Saving water in Cameroon - Major Project Dissertation

APRIL 2016

JON COOPER 1200819 BA INDUSTRIAL DESIGN MAJOR PROJECT

PORTABLE PRESSURE SHOWER KIT FIRST SUPERVISOR

FABRIZIO CESCHIN SECOND SUPERVISOR

BUSAYAWAN LAM

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COVER PHOTO: Water going into a jerry can at a charity: water project (Mullenweg,2012)

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This project was completed in collaboration with Engineering Without Borders & Reignite Action for Development.

EWB is a UK student led organization made up of over 3000 students and graduates, aiming to ‘facilitate human development through engineering’. RAD is a UK based charity who have a permanent presence in Bambui, Cameroon.

Their mission is ‘to inspire communities in less privileged areas to play their part in breaking the cycle of poverty where they are in, using a holistic approach to development.

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

HEAR

DELIVER

5. ABSTRACT

55. CONVERSATION STARTERS

116. INSTRUCTION RESEARCH

8. BRIEF

57. INDUSTRIAL REVIEW

117. INITIAL INSTRUCTIONS

9. AIMS

EVENING

119. TRIAL RUN

12. FRAMING THE DESIGN

59. ‘A DAY WITHOUT TAPS’

121. FINAL INSTRUCTION

CHALLENGE

62. ‘A WEEK IN THE LIFE OF’

BOOKLET

13. DELIVERABLES

63. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

123. PACKAGING INSPIRATION

67. EXPERT INTERVIEW

125. PACKAGING DESIGN

DEFINE

130. FINAL DELIVERABLE

19. CREATING A PROJECT PLAN

71. DEFINING THE AUDIENCE

132. PRODUCT COMPONENT

20. TIMEPLAN 1.0

73. PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS

SOURCING

75. DEFINING CONSIDERATIONS

134. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

FOR SUCCESS

135. REVISITING THE PDS

PROCESS ANALYSIS 17. HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN 18. DOUBLE DIAMOND

FINAL CONCEPT

78. DEVELOPMENT PLAN

137. DESIGN REVIEW

79. DESIGN SPECIFICATION

138.PROJECT FEEDBACK 140. TIMEPLAN REVIEW

EXISTING KNOWLEDGE

141. PERSONAL EVALUATION

23. CAMEROON 26. BAMBUI 27. PERSONAS

144. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

30. BAWA

CREATE

31. WATER REPORT

83. INSIGHT

33. WATER USAGE

84. INITIAL CONCEPT

35. 2024 PREDICTION &

85. MASHUP PROTOTYPE

CONCLUSION

87. SHOWERHEADS FOR TESTING 90. PROTOTYPE 1 91. PROTOTYPE 2 94. PROTOTYPE 3 95. PROTOTYPE TESTING

DESIGN METHODOLOGIES 39. POLAK’S ‘OUT OF POVERTY’ 42. BASE OF THE PYRAMID 44. CASE STUDIES 1 45. DESIGN FOR CHANGING BEHAVIOUR 48. CASE STUDIES 2 50. SUMMARY OF EXISTING PROJECTS 51. TIMEPLAN 2

97. PROTOTYPE RESULTS 99. CAD -JERRY CAN CAP 102. CAD - SHOWERHEAD 104. 3D PRINTING 105. PROTOTYPE 4 108. PROTOTYPE 5 109. PILOT RUN 111. TIMEPLAN 3

145. REFERENCES 147. APPENDIX

Figure 1: A range of HCD tool icons I used throughout this project, produced by IDEO. (IDEO Org, 2016)

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N.B. When beginning this project I decided to use elements of IDEO’s Human Centered Design toolkit. Throughout this booklet I use the official IDEO HCD icons and phrasing for each tool. In total I used 14 tools across this design project.

The full HCD toolkit is available at: http://www.designkit.org/

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Project Overview

PROJECT OVERVIEW

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Project Overview

ABSTRACT

I have realised over the course of studying design that I strongly believe in the theory of ‘Designing for the Other 90%’. I think that the majority of design effort is designing for only the 10% of people in this world who have the financial capability to buy consumer products.

Whereas more effort should be made to use the design skills to create products that will genuinely improve peoples lives.

I have been lucky enough to travel to many places in the world and seen third world poverty first hand. This had a massive effect on me, and I was passionate to make sure my major project helped these people in need.

This report details the research, design and development for the project entitled ‘Saving Water in Cameroon’. The objective of this project was to produce a household water saving device and/or an educational program for the community.

The Bambui area houses 19,869 people who are supplied water by their own Water Authority; BAWA provides 2399m3 of water per day.

Bambui has enough water for the community in the system, however through inefficient use, they regularly run out of water.

The project aims to design for behavioural change by educating the local community of better conservation methods and usage practices coupled with a clever device which in turn will assist in addressing the water shortage in Bambui.

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Human Centered Design ideologies and methods have been used to dig deep into the situation and context.

Understanding the user is key to best provide a solution to this problem.

Project Overview

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Project Overview

Figure 2: A person using a stand pipe. (Charity Water, 2016)

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Project Overview

DESIGN BRIEF The BAWA brief can be described in one sentence as seen above, but breaking down the brief is key.

Large quantities of water are being wasted within households, therefore informing and involving them in water conservation programs is critical in restoring a suitable amount of water usage per person. While Bambui was chosen as a case study for the EWB Challenge the ideas generated should be transferable to the entire Tubah Sub Division of Cameroon.

Currently Bambui has a water system in place that they calculated to have the necessary water in the system to supply every person with sufficient water. Yet it is struggling at the moment and is not supplying the amount of water needed for the demand on a daily basis. This is due to a few main reasons.

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- Residents underestimating their water demands.

- Agriculture and livestock rearing using the water supply even though rules are in place to deny that.

- Water wastage - Leakages This brief focuses on helping to solve the ‘Water wastage’ category. There is enough water in the system, yet the locals are not acting like owners and taking responsibility for their over-use and wastages.

The brief not only has a physical product to design but also a graphic side project, in helping to educate and provide materials for the locals to understand water wastage.

Project Overview

AIMS There are two core aims of the project, the first is to gain understanding of designing for emerging markets by creating a bespoke design process, the second is to implement this in the creation of a working prototype.

Figure 3: The local terrain in Bambui.

(Lewiston, 2016)

Figure 4: Filling variable containers at a stand tap. (Lewiston, 2016)

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Project Overview

Because of this, there are two clear focus points to this project. Researching existing design methods then developing a new process based upon these findings.

This process will the be used to research the necessary aspects to support the design of the prototype.

Design for Emerging Markets Gaining a basic understanding of this field of design will come about through a vast amount of literature research as many

experts have written about this topic. Design professionals have started to focus more and more on this topic in recent years and this is also starting to reach mainstream news outlets. Following on from this research, contextual research will be taken in Cameroon on my behalf, to help me gain first hand understanding of the situation. Together these two methods should lead to a good knowledge base of the difference for designing for these people compared to the western market.

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Design a Household Water Saving Device A final prototype will be made that will provide the basis as a proposal to EWB of how they could implement such a project in Cameroon. The core objective is to understand the people of Bambui’s real needs, to then implement into the product.

Project Overview

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Project Overview

FRAMING THE DESIGN CHALLENGE Contextual Issue

Market

The global need for people to have a more efficient and sustainable water usage is becoming more important with the world’s number one resource getting ever more scare. In developing countries safe water is critical to survival and helps them carry out their daily tasks. Current water saving solutions only focus on the short term rather than the long term, meaning to date the communities aren’t getting a big enough impact that will help them out of poverty. Luckily in the case of Bambui, they have enough water available, but unfortunately through inefficient use they are regularly having shortages.

The initial target market for this project is a community based developing region in Cameroon.

Creating a water saving device will reduce the strain on the local water authority in providing enough water to the ever growing population of Bambui. The future market of this project could widen to other developing countries if this project proves successful.

Aims To develop a water saving device and/or an educational program to support water conservation in Bambui. The product should help provide long term solution to water efficiency within people’s households. The project needs to be aimed at being produced in context and by the people of Bambui. This will help develop their economy and provide the people with a sense of ownership and playing their part in the recovery from poverty. The future goal is to develop the people of Bambui’s knowledge and environmentally friendly habits in water conservation so the water authority is sustainable.

Process The Human Centered Design approach to this project will ensure the issues and needs surrounding the product’s context are accurately understood and addressed in a way which can be realistically implemented. As well as literature reviews, a series of interviews and case study research will be undertaken.

Figure 5: The local market.

(Lewiston, 2016) Figure 6: The main road into Bambui.

(Lewiston, 2016)

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Project Overview

DELIVERABLES Mandatory These aspects must be achieved.

- A design process and research methods to specifically understand the context of emerging markets.

- Logbook/s with a record of design process, ethnographic research, literature review and problem solving, as well as justification for key decisions.

- A research summary of the outcomes and opportunities gained from the research - An initial prototype to be used in testing and gain feedback from EWB/RAD - Suggested changes to be made for the final solution - A final working prototype - A CAD model of the final concept.

Optional These aspects can be completed if the need for them becomes apparent.

- A business commercial specification

- Final graphics for the educational program

Desirable These aspects should be done if possible.

- Testing final solutions in situ in Bambui

- Official engineering drawings for the production of the concept.

Enhanced These aspects will be considered for the future development of the project.

- An implementation plan for water saving devices in and out of home - Test batch of the water saving device in production.

- A water saving educational program

- A new framework of how to run the ‘water saving’ workshops.

- Initial test batch of the final product manufactured by the desired process.

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Project Overview

Figure 7: The view into the valley.

(Lewiston, 2016)

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Project Overview

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Process Analysis

PROCESS ANALYSIS

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Process Analysis

IDEO’S HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN PROCESS The IDEO Human Centered Design process is a mindset and a set of techniques used to create new solutions when designing for the world around us. The solutions can vary between being product or a service.

As you can tell by the name, humans are at the center. The process starts with the people we are designing for in mind. It starts with looking at what the people desire, what are their wants and needs? What people say they want is often not true, and want they really want and need is something you have to search for as a designer. This requires examining the user and their current situations and behaviours.

When you have understood what is desirable, you need to look further into the situation and make sure the solutions are feasibly possible and viable in the context. This is key for

this project, is to design with the Bambui community in mind; their skills, equipment and organization structure.

The HCD process has three main phases to it. Hear. Create.

Deliver. The whole process is about the converge and diverge from observations to abstract thinking and uncovering insights then back to concrete tangible solutions.

It goes through the steps of Observations, Stories, Themes, Opportunities, Solutions, Prototypes and Implementation Plan. The focus on the process is about constant feedback between the designer and the

Figure 8: HCD process (IDEO, 2014)

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end user. It is about working alongside the target audience to gauge what there needs are through observations and turning them into possible avenues for opportunity. This is what I want to take forward into my project and achieve these milestones for my research.

Process Analysis

Figure 9: Double Diamond process (Design Council, 2015)

DESIGN COUNCIL’S DOUBLE DIAMOND DESIGN PROCESS The Double Diamond process was produced by the Design Council, and is a preferred model to use throughout universities in the UK. Similar to the IDEO HCD process, it is about the relationship between diverging and converging through different stages of the project. It allows freedom to explore and investigate around the subject area before honing in on a precise Brief.

After which you develop possible opportunities before delivering a solution with all the research behind it. It shows that the Brief needs to be at the center of the whole project, and creation of a clear specification is key.

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Overall is it an extremely effective process when used correctly. It however does allow for a lot of freedom, so ‘getting lost’ may occur, and something I need to be wary of as I take this approach.

Process Analysis

CREATING A PROJECT PLAN After reviewing the two previous processes, a bespoke design process was created.

It was designed to incorporate lessons learnt from the HCD and Double Diamond process as well as key research techniques to aim to do when designing for an emerging market. The process allows free thinking in a structured and directed manor.

There are key areas and tools taken from the IDEO HCD toolbox, allowing the design process to diverge and converge. The problem can be explored on a number of levels from the human point of view as well as the technical. The inclusion of possible in-context immersion and ‘co-design’ throughout the process gives opportunity to gain critical feedback at important stages of

the project. It is vitally important that during this process the end user is always in mind, to solve their actual problems through insights and observations and user testing in context.

From the previous research, four main design principles have been created for this project to specifically follow.

- Need – spend time in context with the users/customer and understand what their real needs are. Apply for funding and scholarships to financially make traveling to Bambui possible.

- Keep it local – use resources and technical skills that are out there, allowing the user to create the product themselves,

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therefore giving them a sense of ownership.

- Simplicity – while still being imaginative and resourceful, do the obvious. Make the final design intuitive.

- Affordability – make sure the final design is designed with the market in mind. It needs to have enough benefit for initial investment.

Process Analysis

PROPOSED PROCESS Existing Knowledge Taking all the knowledge provided

by RAD & EWB, deconstructing the information to create themes and increase background knowledge on the design area.

Define Honing in on a specified design brief and setting out all project expectations and plans.

Create The key design phase. Taking the specified brief and designing the product through a number of prototypes, iterations and feedback.

Design Methodologies Understanding how to design for this target audience by researching previous case studies and methodologies.

Hear This stage is to focus on the feasibility of the project by talking to users and experts and analyzing data and literature surrounding the theme.

Deliver Refining the manufacturing and final design package according to feedback.

Figure 10: Timeplan 1.0

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Process Analysis

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Existing Knowledge

EXISTING KNOWLEDGE

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Existing Knowledge

For the 2015/2016 EWB Challenge, Engineering Without Borders partnered with Reignite Action for Development based in Bambui, Cameroon.

Figure 11: View over Bambui.

(Matoso, 2014)

Bambui was chosen as it is undergoing rapid urbanisation following the construction of a new university three years ago. This rapid urbanisation is increasing the pressure on the existing water supply, sanitation, waste management and housing facilities available.

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Existing Knowledge

KEY FACTS

Area

20,000 80.5KM2 Figure 12: Age Demographic for Cameroon.

Population

(cia.gov, 2016)

Age structure

Life expectancy

GDP per capita

In 2014 EWB held a workshop with Reignite staff and community leaders in Bambui.

During this workshop nine broad design areas were discussed as well potential projects that would be of value to the Bambui community. While Bambui was chosen as a case study for the EWB Challenge the ideas generated should be transferable to the entire Tubah Sub Division.

57 years $3,200

Labour force agriculture

70%

Population below poverty line

48%

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Existing Knowledge

“The number of Bambui inhabitants with higher education has grown exponentially.�

Fernando Matoso

Figure 12: A local school.

(Charity Water, 2016)

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Existing Knowledge

Bambui is a village in the Tubah Sub Division, in the North West Region of Cameroon. It covers an area of about 80.5 square kilometres.

The population was 12,147 (1987 Census) but now it is estimated to be at about 20,000 taking into consideration the annual population growth rate of 2.5%. (Nationsencyclopedia, 2009)

About 60% of the people cannot read or write. Only up to 10% of the pupils leaving primary schools move up to secondary schools. There is an incredible number of people who drop out of education to help their families work for an income. The desire for quick money pushed children of twelve to fourteen to learn trades such as carpentry and brick laying. The chance for further education for a better income is extremely remote. Today Bambui is not only where some of the most prestigious schools in the country are but the children are considered the top percentage of Cameroon’s educated class.

(Matosa, 2012)

The terrain is mainly flat with a range of mountains in the North and East.

Springs derive from the highlands, form streams, and then rivers and join to create the water sources for the district. Bambui is undergoing rapid urbanisation following the construction of a new university three years ago.

It has an English speaking community. This rapid urbanisation is increasing the pressure on the existing water supply, sanitation, waste management and housing facilities available.

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Figure 13: Variable map from the world to Bambui

BAMBUI

Existing Knowledge Figure 14: The local Community.

(Matoso, 2014)

PERSONAS As I did not get to visit Bambui. It was important to understand the people who live there; their lives, thoughts and actions.

