Studio 38 - FABLE Excursus (Appendix Journal) by Juu L

t-00:00:00:00 Superseden e excursus

THESIS STATEMENT (EX) Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow. Emergencies of now. Inherent disasters. An occurrence that deprives technology from advancement. FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT TO CONTINUE ITS INNOVATIVE GROWTH, TO MAINTAIN OUR CURRENT TRAJECTORY WE MUST ADAPT AND OVERCOME THE CONSTANT DRAWBACKS WHERE WE AREN’T IN CONTROL.

ENERGY In human perspective, the strength and vitality required to physically function/work. In science, it is a force derived from physical or chemical processes and resources in order to generate the capacity to ‘work’, in the form of light, heat, kinetics and function.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

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ENERGY SOURCES types of existing energy sources

Non renewable: Supply is limited; long periods of time for creation and accumulation. Typically generated from organic matter, especially plants buried underground prehistorically.

Renewable aka Finite Sources: Supply is replenished in a short period of time. Machinery requires moderate-high maintenance.

Discovered Sources: • Fossil fuels(1700-1800s): Coal/oil/natural gas. Currently the most used energy source. Oil is converted into gasoline and has limited reserves. High pollution and environmental destruction due to burning and sources of heavy mining.

Discovered Sources • Solar(1876): Exposing selenium to light produces electricity. Energy converted from sunlight via solar panels that can hold charge. Uses: hot water, cooling, electrical supplement. Efficiency is only maximized at certain geographical ranges due to the sun’s location. • Wind(5000BC): Wind energy was used to propel boats and make light things float initially. Generated through wind farms (turbines, generators). Produces electricity and is highly dependent on the strength of winds and the earth’s rotational movement, making it an inconsistent energy source.

• Rechargeable batteries (1859): Gaston Plante’s invention of a leadacid battery, the first kind to be rechargeable. Not a legitimate power source, but a storage device. - Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Battery. - Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery. - Lead Acid Battery. - Lithium Ion (Li-ion) Battery. - Lithium Ion Polymer (Li-ion polymer)

• Geothermal(1904): Piero Ginori Conti tested the first geothermal power generator in Italy. Produced from the earth’s crust in the form of high temperatures due to the presence of radioactive particles. Generates steam from hot rocks heating water. Captured by rotating turbines and can power a large-scale application. However, only specific sites have geysers and are able to accommodate this (e.g California).

• Hydroelectricity (1882): Power from water in major dams rotate generators that then provides energy to an electrical station. Costly in initial set-up and maintenance as well as increasing drain on drinkable water supply. Started use in the first Wisconsin Hydroelectric Plant.

• Hydrogen(1800s): Was used as fuel for gaslight lamps. Separating H2O molecules created heat and water, producing electricity. Uses: ship and vehicle fuel, heating, rockets, can power industrial-scale buildings. No toxic emissions.

• Uranium/Nuclear (1939): Discovered by Otto Hahn in Germany. Volatile in use. Nuclear reactions were collected and used to power generators. Waste production is high

• Tidal/Wave(1966, France): Conversion of tidal motions to electrical energy, optimized in coastal areas. Large bursts of energy can be generated but holds an initial costly investment. Limited sites and may disrupt marine ecosystems. Potential visual and noise pollution. • Biomass (since fire was discovered): Generating sparks due to friction on dry organic matter(wood), dating back to prehistoric times. From organic matter(chlorophyll), consists of the burning of plants. Uses: heating, electricity, transportation, industrial fuel. High carbon dioxide production. (4 types of biomass-- wood, solid waste, landfill gas, alcohol fuel) • Electric energy(1752, Benjamin Franklin’s experiment using an iron rod to extract electric sparks from clouds): Derived from the movement of charged particles.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

PROJECT

speculations of SUPERSEDEN

Cultivating uncontrolled embodied energy and using it to our advantage to help us prepare for extreme situations.

SITE Melbourne Central 477 Collins Street Melbourne VIC 3000

DISASTER Heatwaves In Urban Melbourne

CONDITION Likely high mortality rates by 2077. High re-occurrences. Depletion of various resources accelerating our downfall.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVES disasters & heatwaves

$593 MILLION

OF $300,000,000 AUD FOR COMMUNITY REPAIR AND COMPENSATION ONLY DURING HEATWAVES IN MELBOURNE (AECOM, 2012)

HEATWAVES AFFECT A VARIETY OF DEMOGRAPHICS, ALMOST NO ONE IS ‘INVULNERABLE’ TO IT. Natural disasters are uncontrolled embodiments of energy which we do not have control over. Typically, they destroy the environment but we must consider ourselves to be the core reason as to why these disasters have been able to worsen over time in both severity and frequency. Prolonged periods of abnormally hot weather, that affects both land and sea. Humidity ranges varies. Occurs when high atmospheric pressure moves into an area and inhibits winds. As defined by IMD, the criteria for a heat wave is 40 degrees C for plains and 30 degrees C for hilly regions.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

Australia’s Main Source of Energy Australia contains 46% uranium, 6% brown coal, 2% natural gas sources in the world. We are the largest coal exporters and liquid fuels are imported. Most used: Brown coal 40%, gas 16%, hydropower 5% and wind 2%. Hydroenergy and wind resources are spread throughout the countryside. In 2018, estimated 13 million solar panels are used throughout the country on roofs, but solar power only accounts for 0.1% of the total energy consumption. Tidal energy is estimated to contribute up to 11% of Australia’s total energy needs by 2050.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

AUSTRALIA’S TRAJECTORY population; growth & density

More efficient road usage for cars/ public transport. More viable to use buses/high load vehicles to transport a multitude of people at once, instead of having many cars crowd the roads. The Victorian Cycling 2018-28 Strategy is in effect, showing a 13% increase in cyclists in Victoria since the last 12 months and average of 1.05% increase in Victorians cycling every month. The current rate of cyclists to pedestrians/vehicle users is now 3 in every 10 (36.2% cyclists). If there were a consistent 1% increase every month, to achieve near 100% of cyclists in Victoria would take approximately 64 months, another 5.33 years. It is reported that most regional Victorians use cycling as a recreational exercise however, and preferred mode of transport varies for them by the day. The prediction relies on a consistent increase in %value per month and cannot take into account the variable decisions Victorians make on a day-to-day basis. The Victorian Cycling Strategy reports cycling supports healthy lifestyles and dietary/ weight management as well as mental empowerment despite ‘feeling concerned’, as approximately 67% of Victorians express their interest. The Strategy’s objective is to support road usage and deliver safer, strategic cycling corridors so as to support the growth of Melbourne infrastructure. Expected increase in population: Melbourne, SYD, DRW QLD, WA

HUMAN PARAMETERS, REGARDING ENERGY AND/OR RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

0.2 to 2% avg per year 0.5 to 1% avg per year

ELECTRICITY/INTERNET Feb 2018 stats 25% hot water 38% heating & cooling 4% cooking 7% lighting etc. Per household: 1cv3.7kWh - 41kWh per day

2025-2077: Crude oil production has decreased by 31% since 1994 due to excessive consumption of crude oil and brown coal over the past decade versus the lack of efforts going into replenishment. Hence the expansion of the urban sprawl due to routing for more potential mining locations toward Central Australia, enabling population increase and newfound residence.

WATER Target: Trend: Expectation:

155L <5L 2020

per person per day per person every 2 years target of 155L/person/day reached

WARMTH(COMFORT) External 18-21 °C Internal 24 °C Human 37.4 °C HAPPINESS (also refer to Scenario Charts)

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

NATURAL DISASTERS OF AUSTRALIA heatwaves + fire = cost of human life + financial loss

Notable Heatwaves: 47.2°C - 6 February 1851 Black Thursday 45.6°C - 13 January 1930 Black Friday 46.4°C - 7 February 2009 Black Saturday

$4.1 MILLION

$593 MILLION

SUPPORT FOR ANIMAL DEATHS AND CROPS.

SUPPLEMENTARY FUND FOR FIRE SUPPRESSION ALONE.

$18 MILLION

$600 MILLION

TO SALVAGE TIMBER SCRAPS AFTER HEATWAVES/FIRES.

REBUILD TIMBER HARVESTING AREAS.

LAND Average surface temperature: 0.9 °C increase

$20 MILLION

TO RESTORE INFRASTRUCTURE & TELECOMMUNICATION

$300-500 MILLION

COST AVERAGE TO REBUILD RESIDENCES FROM MAJOR HEATWAVES AND RESULTANT FIRES SINCE 2009.

OCEAN Temperature: 0.4 °C increase Rise: 203.2mm since 2000 Acidification: 30% increase Carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean. EARTH RCP 4.5 predicts temperatures will rise by 2.4 °C by 2025 2030. As severity of hot climate and temperatures rise, recovery and adaptation costs peak.

$4369 MILLION

EMERGENCY RESPONSE COSTS IN 2009.

$867+ MILLION

TO RECOVER AFFECTED COMMUNITIES SINCE 2009.

$4,000,000,000

ADDITIONAL COSTS TO REBUILD AFTER 2009 HEATWAVES. A CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE.

2,000,000,000 TONS PER YEAR INCREASE OF CO2 ACIDITY.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

CONSUMPTION OF AUSTRALIA gross domestic production(GDP) & productivity

Energy Sources to generate Electricity

GDP Growth in Australia

LAND Average surface temperature: 0.9 °C increase OCEAN Temperature: 0.4 °C increase Rise: 203.2mm since 2000 Acidification: 30% increase Carbon dioxide absorbed into the ocean. EARTH RCP 4.5 predicts temperatures will rise by 2.4 °C by 2025 - 2030. As severity of hot climate and temperatures rise, recovery and adaptation costs peak. The evolution of energy has increased human innovation. In order to keep the level of prosperity we currently possess, our way of life has altered our true objections. Our drawbacks are catalyst to the inherent disasters that cannot be avoided. As humans, we are dependent on energy; trying to achieve a state of equilibrium, its costing more energy to replace what we already have.

Working productivity(mins) to cover average transport fuel consumption

Variables: a) resources needed to survive b) conditions needed to live c) context needed to thrive

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

RCP 8.5 & THE FUTURE OF MELBOURNE RCP; Representative concentration pathway

SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY, 2014

A model of representation to understand how climate will change over time, with speculations over the state of the world from observation and analysis of projections in disasters and consumption of resources. RCP 4.5 predicts temperatures will rise by 2.4 degrees Celsius by 2025-30. RCPs originated from the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2014, based on scenarios (SRES; Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) that show trajectories of socioeconomic factors in relation to climate impact. • • •

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Average surface temperature: 0.9 degrees Celsius increase Ocean temperature: 0.4 degrees F increase, 8 inches rise since 2000. Ocean Acidification: 30% acidity increase due to carbon dioxide being absorbed into the ocean. 2 billion tons increase of carbon dioxide acidity in the ocean.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

DISASTERS IN MELBOURNE Timeline of occurences in Melbourne; by year, death, type Prioritising disasters by severity of impact on human life

HEATWAVES

PANDEMICS

As an inherent result of the Urban Heat Island effect, drought affects Australia on a countrywide scale

However we are constantly putting our focus into medical technology—immunisations

that is typical of arid countries. We have set targets (Green strategies, Target 155) to respond to water

and yearly breakthroughs that keep us on par with the evolution of viruses (technological

depletion and have well accounted for replenishment.

evolution vs viral). Medical preparations have been maintaining a relatively high standard.

1851

Black Thursday, 12+ deaths, livestock death and 50,000km2 burnt

1788-1979

157500-375000 deaths, smallpox

1895 Dec-1896 Jan

437 deaths

1875-1876

8000+ deaths, Scarlet Fever

1898 Feb

12 deaths from bushfire

1881-1885

51 deaths, Smallpox

1907 Dec-1908 Jan

246 deaths

1889-1890

234 deaths, Influenza H2N2

1909 Dec-1910 Feb

109 deaths

1900-1910

550 deaths, Bubonic Plague

1911-1912

143+ deaths

1918-1920

12000+ deaths, Influenza H1N1

1913-1914

122+ deaths

1946-1955

1013 deaths, Polio

1920-1921

147 deaths

2009

191 deaths, Influenza H1N1 strain A

1926 Dec-1927 Jan

130 deaths (excl. 60 deaths in bushfire)

2016

464 deaths, Influenza H1N1 strain A/B and Pneumonia

1932 Feb

9 deaths

2017

1255 deaths, Influenza H1N1 strain A/B and Pneumonia

1938 Dec-1939 Feb

438 deaths

2018-2019

48 deaths(VIC; 220 total) Influenza H1N1 strain A

1939-1940

112 deaths (excl. 71 deaths in bushfire)

1943 Dec-1944 Feb

61 deaths from bushfires

1958 April

8 deaths

1959 Jan-Feb

105+ deaths

1962 Jan

14+ deaths from bushfire

1965 Jan

9 deaths

1968 Jan

14+ deaths from bushfire

1969,

280 fires, 23 deaths

1972 Dec

1973 Feb, 99 deaths

1977 Feb

8 deaths

1981 Feb

15 deaths

1983- Black Friday

75 deaths, bushfires

1990 Jan

10+ deaths

1993 Feb

17+ deaths (estimation, most unreported)

1996 April

9 deaths from fire

1997 Jan-Feb

13+ deaths (estimation, most unreported)

1962 Jan

14+ deaths from bushfire

1965 Jan

9 deaths

1968 Jan

14+ deaths from bushfire

1969

280 fires, 23 deaths

1972 Dec-1973 Feb

99 deaths

1977 Feb

8 deaths

1981 Feb

15 deaths

1983- Black Friday

75 deaths, bushfires

1990 Jan

10+ deaths

1993 Feb

17+ deaths (estimation, most unreported)

1996 April

9 deaths from fire

1997 Jan-Feb

13+ deaths (estimation, most unreported)

2000 Feb

7 deaths

2006

2 deaths

2009 Jan-Feb

980 deaths (excl. 173 deaths in bushfire)

2014 October

858 deaths

2015 Jan

167+ deaths (80% cases heatstroke)

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

FLOODS Flooding is most common in states closer to the equator, particularly NSW and QLD. Victorian floods were at their higher severity pre-1970s, due to inefficient drainage strategies and lack of preparation, in which preparation is less of an issue as of the 21st century. The Department of Water, Environment and Land Planning have been responsible for updating strategies to deal with floods in Victoria, reviewing documents monthly. Despite the lack of frequency affecting Victorians/Melbourne, preparation standards are high.

1863

unreported, Bourke St, Collins St, Elizabeth St and Flinders St.

1891

3000 people forced to abandon homes, “Great Flood”

1923

infrastructure and railway damage.

1934

36 deaths, 250 injured & 6000 homeless.

Torrential rainfall 350mm.

1972

unreported, 75mm rain at Elizabeth St.

1990

7 deaths. Widespread flood with overflow to NSW and QLD.

2010-2011

2 deaths, widespread flooding from major rivers.

Property damage $2billion

2011

51 communities in Western and Central VIC affected.

1730 properties damaged.

2016

1 death, Great Ocean Road flooding causing severe landslides.

2018

1400 calls for help in regional Victoria.

