) Aeeording to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow. (b) Aeeording to the weather report, it is going to be cloudy tomorrow. (e) Be eareful! You'll hurt yourself! (d) Wateh out! You're going to hurt yourselfl To express a
Use onIy
PRIOR PLAN:
BE GOING TO.
(e) A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I'm going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (f) I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He 's going to buya ear. That's ; what he told me.
To express (g) A: B: (h) A: B:
WILLINGNESS:
Use onIy
When the speaker is making a predietion (a statement about something s/he thinks will be true or will oeeur in the future), either will or be going to is possible. There is no differenee in meaning between (a) and (b). There is no differenee in meaning between (e) and (d).
When the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something the speaker intends to do in the future beca use in the past s/he has made a plan or deeision to do it), only be going to is used. * In (e): Speaker B has made a prior plan. Last week she deeided to paint her bedroom. She intends to paint it tomorrow. In (f): The speaker knows Bob intends to buy a ear. Bob made the deeision in the past, and he plans to aet on this deeision in the future. Will is not appropriate in (e) and (f).
WIll.
The phone's ringing. 1'11get it. 1 don't understand this problem. Ask your teaeher about it. She'll help you.
In (g): Speaker Bis saying "1 am willing;I am happy to get the phone." He is not making a predietion. He has made no prior plan to answer the phone. He is, instead, volunteering to answer the phone and uses will to show his willingness. In (h): Speaker B feels sure about the teaeher's willingness to help. Be going to is not appropriate in (g) and (h).
*COMPARE:
Situation
1: A: Are you busy mis evening? B: YesoI'm going to meet l(J(;k at the library at seven. Wé're going to study together.
In Situation 1, only be going to is possible. The speaker has a prior plan, so he uses be going too Situation
2: A: Are you busy this evening? B: WélI,] real/y haven't made a~ plans. ]'lI eat OR I'm going to eat dinner, of course. And then°I'lI probably watch OR ]'m probably going to watch TV for a little while.
In Situation 2, either will or be going to is possible. Speaker B has not planned his evening. He is "predicting" his evening (rather than stating any prior plans), so he may use either willor be going too
o
EXERCISE2. WILL vS. BE GOING TO. (Chart 4-2) PART l.
EXPRESSING PREDICTIONS
Use will andlor be going to with the verb in parentheses. l. Sue (graduare) (begin)
4Ji II
be
2. Fred (be) ~
W(l\ CDwte 52
CHAPTER 4
~too.
wl1l BV~l.\t'\i-el
is Boi\\B i-o Bvt'\J.l.\t'\i-e in June. After that, she
wiU beBi\\ I is Boi\\B i-o beBi\\
work at an electronics firmo
at the meeting tomorrow.
1 think Jane (come)
3. A: Can you give Ed a message for me?
W
B: Sure. I (seeJprobably)
n\ ~(Oba.bb See: .fo ~
this evening. 4. A: Mr. Swan (beJ not)
'0:1\
wll/
k
Who (be)
him at the meeting
Vlol
B: Yeso Ms. Mary]efferson.
k.Ii'-s fI'l JOí~:f~ere
next termo He has resigned.
the new teacher? Ms. ]efferson (teach)
Do you know?
.\\ , ••. 1_/. ,5 BOlW\B . W' '\~
L tD
1
{CllC1l\
the
I (be)
wil\ be..
5. In what Ways (the damage we do to our environment todaYJaffect) W\~t ~~t
J«.Wl~e.
same courses Mr. Swan taught: English, algebra, and geometry.
Om
jO( "1-10 be. in her Wt:
do -tb OH
algebra elass.
ev'lVt( OVlVllltvt..f-
.
ir
-I(?daj~('tl-
5~i
of life for hlture generations?
"'j
rJ..
the quality
..{p
.
vs. WIlLINGNESS Use be going to if you think the speaker is expressing a prior plan. If you think she/he has no prior plan, use will. PART /1. EXPRESSING PRIOR PLAN
6. A: This letter is in French, and I don't speak French.
will i-YC\\-\slod"e
B: Sure. I (translate)
it for
Can you help me? YOU.
7. A: Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go)
to the
shopping mall downtown. B: Sure. What time do you want to leave? 8. A: Who wants to erase the board? Are there any volunteers? B: I (do)
c:
wil\
do
do r'll do i+
1 (do) Wil\
it! it!