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NAME: MARIE AGE: 11 OCCUPATION: STUDENT Do Marie lives at home with her Mother and Father. They do not live a wealthy lifestyle, and have just enough money to send her to school. She has no siblings, which is rare in Bambui. Therefore she has the role of collecting water from the stand tap daily for the whole family to use. Time is an issue as she is at school most of the day, sometimes they run out of water early morning so she misses out on showering. But she showers by parts when she can. She got taught how to do this by her mum many years ago.

Think She knows how important personal hygiene is, as its taught at school.

Marie wishes they did not run out of water as often as they do. But she does know the correlation between using water efficiently and it lasting longer. However, she does waste water and does not appreciate water until it is gone.

Feel Marie really wants to own a ‘proper’ shower as she is jealous when she hears stories of them in the ‘minicities’. She works really hard at school so she can be successful and live in a house with all the proper amenities.

2.

NAME: JACOB AGE: 19

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OCCUPATION: STUDENT Do Jacob is just about to finish school.

He has ambitions of becoming an engineer. He is fascinated by all the piping systems around but realises they need work to make them more efficient.

Think Jacob enjoys making things for himself and others from scratch.

He believes everyone should have an urge to make things. And if they work, he implements them to families around him.

Feel He feels like he has a rare underlying passion at being an inventor. He is always making things, testing the laws of physics. Jacob feels that

Existing Knowledge Figure 15: Marie (Matoso, 2014)

Figure 16: Jacob (RAD, 2016)

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Figure 17: Sona (Matoso, 2014)

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people could save water by using the items they own in the community in a clever way.

practice is. They simply sometimes dont appreciate how much of a finite resource water is.

3.

NAME: SONA AGE: 41 OCCUPATION: TEACHER

Feel Sona feels if the local community had more options to making saving water easier, people just need to use those products rather than learning how they save water. They would need to be cheap also, so people wouldn’t need to weigh up if the investment would be worth it.

Do Sona is a teacher at the local secondary school, teaching Maths.

She also is a mother of two who aren’t old enough to go to school yet so they come with her.

Think As well as Maths, she tries to implement good habits for home, in terms of hygiene and washing.

But she sees in her own kids, like the ones she teaches, that its hard for them to remember what good

Figure 18: Demba (EWB, 2016)

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NAME: DEMBA AGE: 27 OCCUPATION: SITE WORKER Do Demba works for BAWA as a site worker. He collects material which is deemed valuable; things that can be

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recycled or reused.

Think He works outside all day and amongst the community. He sees a lot of people wasting water or even burst pipes. He does not know how much is being wasted but knows it is a big problem which should be solved.

Feel Demba believes that people are unaware of the bigger picture. That people need to appreciate that every resource people re-use or recycle can help the whole community. He tries his best to do this himself and has a number of techniques and methods which save water. He feels everyone should have his attitude towards saving resources and has faith that eventually everyone will.

Existing Knowledge

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Existing Knowledge

Figure 19: Kids at a local stand tap (Matoso, 2014)

THE OFFICIAL WATER AUTHORITY BAWA is a community based organization responsible for providing clean potable drinking water to the whole community.

On the 26th June, 1991 the Bambui district drank pipe borne water for the first time in its history. Prior to this day, Bambui citizens fetched water from polluted streams. The sources of these streams were surrounded by farmland and grazing pastures. Along the streams, debris from compounds contaminated the water and subsequently people suffered horrible diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever.

(Matosa, 2012, pg. 260) Today, BAWA is a model water authority that fully adopts the Integrated Water Resources Management principles in Bambui ensuring Transparency, Accountability, Participation, Justice and Peace. BAWA has three main aims; to have

constant availability of clean water, water shortages to be minimised, adequate quantity of water during wet and dry seasons.

BAWA also has created ‘three pillars of sustainability’ which are key to remember throughout this project.

Environmental - Water sources must be conserved and pollution minimised. Social Incorporate the community in the management and operation of the water system, try to create a change in mind-set towards water management.

Economic - Water system must be able to run without external support, only with revenue generated for BAWA. (Findlay, 2014, pg. 12)

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Existing Knowledge

WATER REPORT 2014 The water balance report was conducted for the Bambui community in 2014 by EWB-UK/Reignite Action for Development.

A water balance is frequently conducted to assess the difference in inputs to a water system and the outputs.

Therefore looking at the water demand in the village compared to the amount of water from the sources.

The 2014 water balance report was conducted like each year to see whether the water supplied was adequate for the communities needs, but also had an emphasis to understand the reasons for regular water shortages across Bambui. This was a detailed investigation comparing the supply and demand of water as much a localized level as possible.

It is worth remembering this data is only valid during rainy season as the data was collected between July and November 2014. Therefore it is worth noting that during dry season the situation could be worse as the sources have less rainfall supplying them. The water balance first reported that of the 2399m^3 /day of water being an input into the system, of that only 28% was being recorded as an output.

This massive amount of unaccounted for water was due to two things.

more critical. BAWA noticed that even if the population was out by +3000 people, the usage of water per day estimate only changed by up to 4%. Therefore uncertainties over the population size alone cannot explain the unaccounted for water.

Furthermore, BAWA calculated the population at 20,000 and increased the average water usage from 30l/p/d to 70l/p/d. A figure which is totally unrealistic in the Bambui community as most houses in Bambui do not even have in house water connections. However there was still 42% unaccounted for water.

The explanation to this massive loss in water is in four main categories.

1. Residents underestimating their water demand 2. Agriculture and livestock rearing.

3. Water Wastage 4. Leakages The combination of tasks within this project; creating a household water saving device and an educational program can aim to improve all four categories.

The population size and water demand per person are both sensitive data. Therefore BAWA researched further into which one of these data points would affect the final outcome the most, showing which was

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Existing Knowledge

Figure 20: Using a stand tap (Charity Water, 2016)

Martin Findlay, EWB

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Existing Knowledge

WATER USAGE After strict evaluation of the water balance report, BAWA decided to revise the report.

They did this by calculating the maximum water demand per day in any year by multiplying the average water demand per day by 1.3 (The World Bank, 2012). The total capacity of all existing and future water sources should be capable of supplying at least the projected maximum water day demand.

A table was produced showing the average water demand, maximum water demand

and assumptions which were made; all split by the categories the water was used in. From this table an infographic was produced to show the inputs of water into the system and the varying outputs.

The percentages were shown to visually represent the problem. Up to 34% of the water in the system is lost.

Either through water wastage, leakages and unaccounted for water. This is a staggering figure, and where this project fits in to try and reduce this,

Figure 21: Infographic of water usage outputs.

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making the BAWA water supply and demand more sustainable.

It is important to note some figures such as the water wastage were calculated from on average half the taps are dripping, 5% of which are constantly dripping and 5 taps are left open every day. Making up 326m^3.

Of note there are a few main talking points you can take from this infographic.

Existing Knowledge

- In this analysis, the amount of water unaccounted for has reduced to just 10% - The amount of billed water has increased to 55% and the amount of unbilled water remains at 1% but nor includes agriculture.

- Water wastage is a key issue at 14% - Leakages have been estimated to be 20%, a figure which could be greatly reduced if the measures highlighted in the code of practice are strictly followed, such as reporting a

leakage straight away to the board.

- The maximum water demanded and that supplied are a match since water wastage and leakages have been quantified - It should be noted that this amount of input is in the rainy season when there is the maximum amount of water in the system and people use rainwater for certain activities, easing the pressure off the BAWA water board.

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Existing Knowledge

2024 PREDICTION & CONCLUSION The projected water demand in 2024 is 3304 m3 /day. This is assuming the following; that the population still grows 2.5% per annum, 90% of individuals who use a public stand taps (i.e. 50l/p/d) will improve to house connections (i.e. 70l/p/d), the demand for Mini-Cities will double (Increased demand and number), and the network will be older, thus more leakages.

Overall, even by following the recommendations in the code of practice set out for the community, the demand for water will still be more than the supply predicted in 2024.

Therefore as well as improving the system and adding new water lines, educating the people to use water more efficiently is vital to keep demand below supply.

It has been predicted that the water use per day through using public stand taps will increase by 30%. This increase would have a massive impact on the communities water as it is at the stand taps that they see the largest amount of water wasted. Therefore this project will look into helping the people in this specific category.

Figure 22: A local stand tap (Lewiston, 2016)

Martin Findlay, EWB

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Existing Knowledge

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Existing Knowledge

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Design methodologies

DESIGN METHODOLOGIES

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Design methodologies

PAUL POLAK’S ‘OUT OF POVERTY’ Polak explains how a product which has been bought by the end user will have more sense of ownership and will hence be looked after better and give the market value. The following list of Polak’s 12 Steps to practical problem solving for emerging markets. ‘Out of Poverty’, (Paul Polak, 2009) explains why charitable donations to the BoP are only short-term solutions and stresses the importance of designing products which can be sold unsubsidised to these people.

-

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Therefore the products designed are reduced further and further until they become so cheap, that someone with only $2 a day can afford it. The final product needs to be easily repairable in situ, meaning it will last longer and therefore be cost effective to invest in originally.

Go to where the action is.

Talk to the people who have the problem and listen to what they say.

Learn everything you can about the problems specific context.

Think big and act big.

Think like a child.

See and do the obvious.

If somebody has already invented it, you don’t need to do so again.

Make sure your approach has positive measurable impacts that can be brought to scale. Make sure it can reach at least a million people an make their lives measurably better.

Design to specific cost and price targets.

Follow practical three-year plans.

Continue to learn from you customers.

Stay positive: don’t be distracted by what other people think.

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Design methodologies

Figure 23: The local market entrance in Bambui (Lewiston, 2016)

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Design methodologies

Figure 24: A typical journey carrying purchases from the market.

(Lewiston, 2016)

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Design methodologies

DESIGN FOR THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID Whilst many professional designers focus on designing consumer products and new technologies for the people with the highest disposable income, there are people in the world who cannot afford to fulfil their most basic needs on a daily basis and are in desperate need of attention.

Designers can help to solve their problems.

According to Delft University of Technology approximately two thirds of the worlds population earn less then $2.00 a day, which results in them searching for food and shelter as a means of survival (Kandachar et al, 2011). It is therefore difficult for them to save any percentage of their income to invest in a product without compromising on essentials such as food.

According to Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, the demand for enough water, positions itself under physiological needs.

These relate to the need for food, water, shelter, sexual

reproduction and clothing.

They are the most fundamental needs that intertwine with several instincts to drive motivated behavior in humans.

The Global Economic Pyramid Model (Figure 25) illustrates that the consumers in the upper tier of the pyramid who most designers are targeting, only make up 10% of the global population. By designing purely for this tier, 90% of the global market is immediately excluded.

Although the population at the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) are each earning the equivalent of less than $1,500 a year, they make up a colossal market of 4 billion. Succeeding to sell low cost products to a large market has the potential to earn more than selling high cost products to a small market.

When designing for the base of the pyramid affordability and expandability are two of the key considerations to bear in mind when designing for emerging markets (Polak, 2013).

Figure 25: The world economic pyramid (UN, 2011)

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Figure 28: Water purificaiton by Soalr Energy. (Delft, 2012)

Figure 29: Mukombe (Eichholz, 2014) Figure 27: Water filter (Delft, 2012) Figure 26: Household Treatment of Turbid water (Delft, 2012)

Figure 30: GRIS (Behnce, 2015)

Figure 31: Balde a Balde (safe Agua, 2013)

Design methodologies

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Design methodologies

CASE STUDIES (1) This set of case studies were looking at projects that had aimed at designing for the ‘Base of The Pyramid’.

Household Treatment of Turbid Water MarjoleinVan Houten

Water Filter For Tanzania - TU Delft AIM: Redesigning the current ‘Tulip Filter’ being handed out in Tanzania. Current solution needs to target larger audience.

AIM: ‘No-Mud’ is a simple solution to treat turbid water into safe drinking water. It takes 30 minutes for the mud to settle and to yield clear water.

HIGHLIGHTS: ABC filter is designed modularly, people can buy the product ins stages. Designed with focus on cost and usability. The filtering component cannot be easily dissembled or manipulated, ensuring the filtering performance will not be compromised.

HIGHLIGHTS: Not only does it save lives but it also brings long term economical benefits to the community. Higher productivity and better standards of living. No-Mud’ can make up to 7000litres of clear filter per filter, enough water for a family for a year.

The ‘Mukombe’ Water Purification by Solar Energy - Nicolas Voorzee (TU Delft)

AIM: It is a vegetable grown within Zimbabwe. It has a hard shell and has been used to carry water for years. The innovation is using it for a device to help make washing hands more hygienic.

AIM: to produce water purification system in places where obtaining drinking water is cumbersome and sometimes impossible.

HIGHLIGHTS: Product made from naturally sourced material. Costs are therefore cheap and it is sustainable to use. The design works simply with gravity. Organic form and clever inspiration from nature.

HIGHLIGHTS: The results confirm the proposed system is capapble of delivering water to the standards of WHO + WEDC. The product was successfully built in situ by the local community.

Project maintains simplicity in production, material and design.

‘BALDE A BALDE’ - Kimberly Chow

GRIS - Water Saving for The Real World Behance concept.

AIM: ‘Bucket to Bucket’ is a portable faucet that provides running water from any container, bringing the health benefits and experience of using a tap to families living without running water, simply by using gravity.

AIM: Using the theory of ‘grey water’ to collect water at the bottom of a shower. Harvesting the water into four containers that can separate apart and be held individually.

HIGHLIGHTS: Can attach to any container.

Provides a ‘running water’ effect on stationary water. Users can control the exact amount of water they need with a simple click of the on/off spout or a twist of the valve to regulate flow.

HIGHLIGHTS: ‘Grey Water’ theory gives a second use phase to water. The idea of reusing shower water, where most water is lost through inefficient use. Flexible output allows the containers to be used for a number of different tasks.

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DESIGN FOR CHANGING BEHAVIOUR Sustainable design takes into account environmental, economic and social impacts throughout a products life cycle. Design for Sustainable Behaviour (DfSB) aims to reduce products environmental and social impact by moderating how users interact with them.

To date, NGO and Government campaigns have been relatively ineffective in creating the long term behaviour change needed to reduce the impact of a product in its use period.

It is critical for users to make the link between their actions and the environmental impact.

Designers are therefore in the position to change the way users interact with a product and bridge the gap between the user’s intended behaviours and their actions. (Lilley, D. 2011) For a product to make worthwhile gains in changing behaviour, encouraging consumers to break from old habits is critical. Therefore a new habit needs to replace the old one. In order to implement a new habit it needs to be repeated and reinforced.

There are three stages for this to take place; declarative stag, Knowledge complication stage, Final Procedure stage.

Furthermore for a habit to develop, the steps for implementation include; easy to follow, repeatable and regularly reinforced.

(Lilley, D. 2011) There are seven DfSB strategies in place, however two are more feasible for

this project. Firstly ‘Ecofeedback’, which aims to inform users clearly about what they are doing and to facilitate consumers to make environmentally and socially responsible decisions through offering real-time feedback. This could be through aural, visual or tactile signs as reminders to inform users of their resource usage. The second is ‘Clever Design’, as stated it is a product that automatically acts environmentally without raising awareness of changing the user’s behaviour primarily through innovative product design. (Lilley, D. 2011) Design With Intent Cards Figure 32: ‘Design with Intent’ cards are a set of over 100 different techniques aimed at provoking thought or changing user behaviour subliminally. They influence user behaviour through clever design. Three categories link to this project more specifically than the others; Ludic Lens, Cognitive Lens and Security Lens. Some of the points are interesting to consider when designing the final product. Can the system be split up into achievable levels which help the user feel they are making progress? Can the users be encouraged to take up or continue a behaviour by rewarding it through the design of a system? Can it be made easier for a new behaviour to become habitual, by building it into an existing routine? Can using ambient sensory effects make it harder for users to behave in a certain way?