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

CONSUMPTION OF MELBOURNE resource usage in Melbourne

Work minutes to cover minimum wage

Melbourne’s water usage per capita

Work minutes to cover average transport fuel consumption

From evolution of candled lanterns to gaslights to electrical street lamps, our discovery if newfound energy sources has affected society’s current understanding of energy in ways of convenience, including transport. Electric trams, high-speed metro trains and electric cars have replaced horse carriages since the 19th century. However the consequences of finding new methods to exploit this energy creates new problems as well: - Transport requires improvement in frequency (overuse of public transport causes hold-ups) - Traffic delays, increased fuel and waste emission - Road networks and planning; inefficient use of land - Contribution to consumption ratio. 3 in 5 people do not pay transport fares that assist in infrastructure development. - Increase in cars caused coal and petrol consumption to increase by 8% or more. - Work culture and habits of living have also changed. There is an increase in working hours which can lead to psychological changes over time. STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

Labour Productivity in Melbourne

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

gross domestic production(GDP) & productivity

Melbourne GDP growth per area, 2016-2017.

GDP is a catalyst to extreme temperatures. The impacts from heatwaves can no longer be ignored. Heatwaves in Melbourne occurs yearly during the January to February period, typically within the summer months. The frequency of heatwaves is high as compared to flooding (which occurs once every 6-10 years with minimal deaths due to high flood preparations and having access to various funded models for flood management. Industrial Production. Source: Trading Economics, 2019.

The comparisons between the top 3 ‘disasters’ in Melbourne: • Heatwaves (High death toll, low-moderate infrastructure damage, high agricultural damage, high frequency, low preparation measures) • Floods (Low death toll, moderate infrastructure damage, high agricultural damage, low frequency, high preparation measures) • Pandemics (High evolution rate, high death toll, high frequency (e.g influenza), high preparation measures)

Mining Production. Source: Trading Economics, 2019. STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT Projections of increasing hot days in Australia are consistent with the projected global trends. The following refers to the failure of heatwave mitigation in Melbourne strategies.

Highest maximum temperature reported in the period 1 January 2013 - 18 January 2013

Heatwaves contribute to UHI in 4 major ways: Increased energy consumption, Increased air pollutants and emissions Reduced quality of human health and comfort Reduced water quality According to AECOM’s reports on UHI, heatwaves contribute to 33% of the $300million used for community repair and compensation in Melbourne. NCCARF(2010) reports that Port of Melbourne stops sea import of goods when the day exceeds 38 degrees C so productivity in summer is compromised with a loss of 49.5 to 72 crane hours, depending. Melbourne Citipower reports that every degree above 20C, causes network and electricity load to +0.228GWh (for degrees below 16, +0.283GWh for every incremental degree)—heatwaves ultimately increase our rate of consumption over current finite resources. Government and implemented strategies do not address the heatwave itself, but only respond to human needs for temporary relief. Governments prioritise establishing more partnerships and sponsorships to “revise…further implement strategies”; reports in the past decade 2009-2019 does not actually show progress in any of these apparent ‘strategies’ they are implementing, aside from the usual ‘stay hydrated, stay indoors’. Due to the temporariness of the solution,

STUDIO 38 FABLE

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

Melbourne urban heat island (UHI) at 1am, 12th February 2018 the trajectory of Melbourne

UHI is the phenomenon referring to Australian cities being 5C hotter compared to surrounding areas, which creates ‘hotspots’ of high temperatures. It is caused by drastic differences in temperatures and decreases atmospheric pressure in the area, leading to discomfort and in many cases, death. The rate of consumption of finite resources accelerates this process and despite numerous reports on the increase in severities and damages, written strategies are not taken seriously and do not address the main scenario at hand. Heatwaves are the extremities brought by the UHI effect.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN MELBOURNE energy usage in urban Melbourne contributing to UHI effect extreme heat absorbed by infrastructure

Researching into the broad notion of energy, the findings evaluate the correlation of high usage of energy within capital cities and with large quantities of people. This occurs as the Urban Heat Island effect, due to our constant energy innovation and high demand of energy within our urban landscape. There is a double effect of high production and the counter-effect of destruction. The counter effect is our inability to control our surroundings and inherent disasters. Melbourne is in the event of our summer and hotter months with the added case of UHI. Taking this a step further is the scenario where we have no control over is that of a heatwave. Factors contributing to UHI • Idle state • Summer • Seasonal state • Heatwave • Atmospheric repercussion from season We are countering a 3 faceted force every year. As an individual: We counteract this dilemma with air conditioning, and water consumption. As a city: We counteract this dilemma with indoor seclusion, thermal heat intake and depletion of water stores.

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

Thermal images taken in a January 2017 heatwave show the impact of urban heat islands in Melbourne. Taken by an Elizabeth Street heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market. Photograph: City of Melbourne

An image from Royal Parade heat camera opposite Queen Victoria Market in Melbourne. Photograph: City of Melbourne

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HEATWAVES: SEVERITY & MORTALITY why is it severe enough to take note of

+6214 DEATHS BY 2050 BY HEATWAVES IN VICTORIA ALONE

Doctors for the Environment Australia predict a 5 degrees C on average increase by 2070 and that extreme hot days will be longer, hotter, more frequent and 1-in-20 year extreme hot days will occur every 2-5 years. Currently there is a 0.83-0.95 degrees C increase per decade in Australia. A study in Harvard University by Laurent supports the above and also shows exposure to hot weather above 26 degrees C already starts reducing cognitive function, and at higher temperatures up to 30+, there is risk of inflammations and brain damage with a -9.9% in thought output but oddly +13.4% in reaction times (Laurent, J., et.al, 2018). Melbourne City Council (2017) has deemed it damaging enough to the overall health of communities and in order to reduce the damages and risks, they have written reports and plans to address heatwaves specifically. Despite being officially acknowledged as a disaster common in all parts of Australia, the strategies do not respond to the issue at hand, instead encouraging ‘staying hydrated/ indoors’ and “increase stakeholders… to inform vulnerable communities of (said preventative measures)”.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

Mortality rates, assault rates, aggressive and disordered behaviors are aggravated by extreme temperatures, especially from heat waves. Climate Council of Australia states there is a minimum “20-fold increase in ambulance call-outs… and overall mortality”. It also affects productivity rates such as when the “tennis tournament was suspended…treated almost 1000 fans for heat exhaustion”. The rescheduling of mass events relates to any event held outside. Health and productivity are compromised, with the added risk of fires, infrastructure, agriculture damage and overall mental aggression (+crime rate) during prolonged periods of hot weather due to stress (Trang, M. 2017). Not limited to, but it especially elevates negative emotion in those with PTSD, pre-existing anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Auliciems & DiBartolo(1995) found that, based on a threshold of 25 degrees C, every incremental degree increases violence and crime rates by 0.549. In US, every Celsius holds +3.68 crimes per 100,000 people.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

CURRENT STRATEGIES & FLAWS

Current strategies for heatwave management & mitigation in Melbourne. Failures in heatwave strategies for Melbourne, Victoria

STRATEGIES

The current strategy is in reference to the Heatwave Planning Guide of Victoria, by local councils (Hyde, J., et.al, 2016).

Vulnerable populations are identified, with written coping strategies to encourage the populations to follow. Community support and health information is given in the form of understanding and medical response to local hospitals when appropriate. Instead of addressing the problem of heatwaves, the government’s strategy is a written plan to support long-term and sustainable behavioural adaptations/ habits from us to minimise the effect of heatwaves on health and wellbeing. This does not address other disasters/issues that arise from the presence of heatwaves (eg fires, marine heatwaves, agricultural famine). Each plan is reviewed by the councils after every summer season.

VIC GOV HEATWAVE PLAN • Raise awareness of the impact of heatwaves • Commission research to understand heatwaves • Assist councils to develop and implement plans • Establish heat alert system to inform councils and communities • National conferences • Map vulnerability in metropolitan areas, taking note of UHI hotspots • Funded 13 pilot projects to implement heatwave plans • Develop a brochure/guide- drink more water, stay cool, stay indoors. • Shaded indoor green areas, building design and fixtures (blinds, curtains), aircon areas, reschedule mass gathering events, not using an electric fan. • Long term plan consists of material proposals during building and subsidies for insulation and window coverings, as well as “informing the communities of implemented plans via the local council”

STUDIO 38 FABLE

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

VULNERABLE POPULATION GROUPS • Age >65, children <5 years • Pregnant/nursing mothers • People with pre-existing medical condition (eg diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, mental illness) • People with thermoregulation conditions/diseases • Those living alone with little social contact • People with disability • Homeless • Low income earners, limited transport access • People who are outdoors, do strenuous activity • People who cannot readily access the health care services or info.

2009 HEATWAVE STATISTICS • 46% increase in metropolitan Ambulance Victoria for emergency cases • 34% increase in Ambulance for heat-related conditions • 61% increase in Ambulance for heat-related conditions for elderly cases • 69% increase in patients dead on arrival to a medical facility • 374 additional deaths than expected (62% increase in total mortality) • 12% overall increase in emergencies

STRATEGY FLAWS These strategies are failing because they ‘relieve the symptoms but do not prevent/cure the issue at its core’. By targeting humans and not the weather itself, this allows the disaster to continually worsen over time whilst humans remain in stagnation. Strategies done in other parts of the world to combat heatwaves and the UHI effect, but have not been implemented in Melbourne nor have been considered for implementation: Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral(NZ), Oyster-Tecture(NY), Singapore Marina Gardens Supertrees(SG), Seed-Vault(NOR). Festo Organization has started looking into bionic engineering tactics to enhance human health and rebuild living ecosystems through machine (refer to Future Technologies: Precedents).

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

GLOBAL HEATWAVES THE SEVERITY OF HEAT

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Excessive energy consumption has greatly contributed to extreme heat on a global scale. Yet we continue to form new methods of technology in response to this slow demise.

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ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

HISTORY OF EVENTS Technological evolution & events

Disaster Occurrences in Melbourne during Technological events

770,000 BCE

Fire discovered

1788-1979 Smallpox 157500-375000 deaths

446,000 BCE

World’s definite use of fire, in China

1851

200,000 BCE

Controlled use of fire

1875-1876 Scarlet fever 8000+ deaths

2000 BCE

Coal Energy source

1881-1885 Smallpox 51 deaths

500 BCE

Solar power, passive use in Greece

1889-1890 Influenza H2N2 234 deaths

200 BCE

Coal mining; Chinese develop natural gas as an energy source,

1895-1896 Melbourne heatwave 437 deaths

Europeans harness water energy to power mills.

1898

100 CE

Hydro; first vertical water wheel in Greece

1900-1910 Bubonic plague 550 deaths

644 CE

First windmill in Persia

1907-1908 Melbourne heatwave 246 deaths

1100

Wind power introduced in Europe for grain-grind production

1909-1910 Melbourne heatwave 109+ deaths

1200

Commercial coal mining in England

1911-1912 Melbourne heatwave 143+ deaths

1592

First waterworks founded in London

1913-1914 Melbourne heatwave 122+ deaths

1690

Coal replaces wood due to depletion in Europe

1918-1920 Influenza H1N1 12000+ deaths

1700

Geothermal power applications

1920-1921 Melbourne heatwave 147 deaths

1748

Commercial coal production in USA

1926-1927 Melbourne heatwave 130 deaths, 60 in bushfire

1839

Photovoltaic effect discovered in France

1932

1840

Gas used for everything, supplied by small coal gas plants.

1938-1939 Melbourne heatwave 438 deaths

1877

Metropolitan Gas Company supplied the gas for the city.

1939-1940 Melbourne heatwave 112 deaths, 71 in bushfire

1892-1899

Spencer st Power Station & Melbourne Electric Supply Company established.

1943-1944 Melbourne heatwave 61 deaths

1894

Street lighting was approved by the City Council of Victoria.

1946-1955 Polio 1013 deaths

1896

Victorian Parliament controls use and capacity of electricity per household.

1958

Melbourne heatwave 8 deaths

1911-1916

Electricity sources approved for mass supply to outer suburbs

1959

Melbourne heatwave 105+ deaths

(Brunswick, Nunawading, Doncaster etc)

1962

Melbourne heatwave 14+ deaths

1918

Victorian Railways connects to Newport power station to power suburb trains

1965

Melbourne heatwave 9 deaths

1919

Cable and electric trams approved.

1968

Melbourne heatwave 14+ deaths

Electrification for the Melbourne Railway Network.

1969

Heatwave; 280 fires 23 deaths

1920s

Latrobe Valley found to be a source for coal fields and mining.

1972

Melbourne heatwave 99 deaths

1921

State Electricity Commission of VIC(SECV) works on hydroelectric power sourcing

1977

Melbourne heatwave 8 deaths

1922

Rubicon Hydroelectric Scheme approved and commenced.

1981

Melbourne heatwave 15 deaths

It supplied est.17% of electricity to suburbs for the first decade of operation.

1983

Black Friday 75 deaths

1935

World’s largest hydroelectric power plant built in USA

1986

Chernobyl disaster nuclear meltdown in Ukraine

1937

Mercaptan added to gas for leak detection

1951

Commercialised brown coal production and export from Victoria.

Increased economics and trade interstate.

1938

Nuclear Fission Energy, discovered in Germany

1942

First Nuclear Fission Reactor, built in USA

1951

First nuclear power reactor to generate electricity, in USA.

1960

Anglesea and South Gippsland regions mined for coal extensively.

1966

Gippsland Basin oil reserves sourced daily since 1985.

Victoria accounts for 20% of crude oil in Australia.

1970

SECV closed down few natural gaswork productions

Was brought back later in the 1980s due to increased demand.

1974 STUDIO 38 FABLE

First silicon photovoltaic cell harnesses solar power in USA RESEARCH

Black Thursday, 12+ deaths, livestock/infrastructure damage

Melbourne heatwave 12 deaths

Melbourne heatwave 9 deaths

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

Technological evolution & events

Disaster Occurrences in Melbourne during Technological events

1981

1990 10+deaths

Hydroelectricity sources are limited in Melbourne but continue at the Dartmouth Power Station

1987-2000 Wind farming at Codrington, Challicum Hills and Portland

1993

17+ deaths, most unreported.

1990s

Large-scale solar energy project in Mildura commenced. SECV under economic reform due

Death toll may be higher.

to overlooking electrical expansions and overestimating supply and demand.

1996

Melbourne heatwave 9+ deaths

1996

Future Act Hydrogen; passed to expand hydrogen power development

1997

Melbourne heatwave 13+ deaths

1998

Electricity distributions regulated(reduced) by 5 businesses and gas companies took the chance

2000

Melbourne heatwave 7 deaths

to enhance their businesses. Increase in gas supply and demand.

2006

Melbourne heatwave 2 deaths

2000

Fluorescent lighting fixtures result in 10% reduction of energy in universities.

2009

Melbourne heatwave 980 deaths

Less pressure on public transport (electric & coal demands) due to increased interest in cycling

(excl. 173 deaths in bushfire)

2003

Daytime air temperatures fluctuations due to higher heat storage particularly within central Melbourne.