9. A: Why does he have an era ser in his hand? B: He (erase) \ ~
-bD e(a~
80 {
III.q
the board. Future Time
53
10. A: How about getting together for dinner after work? B: Sounds good. Where? A: How about Alice's Restaurant or the Gateway Cafe? You decide. B: Alice's Restaurant.
1 (meet)
wül 'Mte.(;
you there around six.
A: Great. 11. A: Do you have plans for dinner?
30i"lj ~
B: Yeso 1 (meet*)
a co-worker for dinnerat
V\I1let-
Alice's Restaurant.
Want to join us? 12. A: This light doesn't work. The bulbis probably burned out. Do we have any new ~\lli.~"'(?~
light bulbs?
Ik4la
"l\
W\ ~
B: 1 (get)
J
A: Thanks. 13. A: 1 (enrol/)
a-M..
1, ( 1;
(,UlU -tL9S
one for you.
j~ -lo enJ O II
e.vn\ + ~
-JO
plart -+ ~lV<
~ jOlJ -<n
in the cornmunity coHege next spring.
B: Oh? 1 didn't know you wanted to go back to school. A: 1 need to sharpen my skiHs so 1 can get a better jobo 1 (take) 0-fII\ JO
J
¡
{o ~k. (,
a course in word processing. 14. A: Uh, oh! I've spilIed coffee on my shirt! B: Just a minute .. 1 (get)
(Á)t \\
él l f
a damp cIoth for
YOU.
15. A: Janice, do you want to come with us? B: 1 can't.
1 have to study.
A: Oh, c'mon! You can't study aH day and aH night. B: AlI right, 1 (go)
wrll
JO
with
YOU.
1 guess 1 can finish this stuff
tomorrow. 16. A: 1 (sel/)
(1~
BOlv\j -1:0 ~\
.
rny bicycle. 1 have too
B: What? Why? You need your bicycle to get to work. A: 1 know. But 1 need money right now to pay for my baby's doctor and medicine. 1 can walk to work. 17. A: How do you speH "accustomed"? B: I'm not sure. 1 (look)
wi \I \ook
it up for you.
A: Thanks. B: Here it is. It has two "c"s but only one "m." *When be going ti) expresses a prior plan, it is often also possible to use the present progressive with no change in meaning. See Chart 4-4, p. 57. There is no difference in meaning between these sentences: 1 am going to meet Larry at A1ice's Restaurant at six. 1 am meeting Larry at A1ice's Restaurant at six.
54
CHAPTER 4
L,••.•.. 1'"
".
4-3
EXPRESSINGTHE FUTURE INTIME CLAUSES , . ,,
(a) Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we wilI see him. (b) Linda is going to leave sóon. Beforeshe leaves, she is going to finish her work. (e) I wilI get home at 5:30. After 1 get home, I will eat dinner. (d) The taxi will arrive soon. As soon as it arrives, we'lI be able to leave for the airport. (e) They are going to come soon. I'1I wait here until they come.
(f) While 1 am traveling in Europe nextyear, I'm
going to save money by stilying in youth hostels.
(g) I wilI go to bed after 1finish my work. (h) I wilI go to bed after 1 have finished my work.
In (a): When Bob comes is a time clause. * when + subjeet + verb a time clause Will or be going to is NOT used in a time clause. The meaning of the clause is future, but the simple present tense is used.
=
A time clause begins with sueh words as when, before, after, as soon as, until, while and includes a subjeet and a verbo The time clause can come either at the beginning of the sentence or in the seeond part of the sentence: W'henhe comes,we'lI see him. OR We'lI see him when he comes. Sometimes the present progressive is used in a time clause to express an aetivity that will be in progress in the future, as in (f). OceasionalIy, the present perfeet is used in a time clause, as in (h). Examples (g) and (h) have the same meaning. The present perfeet in the time clause emphasizes the completion of the aet before the other act oceurs in the future.
*A "ÚIne clause" is an adverb clause. See Charts 5-1 (p. 70), 5-2 (p. 72), and 17-1 (p. 359) for more informaúon.
o
EXERCISE3. Expressing the future in time clauses. (Chart 4-3) Directions: Find the time clause in each sentence. Draw brackets [ ... ] around it and underline the verb in the time clause. Identify and discuss the use of verb tenses. 1. We'll be here [when you arrive tomorrow.] 2{ After the rain sJoP~ I'm going to sweep the front porch. 3. I'm going to start making dinner ~efore my wife gets home from work today] 4. I'm going to wait right here ~ntil ]essica comesl 5.0s
soon as the war ~ ove] there will be great joy throughout the land.