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DESIGN WITH INTENT The set of cards were available to see and temporarily use at Brunel.

A final set of tools where chosen after laying them all out on a large table, before sorting them in order of feasibility.

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Figure 33: Children using the ‘Tippy tap’ installed in Bambui. (Matoso, 2016)

The photo on the right shows the local school teaching the children how to operate the Tippy Tap set up at their school. It shows the use of large colourful photos being spoken and acted out during a lesson. This is important to consider when implementing into the final design, as understanding words could be a difficulty, therefore photos are key.

Figure 34: Children in a lesson about water hygiene. (Matoso, 2016)

The ‘Tippy Tap’ has already been implemented in Bambui. The concept is a hands free way to wash your hands that is especially appropriate for rural areas where there is no running water. It is operated by a foot lever and thus reduces the chance for bacteria transmission as the user touches only the soap.

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Figure 35: Eco-Drop Shower (Gladu, 2012)

Figure 36: Water Pebble (Buist, 2014)

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Figure 37: The ECO shower drop (Product Creation, 2008)

Figure 38: Spiky (Mitchell, 2015)

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CASE STUDIES (2) The next set of case studies to look at, were of products that aimed to change people’s behaviour.

To gain a deeper understanding of DfSB strategies.

Eco-Drop Shower - Tommasso Colia

Water Pebble - Paul Priestman

AIM: The product uses a smart material that over time then becomes bumpy, trying to make the user feel uncomfortable.

AIM: The waterpebble aims to make people aware of how much water they are using while showering. It is a water activated shower timer that changes light, to visually show the user the amount of water used in their shower.

HIGHLIGHTS: Uses a very simple stimulus to make the user aware of time spent in the shower.

Engages more than once sense. Makes the user think about time efficiency in the shower.

HIGHLIGHTS: Very simple design that can be attached near to a sink. Waterpebble senses the water flowing around it, so there is no need to switch it on and off. A series of soft flashing lights indicate how much time you are spending compared to the benchmark. When it flashes red your time is up, encouraging you to save water, energy and money. Waterpebble helps to change peoples water consumption habits gradually.

The Eco-Shower Drop - Water Wise AIM: The product is a wall mounted electronic product that times your showers and displays your water usage.

HIGHLIGHTS: The device shows water consumption compared to shower time. The product also gives audible feedback engaging both sound and sight. Providing an element of gamification, making the user improve against themselves.

Spiky - Elizabeth Buecher AIM: Spiky s an interactive shower curtain that inflates large spikes after 4 minutes in the shower.

It aims to make the user feel uncomfortable and thus leave the shower.

HIGHLIGHTS: This product is very engaging and interacts with the user extremely well visually.

Thought provoking and will cause the user to think about water consumption and time efficiency. Product should be interactive and playful at the right level.

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Figure 39: Varying containers used to store water. (Lewiston, 2016)

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SUMMARY OF EXISTING PROJECTS Learning from previously completed projects would provide a strong basis of learnings to take forward into this design project.

After reviewing numerous case studies about ‘Designing for the Base of the Pyramid’ and ‘Design for changing behaviour’ various conclusions were made.

As well as all the ‘highlights’ concluded when looking at existing projects, learnings can also be taking from looking at the weaknesses in projects.

Some of these include: - Having to calibrate a product first with the users before using it, could deter users from completing the preparation, and therefore not use it at all - A small product could be forgotten and lost. Hard to make a big impact?

- Designing a product to make people ‘think’ can be over ruled by actions. A product like this could be ignored by the user who carries on in the shower anyway.

- An unobtrusive product can easily be forgotten and non impactful.

- A product that only Contains only small amount of water might not be that impactful.

- A product not made from local materials or technique could be less understood and also very hard to repair when damaged.

Producing a product in the ‘Eco-Feedback’ category could potentially be difficult with the materials and techniques available in Cameroon.

Furthermore the product could be hard to implement and encourage the user to change behaviour as personal preference and habits can still prevail. Whereas a product in the ‘Clever Design’ category could be more engaging and also has a greater chance to change behaviour if the user can see potential long term benefit.

Therefore the next stage, the ‘Hear’ section allows insights to be gained from talking to experts,observing habits and understanding the context.

It is also critical the final design solution is simplified as much as possible, taking away all additional components and leaving only what is necessary.

This will mean that costs are reduced, the product is more easily understood, and more chance of it being able to be repaired.

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UPDATED TIMEPLAN 2.0 November 1st The first major time plan check resulted in the time plan being updated. By this stage, all of the existing knowledge and design methodologies had been completed. Both tasks had taken longer than expected. Firstly, the existing knowledge section relied on obtaining information from the collaboration charities RAD and EWB. The information and research they provided was invaluable. However, correspondence was rather slow and more time was spent waiting for some responses than originally anticipated.

first anticipated. The short term goals now included preparing for the Industrial Review Evening on the 11th/12th November and finishing the Interim Development Report for the end of the month.

The ‘Hear’ section had to be shifted to start later than

The output of the ‘Hear’ exercises would shape the

The aim was to still have started the Hear section, and have a defined project solution in time for review at the end of term in the Christmas Viva presentation. However, I was aware that the ‘Hear’ section was probably the most important, therefore not to be rushed.

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project completely, and provide a stable base to start prototyping.

One of the exercises that was planned was the Cultural Probe.

It was going to be a set of disposable cameras with a list of photos for the users to take.

It enables the users to conduct research in a very personal manor and understand what their pain points are through their eyes. However, after talking to Dan Craddock of EWB, it was suggested to save time and money and not send out a cultural probe.

Design methodologies

Figure 40: Timplan 2.0

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CONVERSATION STARTERS Conversation Starters put a bunch of ideas in front of experts to spark their reactions.

To prepare for the Industrial Review Evening, I two different concept directions were produced to have as ‘conversation starters’ with the audience.

Conversation Starters are about getting a reaction and sparking dialogue. The idea was to suggest a bunch of ideas around the central theme of ‘Saving water in Cameroon’ and see how people react. The ideas I generated for the Conversation Starters were potentially both sacrificial, so if they didn’t receive

encouragement from the experts, drop them and move on.

The theory behind the project’s two directions was discussed, before gaining feedback. At this stage I did not have a definite design solution, therefore it was very useful to discuss possible ways to direct the project.

Furthermore, two other boards were presented (shown right) that demonstrated the research undertaken to date about the existing problem.

Clever Design

Eco-feedback

Firstly, the theory of gamification and persuasive design, similar to Eco-Feedback, to raise awareness of water consumption. This direction was chosen to present as BAWA have noticed that the people are underestimating how much water they use. That understanding and visually seeing water usage can help massively with connecting the link between consumption and environmental impact. The two theories of ‘Gamification’ and ‘Persuasive’ Design developed from researching Design with Intent and Design for Behaviour Change.

Both are about encouraging the user to change their habits subconsciously if the product interacts well with them.

Or, secondly to use the theory of ‘Grey Water’; collection and reusing the shower water after use. This falls into the ‘Clever Design’ category from ‘Design for Sustainable Behaviour’. This is one of many ways the project could go down the ‘Clever Design’ product route. It was inspired after conducting case study research and speaking with the second tutor for this project, Busayawan Lam. There are many projects in the UAE and California that are trying to implement this theory when designing houses, to be more sustainable. Naturally if the water Bambui has available, could be used for more than one activity then it would save water that was going to be used.

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A further board was produced to visually showing ‘The Problem’ (below). It portrayed the water flow diagram and also the amount of water used on average per person for each different type of connection. This showed the people in Mini-Cities using the most water, so at first it was believed this was where the problem was. However when speaking to various experts, they suggested the real problem was actually the people without a connection, as their water was more scarce so being efficient with is must be their top priority.

Figure 42: Board showing ‘The Problem’

Figure 41: Concept board for IRE

The main concept board (left) showed the overall brief and a summary of the two concept directions.

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INDUSTRIAL REVIEW EVENING

Figure 43: The project display at the IRE (Hatton, 2016)

An Industrial review event was held in order to get informed feedback from design professionals in various fields. The IRE board produced was presented along with some supporting boards showing infographics demonstrating the situation and problem.

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“THEY MIGHT WANT TO SAVE MORE WATER. BUT WITH THE INFRASTRUCTURE THEY HAVE, THEY DO NOT HAVE MUCH CHOICE” Rob Bye, Availo Design

“EMPOWER THE PEOPLE, MAKE THEM MAKE PRODUCTS” Dan Craddock, EWB

“EDUCATION OF WATER CONSERVATION MIGHT BE MORE POWERFUL, BUT WE STUDY PRODUCT DESIGN” Jo Barnard, Morrama Design

“HOW ABOUT A PRODUCT IN-BETWEEN THE STAGES OF COLLECTING AND USING WATER” Oscar Daws, Fusion Design

The majority of people suggested to “understand the process of how they shower and create a storyboard” and to “see where a clever product could interact along their journey”. Other people questioned “at their worst, do they use more water per day than we do?”

The most valuable conversation was with Rob Bye, a previous student who completed a project designing a bike for Africa. He suggested to focus on either the education or a product. Claiming it is hard

enough to do one really well than try and do both.

Furthermore Rob said that understanding how they value water is critical, that “they might want to save more water but with the infrastructure they have, they do not have much choice”, or they believe “the world’s water resource is not their concern”. Another point of feedback for the ‘Grey Water’ concept direction was that “the water is in a bad state already with gravel and mud, maybe it is too ambitious to try and get two uses out of it?

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CONTEXT IMMERSION ‘A DAY WITHOUT TAPS’ There’s no better way to understand the people that I am designing for than immersing myself in their way of life.

I believe at the root of all good design is empathy. One of the goals to begin the ‘Hear’ research process was to open my mind and develop empathy by seeking to understand people whose lives differ in many ways from our own.

One of the things I believe the western world take for granted is convenient, unlimited water from plumbing and faucets. Yet the majority of communities in Bambui can only have water if they collect it in buckets from the public stand taps.

This is why I wanted to conduct an exercise in empathy tool; ‘A Day Without Taps’. I lived for a day using only a five gallon (19 litre) container of water, in order to experience the challenges that the families living in the slums face on a regular basis.

I committed myself to use all of the water for the daily activities (bathe, brush my teeth, cook, wash, drink, flush toilet, etc). According to the United Nations, this is the average amount of water that a family in Africa consume each day.

Examples of same of the solutions I did to save water include; reusing water I used to boil pasta, letting it cool to then use to flush the toilet. Or showering with a sponge to

soak in water and body wash solution, instead of showering by parts. Both of these are examples of techniques that I learnt through experimentation.

I imagine the same happens in Bambui.

People’s techniques for saving water are extremely personal, they only do what works for them. This is key insight to keep in mind, that all peoples views of how to save water are different.

I ran this experiment for a few days in total, keeping a detailed visual journey of my ‘Day Without Taps’, documenting with photos, sketches, reflections and questions. I noted how many litres of water I used for each activity.

I found that I would subliminally be changing my behaviour to cope with the challenge: skipping showers, postponing laundry, and coming up with different solutions to carry and store water. This research technique was extremely valuable, but I realized as much as I struggled, this was nothing compared to what the people in Bambui had to live with - not only for one day, but every day.

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Key Findings: - Having to work out how to carry water to each tasks from the main water ‘hub’.

- Knowledge of water usage is very limited and hard to keep track of.

- Hard decisions on what tasks are ‘critical’ are made.

- Not doing certain tasks, instead deciding to save water for later tasks.

- Re-using water for later task becomes acceptable.

Figure 44: This photo shows that I restricted the use of taps and the flush handle on the toilet. Visually to block me from intuitively using each system.

Figure 45: This is an example of how I recorded each day I did this experiment in. I also took photos and quotes to document different stages of the task.

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Figure 47: Using the container to ‘wash by parts’.

Figure 46: Using a jug to ‘scoop’ up water.

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CONTEXT IMMERSION - ‘A WEEK IN THE LIFE OF’ To gain more empathy for the people of Bambui, I decided to experiment and learn individual techniques to save water by trying out ‘bucket showering’ and ‘showering by parts’.

Similar to the previous experiment, I decided to develop my empathy towards the people of Bambui and the way they live their lives.

I decided to conduct a further experiment, but this time to focus on showering as I found this was the area where most water was used and subsequently wasted. I wanted to try and ‘bucket shower’ or ‘showering by parts’, two techniques widely used in the developing countries around the world. I restricted myself again to the amount of water available. I decided to try and

use only 10 litres of water. In England this figure would be used within 2 minutes in a standard shower. However I wanted to try and be efficient and use this to comfortably wash by whole body.

I recorded this task by filling out a simple questionnaire I put together for myself. It asked a number of questions with a scale type answer. Firstly, how long did the shower last?

How satisfied was I that I had washed completely? How efficient did I think I was when washing? And finally, any tips I noted for next time.

Key Findings: - Being able to see how much you were using was helpful.

- Even though you are measuring how many cups you use, each cup can be completely different in how efficient you used it.

- A lot water seems to be wasted as it runs off the body quickly.

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GENERAL OBSERVATIONS I was lucky to get glimpse into the community I was designing for by seeing how they life their daily lives.

Figure 48: Public stand tap (Lewiston, 2016)

There were three other students doing briefs provided by Engineering Without Borders for their Major Projects. Out of which, two were lucky enough to visit Bambui and gather contextual research for us all; Rory Lewiston & Matt McClumpha. The photos they took were invaluable to understand the way people in Bambui live their lives.

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Figure 49:

A local transporting jerry cans filled with water back to their home. This shows the varying types of jerry cans that are available in Bambui, in all colours, shapes and sizes.

(Lewiston, 2016)

Figure 50:

Water is stored in large containers around the household. They are commonly kept outdoors as people do not want to spill water in their home, and instead let it go out into the ground.

(Lewiston, 2016)

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Figure 51:

As seen in this photo a bucket filled with water is kept outside. You can also see with the water marks on the ground and up the side of the walls, that showering probably happens outside here, with the water running down the side of the concrete step.

(Lewiston, 2016)

Figure 52:

Water is kept in many different containers in Bambui.

The variants are dependant on whatever is available and strength of the person collecting the water, and how much water they are willing to carry back to their house.

(Lewiston, 2016)

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Figure 52.

This is a families ‘showering area’. It shows a bucket filled with water used for showering by parts. With the growth of vegetation in this area, is shows that a lot of water has run-off into the ground and helped plants grow.

(Lewiston, 2016)

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EXPERT INTERVIEW Speaking to an David Measures from Carla International provided me with incredible insights on the varying topics.

Firstly I looked into Designing for base of the pyramid.

to speak to someone who has. Hopefully one of your friends will be going also doing the EWB challenge.

This is what my whole course is about, you need to carefully unpack all of this! When people talk about the base of the pyramid, they tend to be patronising. A lot of these people are wealthier in happiness and wellbeing than households in more developed countries!

Number four ‘Think big and act Big’. false.

Sometimes the big actions fail because they were too large.

Sometimes small is beautiful. You need to concentrate on implementing what I call a ‘massive small’ change.

I looked into ‘Designing for the 90%’, what are your thoughts on this?

Number six ‘See and do the obvious’ again this could be patronising. Sometimes the obvious to you is stupid to them. Look at William Kamkwamba and his video of making a windmill. If it is obvious why haven’t they done it? Sometimes it is the subtleties that are the answer. Read Furguson’s ‘Anti politics Machine’, this book would help you incredibly into what ‘development’ actually is in countries such as this.

My favourite quote from Polak,

“Affordability isn’t everything, its the only thing!”, it epitomizes your project.

In order for it to be a success you need to make it affordable to everyone in the community. They shouldn’t have to weigh up if the investment is worth it or not. It needs to make sense straight away.