2009

Influenza H1N1(A) 191 deaths

Suburban areas increase in net radiation, causing variable local climates. Metropolitan areas expected to

980 deaths from heatwave, 173 in bushfire

go through extreme heat waves of additional 7.1 degrees C. World’s first zero emissions coal power plant.

2011

Earthquake damages, 4 nuclear powerplants in Japan

2004

Additional gas reserves were found, hence increase in use of gas.

2014

Melbourne heatwave 858 deaths

2009

Breakthrough in cancer research. Mouse genome fully sequenced.

2015

Melbourne heatwave 167+ deaths

Engineered new plastics without the use of fossil fuels. Water discovered on the moon.

(80% cases heatstroke)

Kepler searches for Earth-like planets. Discovery of the first exoplanet that could hold liquid water.

2016

Influenza H1N1 (A/B), pneumonia 464 deaths

Mercury is 98% mapped. Mind control headsets enter the video games market. 3D scanning enters the

2017

Influenza H1N1 (A/B), pneumonia 1255 deaths

consumer market. Tallest man-made structure in history is completed.

2018-2019 Influenza H1N1(A) 220 deaths, 48 in VIC

2011

8 wind farms with 428MW of capacity.

2013

Ivanpah-Worlds; World’s largest concentrated solar power plant in USA

2014

Growth in coal industry but also mass increase in consumption within Melbourne.

LaTrobe Valley accounts for 98.5% of Australia’s brown coal produce.

Extensive mining has decreased Melbourne’s air quality and contributed to natural gas emissions.

2016

Expansion of wind farms capacity to 1249MW for Victoria. Agricultural robots plans to be implemented

on farms globally such as the Ecorobotix harvest robot form NAIO Technologies.

2017

Expansion in electricity and gas supplies.

2019

Skyliving speculated Superseden Project

2020

Uberair trialled in Melbourne

2025

Research objective to increase hydrologic demand and supply for socioeconomic and environmental

benefit for Victorian households.

2030

Plans to create decarbonised power sector (renewable resource).

Plans to make Melbourne a ‘more livable city’ (Melbourne 2030 Vision).

2035

Electrified transport establishment and 97% of electricity is supplied by renewable resources.

2045

Plans to integrate renewable hydrologic and tidal systems to power residential energy and solar heating.

2050

Plans to have large-scale decarbonised system (renewable resource) for transport and to account for

at least 80% of energy needs in Melbourne. Increase in hydro energy and solar heating systems to

lighten the demand on coal.

2077

Slow death of the carbon energy era.

2080

Islam is the world’s dominant religion global average temperatures have risen by 4 degrees C.

2078

Advances in space travel in tourism

2079

Asbestos production is ending globally total solar eclipse in New York.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

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◄ ▲▼►

_timeline 200,000 BCE - 1900 2000 BCE

770,000 BCE FIRE

FIRE DISCOVERED

100 CE

COAL

1592

HYDRO

COAL ENERGY SOURCE

FIRST VERTICAL WATER WHEEL

innovative advances

research summary

WORLD’S DEFINITE USE OF FIRE

IN CHINA

1100

SOLAR POWER

DUE TO DEPLETION IN EUROPE

WIND

WIND POWER INTRODUCED

200,000 BCE FIRE

CONTROLLED USE OF FIRE

COAL

GAS

IN OPERATION IN USA

IN USA

IN ENGLAND

CHINESE DEVELOP NATURAL GAS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE

HYDROELECTRICITY

COAL

COMMERICAL COAL MINING

200 BCE

COMPANY SUPPLIED THE GAS FOR THE CITY; WAS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF ENERGY

FIRST HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

COMMERCIAL COAL PRODUCTION

COAL

METROPOLITAN GAS

1882

1748

1200

COAL MINING

IN FRANCE

GEOTHERMAL POWER

200 BCE

GAS

SOLAR

GEOTHERMAL

SOLAR

1877

1839

PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT DISCOVERED

1700

TO EUROPE FOR GRAIN GRIND PRODUCTION

1868 FIRST SOLAR POWER PLANT

COAL

COAL REPLACES WOOD

IN PERSIA

PASSIVE USE IN GREECE

IN USA

COAL GAS PLANTS.

1690

FIRST WINDMILL

SOLAR

FIRST OIL WELL

SUPPLIED BY SMALL

IN GREECE

500 BCE

OIL

GAS USED FOR EVERYTHING,

FOUNDED IN LONDON

WIND

446,000 BCE

1859

GAS

FIRST WATERWORKS

644 CE

FIRE

1840

HYDRO

1885 OIL

PETROL POWERED CAR 1888 WIND

FIRST WINDMILL TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY

200 BCE

HYDRO

1700

1600

1500

1000 CE

0 CE

2000 BCE

1788 - 1979

inherent disaster + drawback

800,000 BCE

1800

EUROPEANS HARNESS WATER ENERGY TO POWER MILLS

1881 - 1885

DISEASE

SMALLPOX 157500-375000 DEATHS

SMALLPOX 51 DEATHS

1875 - 1876 ILLNESS

SCARLET FEVER 8000+ DEATHS 1851 HEAT

BLACK THURSDAY, 12+ DEATHS, LIVESTOCK DEATH AND 50,000KM2 BURNT

VIRUS DISASTER RENEWABLE NON-RENEWABLE

MELBOURNE

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

1889 - 1890 INFECTION

INFLUENZA H2N2 234 DEATHS

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

1900-2000 1918 1892 1935 RAILWAY GEOTHERMAL HYDROELECTRICITY VICTORIAN RAILWAYS FIRST GEOTHERMAL WORLD’S DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM CONNECTED LARGEST IN USA HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT 1892-1899 1919 RAILWAY ELECTRICITY

CABLE AND ELECTRIC TRAMS APPROVED

1894

ELECTRICITY

1920s

STREET LIGHTING APPROVED

COAL

SOURCE AT LATROBE VALLEY

1896

1921

ELECTRICITY

USE & CAPACITY OF ELECTRICITY PER HOUSEHOLD

GAS

1922

ELECTRICITY SOURCES APPROVED

ELECTRICITY

SOLAR

IN USA

1960

1938

NUCLEAR

NUCLEAR FISSION ENERGY

1966

1942

GIPPSLAND BASIN OIL RESERVES

BUILT IN USA

1996

1981

FUTURE ACT HYDOGEN

SOLAR

IN USA

HYDROELECTRICITY SOURCES LIMITED

1969

280 FIRES 23 DEATHS

143+ DEATHS 1909 - 1910 1932

1968

HEAT BUSHFIRE

246 DEATHS 1900 - 1910

14+ DEATHS

HEAT

13+ DEATHS + UNREPORTED 1996

15 DEATHS

1977

HEAT

1926 - 1927

PLAGUE

9 DEATHS 1962

HEAT BUSHFIRE

130 DEATHS 60 IN BUSHFIRE

1898

HEAT

12 DEATHS 1895 - 1896

1920 - 1921

HEAT

147 DEATHS 1918 - 1920

INFECTION

INFLUENZA H1N1 12000+ DEATHS RESEARCH

1943 - 1944

BUSHFIRE

61 DEATHS 1939 -1940

HEAT BUSHFIRE

112 DEATHS + 71 IN BUSHFIRE 1938 - 1939

HEAT BUSHFIRE

14+ DEATHS 1959 HEAT

105+ DEATHS 1958 HEAT

8 DEATHS

17+ DEATHS + UNREPORTED 1990

1972

HEAT

10+ DEATHS

99 DEATHS

1986

NUCLEAR RADIATION

UKR. CHERNOBYL DISASTER NUCLEAR MELTDOWN 1983 HEAT BUSHFIRE

438 DEATHS

PRK. NUCLEAR TEST

HEAT

8 DEATHS

BLACK FRIDAY 75 DEATHS

HEAT

2006

NUCLEAR RADIATION

1993

HEAT

1965

BUBONIC PLAGUE 550 DEATHS

ADDITIONAL GAS RESERVES WERE FOUND, HENCE

1997

1981

HEAT

9+ DEATHS

POLIO 1013 DEATHS

COAL

WORLDS FIRST ZERO EMISSIONS COAL POWER PLANT 2004

HEAT FIRE

9 DEATHS

HEAT

2003

SOLAR

WIND

VIRUS

HEAT

1998

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTIONS

1946 - 55

109 DEATHS 1907 - 1908

PASSED TO EXPAND HYDROGEN POWER DEVELOPMENT

1981

1911 - 12

STUDIO 38 FABLE

FIRST WIND FARM

SOLAR THERMAL

FIRE HEAT

HEAT

LATROBE VALLEY ACCOUNTS FOR 98.5% OF AUSTRALIA’S BROWN COAL PRODUCE

1980

SOLAR

LARGE-SCALE SOLAR-THERMAL POWER PLANT USA.

HEAT

LUENZA H2N2 DEATHS

2001-2014

HYDROELECTRICITY

OIL

NUCLEAR

122+ DEATHS

437 DEATHS

SOLAR

SILICON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

COAL

ANGLESEA AND SOUTH GIPPSLAND REGIONS MINED FOR COAL EXTENSIVELY

1913 - 14

1889 - 1890

1974

INCREASED INTEREST IN CYCLING IN MELBOURNE.

ELECTRICITY

HEAT

MILDURA LARGESCALE SOLAR ENERGY

NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY

FIRST NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY

1900

RUBICON HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME APPROVED

LESS PRESSURE ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1990s

FIRST NUCLEAR FISSION REACTOR

ELECTRICITY

TRANSPORT

WIND FARMING AT CODRINGTON, CHALLICUM HILLS

1951

MERCAPTAN ADDED TO GAS FOR LEAK DETECTION

SECV STARTED HYDROELECTRIC

1911-1916

TO TRICITY

1937

2000s

WIND

GAS

BUILT IN USA

DISCOVERED IN GERMANY

ELECTRICITY

1987-2000

1970

COAL

2000

ELECTRICITY

SPENCER ST POWER STATION

1951

BROWN COAL PRODUCTION SECV CLOSED DOWN NATURAL GASWORK PRODUCTIONS

2006

OIL

ARE. CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION PLATEAUS 2006

HEAT FIRE

2 DEATHS 2000

HEAT FIRE

7+ DEATHS

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

LEY OR 98.5% A’S L

RST ZERO COAL NT

2000-2100 2009

2011

BREAKTHROUGH IN CANCER RESEARCH

8 WIND FARMS WITH 428MW OF CAPACITY

MERCURY IS 98% MAPPED MIND CONTROL HEADSETS ENTER THE VIDEO GAMES MARKET 3D SCANNING ENTERS THE CONSUMER MARKET THE TALLEST MAN-MADE STRUCTURE IN HISTORY IS COMPLETED

PREDICTION SLOW DEATH OF THE CARBON ENERGY ERA FUTURE OF ENERGY P1 SOCIETY AND THE HYBRID GENERATION

SPECULATED SUPERSEDEN PROJECT 2020

PREDICTION

ELECTRICITY

2070-2080 ISLAM IS THE WORLD’S DOMINANT RELIGION GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURES HAVE RISEN BY 4°C

UBERAIR TRIALLED IN MELBOURNE

AGRICULTURAL ROBOTS PLANS TO BE IMPLEMENTED ON FARMS GLOBALLY SUCH AS THE ECOROBOTIX HARVEST ROBOT FROM NAIO TECHNOLOGIES.

WATER IS DISCOVERED ON THE MOON

DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST EXOPLANET THAT COULD HOLD LIQUID WATER

EXPANSION OF WIND FARMS CAPACITY TO 1249MW FOR VICTORIA 2016 FARMING

SCIENTISTS ENGINEER NEW PLASTICS WITHOUT THE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS

2077

INNOVATION

WIND

MOUSE GENOME IS FULLY SEQUENCED

KEPLER SEARCHES FOR EARTHLIKE PLANETS

2019

2016

WIND

TECHNOLOGY

2025

TECHNOLOGY

HYDROLOGIC

FUSION POWER IS WIDESPREAD FULLY AUTOMATED HOMES FIVE-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES FOR LIVER CANCER ARE APPROACHING 100% ADVANCED NANOTECH CLOTHING | PICOTECHNOLOGY IS BECOMING PRACTICAL PLASTIC RECYCLING RATES ARE APPROACHING 100% WORLDWIDE THE NUMBER OF TRILLONAIRES IN THE WORLD NOW EXCEEDS 10 THE FIRST SPACE ELEVATOR IS BECOMING OPERATIONAL THE DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN ALTERED SUBSTANTIALLY THE THAMES BARRIER IS UPGRADED ACCURATE SIMULATIONS OF VIRUSES UNMANNED PROBES TO SEDNA

INCREASE HYDROLOGIC DEMAND AND SUPPLY

2013 SOLAR

IVANPAH - WORLDS WORLD’S LARGEST CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER PLANT USA.

2014 COAL

GROWTH IN COAL INDUSTRY BUT ALSO MASS INCREASE IN CONSUMPTION WITHIN

2030

DECARBONISATION

2017

DECARBONISED POWER

ELECTRICITY

EXPANSION IN ELECTRICITY AND GAS SUPPLIES.

2035

97% RENEWABLE RESOURCES

2077

2019

L GAS WERE NCE

2050

HYDRO, SOLAR, TRANSPORT

AR RADIATION

LEAR TEST

DE OIL ION S

2078 ADVANCES IN SPACE TRAVEL AND TOURISM 2079 ASBESTOS PRODUCTION IS ENDING GLOBALLY TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE IN NEW YORK SQL SERVER DATABASES ARE HIT BY A MAJOR GLITCH

ELECTRICITY

ELECTRIFIED TRANSPORT ESTABLISHMENT

LARGE-SCALE DECARBONISED SYSTEM

2009

2014

2018

858 DEATHS

69 DEATHS

HEAT

VIRUS

INFLUENZA H1N1 (A) 191 DEATHS

2017 VIRUS

INFLUENZA H1N1 (A/B) PNEUMONIA 1255 DEATHS

2045

HYDROLOGIC, SOLAR

FIRE

2011

NUCLEAR

2009

HEAT FIRE

980 DEATHS + 173 IN BUSHFIRE STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES 4 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

JPN.

2016

2018 - 2019

VIRUS

INFLUENZA H1N1 (A/B) PNEUMONIA 464 DEATHS

VIRUS

INFLUENZA H1N1 (A) 220 DEATHS 48 VICTORIA

RENEWABLE HYDROLOGIC AND TIDAL SYSTEMS

_superseden ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

ENERGY OF THE WORLD

status & statistics

Renewable vs Non-renewable Consumption 2006-2018 Average

Overconsumption has long been the catalyst to many disasters humans face. There are enough resources for everybody’s need, but not enough for our greed. The world demand for electricity has been predicted by Exxon Energy Outlook to increase by 85% by 2040. The burning of coal is still the main source of electricity generation in 2019, consequently in direct relationship with the global temperature and carbon dioxide emissions. Gases in the Atmosphere, 2019

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CONSUMPTION OF THE WORLD gross domestic production(GDP) & productivity

Urban GDP growth $billion, 2007-25

The quality of resources diminishes at an almost linear consistency, with significant contribution from private consumption. Devices and machinery on standby are predicted to increase power usage by 10% over the next decade, making an incremental increase of 1% every year. The main source still continues to be coal-burning.