6. Right now the tide is low, but[when the tide comes i3 the ship will leave the harbor.
7.(While I'm o
driving to work tomorroj
I'm going to listen to my Greek language tapes.
EXERCISE4. Expressing the future in time clauses. (Chart 4-3) Directions: Use willl be going to or the simple presento (In this exercise, both will and be going to are possible when a future tense is necessary, with little or no difference in meaning.) 1. Peter is going to leave in half an hour. He (finish)
1et'\ve S
aH of his work before he (leave)
2. I'm going to eat lunch at 12:30. After 1 (eat)
c.v ti \ ~{o6b~ -Itt-K,--
w'ill ~i\\iSh I is glei\\glte ~hÜsh
, 1 (take, probably)
a nap. Future Time .55
3. I'Il get home around six. When 1 (get)
wt \\
home, 1 (cal!)
Ct:J\
Sharon. 4. I'm going to watch a TV program at nine, but before 1 (watch) the program, 1 (write) Ă&#x161;cvYL jOi~
w~t-k...
+:0
~ letter
to my parents.
will wCt.,ef-
5. Gary will come 800n. 1 (wait)
here until he (come)
CoMe!>
?fop'2
6. I'm sure it will stop raining soon. As 800n as the rain (stop)
Wa.,,~t (walk)
'\1\1\. ~Q
~nj fo w(A.\k
to the store to get sorne film.
7. I'm a junior in coIleg~ this year. After 1 (graduate)
work for an M.A. Perhaps 1 (go)
wl\\ gt-'Âż 8.1 (listen)
-g\a.Jvq,.te.
3o~t13.{o rVI--t!AJ
next year, 1 (inte'!!!J \W\,
<l
,1
to enter graduate school and
5O
H
(o l
with a B.A.
on for a Ph.D. after 1 (get)
my Master's degree.
7
.
jO~lI\j
OJIV\
{O
\.
1"~trA..
Ol
wlll li?it~
to
English language tapes while 1 (sleep)
0(U(2
tonight.
Do you think it will help me learn English fas ter?
a<t:)00 jO\VlJ1P~
o(
9. A: How long (you, stay)
0fct 3 B: 1 (plan)
1,
tU
il\ ~_oo __
in this country?
Vl-a.-v\
to be here
for about one more year. 1 (hope)
~oee A: What (you, do) B: 1 (return)
to graduate ayear from this Irme. CHe \{00 qO\"'~..to
w, n (ltuC!A I
do
after you (leave) home and (get)
\fave
--J'-"'( /;~---
a jobo How about you? A: 1 (be) (return)
4J il\ ~ ((-tU(o/\.
here for at least two more years before 1 home and (get)
q( ..1
56
CHAPTER 4
f:.
a jobo
?
o
EXERCISE5. Expressing the future in time clauses. (Chart 4-3) Direetions: Complete the sentences with your own words. 1. When 1 ... later this afternoon, 1 .... -4
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
4-4
When 1 go downtown later this afternoon, I'm going to go to the bank and the post offiee.
After 1 ... tomorrow morning, 1 .... Tomorrow,I before 1 .... 1 ... when next year. As soon as class , I'm going to I'm not going 10 until my friend .... When 1 ... tomorrow, 1 .... While I'm visiting ... next week, 1 ....
USING THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
(a) My wife has an appointment with a doctor. She is seeing Dr. North neXl Tuesday. (b) Sam has already made his plans. He is leaving al noon comorrow. (c) A: What are you going to do this afternoon? B: After lunch 1 am meeting a friend of mine. We are going shopping. Would you like to come along? SIMPLE PRESENT
O""I;J
Sc~ dure
(d) The museum opens al ten comorrowmorning. (e) Classes begin neXl week. (f) John's plane arrives al 6:05 P.M. neXlMonday.
o
The present progressive may be used to express future time when the idea of the sentence concerns a planned event or definite intention. (COMPARE: A verb such as rain is not used in the present progressive to indicate future time because rain is not a planned event.) A future meaning for the present progressive tense is indicated either by future time words in the sentence or by the contexto The simple present can also be used to express future time in a sentence concerning events that are on a definite schedule or timetable. These sen ten ces usually contain future time words. Only a few verbs are used in this way: e.g., open, close,begin, end, slart, finish, arrive, leave, come, relurn.