Number seven ‘If somebody has already invented it, you don’t need to do so again’. This is not true.

Innovation is the key. If someone has invented it, innovate to make it better. Think of Cara’s crutches! (Cara O’Sullivan, former Brunel Student, Crutches for Africa.)

I did look into this, I suggested that it was hard for them to save any percentage of their income to invest into products without compromising essentials like food.

That’s not quite true. You need to remember there is no banking system out there. Therefore holding onto money becomes dangerous and risky.

I then looked at design for behaviour change and more specifically to implementing design with intent cards. I was interested in implementing strategies to change the users behaviour and perception to saving water.

I then looked at Paul Polak’s book ‘Out of Poverty’, and was interested in his list of 12 practical problem solving steps. Are there any in particular that should stand out?

This is all very difficult to employ. Maybe a step too far for this project. You need to ace the basics before trying to implement deeper design thinking such as this. As it stands I would reject this straight away. ‘Social Engineering’ is taboo - I know, I’ve got in trouble about it!

‘Go to where the action is’, is key. If you can’t go there as I know you are waiting to hear back to whether you are getting funding, then you need

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At my Industrial review Evening I presented these three boards. Here I showed the varying water usage between categories of water connection.

Firstly I thought the problem was the people in the mini-cities using the most water, but now I think helping the people with no water connection is critical as they need to use water efficiently the most.

teach the people of Bambui. However there could also be some weaknesses to your solution. Water keeps flowing, you need to work out to stop/start the water.

Overall it is more effort to use than the traditional bucket and cup, therefore how do you make this more successful than that?

Yes and no. Average water consumption includes washing machines, dishwasher and bathing.

We did a study in the office I work and out of 12 people, we came out with an average of 66litres/ day opposed to the 150litres/day you state as the UK average. So in fact the people in the MiniCities are using connected showers inefficiently and probably taking them fro granted. However your decision to help the people with no water connection, is your own. Everyone needs help!

Again it has a higher cost than a bucket, so there needs to be advantages of using this solution that are worth it. Your product threats are that the product could be abandoned due to cost or effort. Whether this is a threat or opportunity I don’t know, but your product could be used in farming and irrigation instead!

Here is a more specific illustration of my concept.

I want to include a custom made cap for a water and bike pump connection that could fit onto a 25 litre jerry can. Could this be successful?

To gain more empathy for the situation out in Bambui, I conducted a few empathy tests. Both for me to experience how they use the limited amount of water they have.

Definitely yes. Overall I really like it. However an easier solution could be a gravity shower, but I know your course probably needs a more rigorous design challenge. Therefore your pressure shower is probably a better choice. The shower-head needs to be easily made! Extremely simple. The only problem would be that bike shops are usually the only people who have bike pumps. So you might need to implement this cost to your project as well.

A very useful exercise! I have been in the field in nine different countries over the past seven years, and I thoroughly believe this task to be crucial, you don’t understand people until you live their life! The bucket and cup is the process most Africans use even when they have access to a shower sometimes. They fill a bucket and use a cup to pour the ware over their body.

While this can be perceived as wasteful by visitors, the bucket and cup allows them to monitor the amount of water opposed to a shower that is constantly running.

Thank you for your answers so far, do you have any final comments?

I like your approach, there are a few Eurocentric presumptions that might prevent the success of your project. I like that you have made reference to Polak. I am a great advocate of his work, however, I use the picture of the lady with the life straw on the cover of the “design for the other 90%” as an illustration to where people get a little caught up in their ‘centrism’. Look back at lecture three of my Global Dimensions course.

Rarely when water is not in abundance do people just pour water over their heads. In many cases, families share a bucket of heated water. So maybe for you, a key point would be to make sure a whole family could use your product at once.

My main insight came from looking at portable pressure showers. I wanted to implement the idea of pressurising water to then siphon it out efficiently. I don’t know what you think of this method?

Thank you for your time, your insights have been invaluable!

My pleasure, good luck with your project!

I like the idea as it is simple. I could be very effective if done well and easy to implement and

(Interview conducted and recorded after a Global Dimensions Lecture on the 17th February.)

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DEFINE

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DEFINING THE AUDIENCE An activity to consider the broad spectrum of people who will be affected by my design solution.

From what I have discovered so far it appears there are two main stakeholders in addition to Engineering Without Borders and RAD-UK. There are the families and the local associations in Bambui such as BAWA. Both of which have slightly different desires for what the final design concept should be. The method used to analyse the stakeholders is the process conducted by TU Delft.

It first states four questions focussed on who they are and then four questions on what they could bring to the project.

Engineering Without Borders Who are they?

EWB is a UK student led organization made up of over 3000 students and graduates, aiming to ‘facilitate human development through engineering’

How do they see the problem?

They believe countries have the resources and passion to get behind innovation that would help them, they just need that initial spark or idea to kickstart progress.

How can they contribute to the project?

They provided all the initial existing knowledge data and access to photography of context. They are a constant point of contact throughout the project.

Are they needed for implementation?

They could be the core people needed to implement this project across a number of countries.

What are their resources?

They have many people working both in the UK who have experienced living and working on projects in many different developing countries.

Can they inhibit the project?

As they are incredibly busy with may ongoing projects, and I am just one of hundreds of students working on their briefs, it can be expected to wait a long time for a response.

Therefore contacting them in short, concise bursts would be most effective.

What are their major concerns?

Helping to develop countries in need while reducing the outgoing costs of what they do.

They want as much help from students as possible.

Are they affected by the issues at stake?

Not directly as they are not out in Cameroon. They are a charity therefore they are emotionally involved with many projects.

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Reignite Action for Development Who are they?

RAD is a UK based charity who have a permanent presence in Bambui, Cameroon. Their mission is ‘to inspire communities in less privileged areas to play their part in breaking the cycle of poverty where they are in, using a holistic approach to development.

What are their resources?

They have an incredible knowledge of the situation in Bambui, as they have been working there for many years, implementing various projects to develop the communities.

What are their major concerns?

The don’t want any project to be expensive to implement, or difficult to portray.

How do they see the problem?

They believe people do have the willpower to save water, they just don’t have the facilities available to do so.

How can they contribute to the project?

They can provide inside knowledge throughout the project and also help in providing training to the local people in Bambui. They could also help distribute any final

Define

design solution throughout the region in Cameroon.

Are they needed for implementation?

They are the main source to help implement any final product I come up with. They are the key asset between me and Bambui.

Can they inhibit the project?

If they do no have faith in my final design they will not back it.

Therefore feedback from them is key throughout the design phase and delivery phase.

Are they affected by the issues at stake?

As some of the people who work for RAD are living in situ in Bambui, some of them are directly involved with the problems of saving water.

Families of Bambui Who are they?

These are the people who will use my product hopefully everyday. Understanding their specific needs and desires is key to this project.

What are their resources?

They have very little to no actual resources. They do not buy new products often, so often trade items or hand them down the family.

How can they contribute to the project?

They can provide personal information on how they go about their daily tasks each day.

Are they needed for implementation?

They are not needed for implementation as such.

However their cooperation in implementing the final product will be critical as they are the recipients of this project.

Can they inhibit the project?

If they do not want to have the addition of a new product, this could cause some problems.

A main insight to consider is that the people of Bambui have traditions and ways of doing things that have been taught through generations, so adopting new behaviours takes time and needs to be simple to understand and do.

Are they affected by the issues at stake?

These are the people directly affected by the problem. They regularly in dry season have water shortages at the local stand taps. Therefore they can go for up to a week with no access to new water. Therefore they have to be extremely efficient with the water they have previously collected.

BAWA

What are their major concerns?

They are unaware of what could potentially help them save water. But they do know that they could be more efficient in using the water supplied.

How do they see the problem?

In the large part, they do not see any problem with their water usage. Therefore educating them on water conservation is key.

Who are they?

BAWA is a community based organization responsible for providing clean potable drinking water to the whole of community.

What are their resources?

BAWA have a number large number of official and nonofficial employees working for them in Bambui.

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What are their major concerns?

To have constant availability of clean water. Water shortages to be minimised. To make sure there is adequate quantity of water during wet and dry seasons. Water sources must be conserved and pollution minimised. Incorporate the community in the management and operation of the water system, try to create a change in mind-set towards water management. Water system must be able to run without external support, only with revenue generated.

How do they see the problem?

How can they contribute to the project?

I have no contact directly at BAWA therefore getting any information from them will be difficult. They have provided the water report they conducted in 2014 through EWB. Are they needed for implementation?

Potentially. It is in their best interest that people use water efficiently so there is less of a strain on the water system.

Therefore distrubtion or support from BAWA could be beneficial.

Can they inhibit the project?

Not neccisarily. As they are just the water authority in Bambui, they can be as involved or not involved as is seen fit.

Are they affected by the issues at stake?

They are directly affected by the issues of people not using water efficient. They are trying there hardest to provide enough water for the Bambui, which the claim they have at the moment. Therefore people need to act more efficiently with it. Any product that could help this will indirectly reduce the stress and strain on BAWA.

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Children stop going to school

Less time for farm work

Less money for school fees

Increased cost of water collection

Diseases and illness

Poor hygiene

Water not used to wash food

Won’t shower properly/enough

Use of ‘dirty’ sources

Not enough water for other daily tasks

EFFECTS CAUSES

Lack of water conservation knowledge and care for saving water.

Information not taught in school

Curriculum focuses on other subjects

Shortage of ‘safe’ water through inefficient use

Communal taps out of use

Only available process is to bucket shower.

Increased demand for Farm use

Not enough Communal taps

Lack of other materials/products to use

Water intensive farming methods

Communal taps not repaired/reported quick enough

‘New’ products are not in circulation.

Populaton pressure

Bambui is in a very remote area of Cameroon

Haven’t had connected water for that long. Its still a relatively new resource.

OBJECTIVES Make a water task more efficient, making there be less constraint on the water board.

Decrease pressure on communal taps, making every container collected ‘last longer’.

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Provide new/difffernt techniquesfor collecting/ using water.

Create a multifunctional product that can be used in a number of tasks.

Figure 53: A problem tree analysis diagram produced for Global Dimensions Lecturer David Measures

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PROBLEM TREE ANALYSIS The problem tree is an analytical tool central to project planning. It helps to see the bigger picture of the design brief.

Mapping out the anatomy of a problem through cause and effect is an effective way to analyse the situation and identify areas of possible intervention.

Having identified the problems and their causes, the next task was to develop possible objectives for the project using the process of conversion.

These can be thought of as positive statements about what the situation would look like if the problems were overcome. Turning the problems into objectives helps to decide what issues a project can/will address, while considering opportunities, constraints and possible strategies.

The process of analysis helps to establish what further information is needed to develop a proposed solution, while developing a shared understanding and point of action of a project.

The design brief of ‘Designing a Household water saving device’ outlined some of the causes and effects. Large quantities of water are wasted within households, informing and educating the local community of better preservation methods and providing clever devices will assist in addressing the issues of water shortage in Bambui. This was the starting point. The task was to convert this into problem tree. This can be seen right.

An objectives tree is a visual representation of the objectives that need to be achieved in order to resolve the problem. Conducting a problem tree/objective tree analysis provided a means to review the existing understanding of the causes to a specific problem and how it could be overcome. Understanding the context helped reveal the complexity of life and this is essential in planning to successfully have an impact on the lives of people in Bambui.

To identify the effects of the main problem, simply keep asking ‘So what?’ until you can go no further. Each effect was written on a separate post-it note and placed in an order. The causes were then Identified by asking ‘But why?’ until you could go no further.

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DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUCCESS Mapping out what is needed to consider in order for this project to be successful is a key milestone and something to work towards.

Sustainability of Design

Environment

Materials

In order for the project to continue into the future, the product needs to be able to easily manufactured for local materials. There also needs to be the potential to use a variety of materials available. Finally the shower needs to be simple and easy to repair and replace parts.

The project will save the community water and also provide them with a chance to reuse certain materials, reducing landfill and rubbish.

As the nature of the project is made from readily available materials and instructions of how to manufacture their own pressure shower with the addition of one or two custom made parts provided, the project can be easily made and tested in context.

Impacts to the community The shower will be a more efficient way of showering compared to ‘bucket showering’ and ‘showering by parts’ that they currently do. Therefore it will save the community water and potentially make the community more environmentally sensitive.

Cost & Economic benefits As well as the custom made crew cap for the connections the end user will need to buy certain items such as a jerry can water container (yet to be researched whether 10litres or 20litres), a bike pump, PVC tubing. Details for these are currently being sourced.

The main threat with this is the availability to where and how many bike pumps there are.

The cost of which might need to be considered in the final solution.

Community Engagement The community can be involved in initial feedback for the concept idea. Then also later in product testing and finally in the information design section when creating the instructions to go in the box handout.

Technical Design The design is appropriate as it helps the people who have the least amount of water be more efficient with it.

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Implementation Need to research into local manufacture techniques to see if the custom made part could be made out in context.

But is is important that any manufacturing is simple and quick to produce.

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Figure 54: Off the beaten track (Lewiston, 2016)

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Figure 55: A rough development plan in the logbook

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DEVELOPMENT PLAN After analysing existing knowledge, researching design methodologies and conducting a number of ‘Hear’ tools to understand the context and audience better, producing a development plan will allow me to understand key milestones for the design part of my project.

Design Specification

Testing

Creating a clear and concise design specification will outline what is required in the project. This overall will be used to evaluate the final design solution.

I will need to test the various components and configurations possible in my design solution and decide what performance I need with all the variables considered.

Ideation

Final Prototype

Ideation will be achieved through sketches, which will demonstrate the overall form and concept.

This will then move onto digital sketch the concepts with the most potential to then review with an expert, for which to take forward. I quickly need to gain inspiration and an insight to help drive my project forward.

A final prototype made as close to the product that will be presented as the final design solution.

Performance is key, as well as durability. A week long test with the final prototype over a sustained period of time is critical to check performance is maintained.

Component Sourcing

Initial Model After a final solution has been decided, the product needs to be designed for manufacture.

To check that the desired manufacturing process is technically feasible in the defined system.

A quick model to demonstrate the decided concept to take forward. This can be used to showcase the overall project and gain feedback from the stakeholders in my project.

Final deliverable Prototype(s) The final output of the project should showcase what the final design solution would look like with the backing and proof that it would work.

Planning and manufacturing a set of prototypes which will help me test each component needed for the final prototype. If possible manufacture them in the same manor they would be made in Cameroon.

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PRODUCT DESIGN SPECIFICATION This Product Design Specification was laid out in the initial stages of the design phase of the project.

The PDS will be revised at key milestones later in the project.

1.0 Primary Target Market 1.1The product at first must be designed for the people of the Bambui Community.

1.2 The primary target market is prepared to expand from developing regions of the world into a second market of developed regions of the world where infrastructure for accessing the product is already established.

1.3 Individuals with limited water supply who cannot afford to buy their own water saving devices.

5.2 The product could be used outside so it must be weather resistant.

5.3 The product must not be affected by humidity levels.

5.4 The components and product as a whole should withstand temperatures of 22°C to 29°C to cope with the average climates in the primary target market’s regions of the world.

6.0 Materials 6.1 All components not have sharp edges that could cause damage to clothing or discomfort to the user.

6.2 Materials used and their structural properties should not be affected by UV. 6.3 The materials (or coatings/finishes) shall not cause discolouring of skin or clothing when used.

6.4 The materials should be locally sourced 6.5 The materials used must be suitable for use in the intended environment.

2.0 Primary end user demographic 2.1 People who are cognitively able.

2.2 People in the situation of financial hardship.

2.3 People with an optimistic attitude about saving water.

2.4 The product should be suitable for use by people over 4 years of age and be genderneutral.

3.0 Performance 3.1 The product components should be interchangeable and easy to assemble by the end user.

3.2 The product components should be intuitively changeable.

3.3 The assembled product must be light enough to be carried by the user without difficulty.

3.4 The product must be able to survive in it’s intended environment 3.5 The assembled product needs to be sufficiently strong and tough i.e. it should not break if someone drops it or falls on it.