Global Temperature, Sun & Ice Core relationship

Global Temperature & CO2 Levels

Unfortunately water and air quality are both compromised, as coal-fired plants use extensive amounts of water to produce steam for turbine function. It is reported the amount of water used is enough to account for 250,000 people’s daily water usage (also bearing in mind regular water consumption is about 161L/day for Melbournians.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

GDP OF MEGA CORPORATIONS

All trends show that with increase in net worth, GDP of each technology-based corporation is approximately 20-40% higher . However, transport(railway) & petrol-based corporations have a high net worth but have 20% lower GDP/revenue than their net worth. _ALPHABET(GOOGLE) HQ: US Age: 4 years Type: Technology; conglomerate Employees: 98,771 Net worth: $232.8 billion GDP: $136.82 billion

_EXXON MOBIL HQ: US Age: 19 years Type: Oil & gas Employees: 71,000 Net worth: $346.3 billion GDP: $279.3 billion

_BERKSHIRE HATHAWAY HQ: US Age: 180 years Type: Multinational Conglomerate Employees: 389,373 Net worth: $707.8 billion GDP: $247.5 billion

_MICROSOFT HQ: US Age: 44 years Type: Technology; software & hardware Employees: 144,106 Net worth: $286.55 billion GDP: $125.8 billion

_APPLE HQ: US Age: 41 years Employees: 66,000 Type: Technology Net worth: $605 billion GDP: $1 trillion; 1% of world’s $80.6 trillion GDP, 5% of America’s $19.3 trillion GDP. $265.6billion revenue.

CURRENT TRENDS IN MEGA CORPORATIONS & INFLUENCE Speculation: An increase of GDP for technology-based corporations will lead to further demand-supply because this relies on consumer produce and buyer-seller preferences. The drive to produce technology comes from an intangible desire to own more ‘devices’, whereas physical necessities such as transport and work take a toll on finite resources. By using more finite resources, net worth and GDP will eventually decrease over X period of time as opposed to technology’s increase over the same amount of time. (X= 20 years minimum)

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

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HEATWAVE AFFECTS what/who is affected

People Crops Forests Animals Infrastructure Energy

QUALITY OF LIFE Heart attacks, brain damage from inflammation, heightened mental aggression. Lack of hydration, electrolyte loss, heat strokes, rashes, cramps, syncopes.

ENVIRONMENTS Water stores deplete. Damage to electrical wiring, especially copper wires. Buckling of roads. Power failure. High risk of forest fire

ENERGY USAGE Energy demands increase. Electricity prices expected +0.20% every year from 2020 onwards. Slow-down on Melbourne’s Urban Forest Precinct Strategy as determined by funds to rebuild tree health. Partial transfer of financial focus to heatwave recovery.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

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LIVING STANDARDS & HABITS how does heatwave affect living standards and habits how is urban Melbourne affected

Heat waves have caused us to change our habits in ways that injure the environment; such as being encouraged to use more air-conditioning and hot weather encourages depletion of water stores. Trying to stay indoors as much as possible puts a strain on the urban heat island spots and increases use of shaded transport such as trains and trams which contribute to the overconsumption of resources during the period of the heatwave. According to the Department of Environment & Sustainability, heatwaves can last from minimum 3 days up to 7 days. The Heatwave Management sub-sector did not give a number to the risk of fires but did mention 30-40 degrees C calls for “severe risk” of fires. High risk for disordered and neglectful behavior for every incremental degree past 27 degrees C. Melbourne’s public realm only has a 22% canopy cover, as determined by the Melbourne City Council. Current strategies are very direct, such as drinking more water, staying indoors and the plans to build up the Urban Forest Precinct. However it is identified many neglect the basic need of hydration during heatwaves (Hansel et al, 2008.)

HUMAN NEEDS include, but are not limited to:

Current human needs according to RedEnergy Australia and Victoria Government’s Department of Environment & Sustainability on water consumption and targets. • Electricity/internet (Feb 2018 stat: 25% hot water, 38% heat and cooling, 4% cooking, • 7% lighting and household appliances usage up to 13.7kWh to 41kWh per household/day. • Water (Target 155; Melbourne scheme with a target to limit water use to 155L/day) . Trend: Decrease in 5L per person every 2 years. Expected to reach the 155L goal by end of 2019-2020. (In 2018, 161L per person was used on average.) • Warmth (external temperature for comfort: 18-21+ degrees) (internal temperature: 37.4) • Happiness (health; to have absence of physical, mental and physiological illness, including satisfaction of needs, such as morals and values as deemed necessary by the individual) • Physical happiness is in health and tangible provision of services, emotional happiness in fulfillment/ ability to establish goals and meet them, social happiness is in opportunities to form relationships. • Economical happiness is having sufficient resources to support basic physical necessities such as food, water, shelter and healthcare of some sort. • Physiological happiness takes into account access to factors that indirectly affect physical and emotional happiness, such as sufficient access to clean air, light, metaphysical objects that give contentment.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

RECOVERY

how long does it take to recover from a heatwave

Aside from design perspectives, humans respond to heatwaves with other adaptive behaviours, which include but are not limited to: Physical recovery: it can take up to several years to rebuild a community affected by fire from heatwaves. Psychological recovery: varies depending on situation ie death of a family member, monetary loss, loss of home, disability etc Economic recovery: Cost average used to rebuild residences from major heatwaves and resultant fires, $300500 million (excluding deaths and material salvage) since 2009. - A supplementary fund of $593 million for fire suppression alone. - Additional estimated $4.1 million support for animal deaths and crops. - $600million was required to rebuild timber harvesting areas - Additional $18million to salvage timber scraps - By 2010, est. $867 million spent to recover affected communities (VIC ONLY) - $20million for restoring infrastructure and telecommunication - In 2009-2010 alone, $4369million was used as emergency response to damages - Victorian Commission gave conservative estimate $4 billion to rebuild on top of $4369million.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

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OTHER FACTORS

disasters with lesser impact than heatwaves in Victoria

Floods mostly affect Northern Territory, Queensland, rarely Melbourne.

Pandemics (influenza does affect Melbournians). However we are constantly putting our focus into medical technology—immunizations and yearly breakthroughs that keep us on par with the evolution of viruses (technological evolution vs viral).

Drought effects on a countrywide scale that is typical of arid countries. We have set targets (Green strategies, Target 155) to respond to water depletion and predicted replenishment. Drought is the product of reoccurring heatwaves and lack of water replenishment.

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

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MELBOURNE’S RESPONSE how will Melbourne respond to heatwaves with application of future technologies

Currently we are advised to change simple habits such as drinking more water and using wet towels or implementing airconditioning and blinds into buildings. There are other technologies that help harness energy suitable for our use, that will also contribute less to the heatwaves/ UHI effect. The Australian Government intends to implement: • Sun Cable Company plans to produce electricity from Australia’s solar exposure to help power Singapore using a 3800km subsea cable. Intent to build a solar farm of 15000+ hectares. • Asian Renewable Energy Hub (AREH) in WA: Solar/wind hybrid farm with plans to dedicate 20% of output to power tourist town Broome. • Single-tower solar thermal power plant (SA); intends to store energy in molten salt and operate 24/7, generating renewable electricity. • Hybrid technologies by ARENA, funded by Australian Government ($200million+). • Solar/thermal+wind, battery storage backups to replace diesel-fired generators. States of focus: NT, SA, WA, VIC, TAS. • Carbon-capture technology; water, nutrients/vitamins and carbon dioxide with solar energy, used to create a new ‘protein’ food powder. • Carbon nanotubes convert waste heat into solar renewable electricity using thermal protons. • Biodegradable plastics: Ionic liquid enzyme. • Resilience and safety in nuclear reactor expansion: using liquid sodium to transfer heat from fission. Less hydrogen waste and overheating. • Thorium, abundant nuclear material in the earth. It goes through a life cycle of using its own by-products and waste as a source of conversion to energy. • Zero Water 2018, the desert air water harvester. It condenses water vapour and filters it as usable water,

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

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ENERGY SYSTEMS current & future systems

PRESENT

FUTURE SOLAR ELECTRICITY Sun Cable Company plans to produce electricity from Australia’s solar exposure to help power Singapore using a 3800km subsea cable. Intent to build a solar farm of 15,000+ hectares.

BIO-FUELS SOLAR WINDOWS NUCLEAR WASTE

SOLAR WIND ELECTRICITY Asian Renewable Energy Hub (AREH) in Western Australia: Solar/wind hybrid farm with plans to dedicate 20% of output to power tourist town Broome.

FUSION GEOTHERMAL HEAT HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS

SOLAR THERMAL ELECTRICITY Single-tower solar thermal power plant South Australia; intends to store energy in molten salt and operate 24/7, generating renewable

TIDAL POWER FLYING WIND FARMS

electricity.

HUMAN POWER

HYBRID SOLAR THERMAL WIND ELECTRICITY Hybrid technologies by ARENA, funded by Australian Government ($200 million+). Solar, thermal, wind and battery storage backups would be replacing diesel-fired generators. States of focus: NT, SA, WA, VIC, TAS.

SPACE BASED SOLAR POWER CCS CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE

STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

TECHNOLOGICAL MILESTONES 2000-2019

2000 Home computers reach a microprocessing speed of 1GHz. Multi-core systems under development. 2001 Apple launches the first version of the iPod. 2002 Apple launches an improved iMac g4, with a larger 15”LCD screen and 1.25Ghz improved speed. Kevin Warwick invents the robotic arm through brain-computer interface studies. 2003 Human Genome Project to determine the specifications of human DNA accomplished. Record heatwave in the UK kills 37000. A week of 40+ degrees Celsius. 2004 Mars Exploration Rovers function beyond predicted lifespan & durability. 1GB SD card invented. “Gherkin” construction completed. 2005 Phase out of CDs and floppy disks; USBs in replacement. 2006 Crude oil production plateaus in the Middle East First nuclear test from North Korea 2007 Iphone created and placed on market. Google street view created. Location markers. Medical breakthrough: Monkey skin cells converted to embryonic stem cells. 2008 Internet expansion. MMORPGs trending in the virtual goods and services categories. Brain scans able to read images. Later improvements in 2018, used to detect high risk of brain tumours. 2009 Mouse genome mapping completed. Used in benefit to analyse further diseases. Biodegradable plastics without use of fossil fuels in manufacturing. Water and hydrogen sources discovered on the moon. David Vision Systems place 3D scanners on the market. 2010 Augmented Reality(AR) undergoes improvements and increases in market value. Craig Venter synthesizes a parasitic bacterial cell from computer-technological processes. Experimentation with a sequence of the human genome. Experimentation with Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of Sun (IKAROS), solar-sailing technology for spacecrafts. 2011 iRobot Roomba and other household robotics available on the market. 2013 Touch sensor technology in phone models and tablets, including Wacom products (excluding Apple products) European Space Agency’s Gaia Mission’ commences; to map the solar system. Expected completion in year 2022. 2014 Increased automation and ‘self-service’ or automated checkouts at retails globalized. 2015 Virtual Reality, Oculus Rift devices placed on the consumer market. Biometric scanners for online banking available; using LED & monochrome sensors; Detect haemoglobin and veins, translating this into a user’s ID print. 2016 Agricultural robots plans to be implemented on farms globally, such as the Ecorobotix harvest robot from Naio Technologies. Potential plans to improve on IVF for babies with altered genome. Controversial. 2017 Over 2 million Australian homes integrated a solar power system. South Australia’s “World’s Largest lithium-ion battery” saved $40 million in 2017 regarding energy usage vs. storage. International Renewable Energy Agency looking to convert all Australian transport to electrical by 2050. 2018 First flying car test successful in Dubai. Australia agricultural plans to implement agriculture robots. Australia’s Project Snow Hydro 2.0 to convert former mines into hydro power plants 2019 Melbourne, the first city with all council infrastructure powered by renewable sources STUDIO 38 FABLE

RESEARCH

ARIEL FLORES | 926747 | JOO LIEW | 831400

FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES: PRECEDENTS

Existing precedents regarding potential project scenarios

Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral (2013)

Scape Studio’s Oyster Tecture (2009)

Location: 234 Hereford St, Christchurch, New Zealand For the survivors of the Christchurch Tragedy.

Location: New York Harbor. Semi-permanent, static. Purpose: Creating a barrier from flooding along the coasts of NY.

Temporary: to stand for only 50 years Purpose: restore faith and hope in the survivors. Hope is an important part of the human emotion and influences many of our actions and decisions, often in subconscious integration with one’s goals of both heart and mind. Without hope, there is no future.

Float upwelling system: nutrient-rich water flows along this device to promote oyster growth. Clusters of oysters are placed along the harbor to regulate tidal movements toward the shore, preventing potential flooding.

The cathedral is an ‘emergency architecture’, composed of A-framed cardboard and paper tube structures, coated in waterproof polyurethane and flame retardants. All other fillers and the facade are composed of inexpensive materials Ban has been researching and implementing since 1986.

Focus on disaster- flooding mitigation.

Focus on social-cultural restoration as a form of disaster management.

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Peter W.Soderman’s Svalbard Global Seedvault (2008)

Wilkinson Eyre Architects’ Singapore Gardens By the Bay Supertrees (2006)

Location: Spitsbergen, Norway Permanent, built.

Location: 18 Marina Gardens, Singapore. Permanent, built.

Purpose: Biomass production, preservation, renewables

Purpose: Rainwater collection tanks at the top that control temperature and microclimate within the gardens and greenhouse islands itself.

Size: 1000 sqm, $9 million Small facility with 3 underground chambers for storing seeds. Conservation of crop diversity.

Relies on solar energy, photovoltaic cell devices placed at the top of each ‘tree’.

Maintenance for below-zero conditions with electrical temperature maintenance. Primarily concrete.

Steel vein cladding with 1000 species of plant conservation. Size: 54 hectares, approximately $1 billion SGD.

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FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES: APPLICATIONS TED Talks

Population growth

Senses, sensors & data

Development

Smart City

Smart Living

Sustainable community

Does not produce nuclear waste, but reconverts the waste at low pressures.

Water, nuclear medicines, electricity.

How we design & build a smart city and nation Cheong Koon, 2015

Thorium & Fluoride salts Aerospace Tech

Abandoned due to WW2

Abundant

Less $, low pressure, lower maintenance

Thorium can give Humanity Clean, Pollution-free Energy Kirk Sorensen, 2015

Low-flow devices

Passive energy

Energy Audit/Electric Vehicle

Production vs Consumption

Mother Nature’s deadline

100% Renewable Energy: You can do it Gordian Raacke, 2018

Ecosystem

Built Environment

Society

Economy

Personal

Flourish

Designing cities for Sustainability, Resilience & Happiness Paulina Lis, 2018

Compact & Collect

Compose

Convert

Adapt & Protect

Urban Metabolism

Floating Cities, the LEGO House & other architectural forms of the future Bjarke Ingels, 2019

STUDIO 38 38 FABLE STUDIO FABLE RESEARCH | 01.08.2019 | WEEK 01.02 | DRAFT

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THE CONTEXT NEEDED TO THRIVE SUPERSEDEN project proposal

The conditions of living in the air during a heatwave is more suitable for the human being, with the least risk of genetic mutation required to ‘survive’, as opposed to other speculated living advancements.

