WASTE IN SWEDEN Sweden's push for energy recovery In 2009, household waste volumes in Sweden decreased by close to 5 percent compared to the previous year. 98.6 % of household waste is recycled with only 1.4 % going into landfills: this quantity has been decreased by 50 % compared to 2008. The total quantity of treated household waste amounted to 4,485,600 tonnes; divided amongst the population, each Swedish resident produced 480.2 kg of waste. In 2008, the quantity of treated household waste amounted to 4,731,660 tonnes, or 511.2 kg per person. Reducing waste volume is something that Sweden, Europe, and all the world needs to strive to achieve. Through the Framework Directive for waste, the EU requires member states to take measures to prevent the production of waste. The member states shall bring forward waste reduction plans which aim at reducing the waste volumes by 2020. At the national level, Avfall Sverige Swedish Waste Management - is one of the actors in this process. Together with the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, they ran a three year project called ”European Week for Waste Reduction” which aimed to raise awareness of the waste policy within the EU and the member states, and show the direct effect consumption has on the environment and greenhouse effect. It is also essential to emphasise the correlation between waste minimisation and sustainable development.
Land use Sweden's land mass equates to 40 733 923 hectares excluding lakes and rivers. 7.5% is agricultural land (6.47% arable; 1.11% pasture) 60% is forested (55.18% productive; 14.24% unproductive)
Sweden's waste management system is relatively advanced and implements a variety of techniques to help prevent climate change and use waste as a postive resource. These include: -Energy recycling through incineration – Waste-to-Energy – gives heating and electricity, and waste will thus replace fossil fuels. Household waste in Sweden
-Separated food waste that goes to digestion gives both biogas, which can be used for vehicle fuel, and digestate, which is an excellent nutritional substance.
Annually, the typical Swede produces 480.2kg of waste. 232.6kg waste to energy
-Recycled materials save energy and replace virgin raw material, avoiding unnecessary mineral extraction. Biodigesters are shown on the map with
64.5kg biological recycling 169.9kg material recycling 4.9kg hazardous waste
.
1.4kg landfill
These are in: Bjuv, Borås, Falkenberg, Falköping, Helsingborg, Huddinge, Jönköping, Kalmar, Kristianstad, Laholm, Linköping, Norrköping, Skellefteå, Sävsjö, Skövde, Uppsala, Vänersborg, and Västerås
...plus waste from industry, energy generation, and both personal and goods transportation.
Additionally, the average Swede consumes 330L of potable water every day (approximately 120kL per annum).
Skellefteå biodigester The digester has a capacity of 3 800 m3 and receives 22 tonnes of household and 15 tonnes of slaughterhouse waste daily. 1 Nm3 of fuel grade gas uses 10 kg organic household or 5 kg slaughterhouse waste. 1 Nm3 of CNG has the same energy content as 1.1 litres of petrol. Every litre of petrol or diesel replaced by CNG reduces carbon emissions by approximately 2.5 kg. Biogas from the two reactors can equal 2.1 million Nm3, the equivalent fuel of 1 400 cars averaging 1 litre per 10km and travelling 15 000 km per year.
Umeå Dåva 1 & 2 Whilst sending biologically treatable waste to Skellefteå, Umeå receives waste to energy material in return. These are incinerated at Dåva 1, powering district heating and producing electricity. Dåva 2 was recently completed to supplement Dåva 1 and meet the demand for district heating in Umeå.
Dåva 1 - 65 MW (55 MW heat; 10 MW electricity) Household and industrial waste plus forest residue 20 tonnes per hour capacity Dåva 2 - 105 MW (75MW heat; 10MW electricity) Biofuels
682 000 tonnes packaging
383 000 tonnes return paper
164 000 tonnes scrap metal
149 000 tonnes electronics & cooling units
Household waste (2011) 4 349 910 tonnes including 60 000 tonnes hazardous waste
322 GWh fuel
Biological treatment
Material recycling
Energy recovery
Landfill
17 GWh heating
594 000 tonnes biofertiliser
biodigestion 16 GWh electricity
250 000 tonnes soil
composting
221 GWh heating
1 378 000 tonnes raw material
2 TWh electricity
13.5 TWh heating
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8
DECENTRALISATION
NO2/m3 >40 µg 32-39 µg 26-31 µg
Sprawl, congestion and pollution
20-25 µg
Critical utilities are typically concealed, relegated to the periphery of a city, and Umeå proves to be no exception. Whilst the hospital, a key infrastructural component, is nestled in a relatively central location (important given its role as one of the key employers and a vital research and teaching resource for the university, though growth has spread around it rather than it originally being centralised), Umeå Energi’s Dåva 1+2 are outside the urban fabric and Umeva’s Ön facility tucked away on a remote part of the island.