EXERCISE6. Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Direetions: Indicate the meaning expressed by the italicized verbs by writing in the juture, now, or habitually in the blanks.
-,
.1
1. 1 am taking four courses next semester.
2.1
am taking four courses this semester.
3. Students usua11ytake four courses every semester. 4. 1'11rnail this Jetter at the corner when 1 take Susan horne. 5. My brother's birthday is next week. 1 am giving hirn a sweater.
\\O\N
hc(pih\t'\\ly
1, v{vยก(. Iu.hll( 1
-
,
<Ji ,
6. Shhh. The broadcaster is giving the latest news about the crisis in England. 1 want to hear what she's saying.
Future Time
57
_tvfv(e.
7. When 1 graduate> I'm going to return home.
\tic{ ~ Ă.{;~lj
8. When students graduate> they receive diplomas.
~l~()~_fu( (.,
9. I'm tired. 1 am going to bed early tonight.
I
IV~<Jle,
10. When 1 am in NewYork, I'm going to visit the Museum of Modern Art. 11. When 1 am home alone in the evening, 1 like to read or watch television. 12. A: Are you busy? B: Not really. A: What are you doing?
A:
\I\...Ot-U
B: I'm writing a letter to my folks.
B:
VLOv.J
A: When youfinish your letter, do you want to play a game of chess?
A:
_i_v_*U_f_( __
13: A: What are you doing after work today? '!
B: I'm playing tennis with Brown at the health club. And you? A: 1'm meeting Smith for a round of golf.
~<:t~"'+~oJI~ive
14. Tony will arrive at eight tomorrow evening. 15. Tony is going
lO
arrive at eight tomorrow night.
16. Tony is arriving at eight tomorrow evening. 17. Tony arrives at eight tomorrow evening. 18. When Tony arrives> we'll have a party.
58
L
CHAPTER 4
A:
~A(),~ ÂĄ
B: ---.l-,,-,v{-v,,--~-,--( __
A:
JVbJ[e
o
EXERCISE7. Using the present progressive to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Use the present progressive to complete the sentences. Use any verb that makes sense. 1. A: Row about going across the street for a cup of coffee? B: I can't. I
('\~ ~ee+i\\8
Jennifer at the library at 5:00.
2. A: Why are you in such a hurry?
a~ .b.kf~
B: I have tobe at the airport in an hour. I
the 4 o'dock
plane to New York. I have an important meeting there tomorrow. 3. A: We got an invitation in themail from Ron and Maureen. They
Ole.
~""J--
a dinner party next Saturday evening. Do you want to go? I'd like to. B: Sure. I always enjoy spending time with them. Let's call and tell them we
aJe
CoNlĂ"lq
J 4. A: Your cough sounds terrible! You should see a doctor. B: I know. It just won't go away. I CtvY\ this afternoon.
VVl.
ea;;j
S fe i:J
Dr. Murray later
5. A: Rave you seen Jackie? B: She just left. She has sorne shopping to do, and then she
~5
~
_
to the health club for her yoga class. She should be back around 4:30. 6. A: Where are you and your family going for your vacation this summer? B: Ontario. A: Are you planning to fly?
B: No, we (}(t:
dcĂvivl3>
so we can take our time and enjoy the scenery.
,1
q
'1,
7. A: We're going to a soccer match next week. B: Who
lb. ~\aJi"l8
?*
A: A team from Brazil and a team from Argentina.
It ought to be a really exciting
game. 8. A: I see you're smoking. I thought you stopped last month. B: I did. I don't know why I started again. I
?(oQpr ,. 1Il~ J
again
tomorrow, and this time I mean it.
*When who is used as the subjeet of a question, the verb is singular. See Appendix Chart B-2, p. A9. Future Time
59
J
l l'
" ~ ,
•
(
(
o
EXERCISE8. Using the present progressive to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Answer the questions. Practice using the present progressive to express future time.
!¥feXvd ~ror(J15ive.
.fo( fvtlJ(t:. o
1. 2. 3. 4.
What are your plans for the rest of today? What are your plans for tomorrow? Do you have any travel plans? What are they? Think of someone you know. Does this person have any plans that you are aware oí?