Taking into account the resources needed to survive and conditions needed to live.

We must ‘move up, not down’.

To the sky.

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ENERGY VALIDITY OF APPROACH RESOURCES

INNOVATION

FINITE

RENEWABLE

GROWTH

DRAWBACK DISASTER

MAN MADE

NATURAL

FLOOD

FIRE

GLOBAL WARMING

FLASH

UHI

DROUGHT

HEAT

CONTROL

SUMMER

MAINTAIN

ENVIRONMENT

LAND

HIGHER GROUND

SEA

UNDER GROUND

FLOAT

SKY

RESEARCH

SPACE

SUBMERGE

TETHERED

_APPROACH STUDIO 38 FABLE

HUMAN

REDUCE

_OCCUPANCY

_RESPONSE

FAMINE

HEATWAVE

URBAN MELBOURNE

_PARAMETERS

VIRUS

UNTETHERED

UNKNOWN

PERMANENCE

FREE-FROM

ISOLATION

NET-ZERO

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SCENARIO CHARTS

happiness in living in 4 controlled environments with focused disasters; categorized human needs in particular events.

Human parameters, with references to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943) and Mahoney’s Model for Disaster Management (2014), alongside scientific excerpts by Mary Johnston (2010) with Anthony Robbins’ “6 Core Human Needs”. The following radar charts show qualitative data for human needs as prioritized during a heatwave.

Chart A. Human Needs I. Focuses on the physical needs and basic necessities during the specified disaster scenarios. Prioritized measures based on Mahoney’s Model. Chart A. Human Needs I.

Chart B. Human Needs II. Qualitative factors of determined importance during times of optimal environmental conditions and distress, with regard to Robbins’ Core Human Needs charts. Regard for self-actualization beyond physical needs is crucial to human happiness and fulfillment.

Chart B. Human Needs II.

Chart C. Designed Environment. Measured according to research on frequencies of the specified disasters compared to severity levels and human impact. Defines priorities and how much recovery cost is required vs long-term maintenance of infrastructure, social and cultural recuperation.

Chart C. Designed Environment. STUDIO 38 FABLE

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subjective priorities of human needs when living in each environment

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SKY

SEA

SPACE

EARTH

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system parameters

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design parameters

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PARAMETER CHARTS

heatwave economic current factors vs scenarios heatwave current economic factors vs hypothetical calculations for forward proposal MELBOURNE DURING A HEATWAVE 2019 CATEGORY

TYPOLOGY

NO. OF USERS

CONSTRUCTION TIME

LAUNCH COST

TIME SPENT

RUNNING COST (maintenance)

AREA SIZE

IMPACT/OTHER STATS

EARTH (land)

HEATWAVE COSTS ($)

1-DAY($)

TOTAL HEAT COSTS($)

MORTALITY COSTS ($)

TOTAL UHI HEAT IMPACT($)

UHI ATTRIBUTES($)

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE($)

505,402,800

1,344,902,300

2,003,565,800

1,211,296,900

3,169,398,800

3,877,569,400

11,369,098,597

EARTH (underground) Gov Financial Assistance, 2013: $11billion, 2018: $2.4 billion to help run communities and basic perishable resource

495400 sqm

90% mining area, 'Area size' refers to 10% livable area

Coober Pedy

Underground city

1,762

684 months 1 x dugout=xxmonths

Aquarius Lab

Research lab

12 months

$5,000,000,000.00

10 days

$2,100,000

35.1 sqm

Government funded

Space shuttle

39 months

$196,000,000,000.00

180 days

$3,000,000,000

7884 sqm

Weighs 4500000 tons

Airship (rigid)

24 months

$12,000,000.00

101 hours 26 min

$14,000,000

262.5m (L)

Blau gas used

SEA

SPACE NASA Space Shuttle (ISS)

SKY Graf Zeppelin

14000000

CATEGORY

PRECEDENT

TYPE

# OF USERS

RESOURCE USE

INCIDENCE COSTS($)

TOTAL PROJECT COST($)

ECONOMIC VALUE($)

TOTAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE($)

UNTETHERED

Air Force One A380 B747

Command centre Commercial plane

102 853 605

Aviation fuel Diesel Diesel

3,900,000

5,200,000

9,100,000

Goodyear Blimp

Airship (non-rigid)

Lifting gases

3,000,000

21,000,000

24,000,000

Helium

2,000,000

12,000,000

(scrapped, 1940)

14,000,000

7-20

450,000,000

196,000,000,000

209,000,000,000

405,450,000,000

TOTAL $11,369,098,600

Graf Zeppelin

Airship (rigid)

SPACE

NASA Space Shuttle

Spaceplane

HYBRID

Bird of Prey

Mix-use passenger jet

Electricity/fuel

67,000,000

Aeromobil 4.0

Flying car

Electricity/fuel

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,500,000

SEA

Oyster-Tecture Aquarius Lab USS South Dakota Poseidon

Coastal application Undersea lab Submarine Undersea resort

N/A 1793 -

Oyster shells Diesel -

3,000,000 N/A -

4,000,000 2,600,000,000 -

7,000,000 2,600,000,000 -

TETHERED

Supertrees

Thermoregulation

Electricity/solar

50,000,000

1,035,000,000

106,000,000

1,191,000,000

Coober Pedy

Underground town

1761

Renewables

600,000

38,900,000

(45,000 per house) 411,050,000 If 60 sqm/house, 10% of 495400 sqm are homes, total cost: 371,550,000 TOTAL (2 precedents of min.cost) Untethered: $23,100,000 Space: $405,450,000,000 Hybrid: $69,500,000 Sea: $2,607,000,000 Tethered: $1,602,050,000

FINANCIAL PARAMETERS

PRECEDENTS APPLIED

POSSIBLE TYPE

# OF USERS per unit

POSSIBLE RESOURCE

MORTALITY COST($)

(Focus on value of life costs vs project cost; how Air Force muchOne the proposal will potentially save Hybrid; and nomadic invest for habitation each inhabitant) units 102 with dormant ‘command’ Electricity building Bird of Prey 80 Solar Supertrees 20 Heat/air density changes 50,000,000

POTENTIAL PROJECT COST UNIT:COST POTENTIAL RATIO, per annum

MORTALITY:PROJECT COST($) & EXPENDITURE

9,100,000 67,000,000 1,191,000,000

1:89215 1:837500 -

11,419,098,600 / 1,267,100,000 gives 1:9. Each ‘unit’ of the project can inhabit 9 users.

1,267,100,000

51,484 per person per year

(total costs above, divided by 2) = 1:463,357 Per unit = $463357. If 1 unit has 9 ppl, average amount spent per person per year is $51,484.17.

(+11,369,098,600 mortality cost) Totals

202

11,419,098,600

Hypothesis

9 people per ‘home’

Each unit can house 9 people daily. If they<<live If they in it for lived 1 year, in it for 1 person 7 days would duringspend heatwave, est $51,484 $141.05/day total. (elderly). $70.52/day(young adult) 7 days= $987.37/person(elderly).

*All rates are per annum, based off data, statistics and some qualitative research from reports of 2016-2017. *In the yellow table, ‘Mortality:Project Cost’ refers to mortality as the ‘cost required for recovery/payment required to supplement human life’ and project cost is total potential cost derived from existing precedents. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa751c/pdf *Please note some values are estimates based on an average calculation, in cases where the exact figure has not been supplied and various sources have relative disparity. https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/uploads/9901f6614a2cac7b2b888f55b4dff9cc.pdf STUDIO 38 FABLE RESEARCH https://www.gen-agedcaredata.gov.au/Resources/Dashboards/Aged-care-data-snapshot-2017

https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/eco-assessment-of-urban-heat-island-effect.pdf

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SYSTEM PARAMETERS air & atmospheric information

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QUALITATIVE HYPOTHESIS qualitative data; Sustainability Victoria

Qualitative responses regarding 3,333 Victorians aged 15 years and over; perceptions and views on heatwaves. The survey was held by Sustainability Victoria, from 17 November to 14 December 2016, following a pilot test among a small sample of Victorians. The online survey was conducted from 19 December 2016 to 20 January 2017.

67%

ARE CONCERNED ABOUT HEATWAVES

The following is the Respondent Profile:

68%

LOCATION Greater Melbourne 73% Regional 27%

ARE CONCERNED ABOUT BUSHFIRES

GENDER Male 48% Female 52% AGE 15 - 24 25 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 64 65 and over

72%

ARE CONCERNED ABOUT WATER SHORTAGE & DROUGHT

16% 28% 14% 25% 17%

91%

ACCEPT HUMAN CAUSALITY FOR CLIMATE CHANGE

COUNTRY OF BIRTH Australia 73% International 27%

“ “ “

Help smaller communities to develop community energy programs. More localised energy generation rather than upgrades to power lines.

Today’s society is very much a NOW society, they want to see something NOW, though that builds the future.

We would take action if it helps with our everyday expenses and convenience as well. For example, public transport is not effective in this country and so I have to use my car. I would use public transport if it was effective, but it’s not reliable.

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”

“

”

“

”

“ 52

I have a nephew, and my friends, they have children too. And I would like them to have a healthier and happier future.

In my generation we are already seeing the changes so it is an urgent matter.

Because if it proves to be an empty threat, taking unnecessary action will not cause significant harm, whereas if it proves to be the imminent disaster that it appears, then taking the action required to ensure the survival of the species should be a given.

” ” ”

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NOTICED ANY CHANGE IN THE OCCURRENCE OF:

CLIMATE CHANGE INFLUENCING INCREASE OF:

Severe bushfires

Heatwaves

Severe storms & floods

Coastal erosion & sea level rises

Air pollution

Water shortage & drought

Changes to sea level

Severe storms & floods

Agricultural decline

Heatwaves

Severe bushfires

Water shortage & drought

qualitative data; figure 16. Sustainability Victoria, 2016-7.

22% think the Victorian Government is “doing the right amount” however 61% think they “should be doing more”.

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DESIGN RESEARCH SUPERSEDEN project development

CONTROL the environment the micro-climate

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REDUCE the heat mortality rates

MAINTAIN to preserve quality of life

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PROPOSAL: SKY

project ideation for development for the untethered, the most cost-effective, lesser risks under severe heatwaves

Our response to extreme heat situations include heat exhaustion, stress, inability to sweat therefore failing to regulate internal body temperature, strokes and aggravation of disorders and illnesses. The environment should be designed and controlled so occupants’ health, safety, comfort and recovery are ensured. From this, the project will take the First Principles to apply into the design, also considering the following: - Achieve coolness: layering. Cool air is a bad conductor of heat. - Control use of air to reduce the impact of heat during a heatwave - Reduce the risk of humans reaching that state of severity - Maintain a built environment with cool micro climate, that enables rest, comfort, rehydration, to prevent hypoactivity of the organs causing shutdown and death. - For the design to be responsive and adaptive.

FIRST PRINCIPLES • Temperature & radiation • Relative Humidity • Air velocity • Buoyancy • System maintenance • Logistics-speed of Use • Deployment methods • Boarding process • Energy consumption • Size (Land/Usage) • Typology

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idea 01 deployable units able to pick up the vulnerable from their apartments/high places. acts as an extension to the existing structure essentially emergency pods estimated time spent ‘living’ in: 3-7 days

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idea 02 deployable units able to pick up the vulnerable from their apartments/high places. acts as an extension to the existing high-rise emergency capsule units gather into a suspended cluster, forming a building for living estimated time spent ‘living’ in: 3-7 days or more.

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idea 03 deployable units able to pick up the vulnerable and gather to a mothership acts as an extension to the existing high-rise untethered, free-floating structure that reduces heat in the UHI hotspot estimated time spent ‘living’ in: 3-7 days, 12 months or more.

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PROPOSAL: SKY

sketch design in relation to the 3 visions & future technologies

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NEW TECHNOLOGY

speculations of new technologies that can be applied to large-scale use potential application to SUPERSEDEN project

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NITROGEN VACUUM

CARBON NANOTUBES

ZERO WATER

HYGROSCOPE

AIR JELLY

AIR RAY

BIONIC WHEELBOT

E-MOTION SPHERE

DUAL WING GENERATOR

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Boiling liquid nitrogen to create a vacuum, a space with differential atmospheric pressure.

NITROGEN VACUUM

Could be used to displace hazards in both liquid and air by replacing with nitrogen gas, this process is Nitrogen Purging. Methods: 1) Pressure transfer of liquids 2) Pressure-hold vacuum methods 3) Displacement purging 4) Dilution purging

CNTs are an allotrope of carbon. They are commonly used for wiring subsea cables over long distances for deepwater oil and gas field applications.

CARBON NANOTUBE

It is considered potentially highly conductive and has high malleability due to the copper component. Potentially has the strength equivalent to diamonds. The high conductivity is most effective for long range telecommunication and electrical systems, including high lifespan when treated for underwater use.

Researchers from University of Akron, Ohio (2018) AIR WATER

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Developing large-scale prototypes for a water harvester that can gather 10 gallons 38 litres per hour of water from thin air. Currently there is a small-scale prototype about the size of a standard coffee machine, that generates drinkable water from the air only.

RESEARCH

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Architect: Achim Menges (2012) Function: Prototype pavilion aspect; Transsolar Climate engineering.

HYGRO SCOPE

Responsive architecture that behaves in computational morphogenesis. The project is suspended in a humidity controlled glass case, responding to its own microclimate (opening and closing) depending on humidity. Factors within their design parameters: 1) fibre directionality 2) layout of the natural and synthetic composite 3) length-width-thickness ratio 4) geometry of the element 5) humidity control

Developed by Festo Technologies, modelled on the manta ray. Inspired by bird flight and zeppelin technology.

AIR MANTA RAY

System: Remote-controlled hybrid with helium filled ballonett and wing drive mechanism. Function: Propulsion by flapping-wing mechanism. Has a servo drive unit that simulates tail fins of fish, copying their movement physics. Span Length Height

4.20 m 2.80 m 0.68 m

Material aluminium vaporised PET foil Supply 2x LiPo accumulator cells, 8V, 1500mAh Developed by Festo Technologies, modelled on the jellyfish. It glides through air via peristaltic motion.

AIR JELLY

System: Central electric drive unit with adaptive crank mechanism. Remote-controlled. Propulsion coreless motor, 3V. Function: Integrated motion pendulum set with 2 actuators in X and Y directions to allow versatile movement in aviation and on ground. Diameter 1.35 m Weight 1.3 kg Height 2.20 m Material helium-filled ballonett Supply 2x LiPo accumulator cells, 8V, 400mAh

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Inspired by the cebrennus rechenbergi spider. Its capabilities include propelling itself into the air, somersaulting and rolling on ground.

BIONIC WHEELBOT

Body dimensions (LHW): 570x238x796 mm Leg length: 344mm Gauge: 164mm Wheel diameter: 267mm Material: Polyamide and 3D printed Battery: Lithium polymer, 7.4 volts, 1000mAh Radio module: 866 MHz with tablet remote control Actuator: 14 automatic-locking worm gear units, 1 servo motor Sensors: 1 BNO055 Absolute Orientation Sensor

Long flight times due to autonomous charging. Large spatial area covered with low power consumption and positioning controlled by infrared technology to prevent collisions. Suspension and movement in XYZ directions possible.