Umeå's development has been one of urban sprawl with many new neighbourhoods constructed in concentric rings around the existing city (Ersboda, Östra Ersboda and Tomtebo for example). However, new policy adopted by the municipality aims to curb this kind of development and instead adopt the vision of a '5 km city.' This plan requires a significant densification of existing environs if the city is to achieve its growth target of 200 000 inhabitants by 2050.
IMAGES, CLOCKWISE FROM TOP RIGHT: An air analysis map of Umeå showing poor air quality around major roads despite the relatively light traffic. These disproportionately high levels of NO2 are symptomatic of the northerly latitude in which plants are unable to photosynthesise for many months through the winter. Whilst Västra esplanaden is currently the main offender, current plans to re-route traffic around the city should remove most loading of vehicle exhaust from this road - Vasaplan and Östra Kyrkogatan face no such relief. Umeå Energi’s Dåva 2 facility to the north-east of Ersboda. Umeå Energi’s Dåva 1 facility on the outskirts of Ålidhem. Umeva’s proposal for the upgrade of system facilities at their Ön site.
retail centre retail centre
retail centre retail centre
Map of Umeå
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8
REFERENCE SUNY-ESF College of Environmental Science & Forestry The State University of New York (SUNY) College of Environmental Science & Forestry (ESF) Gateway Centre transforms a barren parking lot into a striking symbol of environmental stewardship and climate action leadership. This three-story campus center totals 5 000 m2, providing a conference facility, café, bookstore, and admissions and outreach offices unified by a sweeping concourse that supports students, faculty, and public gatherings. This award-winning design was a response to the client’s mandate to create an extraordinary green building, driving toward campus climate neutrality and modeling exemplary sustainability to foster teaching and research. The design resulted from a close collaboration between the design team and SUNY-ESF administrators, faculty and students. Energy-plus performance and LEED Platinum certification were required by SUNY-ESF and the State University Construction Fund. The bioclimatic design overcomes a tight site and west-facing exposure using passive solar design principles. Metal shingles and recycled concrete block are the principal exterior materials. Eight species of FSC-certified wood are used throughout. Featuring an innovative combined heat-andpower plant, intensive green roof, and extensive wildlife displays, the “energy-positive” Gateway Centre serves as a pedagogical tool and community resource, supporting on-going teaching and research as well as public education. The Gateway Centre’s distinctive bioclimatic form mitigates undesirable solar heat gain, reducing cooling loads and avoiding uncomfortable glare while creating a bold architectural expression. Although site selection was predetermined, the Gateway Centre design maximises energy-efficiency and beneficial solar orientation by applying passive solar design principles. Massing and fenestration strategies respond to solar orientation. The well-insulated building envelope is designed for the harsh winter climate and regional “lake effect” winds. Timber-supported, cantilevered canopies provide solar shading and create sheltered entrances incorporating glass wind screens. Pyramidal roof monitors are designed with windows facing south and east, but solid triangulated planes covered with wood decking facing west.
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8
Top right: the nitrogen cycle. Below: NOx production by cars.
Ammonium NH4+
Bottom right: algal removal of NOx and CO2 from exhaust gases.
Introducing an infrastructual unit into the city centre promotes awareness of the impact of human activity, unveiling the masses of hidden and unseen processes that allow us to go about our day-to-day life. The biodigesters are just one component in a cogeneration loop, perhaps the most 'productive' in producing fuel and fertiliser from waste products, but the 'green wall' has a more important part. It provides a kinetic and ever-changing biological that alternately reveals and conceals the biodigesters during its growth cycle.
NO2
Roof
Animals
SLU test area
Decay
Nitrates N03Plants
organic product RO2
Effluent stream (C02, N0x etc.)
RO
Apartments - 42 studios Communal space Laundry facilities
First floor
NO O3 NO2
Ground floor
sunlight
NO1O2
Technical Algal tanks Biodigesters Gas tank Water storage
Clean water
-
700 m2
- 1 075 m2
Visitor entrance Reception Cloakroom Exhibition space Lavatories Waste collection point
Second growth stage
02
- 1 275 m2
Exhibition space Caféteria Lavatories
Initial growth stage
A building that could incorporate the reinterpretation of these 'wastes' into usable quantities to activate the urban environment would be a powerful tool. Programmed to contain SLU’s Future Urban Sustainable Environments (FUSE) research cluster, this research and exhibition centre could then provide community education in permaculture and the biological recovery of nutrients as it works to improve the quality of the urban environment.