7.0 Visual Specification 7.1 The product’s appearance shall be genderneutral and should not exclude cultures or races.

7.2 The product’s visual language shall not be biased towards a particular age, culture or race and should consider the target demographic as a whole.

7.3 The product should not undermine the developing world.

7.4 The products form should follow function 8.0 Cost 8.1 The retail price of single product components should be affordable to people living on $2 a day or less. (Polak, 2008) 9.0 Manufacture and Distribution 9.1 The product will be manufactured by organisations and/or the end user. It must be suitable and intuitive to be made with the local knowledge and skillset in mind.

9.2 The product should be manufactured in its intended environment.

4.0 Ergonomics 4.1 The product should be intuitive to use.

4.2 Large tolerances for fitting components together will make handling and adjusting the product less demanding.

5.0 Environment 5.1 The product is intended for use in a range of environments and houses.

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9.3 The product should be ableto be manufactured by the locals.

9.4 A simple and intuitive manual that can be read and understood by many languages, must be supplied so the locals know how to manufacture the device.

10.0 Life 10.1 Product components shall last a minimum of 12 months with daily use or be re-usable after the first use.

10.2 The product components must withstand reassembly, adjustment and cleaning on a regular basis.

10.3 The product shall require minimal effort to maintain.

10.4 The product must not collect dirt and/or affect the quality of water negatively.

11.0 Quality standards and Testing 11.1 The overall quality of the product can be measured in terms of user satisfaction and quality of life. Resource constraints, and the issue of affordability, should not affect the principle of quality (World Health Organization, 2011).

11.2 User testing should take place in the ultimate contexts of use before the product is made available.

11.3 The product must not cause injury or death to users and should ensure risks are kept to a minimum.

12.0 Timescale 12.1 All deliverables will be completed by 19/4/2016.

12.2 Gantt charts will be used to ensure time is managed efficiently.

PDS CONFORMS TO BS 8888

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Figure 56: An example of a portable pressure shower on the market.

(Gall, 2014)

Figure 57: Ducha Halo (Safe Agua, 2014)

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PROJECT INSIGHT A critical point in the ideation phase, pinpointing the insight that would drive the design forward.

Figure 58: A DIY pressure shower. (Pinney, 2015)

The ‘eureka’ moment came when I was at home one weekend, and I saw my Dad in the garden.

He was using a pressure sprayer. Something that he believed, over time, would be more efficient at watering our plants at home than more traditional methods. Thats when I realised it was perfect. To pressurize a contained vessel of water , and then siphon out rapidly through a thin tube and nozzle to maintain efficiency.

I then set about researching into how pressure sprayers worked and the potential advantages and disadvantages would be of using such a system.

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CREATING AN INITIAL CONCEPT DIRECTION Moving from a handful of ideas and insights into a fully-fledged concept direction.

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The main goal being providing a product that would enable people to shower more efficiently with the materials and products they have available. This way the product is practicable and the majority can actually be produced by the locals people.

My concept direction was simple; a custom made bespoke injection moulded cap that could be placed onto a jerry can, which enabled the user to connect a water outlet and air inlet. I forecast that prototyping this would not only validate my idea of pressurising a vessel to siphon water out successfully. But also would cement the need for a custom made part, as all the different standards and measurement of the required connections are not cohesive.

The direction is incredibly simple but one that would involve plenty of testing to get right and perfect. A product can never be simple enough when trying to implement it into a developing country.

I LIKE YOUR CONCEPT, YOU’RE DEFINITELY ONTO SOMETHING HERE. IT’S SIMPLE, JUST LIKE IT NEEDS TO BE. David Measures, Carla International.

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Early on, I was able to discuss my concept direction with David Measures, Director of Social and Economic Development CARLA International. He set out a number of lectures and seminars which I was fortunate enough to attend throughout the year. He gave insights into how to successfully ‘Innovate for International Development’. He introduced me to be a range of planning skills, appraisal techniques and technical skills, including project management and stakeholder communication which turned out to be incredibly helpful with exercises to follow. He gave me invaluable feedback, which I was very fortunate to receive.

Figure 59: The cocncept direction sketch.

So far I had come up with a wide assortment of product ideas that had been explored since the start of the brief.

Furthermore, after all the collective research and product analysis was conducted I finally was able to pinpoint a concept direction which I believed would be successful. A concept direction is more polished than an idea. It is more sophisticated, and something necessary to test with users in a similar context.

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MASH-UP PROTOTYPE

After gaining the insight of using a portable pressure sprayer. I decided to buy one for myself to see how it worked.

This then progressed to me converting this pressure sprayer into a portable pressure shower.

The process of making this prototype started with undertaking a lot or research into showers. I knew I had to understand showers better, including all the varying components and standards they have. This was the first immersion I have ever had into the world of fittings and connections for water piping.

After many visits to local hardware stores and talking to experts in the field, I started to get the baseline understanding

I wanted, to the push into making a range of prototypes.

I decided that the first prototype I needed was to convert the pressure sprayer into a pressure washer. This is because it gave me a quick ready made solution that I simply had to re-adjust a few parts in order to get my PPP (proving principle prototype).

The pressure sprayer had an existing 6mm black PVC tubing for the water outlet. I decided to cut this as close to the container as possible. I then bought the correct ‘Hose Joiner Tube Connector’ that converted 6mm PVC tubing to 1/2 BSP. British Standard Piping is the standard measurement used in the showering industry

and it relates to half an inch.

These Hose Joiners would turn out to be a consistent part in my prototyping. This part then enabled me to connect a traditional British shower hose with a suitable shower head as well. Even though the pumping handle would not be used in my final product, the PPP demonstrated successfully how a pressurised vessel filled with water could disperse through a shower head for enough time to have a suitable shower. Therefore this prototype was a success and it enabled me to understand potential components involved before having to make a portable pressure shower from scratch.

Figure 61: Mash-up prototype close-up

Figure 60: Mash-up prototype

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Figure 62: Mash-up prototype close-up

Building a quick proving principle prototype allowed me to demonstrate the idea for feedback.

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Figure 63: 3D printed shower heads.

5mm

6mm

8mm

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12mm

SHOWER-HEADS FOR TESTING A range of 3D printed shower heads were produced to fit the varying diameters of PVC tubing chosen for testing; from 6mm diameter to 14mm, every 2mm interval.

It was decided to design and manufacture a range of shower heads to help through the testing stage of the prototypes.

This would enable the variable of dispersing the water to be controlled, providing an even base for testing. These parts would be impossible to manufacture by hand, therefore it was decided to produce them in CAD before 3D printing them with Brunel’s facilities. A range of shower heads with 1mm holes were produced to allow the water to disperse efficiently.

This measurement was chosen by looking at existing shower head designs. As this dimension was so small, the showerheads did require ‘cleaning-up’

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after coming out of the 3D print baths, to open up all the 1mm holes. Using this range of shower-heads, the desired flow rate would be able to be tested and checked against the technical understanding of the project using the prototypes produced. Then later in the project there would be a possibility of iterating the shower head design to be more efficient.

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RAPID PROTOTYPING

Rapid Prototyping is an incredibly effective way to make ideas tangible, to learn through making, and to quickly get key feedback from the people I was designing for.

A stage in my design process, where quick manufacturing and design iteration was key for success.

As prototypes are only meant to convey an idea, they do not have to be perfect. This stage in the design project made sure that I was only building enough to test the idea, and that I was constantly learning and evolving the prototypes through making a variety of iterations.

Figure 64:Prototype 1 close up.

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For the first prototype, I decided to mock up what it would look like to connect the two inlet/ outlets of water and air. To see if it was feasibly possible to have the two connections next to each other on a jerry can lid, allowing enough room to interact with both connections.

As the fixing did not need to be permanent, I chose to use Sugru for the connection.

Sugru enabled me to get a strong, water and air tight fixing around both the Presta Bike Valve and the 10mm Hose

in-line connector. It was easy to manipulate into place, and perfectly provided the correct effect I wanted.

I was then able to test this to prove my concept direction would work. Adding 10mm PVC clear tubing to either end of the In-line hose connector, one to siphon water out from the bottom of the plastic jerry can, and one to lead out to the ‘shower head’ end. In order for me to create the desired pressure in the contained vessel, I simply used a food peg to clip the hose back on itself to create the ‘shut-off’.

I was then able to pressurise the 10 litre jerry can with 8 litres of water in it, by hand, using a bike pump. The pressure was not measured at this stage as I was not testing the efficiency and water flow rate yet.

Therefore it was satisfactory to test the prototype by pressurising the container as much as I could by hand before removing the peg and siphoning the water out through the PVC tubing.

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Overall the prototype was worthwhile producing and I was able to pinpoint some key learnings for my next few prototypes: - Space might be an issue on the top of the jerry can cap when producing more secure fittings for the technical bike valves and hose connectors.

- 10mm tubing seemed to allow too much water through.

Visually I could see that the flow rate dropped after about a minute.

Figure 66: Prototype 1 close up.

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Figure 65: Prototype 1 close up.

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The first decision I made was to increase the amount of litres the container could hold. After mildly testing prototype one, conclusions were made that ten litres was simply not enough for this project, especially if I was designing a product for a whole family to use. I therefore increased it to 20litres as this is the maximum water container available for purchase in Bambui.

With the increase in size, came the increase in quality and durability of the jerry can. Knowing this would allow me to produce a working prototype, not just a proving principle prototype like the first one made.

As the stop valve was a key new addition to this prototype, it was decided to buy one that would definitely surpass the requirements necessary. Therefore the stop valve incorporated was a heavy duty in-line ball valve used for industrial piping.

The ends of the stop valve are 1/2 BSP fittings, therefore allowing a range of 1/2 BSP to various hose tail tubing diameters to be purchased and tested.

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This was the first time using silicone rubber to aid with creating the perfect seal around both the Stop valve and Presta valve. It is not a neat fixing but produces the performance and durability needed for the various prototypes being produced.

The jerry can was purchased from a local aquarium, so there was early doubts the jerry can would not be fit for purpose as a pressurised vessel. However, it was able to complete the tests undertaken for this prototype. Working out the correct pressure and the limit that the vessel can take, are aims for the later prototypes.

Overall a lot of lessons were learnt from making this prototype: - A smaller stop valve would need to be incorporated in the final design.

- The spacing between the stop valve and Presta valve would need to be maximised, as already there is an issue.

- Later on when dealing with higher pressures, potentially a new jerry can might need to be purchased which is better fitted for this purpose.

Figure 68: Prototype 2 close up.

The bike valve originally purchased was a Schrader valve, however these do not normally come in sizes larger than 32mm.

Therefore a Presta valve was used as they are available in more sizes, up to the 60mm which was the one purchased to include in this prototype. The added length of thread allowed sufficient nuts and washers to be included either side to make sure an air/water tight fitting was made.

Figure 67: Prototype 2 close up.

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The second prototype’s main aim was to create durable connections for both water and air into the same jerry can cap for the first time. It was also a key time to include a stop valve component to deal with the higher pressures.

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Figure 70: Prototype 3 close up.

Figure 69: Prototype 3 close up.

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A ex-MOD water jerry can was purchased to include in prototype three as it is more ‘heavy duty’ and designed for the vessel to be pressurised.

The aims of this edition were to produce a prototype which could be tested for performance. Which would then help dictate what parts were custom designed for the final product.

The exact same parts were purchased again from the previous prototype to incorporate on this specific jerry can cap.

This cap was infact smaller, so space on the top surface of the cap was at a premium. It was produced successfully without the need for an added Presta valve extension.

attempt. This was down to the marks in the side of the jerry can, the ‘X’ helps distribute stress on the outside surface and makes it a stronger surface area.

The one disadvantage of this prototype was that the water is not visible when in use. Therefore the user can only dictate how much water is being used by visually seeing the flow rate drop and by the weight of the vessel. Originally it was thought a sticker could be included in the final deliverable to help the use measure the water they put in and visually see how many litres they are using. However this highlighted the fact not all available jerry cans are the same, and more than likely are not transparent.

This prototype enable the testing to take a serious step forward, with this jerry can preforming well in the test conditions.

It was decided that this jerry can would be used for the final submission as it surpassed the performance required. As expected with it being an Ex-MOD issue jerry can, the structural qualities around the jerry can cap enabled a perfect fit to make it water tight and air tight. The lessons learnt here were invaluable.

The preliminary testing done on this prototype were checking that the container could take above 1 Bar of pressure, which the previous prototype could not. This jerry visually was better suited during testing as it maintained its shape a lot better than the previous

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Prototype three has progressed the project from simply testing theory and proving the principle of the project, to now being able to help test performance.

This stage would be key for the project as it would be proving that the desired performance could be achieved in manufacturing prototypes These results could then be compared against water flow rate theory.

A testing protocol was produced to follow when testing each of the different variables This ‘step by step’ process increased the accuracy and validity of results recorded.

The protocol started by filling the jerry can with 24 litres of water. This would leave enough space for air to pressurize the whole container, enough to create an efficient shower. This was done by using a one litre water bottle to measure the amount of water poured into the jerry can. In Bambui, they would be able to fill the jerry can with a public stand tap, which would take a lot less time then the method undertaken here.

The next step was to check the stop valve was turned to it’s ‘off’ position. This would allow the vessel to be pressurised before releasing the valve and letting the water siphon out.

The next stage was to pressurise the jerry can. This was done by using a foot pump as this allowed the pressure to be taken into consideration as the product contained a pressure gauge. This specific jerry can could take up to two Bar of pressure, taking roughly 3 minutes to do so with the foot pump.

The portable pressure shower was then ready to be activated by opening the stop valve, allowing the water to siphon out through the 3D printed shower head.

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Figure 72: Testing stage 2

Figure 71: Testing stage 1

The next step was to secure the custom made jerry can cap, ensuring the thread was fitting correctly. Furthermore, the nuts holding the Presta valve were then checked and tightened, making sure the washers were successfully providing an air and water tight connection.

Figure 73: Testing stage 3

The key innovation of this project is taking flow rate theory and proving it would work with prototypes, that can then be implemented in the context of Cameroon. Therefore the next stage was to test the prototype.

Figure 74: Testing stage 3

PROTOTYPE TESTING

Figure 75: Testing stage 4

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Figure 76: Prototyping testing

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PROTOTYPE TESTING RESULTS The protocol was followed to test the varying tube diameters to see the affect on flow rate and velocity. Which would then be compared to the relevant water flow rate theory to draw accurate conclusions when deciding what pipe diameter to take forward.

This part of the project is a key milestone. It shows that this project is taking relevant theory and physics and applying it in a different context and situation; this being the innovation.

water per ‘burst’. However, it was then important to consider velocity, as this needed to be maintained in order to still provide the user with the feelings that the water was pressured enough to wash themselves thoroughly. To do this, the next step was to work out the velocity of water.

Prototype three was tested using the testing protocol previously described. Changing only the value of the tube diameter, with every other variable remaining a constant. The prototype was tested with 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm and 12mm PVC tubing and the specific 3D printed shower-heads.

V=Q/A The above formula was used to calculate the varying velocities of the water from each pipe diameter tested. As shown right in Figure 78, the affect on velocity when changing pipe diameter is marginal, an unnoticeable change to the user.

The first thing to do was to see how each pipe diameter affected both time of shower and the amount of water used. Therefore the water was carefully measured to be at 24 litres of (24kg) at the start of the test. The jerry can was then pressurised and used until the flow rate dropped considerably to a near stop. This was done by eye, in order to make sure the time was stopped when the shower simply was not preforming well enough anymore. The weight of the jerry can was then measured at the end of the test to see how much water was displaced. This difference, allowed the water flow rate to be calculated. The results were correlated into an Excel spreadsheet shown in Appendix 2.