EXERCISE9. Using the present progressive and the simple present to express future time. (Chart 4-4) Directions: Pretend that you are going to take your ideal vacation next week. AH of your plans are made, and your itinerary is in front of you. Write your travel plans. Use present tenses where appropriate.
Example: This coming Saturday I am beginning my "vacation of a lifetime." The first place I'm going to is Bali. My plane leaves at six-thirty Saturday morning. I arrive in Bali late that afternoon. I'm staying at the Nusa Dua Beach Hotel. I leave Bali on the fifteenth and travel to the Philippines. While I'm there, I'm staying with some friends. Etc.
4-5 FUTURE PROGRESSIVE
l' I I
-tv o
(a) 1will begin to study at seven. You wiIl come at eight. 1will be studying when you come. (b) Right now 1am sitting in c1ass. At this same time tomorrow, 1will be sitting in c1ass.
The future progressive expresses an activity that will be in progressat a time in thefuture.
(c) Don't call me at nine because 1 won't be home. 1am going to be studying at the library.
The progressive form of be going to: be going to + be + -ing
(d) Don't get impatient. Shewill be coming soon. (e) Don't get impatient. She will come soon.
Sometimes there is little or no difIerence between the future progressive and the simple future, especially when the future' event will occur at an indefinite time in the future, as in (d) and (e).
EXERCISE10. Using the future progressive. (Chart 4-5) Directions: Use the future progressive or the simple presento 1. Right now 1 am attending class. Yesterday at this time, 1 was attending class. Tomorrow at this time, 1 (attend)
[.Ji
11X a. ~.f.cvt&lvt8
0..V\19"«""
class.
-lo ~ ettfcr¡:lc~~.
2. Tomorrow I'm going to leave for home. When 1 (arrive) at the airport, my whole family (wait)
60
CHAPTER 4
Wt
@I be wal HVlq J
1\
for me.
be.
. wa.x&\
;>
j
~'
~ '
f
~
",/ 1i'
,/~'
~
"
t:'
-<'
-
'"""
I
~
I 1 J j
f
,
1
!
I !
'Jel
3. When 1 (get)
up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)
w~l\ R0""~V\Í'vtg
,~ebirds
Wi
roommate (lie~stiU)
UJ;H ~
(sing)
11s.li l/ b¿ ~
,andmy
bed fast asleep.
5
,1 y I 'Y?
4. A: When do you leave for Florida?
'5i'Jj'''!}
B: Tomortow. Just think! Two days from now
11
1 (lie)Wi
t"~
be l~
on the
beach in the sun.
.f~l\flKt~
Ix
W f (1
A: Sounds great! 1 (think)
about
YOU.
5. A: How can 1 get in touch with you while you're Out of town? B: 1 (stay)
(;J
r 11 bt. 5t-a.) iI'\J---
at the Pilgrim Hotel. You can reach
me there. 6. Next year at this time, 1 (do) now.I (attend)
wnl
Io.t
W
ni
be.
0\0 l"'j
({H-ef\J,t~q,
exactly what 1 am doing
~.fvcLlif'\q
school and (study)
~
~
~
hard next year. 7. Look at those dark clouds. When class (be) (rain~probably)
e.v i11
VIO ~& \~>-~_(._a_~ VI_;_oIl---<@>--
i5
over, it _
8. A: Are you going to be in town next Saturday?
B: No. 1 ('{)isit~in Chicago)*
wfll
OC lt'\ CkiC4JD V[5tl:ro1j
myaunt.
9. A: Where are you going to be this evening? B: 1 (work~ at the library)
w.l \ ~ I:.:l.l'u \ ;~atj ~O<~oI\J
on my research papero 10. A: Do you think life wiIl be very different 100 years from now? B: Of course. 1 can picture it in my mind. People (live)
w"; \\
be \ iv í~g
in modular mobile residential units that they can take with them if they have to move, and they (drive)
e.vl 11 ~
dav~~c¡
air cars that can go at
J
tremendous speeds. A: That sounds pretty far-fetched to me. Why would people want to take their houses with them when they move?
*Expressions of place can often be used between the helping verb and the main verb in progressive tenses. See Chart 2-12, p. 31.
Future Time
61
--
(
4-6 FUTURE PERFECT (a) 1 will graduate in Iune. 1 will see you in Iuly. By the time 1 see you, 1 will have graduated (b) 1 will have jinished my homework by the time 1 go out on a date tonight.