- 1 275 m2
Educational corridor Seminar rooms Communal kitchen Lavatories Offices Laboratories Specialist equipment room Storage
Nitrites N02-
HO2
VOC
Third floor
Second floor
NO
OH
- 1 200 m2
RESIDENTIAL
The Nanna block provides a site straddling the boundary between city and suburb: it represents the urban context with access to the suburban population. The location provides many opportunities for nutrient recovery: exhaust fumes and high concentrations of NO2 on Vasaplan, in Nanna car park, and on Östra Kyrkogatan; food waste from restaurants and eateries in the city block; household waste from the surrounding residences; and sewage and waste water from all surrounding buildings.
Programme
EDUCATION
Nitrogen cycle
Algae
-
700 m2
EXHIBITION
Why Nanna?
EXHIBITION
Atmospheric N2
EDUCATION
CONTEXT
ÖSTRA K. Vehicles 9 300 Personal 98 % Public 2 %
SIV Food 13.5 kg Water 8.25 kL Effluent 86.25 kg
HILD
ALEN
Food 18.3 kg Water 43.1 kL Effluent 116.6 kg
Food 18.0 kg Water 35.6 kL Effluent 124.2 kg
PARKING Vehicles 525 Personal 100 % Public 0 %
NANNA Food 12.6 kg Water 23.1 kL Effluent 120.8kg
TOTAL Nitrogen 644.1 g Food 140 kg Water 255 kL Effluent 996 kg
FREJA Food 18.3 kg Water 43.1 kL Effluent 116.7 kg
VASAPLAN Vehicles 1 300 Personal 40 % Public 60 %
Site plan 1:500
VALE
MIMER
Food 18.0 kg Water 33.0 kL Effluent 172.5 kg
Food 27.0 kg Water 33.0 kL Effluent 172.5 kg
OLAV Food 13.5 kg Water 35.1 kL Effluent 86.3 kg
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8
DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
Site section
Site and ground floor plan 1:200
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8
Section looking west
Third floor plan 1:200
Roof plan 1:200
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8
u-wert.net
Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr
SLU upper wall: Exterior wall, U=0,122 W/m²K
CONSTRUCTION
U = 0,122 W/m²K
Wenig Tauwasser
TA-Dämpfung: 303.0
(Wärmedämmung)
(Moisture proofing)
(Heat protection)
EnEV Bestand*: U<0,24 W/m²K0.5
0
(erstellt am 22.5.2014 16:25)
0 Condensate (kg) 1 104 g/m² (0.3%) Dries in 54 days
Timber truss with glazing
Temperature amplitude attenuation: 303.0 Phase shift: 23.8h
Raumluft: 20°C / 50%
Condensate: 0.10 kg/m²
Weight: 76 kg/m²
Außenluft: -10°C / 80%
sd-value: 14.2 m
Thickness: 53.55 cm
Temperaturverlauf / Tauwasserzone Temperature profile Temperatur Taupunkt Condensate
20
Biological material approach
Temperatur [°C]
15
1 2
3
4 5 6
10 5 0 -5 -10
From foundations to facade, the project incorporates biological materials at all levels. Timber piles were selected because they are a proven form of foundation that can be successfully removed and reused, removed and composted, or simply left in place with no adverse affect to their surroundings.
0
200
300
400
500
5500
500
[mm]
www.u-wert.net
Outside
Rechts: Maßstäbliche Zeichnung des Bauteils. Links: Verlauf von Temperatur und Taupunkt an der in der rechten Abbildung markierten Stelle. Der Taupunkt kennzeichnet die Temperatur, bei der Wasserdampf kondensieren und Tauwasser entstehen würde. Solange die Temperatur der Konstruktion an jeder Stelle über der Taupunkttemperatur liegt, entsteht kein Tauwasser. Falls sich die beiden Kurven berühren, fällt an den Berührungspunkten Tauwasser aus.
Layers (from inside to outside) Folgende Tabelle enthält die wichtigsten Daten aller Schichten der Konstruktion: #
1 2 3 4
Glulam was chosen for the primary structure and timber for the floors, secondary structure and facades to sequester carbon.