The Hazen-Williams equation was then referred to, with the graphs shown in Figure 79. These graphs show that an increase in pipe diameter at the highlighted pipe length of 1.5m (as used in the prototypes), makes a big difference to the flow-rate and marginal difference to the velocity.

Overall this stage validated the prototypes, proving the water flow rate theory correlated with what was produced. It help decided what diameter pipe to use; 5mm. This was decided as the flow rate was the critical variable, as the less water displacing, the more showers could be had from the one jerry can. As the changing velocity was so marginal, it was suggested the user would not even feel the varying power.

Flow rate = Amount of Water displaced Time The varying flow rates were then compared to the diameters of the PVC pipes used. This graph is shown right in Figure 77. As expected it had a positive correlation and showed that with the decrease in pipe diameter, the flow rate was reduced. Therefore it was decided that for this project, the lower the flow rate the better! As the shower would last longer and also use less

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Av. Flow Rate (l/min) per each Dia. tested.

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Figure 77: Flow rate graph.

Velocity (m/s)

Velocity (m/s) for each Dia. tested.

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

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Figure 78: Velocity Graph.

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN - BESPOKE JERRY CAN CAP The next stage in the project was to develop the two custom made parts in Solidworks. in most electric Showers, it is designed to relieve abnormal pressure. It exists in case the superheated water fails to escape the heating tank through the shower head, making the PRD blow. Thereby allowing the water to escape before it causes explosive damage to the heating tank. It was decided to include this exact same safety feature in this project.

Hosetail After testing the prototypes, it was decided the hose tail joint was to be 6mm diameter. This provided the desired result in terms of flow rate.

The main advantage of 3D printing this custom part was being able to incorporate parts such as the two hosetail connections (top and bottom) into the main body as one part., therefore reducing space and streamlining the jerry can cap.

It had become apparent that the pressure obtained by pumping the vessel up by hand/ foot, would not surpass the point at which the Jerry Can would fail. Furthermore the pressure measured throughout testing was three Bar. The Triton PRD would ‘blow’ at 5 Bar. Conclusion

The presta valves originally purchased, that have been used throughout, are 60mm in length. This was decided to allow as much ‘room for error’ with the threaded shaft providing a large amount of room to add washers and nuts either side of the cap, making sure the seal was air and water tight. Therefore this exact part was replicated in CAD as it was believed there was no need to change for a different bike valve as this part had become reliable.

Producing these parts also allowed digital design and manipulation of parts to be an extra stage of development. It allowed all the parts to be ‘assembled’ together with the additions of industry standard parts such as the Presta valve and Triton PRD, and virtually show the relationship and space between parts. It allowed photo realistic renders to be created and sent out to various people for feedback.

Safety After researching into safety devices in showers, it was recognised that a standard device used in industry is the Triton PRD valve(Pressure Relief Device). A PRD is a safety feature installed

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Figure 82: Cap Render

Figure 81: Cap Render

Presta Valve

Figure 80: Cap Render

The parts were modeled in Solidworks with the aim to then have a part able to be manufactured with 3D printing.

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Triton PRD valve.

6mm hosetail joint for PVC tubing.

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60mm Presta Valve.

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6mm hosetail to Showerhead (LEFT)

20mm ball valve with handle.

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6mm hosetail to Showerhead (RIGHT)

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COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN - SHOWER-HEAD BALL VALVE It was critical to get this part right in Solidworks as 3D printing this part would be the only way this could be manufactured. It had be proved that the stop valve could be at the shower-head end of the product rather than on the custom made jerry can cap.

Hosetail

Figure 83: Shower head Render.

To follow in line with the shower cap the decided diameter of 6mm. But critically the inside diameter was 4mm. This was important to take note of, as it would be the extruded cut through the ball valve.

Ball Valve

After printing out varying shower-heads for testing, it was decided that the holes for dispersing water would stay at 1mm diameter.

This being the smallest it could be to ensure the 3D print would work successfully. Similar to the last edition of the shower-heads, a convex ‘peak’ was modeled to help disperse the water out through the shower-head rather then streaming out in a linear way.

Conclusion This part went through numerous iterations until the ball valve worked, in accordance with 3D printing tolerances. It was a case of trial and error as the part wanted to be as close to ‘fusing’ as possible to have the most air tight fitting possible.

The working ball valve was designed to as small as possible yet still maintain performance. As it was acknowledged that the product had to minimised for cost reasons as well as being sent in the final package. Therefore the ball valve was modeled on a standard ball valve that had been used in prototyping. The ball was 20mm in diametre and the cavity for it had an additional 0.5mm tolerance for it to be a ‘working part’.

Shower-head

Figure 85: Shower head Render.

After originally trying to make the whole ‘Showerhead Ball Valve’ as one part when 3D printing, The shower-head had to be made in two parts.

This was because the parts ‘fused’ and simply did not function as required. This decision also allowed each part to be sanded and manipulated before gluing together, making sure that part would work.

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Figure 86: 3D printed parts.

Figure 87: 3D printed jerry can caps.

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3D PRINTING Once the parts had been designed in Solidworks, the parts could then be 3D printed for testing.

The next stage was to 3D print the parts. This was the next available development and the closest to injection moulding, which would be the proposed manufacturing process. The FDM machine was chosen to produce all my 3D prints for this module as it has the best output for parts needing performance and functionality. On the downside it does not produce the best surface finish compared to other machines available, but this attribute was not critical at this stage.

Bespoke Jerry Can Cap After choosing to print the parts on the FDM machine out of ABS plastic, the screw thread of the part worked fantastically and provided the required air tight fit. This enabled me to screw the cap on and off numerous times during testing without failure.

Shower-head Ball Valve This part needed many iterations until it worked.

As 3D printing is not 100% assured to be exactly right compared to the STL file provided, there was always a tendency for the support material to fuse the parts together. Therefore iterations were made with the tolerance changing between ‘moving parts’ from 0.3mm to 0.6mm until it worked with the desired performance.

Conclusions 3D printing is an incredible process and allowed these parts to be produced which simply could not have been possible with other manufacturing techniques. The outcomes were satisfactory and were fit for purpose through testing. However over-use of some parts caused failure at points of weakness throughout testing.

Figure 88: 3D printed shower head ball valves

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Prototype four’s main aim was to incorporate the bespoke 3D printed jerry can cap into the system.

Prototype four provided the first opportunity to include a 3D printed part (other than the simple shower-heads).

The jerry can cap was printed on the FDM 3D printer, which provides the best structural quality with the facilities available. Including a tolerance on the internal threads of 0.4mm allowed the screw thread to fit perfectly and provide the secure fit needed.

At this stage the shower-head ball valve part had not been successful as the ‘working part’ kept fusing.

Therefore that inclusion was to be saved for a further

prototype. This decision allowed the two main custom made parts to be tested incrementally, which made sense anyway. Therefore without the ball valve being included at the shower-head end, a standard component had to be purchased to be included in this prototype. This therefore allowed the testing of this prototype to test if the screw thread fit securely, the Presta valve had an air tight connection through the 3D print, and the hosetail joints fitted the PVC tubing sufficiently.

The testing of this prototype was done with a range of shower-heads to check for consistent performance.

However the main test was to check for durability in the 3D printed cap.

Therefore a test was undertaken to check that the prototype could preform at the same level once every day for one week, which it did successfully.

Overall this prototype was very successful. It proved that 3D printed parts could preform extremely well with the desired pressures.

Figure 89: Prototype 4 close up.

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Figure 90: Prototype 4 close up.

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Figure 91: Prototype 4 close up.

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Figure 92: Prototype 5 close up.

Figure 93: Prototype 5 close up.

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With the jerry can cap working, the next stage was to include the Showerhead Ball Valve for testing.

The solely 3D printed parts prototype.

Once the shower-head ball valve had successfully printed without the parts fusing together, it needed to be included for testing. This therefore had the potential to be the final prototype necessary before finalising the design proposal.

The initial testing and early feedback of the prototype were encouraging. The Shower-head Ball Valve was working successfully. It was dealing with the pressures necessary during testing and correctly ‘sealing-off’ the container to pressurise before letting the water siphon out through the shower head.

This prototype was tested rigorously and was used later for the ‘Pilot Run’. This

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continuous use and testing did take its toll on the 3D printed parts and some did break during the process. The main point of weakness seemed to be the hose tail joint on the Jerry Can Cap. This was because the PVC tubing was so securely connected, any twisting movement put a lot of strain on the 3D printed hose tail joint, as the tolerances were so fine the tubing did not move at all. Furthermore this was a positive and negative. Clearly the connection was perfect in terms of creating an air tight and water tight connection. However it did mean that once the PVC tubing was attached it simply did not move. As the nature in the way the hosetails are designed, the ‘hose’ cannot retreat back off the connection with ease.

As Prototype 5 was successful it was thus considered the final prototype necessary.

As it proved the working principle of the initial concept. The next stage after testing this in the ‘Pilot Run’ was to move this project into the delivery phase, looking at instructions, packaging and design for manufacture.

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PILOT RUN Figure 94: Step 1

The HCD tool ‘Pilot Run’ is a longer term test of the solution and a critical step before finalising the project.

The prototype testing so far was quick, however a ‘Pilot Run’ is a sustained engagement with the product.

It was decided to test my final prototype for a week, showering every day. This enabled my solution to be tested with market forces to see the performance of the entire system. Everyday the water was water was refilled from scratch and measured how much water was used per shower, to replicate families in Bambui using the container for other daily tasks.

Every day annotations and quotes were recorded to produce a detailed visual journey of the week.

Figure 95: Step 2

1. FILLING

2. ADDING THE CAP

3. SECURING CONNECTIONS

The first stage was to fill the jerry can with 18 litres of water. This was originally done through using a one litre water bottle to count how many litres had been filled.

However this progressed through testing to filling up the sink in the bathroom, leaving the tap running, and siphoning it into the jerry can. The water measurement was then done on a set of scales taking into consideration the weight of the jerry can and 18 litres of water.

The next stage was to screw on the cap onto the jerry can. This was done each and every time with considerable care to not break the internal screw thread on the 3D printed part. Even though the part was as strong as you could get in 3D printing terms, throughout the project some screw threads were broken from over use and/ or incorrect distribution of force on them when screwing them.

It was then critical to check each time the connections were secure. This was done by tightening the washers holding the Presta Valve in place, by hand. This proved to be sufficient, therefore showing no additional tool was needed to get the required tight connection.

Figure 96: Step 3 109

4. CLOSING THE STOP VALVE The next step was to make sure the Shower-head Ball Valve was in the off position. This was critical to line up to correctly ‘shutoff the container to then pressurise. The showerhead ball valve had a tendency to ‘slip’ when pressurising the jerry can.

So a technique of holding the ball valve closed in one hand while using the foot pump was developed.

Figure 99: Shower during testing.

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Figure 97: Step 4

5. PRESSURISING THE JERRY CAN Using the testing protocol described earlier, the jerry can was then pressurised with a foot pump. The pressuring roughly took 3 minutes. However naturally it did not seem possible to ‘over-pump’ the container, as it provided physical feedback that told you subconsciously at what point of pressurising you were at.

CONCLUSION

outcome every day of helping to save water when showering. Each day the performance was slightly different, but that will be down to the pressure of the containers slightly changing along with the amount of water changing. All the variables in the testing had a tolerance; a range in which it would be considered acceptable. Each variable that would be slightly off ‘perfect’ could slightly change the amount of time the shower could be used for. But overall the product worked and helped with showering for a sufficient amount of time every morning.

After testing the final prototype for a week, it was concluded that the prototype proved the enough durability of the design solution.

It produced the desired Figure 98: Step 5 110

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UPDATED TIMEPLAN 2.0 March 11th The second major time plan check was produced at the end of term 2, just before easter.

This resulted in the time plan being updated again. By this stage, all of the prototyping and testing had just been concluded. Both of which had taken longer than originally expected.

Firstly, this project is one that testing, learning and iterating was the only way to progress through the prototypes. Each prototype that was produced had to be planned and then organised in terms of purchasing items to include.

Using standard parts had its benefits in that the knowledge of the parts being fit for purpose

was reassuring. However, the main time delay was waiting for UK postage system. After planning a prototype, it could take up to a fortnight to have all the parts arriving.

Once the project had progressed into CAD and 3D printing, there was further waiting for production of parts.

With the 3D printing facilities at Brunel being strained in busy periods, it could take over a week after giving the STL file to receiving the 3D print. Luckily the custom made jerry can caps relatively worked straight away and needed little iterations.

However, the production of the Shower-head Ball Valve had a lot more problems. Even

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though the defined tolerances in 3D printed were taken into consideration, the ball valve kept ‘fusing’. After a few iterations of this, it was decided to produce the shower-head ball valve in three parts and then gluing together.

This delays meant that many more weeks were spent producing prototypes during the second term than originally planned. This had a negative effect on the time left for the ‘Deliver’ section of the project.

It was therefore critical to prioritize certain tasks such as creating the instructions and gaining expert feedback over the remaining period.

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Figure 100: Timeplan 3.0

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DELIVER

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Figure 101: Instructions from Lego to produce a Lego Star Wars Rebel Micro Ghost Ship. (Tran, 2014)

Figure 102: Instructions from IKEA to produce ‘Billy’ form their furniture range.

Tufte, 2016)

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INSTRUCTION RESEARCH One of the main aims of project is to empower the users and provide them with facilities to make products themselves. It was decided to compliment the final product with a set of instructions which would describe visually how to use the portable pressure shower kit.

The set of instructions would show the locals of Cameroon and any other countries in need of this product, how to construct the shower. With the project being so educationally focused it was only right that a guide, which would take the locals step by step process of manufacturing and using the shower, was created.

instructions were very good at making it clear which piece was which. This is really important to consider for the shower kit instructions, as some parts could be potentially confused.

The next instructions that were considered for evaluation were from IKEA. IKEA state there are two guiding principles behind every page: clarity and continuity.

To get an accurate representation of the process for the locals, the visuals for the instruction manual used the same process that was done during the ‘Pilot Run’ of the final prototype.

Therefore this process and steps had already been tested and proved to be successful.

Therefore the next step was down to have well it the steps could be described visually and be understood from people without words.

The first term is obvious enough, but Ikea takes it seriously enough that every instruction designer starts by putting the product together themselves.

Therefore this is exactly what was done for this project.

Continuity, meanwhile, is what separates Ikea’s instructions from brand such as Lego.

Who’s frame-by-frame illustrations are based on construction drawings, digital snapshots, 3-D models. Each successive picture is from a single, unchanging point-of-view (mimicking that of the customer), so that confusing rotations or perspective changes are minimized as he or she moves back and forth between the booklet and the parts.

As Bambui still have relatively are large percentage of population being illiterate, it was important to make this project inclusive for all people. Therefore, without being patronising, it was suggested instructions used for kids were the basis for the research in this section.

Very young children from the Western world can definitely be considered to be similar to a preliterate culture.

Learnings: - Minimise rotations - Keep scale consistent - Where possible use hands to show scale.

- Keep to one process per image - Using the user’s point of view is helpful and understandable quicker -Consider steps & hierarchy - Keep orientation as consistent as possible - Highlight ‘actions’

First, Lego instructions were obtained and studied, as these cater to some of the youngest children and form some of the introductions to diagrams that children will encounter for the rest of their lives. They used procedural images, never having more than two instructions per image.

Each was clearly from a similar perspective and had good consistency across the instructions.

The scale also remained the same. The

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INITIAL INSTRUCTIONS The next stage was to produce a set of instructions that professionally and clearly explains how to set up and use the portable pressure shower.