E-MOTION SPHERE

Material: 7-layer bi-directionally stretched PE/PP film Thickness: 25um/ 27g/m2, 95cm diameter System: 1 infrared camera per unit, main processor, 8 brushless motors to activate propellers, 4 infrared LEDs Inertial measurement unit: 3 gyroscopes, 3 acceleration sensors, 3 magnetometers Battery: Rechargeable, 2 Li-poly cells with permanent condition of monitoring charging status and procedures. Material: Sintered nylon & translucent PE film

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THERMO ELECTRIC GENERATOR

Machines that can convert heat energy to electricity. The thermal gradient formed between two dissimilar conductors produces electricity, however it is highly dependent on temperature. Efficiency rates as of 2011 according to researchers Yazawa and Shakouri state TEGs are efficient in function and cost for a transportive unit such as vehicles and small-powered gadgets though it is not yet able to power for all needs of an average household of 41kWh yet.

Power generation with principle of beating wings. Linear lifting movement is converted to rotary to simulate the same fluidity in bird flight (albatross and hawk specifically).

DUAL WING GENERATOR

Motion output becomes more efficient at low wind speeds but can also adapt to increased conditions. Shows movement and suspension in different air movement ranges are flexible. Maximum efficiency occurs between common wind speed range of 4 to 8 m/s. Total width: 250cm, wing width 110cm Material: Carbon System: 1 ELGG axle, 2 free wheels, 2 push-on flanges, 2 motor flanges, 1 control system with 2 modules, 2 analogue inputs, 120W braking dynamometer.

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SYSTEMS & LOGISTICS systems | logistics | deployment | function

WHO The at-risk, at two scales. Residential Urban WHAT Built form that responds to a natural recurring disaster. Heat waves. A modular system that incorporates multiple effect systems that together combats heat related impacts. WHEN RESPONSIVE the structures designed are responsive to the onset of Heat Waves, the present heat in Summer and the constant UHI effect and the inevitable Global Warming. WHERE SEMI PERMANENT locations that are hot, can accommodate the public and accessible to the needs of at risk users. Priority, to at risk individuals, heirachy like transport systems. WHY HEATWAVES KILL. 2077 WILL BE 64 C MINIMUM The severity is not to be taken lightly, 6200+ deaths expected due to heat related events. HOW Incorporating the existing preventions and cooling techniques, a framework that can hold multiple typologies in a singular lot, vertically stacked provides the flexibility to respond the onset of heat waves. The individuals (seniors, youth, homeless) that can not escape the heat due to age or restrictive surroundings. Residential level: Attachment to an existing house, emergency granny flat situation. The modular unit to be transported to the noded framework “communal city” Urban level: Temporary framework erected at a public location, the framework contains effective methods to capture heat, harness and store as energy in return cooling spaces, reduce the heat wave impacts through nodes of within the city reducing UHI and summer heat accumulation . The structural framework will accommodate masses who struggle to combat the heat on their own, and for individuals to escape to the escape the dying heat.

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PROGRESS the process so far

On Neufert’s anthropomorphic data. The design will split into three phases: 1. 2. 3.

Module - internal spaces, interactions & connections Frame - main external framework, multiplied by modules Deployment - mode of transport, temporarity

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LARGE SCALE

URBAN

SMALL SCALE

SYSTEM

FRAME

DEPLOYMENT

1. 2. 3.

CONNECTIONS

MAINTENANCE VOLUME TRANSPORT GENERATION FILTER MICROCLIMATE

• • • •

escape heatwaves cultivate (heat) energy heatwave adaptation efficiency & resilience

RESIDENTIAL LOGISTICS

PHYSICS

SUSPENSION (CHEAPER; LESS ENERGY)

DETAILING

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Max height of project +2743.20m

Low flight range +1524.00m

Eureka Skydeck +300.00m Average Melbourne skyline +150.00m Melbourne; above sea level 0.00m +31.00m

*for diagrammatic purposes only. Not to scale. STUDIO 38 FABLE

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PROGRESS

basic fundamental geometry to be expanded upon.

Hexagons being the most efficient geometry for modular purposes, with minimal wastage of surface area and allowing flexibility in arrangement and function, with circulation efficiency comparable to a circle.

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In an excerpt from Marc Chamberland’s ‘Single Digits: In Praise of Small Numbers’, Charles Darwin describes the honeycomb as a piece “absolutely perfect in economizing labor and wax.” Polish polymath Jan Brożek (1585–1652): “The hexagon tiles the plane with minimal boundary.”

The hexagonal structure allowed for use of minimal boundaries whilst maximising potential surface area with minimal wastage. In 1998, Thomas Hales found the packing sphere density is approximately 65% and the hexagonal close-packing arrangement yields an average density of π/(3√2) ≈ 74%.

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HEXAGONAL GEOMETRY • Offers non-overlapped optimal surface coverage • Can be adjacent in arrangement • For largest given radius, the distance between the polygonal center and edge in surface area • Systematic configuration and repeated arrangements ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPACITY, CELL SIZE, INFRASTRUCTURE Area is divided into clustered groups with finite number of modules. K= no. of cells (individual) in a cluster N= Clustered (group) limit Each cell in a cluster is J = N/K Thus N= J x K; J<N

COST

TO FIND REPLICATION/REPETITION OF CLUSTERS Let M= no. of clusters in overall system (C) C= M x N thus C= M x J x K (N = J x K is constant since reducing K increases J proportionally. To increase C, M is increased.) OPTIMISE CIRCULATION BETWEEN CLUSTERS To locate channeling modules ie circulation-based nodes; using i,j as shift parameters: 1. Move i cells along chosen hexagonal edge (i= any integer value) 2. Turn 60 degrees anticlockwise to find the vertical linear component of j 3. Move j cells vertically. OPTIMISE DISTANCE BETWEEN CONTROL NODES d = √3 R Let D be distance. D = √[3R^2(i^2 + j^2 + i*j)] D^2 / (3R^2) = i^2 + j^2 + i*j SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY Let q be the ratio of frequency reuse in determining minimum distance for repeating a set of clusters. q= D / R = √(3K) If cluster size(K) = 3, q= 3 K=4, q=3.46 K=7, q= 4.58 K=9, q= 5.20 K=12, q= 6.00 K=19, q=7.55 K=21, q=7.94 K=27, q=9.00 K=28, q=9.16 If K increases, capacity and spectrum efficiency reduces. This can be mitigated by having small K value to reduce circulation interferences and increase spectrum efficiency per Control Node. The minimum spectrum efficiency (D) will reduce according to smaller K values, a median value should be chosen if the objective is to optimise both values in the two systems. Square packing achieves a packing ratio of π/4 of about 78.54% efficiency. By nesting them together, hexagonal packing achieves an efficiency of approx 90.69%.

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*Edited notes: Similar to circular packing methods, although the hexagon is efficient in maximising surface area and reducing wastage in spatial efficiency, it is later found that this should only be applied to circumstances where boundaries in site area are inflexible. Regarding Design Development Overlays from the Melbourne Planning Schemes, the height/altitude at which the project’s framework achieves is presumed to have DDOs inapplicable to its context. Therefore the methods of clustering via hexagonal packing are no longer used for living modules but instead for gathering, collective spaces wherein a large group of extended family will be able to comfortably utilise this space. As further research was done prior to this conclusive assessment, the following pages of this Appendix will progress in further design evaluations that still progress the main project despite some concepts having to be dismissed.

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HEAT TO HEIGHT COOLING GRAPH

Altitude to temperature changes correlation 2070

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URBAN TYPOLOGY iterations; clustering of building accumulation of cluster

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*Edited notes: Testing of Grasshopper and Rhino3D scripts to create a: - Flexible frame that allows for modules to attach and detach - Lightweight enough that can be suspended - Relatively freeform to allow for differing modular compositions This was previously tested and deemed possibly inapplicable for the scenario being showcased for both Alpha and Omega Towers. However, similar parameters were identified as beneficial to being adopted in the practice of processes relating to the Beta tower, in which the typology focuses on transport.

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SUBURBAN TYPOLOGY Small scale residential development

*Edited notes: Developing scripts that tests the composition of stacking groups together, according to percentage variables relating to the number of users during a given year or scenario.

*Edited notes: ‘Wastage’ coefficiency was also tested. Within a boundary limit, the notion of circle packing/hexagonal packing was indeed far less obtrusive to adjacent units (if needed to be closely packed) and with lesser wasted space. Breathability was still a factor that needed to be considered when deciding on this method so as to facilitate the focused on passive cooling. This was later refined to having the need to utilise the urban typologies and unifying modular units in order to maximise said cooling effect.

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If modular units were to be extensions of already existing homes or spaces, that were speculated to be able to deploy itself upon emergency.

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PROJECT REFINEMENT systems | logistics | deployment | function urban collective hub & suburban typology

COSTS IN 2077 CONSTITUENT 01 URBAN HUB/TOWER CONSTITUENT 02 MODULAR UNITS + AIRSPACE RECLAMATION Module Configurations Technological Systems Cluster size limitations Active Propeller Mechanics Urban Framework Parameters Individual Module Parameters Tower Configurations Alpha Tower Airspace

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COSTS IN 2077

from predicted trends of current market and related use of criteria written.

Pressure(P) 103kPa = [ (9.00 x 10^6mol) (8.3145 L-kPa/K-mol) (291.15K) ] / 2.1189 x 10^8 L n = (101325Pa*5m^3) / 8.3145 (m^3Pa/Kmol) *285K Δ T/ Δ z = - ( |g|/Cp) = -9.8 K/km; where g is gravity and Cp is specific heat capacity. T = -dT/dz Environmental lapse rate: The environmental lapse rate (ELR), is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location. As an average, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) defines an international standard atmosphere (ISA) with a temperature lapse rate of 6.49 K/km (3.56 °F or 1.98 °C/1,000 ft) from sea level to 11 km (36,090 ft or 6.8 mi). From 11 km up to 20 km (65,620 ft or 12.4 mi), the constant temperature is −56.5 °C (−69.7 °F), which is the lowest assumed temperature in the ISA. The standard atmosphere contains no moisture. Unlike the idealized ISA, the temperature of the actual atmosphere does not always fall at a uniform rate with height. For example, there can be an inversion layer in which the temperature increases with altitude. STUDIO 38 FABLE

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HEAT BREAKDOWN time-frame of action

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CONSTITUENT 01

urban hub/tower; establishing scenarios of 45, 55, 65, 75C.

Implementing a tower-like structure, using existing and experimental technologies to reduce heat impacted occurrences. Specific procedures to follow in the hotter parts of the year to reduce mortality. Certain temperatures can affect the methods of heat reduction, the actions needed to be extreme.

Post: The effects after the summer and the heatwaves do prolong into early April time of the year. The tower will respond by focusing on heat capture and distribution to surrounding locale.

Before: The State warning for heatwave status is announced. In the response of increased heat. The ‘tower’ structure emerges out of its dormant mode, the tower is made up of individual modules comprising of mixed archetypes ranging from multi-residential, medical, commercial, and even agricultural.

Preparation: Winters in 2077 will be warmer at the expected range of 15-24C. While temperature is relative to human needs, this temperature will still affect the individual’s perception of cold. The tower will revert to heating mode, where the opportunity for modules to be placed in the tower will comprise of a different configuration for heat retention. The tower will act as a passive heater providing appropriate human warmth to the vicinity of the site. This is not as wide ranged as the cooling effects in summer. The effect of these large pillars containing this modularity offsets the effect heat and heatwaves. The towers will have set stages until the effect of this filter acts as a blanket to accommodate for westerly winds and heatwave flows.

During: The passive integrated technology is: a. Absorbing heat, converting to energy with redistribution into the tower. The accumulation of heat stored is providing the means to harvest air-water and create an environment suitable for bio-organic produce. b. Efficiently cooling the surrounding areas, acting as a filter of westerly wind(heatwave), the thermal diffusivity is passive where the modules within are suspended inside the tower perimeter and evaporative cooling in communal/ public space like ground arrayed in the ascension of the building.

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CONSTITUENT 01

points of ‘reclamation’ by extending the framework onto other urban structures where UHI has been determined to increase in severity upon year 2077 in Melbourne. insertion-- points where the framework can be introduced into and integrates the modular system on a larger scale. dispersion-- points where the framework primarily works on improving against UHI effect.

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CONSTITUENT 02 modular units & airspace reclamation

Restructuring important components in the Victoria planning scheme to sustain the Melbourne region and combat the effects of a heatwave. The finances into cooling are estimated to be exponentially higher in temperature above 55C. Radiation: Important factors to include are the expected levels of radiation individuals are exposed to higher temperature and the earth’s atmosphere weakened by the multitude of global warming (man made fossil fuels and carbon emissions). Before: The “Tower” is but a shell, until the hull of this building is composed of modules, its effectivity is correlated by quantity and types of modules contained within. These modules are collected and deployed before the hot months of summer and functioning as the heat builds up. The modules comprising of mixed archetypes contain passive technologies that react positively to heat, the thermal diffusion and hygroscopic elements reduce the impact of heat. The permeability of the modules creates a stable environment. During: Adaptive architectural technologies imitate nature, these modules contract and expand it’s external elements that reduce radiation exposure and regulate internal temperature and humidity. The individual module is a self sustained unit, when placed in the tower, its basic function as an individual unit is supported as additional units are encompassed in the tower. Its internals will be self-customizable according to user requirements (eg partitions can be taken down between units used by larger families. The basic functions include: Self sustenance Self regulated thermal exchange The tower benefits include: Collective cooling & mechanical ventilation Reduction of radiation exposure Communal congregation, in comparison to risk of hot outside. Expenses in cooling self unit are supported-- “giving to the tower” Post: Modules are to be transported to original location (if desired) or placed in locations where the modules can regulate the microclimate around them and collect passive energy while dormant when there is no heatwave. Preparation (for the next heatwave): Infrastructure built into VPP 2050-2077 Buildings of 2050-2077 will accommodate the emergence of airspace, incorporating elements of the ‘Core Tower’ thus providing adaptability of living, flexibility of response. The effect of these modular units offsets the effect heat and heatwaves. Buildings built in this period, experiment the logistics of modularity and determine the reliance on mechanical ventilation .These modular units will mitigate the UHI effect in reducing heat in hotspots through filtration and absorbing surrounding heat. They are standardised and can be relocated at hotspots with particularly vulnerable populations. STUDIO 38 FABLE

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Temperature Analysis according to wind velocity, set in Autodesk CFD.

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MODULE CONFIGURATIONS living quarters, pod and order prioritizing

Adaptive tailsitter propellers capable of flying in XYZ directions. Powered by electricity from the TEG unit after heat conversion.