100
Inside
1 Wood wool panel (15 mm) 3 Baustrohballen (450 mm) 5 Air (50 mm) 2 Isocell CLIMA-SUPER Dampfbremse (0, 4 Isocell CLIMA-SUPER Dampfbremse (0, 6 Spruce (20 mm)
5 6
λ [W/mK]
Material Thermal contact resistance Wood wool panel (15mm) Isocell CLIMA-SUPER Dampfbremse Baustrohballen (550 cm) Spruce (50 cm) Isocell CLIMA-SUPER Dampfbremse Thermal contact resistance 5 cm Air (ventilated layer) 2 cm Spruce 53,55 cm Whole component 1,5 cm 0,025 cm 45 cm 45 cm 0,025 cm
R [m²K/W] 0,130 0,167 0,001 8,654 3,462 0,001 0,130
0,090 0,170 0,052 0,130 0,170
Temperatur [°C] min max 19,0 20,0 17,7 19,6 17,7 19,0 -9,6 19,0 -9,3 18,3 -9,6 -9,0 -10,0 -9,0 -10,0 -10,0 -10,0 -10,0
8,170
Weight Condensate [kg/m²] [Gew%] 8,6 0,2 41,2 16,9 0,2
0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0
0,0 9,0 76,0
u-wert.net
Seite 1/4 *Vergleich mit dem Höchstwert gemäß EnEV 2014 für erstmaligen Einbau, Ersatz oder Erneuerung von Außenwänden (Anlage 3, Tabelle 1, Zeile 1).. Alle Angaben ohne Gewähr Hier klicken, um das Bauteil auf www.u-wert.net zu bearbeiten.
SLU exhibition space wall: Exterior wall, U=0,103 W/m²K
Straw bale insulation was selected as a renewable resource that can be inserted into the walls each winter then removed and digested or put straight onto the gardens in the spring. Material choices at all scales were informed by a desire to achieve in the project as little reliance on uncyclable mineral products as was practically achievable.
U = 0,103 W/m²K
Kein Tauwasser
TA-Dämpfung: 769.2
(Wärmedämmung)
(Moisture proofing)
(Heat protection)
EnEV Bestand*: U<0,24 W/m²K0.5
0
0 Drying (Days) No condensate
100
Horizontal timber cladding on timber substructure
Temperature amplitude attenuation: 769.2 Phase shift: 26.7h
Raumluft: 20°C / 50%
Condensate: 0.00 kg/m²
Weight: 128 kg/m²
Außenluft: -10°C / 80%
sd-value: 30002.0 m
Thickness: 100.2 cm
Temperaturverlauf / Tauwasserzone Temperature profile Temperatur Taupunkt
20 15 Temperatur [°C]
Rammed earth cores prevent excavated soil needing to be taken off-site and provide high thermal mass to regulate temperatures.
(erstellt am 22.5.2014 16:44)
1
2
3
4
5
10 5 0 -5 -10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10001100 [mm] www.u-wert.net Outside
5500
500
Inside
1 Insulation glass, double glazed, Ug=1.13 Insulation glass, double glazed, Ug=1.15 Glass (4 mm) 2 Baustrohballen (450 mm) 4 air (500 mm) Rechts: Maßstäbliche Zeichnung des Bauteils. Links: Verlauf von Temperatur und Taupunkt an der in der rechten Abbildung markierten Stelle. Der Taupunkt kennzeichnet die Temperatur, bei der Wasserdampf kondensieren und Tauwasser entstehen würde. Solange die Temperatur der Konstruktion an jeder Stelle über der Taupunkttemperatur liegt, entsteht kein Tauwasser. Falls sich die beiden Kurven berühren, fällt an den Berührungspunkten Tauwasser aus.
Layers (from inside to outside) Folgende Tabelle enthält die wichtigsten Daten aller Schichten der Konstruktion: #
1 2 3 4 5
λ [W/mK]
Material
2,4 cm 45 cm 45 cm 2,4 cm 50 cm 0,4 cm 100,2 cm
Thermal contact resistance Insulation glass, double glazed, Ug=1,1 Baustrohballen (550 cm) Spruce (50 cm) Insulation glass, double glazed, Ug=1,1 air (unventilated layer) Glass Thermal contact resistance Whole component
0,033 0,052 0,130 0,033 2,778 0,760
R [m²K/W] 0,130 0,738 8,654 3,462 0,738 0,180 0,005 0,040 9,671
Temperatur [°C] min max 19,3 20,0 15,1 19,6 -7,2 17,5 -5,7 16,0 -9,4 -4,8 -9,9 -9,0 -9,9 -9,8 -10,0 -9,8
*Vergleich mit dem Höchstwert gemäß EnEV 2014 für erstmaligen Einbau, Ersatz oder Erneuerung von Außenwänden (Anlage 3, Tabelle 1, Zeile 1)..
Weight Condensate [kg/m²] [Gew%] 30,0 41,2 16,9 30,0 0,0 10,0
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
128,1
Seite 1/4
Hier klicken, um das Bauteil auf www.u-wert.net zu bearbeiten.
Operable timber shutters (open upwards as drawn)
Wood fibre insulation between timber joists
Straw bale insulation with moisture monitoring device
Glulam structure on massive timber ring beam
Brick with lime mortar on unfired clay cap
Log pile foundation
Structural axonometric 1:500
Constructional section 1:20
Jonathan Davies LSAP 8