Although the instructions shown below have short descriptions summarising each step, it is understood that there are still 28.8% of people in Cameroon who are illiterate .Therefore it was crucial to make the visuals highly intuitive, with semiotics that are easy to understand.

The key learnings from the research were considered when designing these instructions. The product rotation was minimised, but instances when it was important to see underneath could not be prevented.

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TRIAL RUN Figure 103: Step 1

It was decided to test the instructions with a focus group.

Recording all the immediate feedback.

A focus group of other design students was used to test the instructions produced. This was done in two stages.

First, the test was done individually one-on-one with their every move being watched. They were encouraged to talk through the process of everything they were thinking at the time. These ‘sound bites’ were annotated and shown on each persons individual time line chart.

Next, the same process was undertaken with the whole group together. With every step of the process being discussed in detail for any thoughts or recommendations.

The aim of this was to gain any additional feedback about how to improve the instructions. It was believed asking fellow designers would be advantageous as the group had varying skill sets and opinions about layout and design. This was important to consider, as the instructions needed to suit the masses, not any personal opinion for how they should look. The main questions and points raised are shown right.

Questions raised 1. Screwing in the Presta Valve. “ Will this provide a secure enough connection” “Quite stiff, potentially hard to screw in” “Need to be wary of the tolerances” “Takes longer than expected” 2. Adding the washers and nut.

“Which order do they go in?”

“Does it matter?”

“Will this make it water tight?”

“Quite a fiddly task” 3. Adding 1.5m PVC tubing to top hosetail connection.

“Check the tolerances” “This won’t ever come back off!”

“What if this snaps?”

“Will the PVC tubing degrade over time through performance?”

4. Adding 0.5m PVC tubing to top hosetail connection.

“It’s a bit crowded underneath” “Not much room for adding the tubing” “Could you reduce the size of the rubber on the end of the Presta valve?”

5. Adding the Shower head Ball Valve “Is there anyway to hang it?”

“Will the ball valve loosen over time?”

“It is quite small, therefore making it feel like it will break. Even if it is extremely robust and durable technically, it is important to design it to ‘feel’ robust when the user picks it up” “Have open/close symbols on it?”

“Should it be able to rotate 360? Or could there be a barrier preventing this, so it can only turn 1/4 turn on/off?”

Figure 104: Step 2

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Figure 108: Instructions being looked at by the group.

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Figure 106: Step 4

Conclusion The focus group were asked to be brutally honest and pick up on as many little details as possible. They did this fantastically, providing a really trustworthy opinion. As well as posing quick fire questions about the scrutiny of the instructions, the also highlighted areas to improve on the imagery.

There was a lot of doubt in the quality of the product, which hopefully was only down to it being a 3D print. But it is important highlight, the end user needs to have complete faith that it will work, or they won’t even try it.

Furthermore good points were raised for the future development of the parts, such as including marks to show open/closed, and creating a shut off barrier, so the ball valve cannot simply keep rotating.

Overall this exercise proved extremely useful. It provided good insights that had not been originally considered such as icons and small notes to use on the sides of the sketches.

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FINAL INSTRUCTION BOOKLET A professionally printed fold out booklet was produced to be included in the toolkit. The wording on the instructions were written in English and French, the two main languages spoken in Cameroon (57.6% and 25.2 respectively). All of the wording used on the instruction manual has the potential to be changed to whatever language is most spoken within the country the packages could be

sent to. Therefore the visuals were designed to effectively communicate without the words. The instructions also have the potential to be printed large and be used to explain in workshops or in school, two standard procedures that happen in Bambui.

Jaspar from Kenya Camel Company. Both of which provided very useful feedback on the instructions. Stating that they were easy to follow and be understand by the people in the respective countries of which they work.

The final instructions were then sent to Teresa of Reignite Action for Development and

“THEY do exactly what they are intended to do; visually aid what is quite an intuitive process to follow.”

Teresa de Sousa, Reignite Action For Development

“I showed them to people who’s native langUage is neither French nor English, and they were understood well. Shame i could not have a product out here with them, however the instructions didn’t need it to support them anyway!”

Jaspar Simpkin, Kenya Camel Company.

Figure 109: Instruction Booklet in box.

Figure 110: Instructions Close Up. Figure 111: Instruction booklet being folded out.

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PACKAGING INSPIRATION It was decided that packaging design would help display the final design solution and help demonstrate it in context as a toolkit that would be delivered. Therefore inspiration was drawn from packaging design examples that still kept the look and feel of a parcel.

This deliverable was an added extra that was not originally planned in the deliverables earlier on in the project. However, it was believed that it would help elevate the design project and bring it to a visually finished conclusion.

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PACKAGING DESIGN The outer packaging design was kept minimalistic as it would need to be understood and cater for a potentially many different people from many countries. The relevant shipping standard symbols were also printed and implemented into the packaging design .

The package would aim to be distributed by Reignite Action for Development. With the help of an local with experience using the product. This knowledge could then be passed on when distributing the portable pressure shower kits out to the locals. This would help the local economy, as the locals would have the support to manufacture their own showers and the experience local would have a job, and local sellers of PVC tubing /Bike pumps would potentially have sales generated.

Figure 112: Opening the final box.

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Figure 114: Front of packaging.

Figure 115: Left of packaging.

Figure 116: Right of packaging.

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FINAL CONCEPT

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FINAL DELIVERABLE Outlining the overall impact the final product will have to the varying stakeholders.

Final Proposal

Figure 117: The final box.

The image displayed left shows the final deliverables submitted; the packaging design with the ‘looks-like’ model, and the final working prototype.

How it will impact the user The aim of the project has always been to provide materials to empower the people of Bambui. Letting the people themselves make products, which in turn will drive the families out of poverty. It also aimed to positively affect the users life, and the research and proposal produced in this project shows just how much of a change it could potentially bring. The product will help families save water, monitor water, and use their water more efficiently. It will also enable a whole family to use the same container to shower.

Figure 118: The final model on the jerry can.

How it will impact the local economy Throughout the whole project I have been concerned that creating a new product to circulate in Cameroon would negatively affect local manufacturers . However the toolkit encourages people to see the benefits of purchasing their own bike pump and PVC tubing to use to create the portable pressure shower. Therefore the product will actually encourage people to buy components from local suppliers.

This in turn will drive money into circulation and boost the local economy, that relatively would not have happened if just sticking to bucket showering.

these parts are generally lower in quality in developing countries that in the UK for example. Therefore the components such as the Presta valve could easily be replaced. This would circulate more money as the components will need replacing. Therefore the local economy will constantly be stimulated with the introduction of these shower toolkits. There also should be no fear for consumers to continue to replace parts, as replacing cheap components is much more preferable that having to invest heavily in a one off purchase.

How it will impact BAWA The product provided will help families save water, therefore putting less strain on the current water system in place.

Furthermore, the water usage can be easily monitored in this system compared to some bucket showering techniques.

This will help families be more efficient with the water they collect from the local stand taps. Also, as the jerry can has the potential to be filled for a whole family to use in one session, it reduces the need to constantly refill the bucket from their main water storage. This reduces the opportunity for spills and leakages, which in turn will help reduce the strain on the water board.

Furthermore due to the longevity of the custom made cap and showerhead, these will probably outlive the other components. Especially as the component research has shown that

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Figure 119: The marketplace. (Lewiston, 2016)

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PRODUCT COMPONENT SOURCING To ensure the proposed final design solution would work out Bambui, research was undertaken to make sure that the remaining components to produce the portable pressure shower, would be available in Cameroon.

Available on the Engineering Without Borders website is a spreadsheet, detailing every material and part available to purchase in Bambui and their price.

The prices are accurate to January 2015 and are provided by Mr Forbang Anthony (BAWA). Using this list, the costs for this required components are listed below.

It is important to also consider the cost to manufacture the tool kit. Although some of the costs are unknown at the moment, such as the cap and shower head, research can be undertaken for the other parts. The following costings were based on orders over 1000, therefore gaining economies of scale.

Tubeless Presta Valve - £1.00 Metal Nut - £0.20 Plastic Washer - £0.10 Rubber Washer - £0.10 Triton PRD ball - £1.20 Total cost = £2.50*

Bike Pump - 2,500 2 metres of 6mm PVC tubing - 800 CFA* 20 litre jerry can - 2,500 CFA Total cost - 5800 CFA = £7.02

It is important to remember that this does not involve the cost of the two main parts, which hopefully could be manufactured for less then £2 each when making this large quantity.

*PVC tubing is purchased in reels of 6m Of course this is reliant on each user having to purchase a new bicycle pump and jerry can. This only consistent cost would therefore be the PVC tubing. As it is expected that each family has a 20 litre jerry can already. Bike pumps are owned by families, but an exact proportion of the community is unknown.

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Furthermore there are other costs such as printing the instructions, packing the boxes, creating the labels, send them out for delivery, all of which need to be remembered when referring to the products cost; its the whole system!

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FUTURE DEVELOPMENT It is important to consider what the future of this project is or could be, as the final proposal is far from being implemented.

Even though my time working on this project has come to a close, there are still certain activities that could be done for the continuation of this project As it stand, the proposal shows a working prototype to prove the theory of producing a portable pressure shower toolkit. Therefore there are steps which could move this from just a proposal to actually being distributed around Cameroon.

Design for Manufacture

Further Testing

Minimal amount of work has been done to adapt the final CAD files for this product to be able to be manufactured.

The design would need to be adapted for all manufacturing process available. The manufacturing partners would then need to be contacted and a supply chain set up with distribution partners to help the charity implement the product.

Once these steps have been completed, the next stage would be to test the final manufacturing ready prototype for an extended period of testing in situ. This should be a long term test in Cameroon in both dry and wet season to observe how the community would use this product.

Cost reduction

It was decided to contact ProtoMould to gain quotes for the two parts, to see hypothetically what the next stages would look like.

Once a final designed product has been produced, the system of implementation would need to be considered. Every last detail would need to be considered before scaling up the production.

To ensure the cost of manufacturing is kept to a minimum and is affordable for the charity and end users, the cost still has potential to be reduced. This will be done through choosing the suitable material and manufacturing process for the parts. This also could effect the final product performance as well, therefore testing would need to be undertaken.

After sending the two CAD files over to Protomould, a useful PDF (shown right) was received explaining what would need to change for manufacturing. The usual problems such as draft angles and undercuts would have to be removed in order for the custom jerry can cap to be injection moulded.

Figure 120: PDF received from Protomould

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Figure 121: Final model screwed onto jerry can.

Even though the structure and durability of the 3D printed threads has impressed me, I had regular problems with the hosetail connections.

They preformed as they should, in the way they securely held the PVC tubing in place. However the tolerance was so small that in some cases the PVC tubing was impossible to remove. This led to some of the hosetails being broken. The majority of the time this was when the cap was

being screwed on/off. As the PVC tubing was aiming to stay in the exact orientation as the cap, so while crewing this 360 degrees, if the PVC was blocked then it simply broken the hosetail connection. These problems could removed be better material selection which as more ‘give’ in it, and also by testing every dimension down to the mm for tolerances!

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REVISITING THE PDS The product design specification was then revisited to see what points had been met, and which and not yet be considered.

1.0 Primary Target Market 1.1The product at first must be designed for the people of the Bambui Community.

1.2 The primary target market is prepared to expand from developing regions of the world into a second market of developed regions of the world where infrastructure for accessing the product is already established.

1.3 Individuals with limited water supply who cannot afford to buy their own water saving devices.

2.0 Primary end user demographic 2.1 People who are cognitively able.

2.2 People in the situation of financial hardship.

2.3 People with an optimistic attitude about saving water.

2.4 The product should be suitable for use by people over 4 years of age and be genderneutral.

3.0 Performance 3.1 The product components should be interchangeable and easy to assemble by the end user.

3.2 The product components should be intuitively changeable.

3.3 The assembled product must be light enough to be carried by the user without difficulty.

3.4 The product must be able to survive in it’s intended environment 3.5 The assembled product needs to be sufficiently strong and tough i.e. it should not break if someone drops it or falls on it.

4.0 Ergonomics 4.1 The product should be intuitive to use.

4.2 Large tolerances for fitting components together will make handling and adjusting the product less demanding.

5.0 Environment 5.1 The product is intended for use in a range of

environments and houses.

5.2 The product could be used outside so it must be weather resistant.

5.3 The product must not be affected by humidity levels.

5.4 The components and product as a whole should withstand temperatures of 22°C to 29°C to cope with the average climates in the primary target market’s regions of the world.

6.0 Materials 6.1 All components not have sharp edges that could cause damage to clothing or discomfort to the user.

6.2 Materials used and their structural properties should not be affected by UV. 6.3 The materials (or coatings/finishes) shall not cause discolouring of skin or clothing when used.

6.4 The materials should be locally sourced 6.5 The materials used must be suitable for use in the intended environment.

7.0 Visual Specification 7.1 The product’s appearance shall be genderneutral and should not exclude cultures or races.

7.2 The product’s visual language shall not be biased towards a particular age, culture or race and should consider the target demographic as a whole.

7.3 The product should not undermine the developing world.

7.4 The products form should follow function 8.0 Cost 8.1 The retail price of single product components should be affordable to people living on $2 a day or less. (Polak, 2008) 9.0 Manufacture and Distribution 9.1 The product will be manufactured by organisations and/or the end user. It must be suitable and intuitive to be made with the local knowledge and skillset in mind.

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9.2 The product should be manufactured in its intended environment.

9.3 The product should be able to be manufactured by the locals.

9.4 A simple and intuitive manual that can be read and understood by many languages, must be supplied so the locals know how to manufacture the device.

Conclusion

10.0 Life 10.1 Product components shall last a minimum of 12 months with daily use or be re-usable after the first use.

10.2 The product components must withstand reassembly, adjustment and cleaning on a regular basis.

10.3 The product shall require minimal effort to maintain.

10.4 The product must not collect dirt and/or affect the quality of water negatively.

Overall the majority of points were covered.

The final design solution was designed with the people of Bambui in mind. A product was created that performed very well, is light, easy to maintain and change parts.

It was important to revisit the product design specification laid out earlier in the report. To see what points had been met, what had not yet been catered for, and what could not be met. The points not covered are highlighted in red.

However, due to certain limitations, the product could not be test out in context. Originally it was planned to send a prototype out with Matthew and Rory when they visited Bambui in late March. However it was decided that this was not necessary and instead just contextual research was needed.

11.0 Quality standards and Testing 11.1 The overall quality of the product can be measured in terms of user satisfaction and quality of life. Resource constraints, and the issue of affordability, should not affect the principle of quality (World Health Organization, 2011).

11.2 User testing should take place in the ultimate contexts of use before the product is made available.

11.3 The product must not cause injury or death to users and should ensure risks are kept to a minimum.

Furthermore the project’s output was changed to only be a proposal, instead of a fully manufactured product. Therefore the final manufacturing process and material had not been decided yet, and these would form two very key decision for future development. Thus, certain points could not be answered in regards to how the specific material preformed.

Once the material and processes had been decided, the next stage would be to test the product for a sustained period of time in Cameroon, to see if it is durable in the conditions out there.

12.0 Timescale 12.1 All deliverables will be completed by 19/4/2016.

12.2 Gantt charts will be used to ensure time is managed efficiently.

PDS CONFORMS TO BS 8888

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DESIGN REVIEW The final design solution was then de-constructed and analysed in a qualitative manor.

Target Market The product has been designed to be really easy and intuitive to use. Relevant feedback has confirmed the product suits the developing world. The next stages would be to test the product in the target market for live feedback. Then to move onto testing in other developing countries.

User Requirements The prototypes have shown that the concept is suited to many people of all ages. The prototypes have been able to be seen and tested from people aged 9 to 45 years old. The product also does not have to be fully filled to work. Therefore people of the younger ages, could fill to whatever water they can carry to then pressurize.