Following a hexagonal section due to optimisation of stacking. This reduces interference between locations of channel cells (please refer to the journal draft for Week 9-01 on the last section regarding the formula for optimising such spaces). The modules will then be able to be stacked according to order of increasing coverage and prioritised populations: 1) elderly 2) children + guardians 3) the average population such as young adults. Multilayered bidirectionally stretched PE/PP film that traps nitrogen in a vacuum. Inflates to create air space and insulative protective layer on heat contact.

TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS integrated systems

The modules are lightweight units that can be stacked rapidly prior to the emergence of a heatwave. Each unit comes with its own filtration core system, in which the functionality is supported by thermoelectric generators to convert heat directly to electricity for usage, and air-water harvester, which condenses surrounding vapour and collects it into usable water. The main filtration system acts as the ventilator, humidifier and thermoregulator for the internals of the module. Motorised pin system: Floor and ceiling will actuate according to use of space (eg double volume ceiling to accommodate user preference or needs). TEG will collect heat and convert this to electricity, stored to cool the pod. When deployed, heat collected from moving through the environment stores into the TEG for added electricity to power the pin system. Thermoelectric generator blocks (TEG-Bs): Are slimline TEGs modeled in the dimensions of standard brick sizes but slimmer in thickness (approximately 230(L)x110(W)x40(thickness) mm). These have been designed specifically for modular building unit configurations, supporting the main TEG unit so as to reduce size of devices but increase efficiency. Project Eden will utilize these in an array to form a ‘curtain wall’ in areas with major environmental contrast between the exterior and interior spaces. Heat captured by TEG-blocks are transmitted here. Converts electricity from the excess heat via bismuth N & P type thermoelements. Energy is transmitted to then power the actuated motor pin system and main control computer for internal volumetry and control over the module space.

Stacking of modular units in the airspace, with interchangeability and flexibility in clustering arrangement according to the number of vulnerable users in groups.

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Geometry of spaces & design decisions aﬀecting the brain activity of users: Material associoated with comfort levels of a speciﬁed volumetry, resonance frequency, brainwave, consciousness status.

Cubic/prism: - Concrete, 75.16MHz, Alpha, Active - Timber, 28.90MHz, Alpha, Focus and receive information - Glass, 11.77MHz, Alpha, Relaxation and comfort

Semi-sphere: - Steel, 0.04MHz, Theta, Showman waves- activity and balance - Timber, 0.47MHz, Theta, Meditative space

ng to the number of vulnerable users in groups.

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- Glass, 18.80 MHz, Beta, Attention and active

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Roof: - Ventilation- Air ﬁltration system - Tailsitter gliders (ﬂight mode) with BNO055 Absolute Orientation Sensor (suspension) & Coreless motor - Heat capture connections for TEG, Carbon nanotube electric cables

Services & Systems (back - Thermoelectric Generator (TEG; heat to electricity) with lithium-ion polymer accumulator (backup charge, stored energy for other emergencies) - Air water harvester (water vapor collector system)

External skin: - PMMA smart glass with quadruple glazing - Hygroscope mechanism via trans-solar engineering, TEG blocks that passes heat to the main TEG - Nitrogen vacuum partial skin coverage with Multilayered bidirectionally stretched PE/PP ﬁlm (charge via heat; primary buoyancy)

Floor: - MIT technologies inFORM; motorised pin with computer control system and sensory control - ʻControlʼ main computer for users to customise the internals

PMMA smart glass

TEG-B

Actuated motorised pin system

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Adaptive tailsitter propellers capable of flying in XYZ directions. Powered by electricity from the TEG unit after heat conversion.

Multilayered bidirectionally stretched PE/PP film that traps nitrogen in a vacuum. Inflates to create air space and insulative protective layer on heat contact.

PMMA smart glass

TEG-B

Heat captured by TEG-blocks are transmitted here. Converts electricity from the excess heat via bismuth N & P type thermoelements. Energy is transmitted to then power the actuated motor pin system and main control computer for internal volumetry and control over the module space.

Actuated motorised pin system

Stacking of modular units in the airspace, wit

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INDIVIDUAL MODULE PARAMETERS

CLUSTER SIZE LIMITATIONS

Stacking/clustering for connection Cluster size and system capacity Interference reduction via channel cell locations Internals → systems that help mitigate extreme heat and radiation.

Each cluster for a single group of family (~24 occupants) allows for one core control channel with 6 living modules. Additional living modules can be added but this may reduce the efficiency of resources from the control channel, in reference to the stacking formula.

modular units & airspace reclamation

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refinement on clustering groups

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AIRSPACE

‘reclamation’ & control of space

Utilizing the airspace for transport and operation in the times of the of heat excess. In 2077 the congestion of traffic in ground will be exhausted and a new ground plane located vertically will be in demand. Due to current aircraft specifications in 2019, it is still recommended to have supporting wing functions for gliding directions and motion stability. This will enable carrying the living unit to another location with less risk to the users. As suggested in Wang’s excerpt (2017), for the current trajectory of progression in aircraft and drone technology, propellers alone are insufficient for moderate flight distances due to the proportion of weight to be lifted.

ACTIVE PROPELLER MECHANICS transport systems

Tailsitter propeller system. In top ‘dead space’ of the mechanical space within the pod. Folds downwards into a hibernating state when stacking with other modules/Tower Alpha. Multi-directional, slimline flight systems that are capable of hover and independent adaptation to environmental conditions such as changing wind velocity. Air exchange system: From Nitrogen to oxygen. Located on the skin of the building as it requires heat and solar exposure to be powered. Material usage for increased comfort: Lightweight impregnated concrete for exterior with steel, currently more cost effective and durable than plastics. Performs better than timber for creating external draft and cooling. Interior will have timber layers due to spatial experience of creating a separate environment from the external extremities. Material resonance promotes relaxation and activity within the living space. Passive cooling: Air spaces formed by having tripled/ quadrupled glazing. Prevents heat from directly hitting the building. Use of pin system to adjust internal volumes for walls and roof to increase/decrease the amount of airspace and indirect contact with external heat from the heatwave.

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Deployment Units that use an integrated tailsitter technology system. Modeled in Rhino3D using primarily Edit Points, Curve-Loft commands and Curved-network command, alongside geometry.

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VERTICAL TAKEOFF

AXIS STABILIZATION

HORIZONTAL TRANSPORT

VERTICAL LANDING

DORMANT PARKING

Transport diagram (right to left progression); regarding dormant mode, to takeoff, to transport, and then proceeding to ‘park’ itself after use. Horizontal landing and vertical takeoff both apply the same rotational axis for the tailsitter propellers, further stabilised in position and motion balance by glide mechanisms for balance. STUDIO 38 FABLE

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URBAN FRAMEWORK PARAMETERS urban hub/tower

Lightweight Passive cooling Different computation of space Strength to accommodate change in atmospheric differences More surface area protection, molding form to form voids for passive cooling. Fluidity for voids to provide protective airspace for cooling and glazing Elasticity/fluidity in form Changing of mold → buoyancy → change in volume → reduce energy use in maintaining flotation. Reduce exposure to sunlight to reduce heat absorption. The external skin may increase in surface area therefore larger surface plate exposure to heat/solar which can harvest this energy. Shifting frame that responds to dissipating the radiation through forming multiplicity of voids → indirect exposure to ‘heat’ ie radiation. Layers of voids dissipate this effect. Material: high tensile steel/liquid metal with impregnated plastics. Aerovac film, Carbon-fibre, Diffusive materials

TOWER CONFIGURATIONS urban hub/tower

Focusing on the Alpha Tower typology. The elements within this tower will be present in the other typologies as appropriate. Essentially the tower itself is adaptable according to the variance in heatwaves, depending on factors. Whilst mobility factors, deployment and living conditions are retained, it may change in shape, form, or size according to the heatwave experienced every 90-365 days. Such changes are dependent on aspects including but not limited to; numbers of vulnerable occupants in that particular year (form stacking may change slightly) and extremities of temperature (the tower may suspend at higher altitudes due to higher temperatures as it captures and stores the heat as a result of higher temperatures).

ALPHA TOWER

focus on Alpha Tower framework

Utilising the concept of thermoelectricity. The heat exchange thermally collected from surroundings in contact is conducted through the copper metal piping. The Heat pipe itself contains pressurised water that thermally reacts to heat change, the heat traverses up the tower with the heat sink/ fins to dissipate the heat even further essentially providing a cool building and reducing the heat footprint. Heat Conductivity to Electricity A thermoelectric pad enables the generation of energy from the heat exchange

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ALPHA TOWER testing iterations

Testing Alpha Tower iterations and the TEG exposed systems for the urban tower framework. These work in a series to collect the heat gain from UHI-inflated areas and thus store the energy in collaboration with geothermic applications to enhance thermal diffusivity. STUDIO 38 FABLE

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REFERENCES

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Chisti, Y., Yan, J. (2011). Energy from algae: Current status and future trends Algal biofuels – A status report. Applied Energy, 88, 1-3. Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/34716439/AppEneCh11. pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DEnergy_from_algae_Current_status_and_fut.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMACSHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190803%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190803T063959Z&X-AmzExpires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=fbf64dfde4f1e40773583b1a622448aa5884061d35b449caa8f0b351880fe994 Demirbas, A. (2010). Use of algae as biofuel sources. 51(12), 2738-2749. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2010.06.010 Demirbas, F. (2011). Biofuels from algae for sustainable development. Applied Energy, 88(10), 3473-3480. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.01.059 Dixit, M., Culp, C., et.al. (2010). Identification of parameters for embodied energy measurement: A literature review. Energy & Buildings, 42(8), 1238-1247. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.02.016 Lenzen, M. (2008). Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: A review. Energy Conversion & Management, 49(8), 2178-2199. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2008.01.033 Lund, J., Boyd, T. (2016). Direct utilization of geothermal energy 2015 worldwide review. Geothermics, 60(1), 66-93. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.004 Marszal, A., Heiselberg, P., Bourrelle, J., et.al. (2011). Zero Energy Building – A review of definitions and calculation methodologies. 43(4), 971-979. doi:/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.022 Ono, M., et.al. (2019). Experimental demonstration of energy harvesting from the sky using the negative illumination effect of a semiconductor photodiode. 114(16). doi:10.1063/1.5089783 Ozkan, A., Kinney, K., et.al. (2012). Reduction of water and energy requirement of algae cultivation using an algae biofilm photobioreactor. 114(1), 542-548. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.03.055Get rights and content Saini, S., Yaddanapudi, H. S., Tian, K., Yin, Y., Magginetti, D., & Tiwari, A. (2017). Terbium Ion Doping in Ca3Co4O9: A Step towards High-Performance Thermoelectric Materials. Scientific Reports, 7, 44621. doi:10.1038/srep44621 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep44621#supplementary-information Schaffer, M. (2013). Abundant thorium as an alternative nuclear fuel: Important waste disposal and weapon proliferation advantages. Energy Policy, 60(1), 4-12. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.062 Slade, R., Bauen, A. (2013). Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: Cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass & BioEnergy, 53(1), 29-38. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.019 Tsezos, M., Volesky, B. (1981). Biosorption of uranium and thorium. Biotechnology & Bioengineering, 23(3), 583-604. doi:10.1002/bit.260230309 Velasquez-Orta, S., Curtis, T., et.al. (2009). Energy from algae using microbial fuel cells. 305-331. doi:10.1002/bit.22346

_REFERENCE: PRECEDENTS Barrie, A. (2019). Christchurch Transitional (Cardboard) Cathedral. Architecture Now. Retrieved from https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/christchurchtransitional-cardboard-cathedral/#img=8 Frearson, A. (2012). Gardens by the Bay by Grant Associates and Wilkinson Eyre Architects. Retrieved from https://www.dezeen.com/2012/06/19/ gardens-by-the-bay-by-grant-associates-and-wilkinson-eyre-architects/ Orff, K. (Writer). (2012). Oyster-tecture, Gowanus Canal, NY, Scape. In. Planning, S. E. (2017). Economic Performance of Australia’s Cities and Regions. Canberra, Melbourne Retrieved from https://www.sgsep.com.au/ application/files/8415/1236/7941/Economic_Performance_of_Australias_Cities_and_Regions_2016-17_Compressed.pdf Porada, B. (2013). Shigeru Ban’s Cardboard Cathedral Underway in New Zealand. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/345255/shigeru-banscardboard-cathedral-underway-in-new-zealand Studio, S. (2007, 2007). Oyster-tecture. Retrieved from https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/

Register, T. (1926). Victoria’s Terrible Experiences. The Register (Adelaide, SA : 1901 - 1929), p. 13. Retrieved from https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/ article/64323773 Ridgway, e. a. (2015). Energy in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.originenergy.com.au/blog/about-energy/energy-in-australia.html Rober H. Crawford, G. J. T. (2004). Net energy analysis of solar and conventional domestic hot water systems in Melbourne, Australia. 1, 76(1-3), 159163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.030 Sheehan, J., Dunahay, T., et.al. (1998). A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program—Biodiesel from Algae. Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Retrieved from https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu. documents/31018751/Biodiesel_from_algae_-_USDOD_report.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DA_look_back_at_the_ US_department_of_ener.pdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A%2F20190803%2Fus-east1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20190803T064020Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=177a30b2d455d5 e8943ec02feb016d636d52f1f8f3470c1ff8b8a2db43dd1295 Stanley, J. (2011). Metropolitan Route Bus Services: Public or Private Provision? Retrieved from https://www.busvic.asn.au/images/uploads/public/ Public_or_Private_June_2011.pdf Stefano, J. D. (2000). Energy efficiency and the environment: the potential for energy efficient lighting to save energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions at Melbourne University, Australia. 1, 25(9), 823-830. doi:10.1016/S0360-5442(00)00015-3 Steffen, W., Hughes, L., Perkins, S. (2014). Heatwaves: Hotter, Longer, More often. 1, 1(1), 49. Retrieved from http://www.climatecouncil.org.au/ uploads/9901f6614a2cac7b2b888f55b4dff9cc.pdf Teske, S., et.al. (2016). 100% Renewable Energy for Australia. 1, 1(1), 15-29. Retrieved from 1/8/2019 Ting, I. (2015, 28/9/2015). Public transport in Australian cities among the world’s most affordable, Report. Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/public-transport-in-australian-cities-among-the-worlds-most-affordable-20150928-gjwkah.html Vazquez, S., et.al. (2010). Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 57(12), 3881 - 3895. doi:10.1109/TIE.2010.2076414 Victoria, E. (2018). Victoria, Heatwaves & Climate Change. Retrieved from https://environmentvictoria.org.au/our-campaigns/safe-climate/victoriaheatwaves-climate-change/ Victoria, S. G. o. (2019). Victoria’s solar resources - Technical information. Energy. Retrieved from https://www.energy.vic.gov.au/renewable-energy/solarenergy/victorias-solar-resources-technical-information Wolde-Rufael, Y., Menyah, K. (2010). Nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in nine developed countries. Energy Economics, 32(3), 550-556. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.01.004 Woods, M., Weickhardt, P. (2014). Australia’s Automotive Manufacturing Industry. Retrieved from https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/ automotive/report/automotive.pdf Yarra Vally Water, e. a. (2018). Melbourne Water Outlook 2019. Victoria.