The future perfeet expresses an aetivity that will be completed before another time or event in the juture. (Note: by the time introduces a time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.)
4-7 FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
o
.
(e) 1 will go to bed at ten P.M. Ed will get horne at midnight. At midnight 1 will be sleeping. 1 will have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets horneo
The future perfeet progressive emphasizes the duration of an aetivity that will be in progress before another time or event in the juture.
(d) When Professor Iones retires next rnonth, he will have taught for 45 years. (e) When Professor Iones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.
Sometimes the future perfeet and the future perfeet progressive have the same meaning, as in (d) and (e). AIso, notiee that the aetivity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the pasto
EXERCISE11. Pertect and pertect progressive tenses. (Chapter 3; Charts 4-6 and 4-7) Directions: Use any appropriate tense. 1. Ann and Andy got married on ]rme 1st. Today is ]rme 14th. They (be) By]rme 7th, they (be)
\t)a.d
By]rme 28th, they (be)
wi\\
"'na V( 6eell. b~tY\..
'vla.vt
married for two weeks. married for one week.
bu~
married for four weeks.
2. This traffie is terrible. We're going to be late. By the time we (get) ---J9:..;;;.d->:(})
the airport, Bob's plane (arrive, already*)
will
to
~avc a.1(t'tĂ&j ~q1vd
and he'll be wondering where we are. 3. The traffie was very heavy. By the time we (ge~ plane (arrive, already)
"'ad
--8-1-o~t,,---- to the airport,
a..ha ~~a_(_\ l~tJ_t_d
*With the future perfect, already has two possible midsentence positions: 1 will already have finished. 1 will have already finished.
62
CHAPTER 4
_
Bob's
4. This morning 1 carne to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and 1 am still in class.
\nave
1 (sit)
~ad be(n
(s~t)
{I Vlave
(,U 1 ¡
beelll -tlí-f.{-fV1j--- at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, 1 btCil
8;{.l¡VI] 0 ¡(ti ~tl ;;;
here for a half an hour. By 11:00, 1 (sil) here for two hours.
5. "¡'m getting tired of sitting in the caro Do you realize that by the time we arrive in
r
Phoenix, we (drive) W y \ \
i I J
'na ve beevt d (f IJ \ v'lj.:.
6. Margaret was born in 1975. By 1995, she (live)
for twenty straight hours?
~Q.d' beeV1
TI~---
on
Wi\\ 'n~vt h eeVl
this earth for 20 years. By the year 2025, she (live)
!
lfvi
'(aVl~
on this earth for 50 years .
. i
7. Go ahead and leave on your vacation. Don't worry about this work. By the time you (get)
jet
back, we (take)
W.l\
~e.
~tv'\8
care of everything.
8. 1 don't undetstand how those marathon runners do it! The race began more than an hour ago. By the time they reach the fmish line, they (run)
wrll
ha»e 6eeVl
lUf\lt'\S
steadily for more than two hours. 1 don't think 1 can run more than two minutes! 9. What? He got married again? At this rate, he (have) a dozen wives by the time he (die)
_d"'-.-i=-e=-5
_
10. We have been married for a long time. By our next anniversary, we (be)
be~1It
wrll.
t.,ave
married for 43 years.
.i
~i
¡
o
EXERCISE12. Review: future time. (Charts 4-1 ~ 4-7)
1 ;
Directions: These sentences describe typical events in a day in the life of aman named Bill. The sentences are_in the past, but aH of these things will happen in Bill's life tomorrow. Change aH of the Sentences to the future. 1. When Bill got up yesterday morning, the sun was shining. And tomorrow? ~ When Bill gets up tomorrow morning, the sun will be shining. 2. He shaved and showered, and then made a light breakfast. And tomorrow? 3. After he ate breakfast yesterday, he got ready to go to Work. And tomorrow? 4. By the time he got to work yesterday, he had drunk three cups of coffee. And tomorrow? 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
r
Between 8:00 ahd 9:00, Bill answered his e-mail and planned his day. And tomorrow? By 10:00 yesterday, he had caBed new clients. And tomorrow? At 11:00 yesterday, he was attending a staff meeting. And tomorrow? He went to lunch at noon and had a sandwich and a bowl of soup. And tomorrow? After he finished eating, he took a short walk in the park before he returned to the office. And tomorrow? Future Time
63
I