Maintenance So far all the 3D printed parts have needed slight repair due to the hose tails snapping, as the structural integrity of the printed ABS was slightly weak in these parts. However, in general the maintenance of constantly readjusted, unscrewing and changing all the fittings has proved that mainlining the product can be done quickly and easily.

Furthermore the kit provides a system that parts can be replaced with the two custom

made parts providing the basis to build on.

Product Lifespan The product lifespan has not yet been tested. After a final material and manufacturing process has been decided the testing can commence and the material properties can be known. However at this stage it can be suggested an injection molded product can last up to two years out in a situation such as Africa.

Pricing The price suggested by Protomould for the two parts to be made after making the relevant amendments., to be under ÂŁ4 for both parts, when making 1000 units.

After distributing the toolkit, it has been researched that the further parts necessary to make the portable pressure shower would be a further ÂŁ9.

A future development would be to reduce all this costing to make the product more feasible, while maintaining performance.

over time to instill even further methods and techniques to save water. Further exercise and sessions could be designed and organised to help educate the people of Bambui in schools and community workshops.

Performance The product produces the desired outcome of being able to save a family an monitor water usage.

Size and Weight The toolkit has been reduced to be as small as it possibly can.

This can be seen in the size of the Shower head Ball Valve part, which performs well yet being small in size. This enables many toolkits to be sent to various developing countries in the world and many can be fitted onto a crate for delivery.

The size of the part also enables users from 4 years of old upwards to interact and successfully use the product. Many people from all ages are expected to help with housework and duties in developing countries, including collect water in the existing jerry cans.

Education Standard Components Instructions included in the toolkit describe how to use the portable pressure shower.

These could be developed

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The toolkit enables many standard components to be implemented together.

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PROJECT FEEDBACK A critical stage in evaluating the final design proposal was to gain relevant feedback from experts in the field or people with experience in similar environments.

“A really neat idea! It’s an interesting and simple concept. A good solution to not spilling any water and also controlling how much water is used. My biggest concern is that your main issue will be trying to get people to change the way they shower. Out here, most people wash with a basin which would use less water. A basin wash would probably still use less water in the context of showering. It is worth considering as a sprayer for plants and pest control or as a rural car washing system for a local business. However it could be very useful for mothers washing their young children who would not be able to wash themselves efficiently.”

“Wow, this looks amazing! A very simple and effective solution. Your main problem would be whether the people accept changing their behaviour when showering. This could have other applications though. You have clearly understood the context very well. It is not always about designing something new.

Instead re-designing something for a specific audience who have not seen it yet, and you have done that perfectly. I am very impressed with your approach and process. I believe you have completed a very good project and should be proud of your outcome.”

Teresa de Sousa, Project Leader in Cameroon, Reignite Action for Development.

Jaspar Simpkin, Kenyan Camel Company.

A family run eco-tourism business in Kenya, East Africa. They provide trips into the bush, which is an experience for living in similar conditions to the ones in Bambui, with no connected water.

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Figure 122: Time-plan comparison.

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TIMEPLAN REVIEW An important measure of success for this project is how well the project developed over time.

Overall the infographics show that an effective design process was used throughout this project. It shows at that varying levels of diverging and converging were completed throughout the project. Where there was a need to think out side the box and take in as much research possible, compared to times were honing down the research to decide specific design decisions.

be delivered with instructions to encourage people in Bambui to record their daily lives by completing a photo checklist.

This is called a Cultural Probe, and would have provided me a deeper insight into the lives of families in Bambui. However it was decided not to complete this as it would have been too costly, hard to control and potentially would have taken too long to be returned.

Firstly, the cooperation with Reignite Action for Development and Engineering Without Borders, provided a strong basis to start this project. Useful information was provided along with the brief that allowed a strong existing knowledge section to be completed. However, from then onwards, the cooperation from both parties was limited.

EWB provided the brief not only to me but to may hundreds of students over the country.

Therefore the people from the charity we had as a contact to liaise with, were very stretched in replying to many other students.

Furthermore, the time spent fine tuning a project insight and initial concept took longer than expected. This can be explained by maybe a fear to commit to an idea. There was a feeling that the decisions had pressure riding on it, as it would dictate my final deliverable.

However, variables such as marks of ticking boxes should all be forgotten when in a design project, with creativity and design thinking being the key focus.

After deciding to try and follow some of IDEO’s human centered design activities, I planned to complete some tasks in the ‘Hear’ section that unfortunately did not happen.

An example of this would be that I planned to send packages out to Cameroon which included disposable cameras. They were going to

This meant that at the point I had to deliver the Industrial Review Evening I did not have a defined project concept. This could be seen as a disadvantage, however I believe I still gained very useful feedback to dictate the direction I ended up going in.

Next the ‘Create’ section took longer than expected.

More prototypes made then originally thought. However each prototyped was critical to iterate and progress the

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project forward. There also were delays in waiting for parts to be delivered. Each prototype needed planning and then parts being ordered online. So from deciding what to make for the next prototype, it took up to two weeks to have it made. The next difficulty was that this project was my first immersion into the world of 3D printing capabilities, which has incredible benefits but also people forget that it inst a finished part, so therefore could break and have difficulties with testing.

Finally the ‘Deliver’ section was reduced and sped up. By the time I started this section, I also had to start preparing this dissertation. Luckily the packaging was completed quickly, which provided a professional looking deliverable for the submission. However, it was decided not to produce and include an educational plan with the product, nor an implementation plan for how distribute the toolkits into the system.

To conclude, I believe nothing ever goes as planned.

Therefore it is important to learn from all the hurdles that delay progression. I believe that I improved my time planning throughout and arguably reduced my main trait of being a perfectionist, as milestones needed to be met.

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PERSONAL EVALUATION My personal aims going into this project were to design a product that would actually help improve people’s lives. After visiting previous Made in Brunel shows, I was incredibly keen to make sure my project was a ’live’ brief and real world problem. I realised over studying design that I have an underlying passion to help people.

No matter how small their problem is. I believe as designers we have the skill set available that we should be aiming to help people, rather than just trying to design the most elaborate of products.

I also knew going into this, that the project would need many skill sets that I would not say are my strongest. I have struggled in previous projects to ‘log’ the research and all the design thinking undertaken through the project. Rather, I seem to dive into projects head first and try and be doing practical design as quickly as possible. So I knew this had to improve for the first half of this project. I believe overall I have improved the skill of ‘log-booking’ and recording quantitative work, not just design work that can be seen visually through sketches and prototyping for example.

I was very proud to be part of Made in Brunel. Again something that I did not need to do, but i believe it provided a fantastic opportunity to develop organisational and man management skills, as well as taking responsibility to represent the year group. Therefore I believe these extra curriculum activities have

“

changed and I have gained a far clearer self-awareness of my natural design process.

This project has shown me that I will diligently learn whatever I need to in order to make something work.

I developed as a designer by taking a human centred design approach to this project. It has been important in ensuring the design development remained true

I never have, nor will again, complete a project like this. But this experience has taught me more skills in terms or design and project management than anything else I have ever done.

helped me develop into a great all rounder, that has more than just academic achievements.

Furthermore, when I started my final year, I had come of the back of completing a very visual led design placement as a packaging designer. It is also correct to say I have never been stimulated by knowing ‘how things work’, and have been more passionate about creating visual output such as product form, graphics or editorial design. Therefore I would say I was at the ‘art’ section of BA candidates.

However I was able to develop skills which are more likely to be seen on the BSC course. These include complex CAD drawings, 3D printing, and flow rate physics.

Since embarking on this project my perception of design has radically

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”

to the physical and emotion requirements of the user.

Feedback from people with and without experience living in a similar environment to Bambui, has been vital to the development of the Portable Pressure Shower tool-kit, and I am extremely pleased with the final outcome. It provides a strong project to display in future portfolio.

Figure 123: Humans of Brunel Feature.

(Hatton, 2016)

My personal situation of being involved in many extra curriculum activities throughout this year has meant that my time management at points could have been better.

However I believe I correctly got stuck into life at the university, and take great pride in saying I achieved many things outside of design at Brunel. I was able to represent the University 1st XI at hockey, training up to three times a week as well as matches on Wednesdays. Therefore

compared to many other individuals finishing their major projects at the same time as me, I had many other external factors to concentrate on.

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HUMANS OF BRUNEL FEATURE I was lucky to be featured in an early publication from Made In Brunel, in the ‘Human’s of Brunel’ section. This was to emphasize our belief of the importance of individuality amongst our year group. There were a number of ‘features’ of individuals and their projects. I was able to outline that I had always wanted to help people, and after travelling through Asia in the summer, ‘Designing for the 90%’ was topic on my mind when starting my final year.

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Figure 124: A bunch of incredible people.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without these people, this project simply would not have been possible.

Fabrizio Ceschin For always pushing me and providing invaluable advice throughout this project.

Aom For always being positive and enthusiastic towards my work in meetings.

Dan Craddock For always answering my questions and being a key contact to help my understand life in Cameroon.

Paul Josse For having the patience of a saint helping me in the workshops.

Minal & Les For letting me take as many nuts, washers and components as I could possibly carry. Brunel Design simply would not function as well, without your incredible help, patience and generosity.

Ollie Hatton For your help with professional photography., for your consistent positive energy and your honest opinion; no matter how blunt.

Becky Jones & Rachel Tinkler We have come along way in the last four years.

From meeting each other outside accommodation to walk to lectures in freshers week to the late nights completing work in towers. You both have been a rock in my university life. I would not have been able to achieve what I have without you two incredible friends.

Brunel Mens Hockey Club For being the best and worst distraction from work.

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REFERENCES Buist, E. (2014). Green apps and gadgets: the waterpebble. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/ lifeandstyle/2014/mar/05/inspector-gadget-green-apps. Last accessed 15th Nov 2015.

Eichholz, J. (2014). Solving everyday problems with African ingenuity. Available: http://www.afrigadget. com/2014/04/06/the-mukombe/. Last accessed 20th Jan 2016.

EWB. (2015). Reignite Action for Development, Project Introduction and Overview. Available: http:// www.ewbchallenge.org/reignite. Last accessed 2nd Oct 2015.

Findlay, M. (2014). BAWA Water Balance Report – Revised. Water Balance Report. 2 (1) Findlay, M. (2014). BAWA Rural Water Supply Management Code of Practice. (1) Gall, J. (2014). This pressure shower will change the way you camp Read more at http://www.grindtv. com/gear/pressure-shower-will-change-way-camp/#mtoluOT3GgPc8yC6.99. Available: http://www. grindtv.com/gear/pressure-shower-will-change-way-camp/#YsDbAziP5HJtFevY.97. Last accessed 27th Nov 2015.

Generationim.com, 2014. Real Needs at the Base of the Economic Pyramid | Generation Investment Management LLP.[online] Available at http://www. http://www.generationim.com/sustainability/ challenges/real-needs-base.html Gladu, C. (2012). Eco Drop Shower: shorten your shower, or else.. Available: http://ecofeedback. ca/?p=109. Last accessed 21st Nov 2015.

Greater Good Studio. (2013). The Double Diamond Process. Available: http://www.greatergoodstudio. com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/design_process1.png. Last accessed 1st Nov 2015.

Hearfield, J. (2012). Water Flowing in Pipes. Available: http://www.johnhearfield.com/Water/Water_in_ pipes.htm. Last accessed 22 March 2016.

IDEO, 2011. Human-Centered Design Toolkit. An Open-Source Toolkit To Inspire New Solutions in the Developing World. 1st Edition. [ebook] Available at: http://www.hcdconnect.org/toolkit/en/download.

Kandachar. P et al (2011) Designing with Emerging Markets. Delft University of Technology (Accessed 20 October 2014) Lilley, D. (2011). Design for Sustainable Behaviour. The Design Journal. 14 (4), 427-445.

Mitchell, A. (2015). New Water Conservation Method That Makes A Point. Available: http://gabworthy. com/technology/new-water-conservation-method-that-makes-a-point/3/. Last accessed 11th Nov 2015.

Mullenweg,M. (2012). Water going into a jerry can at a charity: water project. Available: https://jetpack. com/2012/07/13/jetpack-1-5-with-carousel/mcm_4715/. Last accessed 22 March 2016.

Matoso, F (2012). Bambui Fondom. Bambui: Matoso.

Pinney, T. (2014). DIY Shower Can and its Multiple Uses. Available: http://www.sailmagazine.com/ cruising/cruising-tips/diy-shower-can-and-its-multiple-uses/. Last accessed 1st Dec 2015.

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Polak, P, 2013. The Business Solution To Poverty. 1st ed. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc. Polak, P, 2009. Out of Poverty. 1st ed. San Francisco. Calif.: Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc. Product Creation Ltd (2008) Introducing the Eco Showerdrop, http://www.ecokettle.com/showerdrop/ index.html (Accessed 21st Nov 2015) Reignite Action for Development. (2014). For a Better Water Treatment Station. Bambui: RAD. Safe Agua (2013) Design Matters. Art Center College of Design. PDF. The World Bank. (2012). Rural Water Supply Design Manual. Manila: The World Bank.

Tran, A. (2014). LEGO Star Wars Rebels TRU Micro Ghost Instructions. Available: http://www.thebrickfan. com/lego-star-wars-rebels-tru-micro-ghost-instructions/. Last accessed 23rd April 2016.

Tufte, E. (2015). Billy Instructios. Available: https://extemporeapp.com/assembly-instructions-assistingthe-non-visual-ikea-customers/. Last accessed 23rd April 2016.

Whitney. P et al (2004) Designing for the Base of the Pyramid. Design Management Review (Accessed 20 October) WHO & WEDC. (2011). Technical notes on drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene in emergencies.

Online: World Health Organisation.

World Bank. (2014). Population Growth. Retrieved October 09, 2014, from http://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.POP.GROW World Development Indicators. (2013). Cameroon. Available: http://data.worldbank.org/country/ cameroon#cp_cc. Last accessed 9th Nov 2015.

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APPENDIX Copy of board used at Industrial Review Evening Excel Spreadsheet from testing prototype 3.

GA drawing of the Shower Head Ball Valve GA drawing of the custom jerry can cap

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Av. flow rate (l/min)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

7.5 9 12 15 18 21

5

6

8

10

Tube diameter (mm)

12

14

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 5

17.7 17.1 16.4 16 15.2 14.7

Weight after Test 2 Test 3 17.9 18 17.3 17.2 16.6 16.3 15.8 15.9 15.3 15.1 14.9 14.7

6

10

Tube diameter (mm)

8

12

Velocity (m/s) for each Dia. tested.

Time till poor flow rate (seconds) weight before (kg) Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Avg. Test 1 24 114 116 113 114.3 24 104 107 106 105.7 24 96 92 97 95 24 90 89 91 90 24 86 84 87 85.67 24 81 82 79 80.67

Av. Flow Rate (l/min) per each Dia. tested.

Flow Area (A) Tube lengt Tubing Diameter (mm) (dia x length) 1.5 5 1.5 6 1.5 8 1.5 10 1.5 12 1.5 14

Velocity (m/s)

14

Av. Flow Rate (l/min) V=Q/A Re=(V*L*d)/v Avg. Litres displaced (Q) (m3/s) Velocity (m/s) Reynolds Number 17.86667 6.133333333 3.218658892 0.429154519 2400.193059 17.2 6.8 3.861198738 0.429022082 2879.342832 16.43333 7.566666667 4.778947368 0.398245614 3563.719141 15.9 8.1 5.4 0.36 4026.845638 15.2 8.8 6.163424125 0.342412451 4596.140287 14.76667 9.233333333 6.867768595 0.3270366 5121.37852

D

D

A

A

4

3

2

1

F

F

E

E

47

64

D

6

D 20

0.8

14.85 25

32.48

4

C

C

A

A4

showerhead to 6mm w stop valve GA

4

WEIGHT:

3

SCALE:1:1

2

SHEET 1 OF 1

1

A

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