_REFERENCE: STATISTICS & REPORTS Andrew M. Coutts, J. B., Nigel J. Tapper. (2007). Impact of Increasing Urban Density on Local Climate: Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Surface Energy Balance in Melbourne, Australia. 1, 1(2), 17. doi: 10.1175/JAM2462.1 Angency, A. R. E. (2019). ARENA Projects. Retrieved from https://arena.gov.au/projects/?project-value-start=0&project-value-end=200000000 Ball, A. e. a. (2018). Australian Energy Update 2018. Canberra ACT 2601: Australian Government Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov.au/sites/default/ files/australian_energy_update_2018.pdf Commission, V. (2019). The Fires and the Fire-related Deaths. Victoria Retrieved from https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/papers/govpub/VPARL200610No332Vol1AppendicesA-D.pdf Economics, T. (2019, 2019). Australia GDP. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-from-mining Glasser, R. (2009). Bushfire - Black Saturday. Retrieved from https://knowledge.aidr.org.au/resources Government, A. (2017). 2017 Influenza Season in Australia. Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/097F15A91 C05FBE7CA2581E20017F09E/$File/2017-season-summary-22112017.pdf Government, A. (2018). Australian Energy Update 2018 Documents & Data. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov.au/publications/australian-energyupdate-2018 Government, A. (2019). Australian Energy Statistic, Table O. Australian electricity generation, by fuel type, physical units. Retrieved from https://www. energy.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019_aes_table_o_march_2019.pdf Government, A. (2019). Australian Influenza Surveillance Report and Activity. Retrieved from https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/ Content/cda-surveil-ozflu-flucurr.htm Green, F. (2017). Victorian Cycling Strategy 2018-28: Increasing cycling for transport. Melbourne: DEDJTR Design Studio Retrieved from http://www. economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/ Kenway, S. J. e. a. (2008). Water-energy futures for Melbourne: the effect of water strategies, water use and urban form 1, 1(1). doi:10.1.1.467.9677 Mcleod, R., Pascoe, S. (2010). 2009 Victorian Bushfires Final Report. Victoria Retrieved from http://royalcommission.vic.gov.au/Commission-Reports/ Final-Report/Summary/Interactive-Version.html Michael S. Smith, G. K. (2011). Bicycle commuting in Melbourne during the 2000s energy crisis: A semiparametric analysis of intraday volumes. 1, 45(10), 1846-1862. doi:10.1016 NMA. (2019). 2009: ‘Black Saturday’ bushfires kill 173 people in Victoria. Retrieved from https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/blacksaturday-bushfires Statistics, A. B. o. (2017). Deaths due to influenza, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20 Subject/3303.0~2017~Main%20Features~Deaths%20due%20to%20influenza~5 Tyson, A. (2019). Clean Energy Australia Report. Retrieved from New South Wales: https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/resources/ reports/clean-energy-australia/clean-energy-australia-report-2019.pdf

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_HEATWAVE REPORTS & MITIGATION STRATEGIES ABS 2016, “Main Features - Victoria,” ABS, accessed August 31, 2019, Retrieved from <https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/ABS@.

NASA (2009). NASA - Human Vestibular System in Space. [online] Nasa.gov. Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/F_ Human_Vestibular_System_in_Space.html.

nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/61f96fc5cfde3529ca257ea4001c1dd1!OpenDocument. Returning from Space: Re-entry 4.1.7. (n.d.). [online] Available at: https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/aam/cami/ library/online_libraries/aerospace_medicine/tutorial/media/iii.4.1.7_returning_from_space.pdf.

AIHW 2017, “Aged care data snapshot 2017 - AIHW Gen,” Gen-agedcaredata.gov.au, accessed August 31, 2019, Retrieved from https://www.genagedcaredata.gov.au/Resources/Dashboards/Aged-care-data-snapshot-2017.

Space travel: Here’s what happens to the human body. (2018). BBC News. [online] 10 Jan. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42627341 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Cedeño Laurent, JG, Williams, A, Oulhote, Y, Zanobetti, A, Allen, JG & Spengler, JD 2018, “Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016” JA Patz (ed), PLOS Medicine, vol. 15, no. 7, p. e1002605.

Wilson, J.W., Ott, C.M., zu Bentrup, K.H., Ramamurthy, R., Quick, L., Porwollik, S., Cheng, P., McClelland, M., Tsaprailis, G., Radabaugh, T., Hunt, A., Fernandez, D., Richter, E., Shah, M., Kilcoyne, M., Joshi, L., Nelman-Gonzalez, M., Hing, S., Parra, M., Dumars, P., Norwood, K., Bober, R., Devich, J., Ruggles, A., Goulart, C., Rupert, M., Stodieck, L., Stafford, P., Catella, L., Schurr, M.J., Buchanan, K., Morici, L., McCracken, J., Allen, P., Baker-Coleman, C., Hammond, T., Vogel, J., Nelson, R., Pierson, D.L., Stefanyshyn-Piper, H.M. and Nickerson, C.A. (2007). Space flight alters bacterial gene expression and virulence and reveals a role for global regulator Hfq. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [online] 104(41), pp.16299–16304. Available at: https://www. pnas.org/content/104/41/16299.full [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

“City Cooling - Mitigation of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect / E2DESIGNLAB” 2017, E2designlab.com.au, accessed August 31, 2019, Retrieved from https://e2designlab.com.au/blog/i_2017-11-17-city-cooling-mitigation-of-the-urban-heat-island-uhi-effect. _Further reading: BADOR, M., ET.AL 2017. Future summer mega-heatwave and record breaking temperatures in a warmer France climate. Environmental Research Letters, 12, 2-12. BEALE, R. 2011. Protecting human health and safety during severe and extreme heat events. 1 ed.: PricewaterhouseCoopers Australia. BINNEY, J. 2018. Heatwaves in Victoria: A Vulnerability Assessment. In: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, L., WATER AND PLANNING VIC (ed.). Victoria, Australia. CARMODY, J., STERLING, R. 1984. Design Considerations for Underground Buildings. Underground Space, 8, 352-362. EXXONMOBIL 2016. The Outlook for Energy: A View to 2040. Irving, Texas: Exxon Mobil. Festo (2019). Corporate Website | Festo Corporate. [online] Festo.com. Available at: https://www.festo.com/group/en/cms/index.htm [Accessed 1 Sep. 2019]. NAIRN, J., FAWCETT, R., ET.AL 2018. Australia’s future national heatwave forecast and warning service: Operational Considerations. Bushfire and Natural Hazards 1, 14. NCCARF 2014. Synthesis Summary 1: Heat and heatwaves. RAALTE, L., NOLAN, M., ET.AL 2012. Economic Assessment of the Urban Heat Island Effect. In: SYMONS, W. (ed.). Melbourne, Australia: AECOM Australia. STEFFEN, W., HUGHES, L., PERKINS, S. 2014. Heatwaves; Hotter, Longer, More often. Climate Council of Australia Limited.

_OCEAN LIFE Cousteau.org. (2019). Conshelf I, II & III. [online] Available at: https://www.cousteau.org/english/precontinent-i--ii-et-iii.php//https://aquarius.fiu.edu/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019]. Jiang, Z. (2008). Underwater Acoustic Networks -Issues and Solutions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT CONTROL AND SYSTEMS, [online] 13(3), pp.152–161. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ba51/e8f56ba07ec3ae8f84e754e052f5fa8db2a7.pdf. Zeera, A. (2014). In Pictures: Cambodia’s floating villages. [online] aljazeera.com. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2014/08/ pictures-cambodia-floating-vill-201481065510710339.html [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019]. _UNDERGROUND(EARTH) LIFE Carmody, J. and Sterling, R. (2017). Figure 1. The Nathan Marsh Pusey Library at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, exemplifies an unobtrusive design approach in an historical setting. [online] Available at: http://media.journals.elsevier.com/content/files/design-considerations-forunderground-11101240.pdf [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

_WATER STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES Fog-harvesting material pulls water from thick air. (2018). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkmKz4hw-AE [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Lee, E.H., Christopoulos, G.I., Kwok, K.W., Roberts, A.C. and Soh, C.-K. (2017). A Psychosocial Approach to Understanding Underground Spaces. Frontiers in Psychology, [online] 8. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5368185/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Khalil, B., Adamowski, J., Shabbir, A., Jang, C., Rojas, M., Reilly, K. and Ozga-Zielinski, B. (2015). A review: dew water collection from radiative passive collectors to recent developments of active collectors. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2(1), pp.71–86.

Tender, M.L., Couto, J.P. and Bragança, L. (2017). The role of underground construction for the mobility, quality of life and economic and social sustainability of urban regions. REM - International Engineering Journal, [online] 70(3), pp.265–271. Available at: http://www.scielo.br/scielo. php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2448-167X2017000300265 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Li, R., Shi, Y., Shi, L., Alsaedi, M. and Wang, P. (2018). Harvesting Water from Air: Using Anhydrous Salt with Sunlight. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(9), pp.5398–5406. This water harvester can turn desert air into drinkable water. (2018). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-6T3ICXWqjc [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

_SKY LIFE Allmetsat (2019). METAR TAF: Melbourne Airport, Melbourne Australia. [online] Allmetsat.com. Available at: https://en.allmetsat.com/metar-taf/australiaoceania.php?icao=YMML [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Tu, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Y. and Wang, J. (2018). Progress and Expectation of Atmospheric Water Harvesting. Joule, [online] 2(8), pp.1452–1475. Available at: https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(18)30326-X#back-bib2 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Hypoxico.com - The Leaders In Altitude Training, Altitude Tents. (2018). Altitude To Oxygen Chart - Oxygen Levels At High Altitudes - Hypoxico. [online] Available at: https://hypoxico.com/altitude-to-oxygen-chart [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Zero Mass (AP). (2018). Home - Zero Mass (AP). [online] Available at: https://www.zeromasswater.com/ap/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019]. Murdoch, D. (2010). Altitude sickness. BMJ clinical evidence, [online] 2010, p.1209. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC2907615/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

_MARINE HEATWAVES Bom.gov.au. (2019). IDYOC300 product of Oceanography. [online] Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/forecasts/idyoc300. shtml?region=VICTAS&forecast=SSTCur [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

The White House. (2017). The White House. [online] Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/air-force-one/.

Copyright Global Sea Temperatures - A-Connect Ltd (2019). Port Phillip Water Temperature | Australia | Sea Temperatures. [online] World Sea Temperatures. Available at: https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/port-phillip.htm [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

_HUMAN PARAMETERS & MODEL REVISIONS Brown, L.M., Haun, J.N. and Peterson, L. (2014). A proposed disaster literacy model. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, [online] 8(3), pp.267–75. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24992944 [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Foster, S.D., Griffin, D.A. and Dunstan, P.K. (2014). Twenty Years of High-Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Imagery around Australia: Inter-Annual and Annual Variability. PLoS ONE, 9(7), p.e100762.

Johnston, M.M. and Finney, S.J. (2010). Measuring basic needs satisfaction: Evaluating previous research and conducting new psychometric evaluations of the Basic Needs Satisfaction in General Scale. Contemporary Educational Psychology, [online] 35(4), pp.280–296. Available at: http:// selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2010_JohnstonFinney_CEP.pdf [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Govt.nz. (2016). Ocean acidification. [online] Available at: http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/environment/environmental-reporting-series/ environmental-indicators/Home/Marine/ocean-acidification.aspx [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Koltko-Rivera, M.E. (2006). Rediscovering the Later Version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Self-Transcendence and Opportunities for Theory, Research, and Unification. Review of General Psychology, 10(4), pp.302–317.

Oliver, E.C.J., Wotherspoon, S.J., Chamberlain, M.A. and Holbrook, N.J. (2014). Projected Tasman Sea Extremes in Sea Surface Temperature through the Twenty-First Century. Journal of Climate, 27(5), pp.1980–1998.

Nojavan, M., Salehi, E. and Omidvar, B. (2018a). Conceptual change of disaster management models: A thematic analysis. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, [online] 10(1). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6014072/.

_SPACE LIFE Demontis, G.C., Germani, M.M., Caiani, E.G., Barravecchia, I., Passino, C. and Angeloni, D. (2017). Human Pathophysiological Adaptations to the Space Environment. Frontiers in Physiology, [online] 8. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5539130/.

Nojavan, M., Salehi, E. and Omidvar, B. (2018b). Conceptual change of disaster management models: A thematic analysis. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, [online] 10(1). Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6014072/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Feinzeig, S. (n.d.). How Does Spaceflight Affect the Human Body? How Does Spaceflight Affect the Human Body? The Science Journal of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences, [online] 8, pp.1–1. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1b1e/b2c1f9d06034f7e0083684a4f1da2d917e39.pdf [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

Pelling, Ö., Barakat ; Reissman, Schreiber, Shultz, Ursano and Daly (2011). Disaster Recovery. [online] American Counseling Association. Available at: https://www.counseling.org/docs/default-source/vistas/the-disaster-survivor.pdf?sfvrsn=e2db432c_6&fbclid=IwAR3PWU34fkbw7ipGV8OsJqaHYhG6IbCSadktKiKPWahiYx-h6Urhy3MeBA [Accessed 31 Aug. 2019].

NASA (2009). NASA - Human Vestibular System in Space. [online] Nasa.gov. Available at: https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/F_ Human_Vestibular_System_in_Space.html.

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Tamborini, R., Bowman, N.D., Eden, A., Grizzard, M. and Organ, A. (2010). Defining Media Enjoyment as the Satisfaction of Intrinsic Needs. Journal of Communication, 60(4), pp.758–777.

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_REFERENCE: SYSTEMS 7 TECHNOLOGIES Abd Rahman, Y., Hajibeigy, M., Al-Obaidi, A. and Cheah, K. (2018). Design and Fabrication of Small Vertical-Take-Off-Landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. MATEC Web of Conferences, [online] 152(1), p.2023. Available at: https://www.matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/abs/2018/11/matecconf_ eureca2018_02023/matecconf_eureca2018_02023.html [Accessed 6 Oct. 2019]. Aerodynamics4students.com. (2019). Sea Level Conditions | Aerodynamics for Students. [online] Available at: http://www.aerodynamics4students. com/properties-of-the-atmosphere/variation-with-altitude.php [Accessed 5 Oct. 2019]. Ardupilot.org. (2019). Tailsitter Planes — Plane documentation. [online] Available at: http://ardupilot.org/plane/docs/guide-tailsitter.html [Accessed 5 Oct. 2019]. Berry, N., 2009, Hexagonal Packing, accessed 25th September 2019, <http://datagenetics.com/blog/june32014/index.html> Burkhardt, R. (2008). A Practical Guide to Tensegrity Design. 2nd ed. Cambridge, USA. 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EX_NOTES

The notes of Excursus. What happened here?

‘Excursus’ refers to this book being a crucial part of the project research, however many concepts were later redefined and this is now the ‘former’, ex-book of knowledge regarding Project Eden. Though majority of the research will still be utilised, the next phase of design is informed by mistakes of the past, as covered within this book. It is ironically reflective of this Project’s scenario, wherein its background issues stemmed from speculations regarding to correcting and reacting to mistakes of past generations from failures to appropriately design frameworks for critical largescale emergencies.

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t-00:00:00:02 project eden to be continued_

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