Greenhouse Technical Report

t e c h n i c a l r e p o r t & p r e - c o n c e p t ARC504/2019 Joon Ma

Table of contents Premise What is at Stake?

Critical Review

Greenhouse The role of the architect Domains of Investigation

Water Substrate Light Heat

Foodhub What is a Foodhub?

Local Food Trend New Jersey Trend

Site Princeton Junction Context Station

Design Parameters Site Parameters Program Exploration Material Investigation Permanent vs Temporary Vision

2

3

PREMISE

Premise

“[...] Much of the enthusiasm for slow and local food in the context of urban populations has been predicated on the assumption that abandoned or underused brownfield sites could be remediated and repurposed with productive potential. �

Charles Waldheim, Bracket I, 2000

Westland, NL, National Geographic, 2017

4

5

PREMISE

Shoughuang is the vegetable production capital of China.

An area roughly the size of Luxembourg, it’s located in Shandong province, between Beijing and Shanghai. On the 300 km/h bullet train, it takes almost half an hour to blaze through its overwhelming, continuous patchwork of greenhouses.

Stephan Petermann, AMO, 2019

The New Regional Pattern, Ludwig Hilberseimer

6

Shouguang China, 2019

7

PREMISE

8

Growing Crops In The City, Without Soil Or Natural Light.

This Tiny Country Feeds The World

Ian Frazier, New Yorker, 2017

Frank Viviano, National Geographic, 2017

9

PREMISE

“[In Westland, NL] Shifts in production processes and technological transformations were mirrored in successive expansions of greenhouses resulting in an unprecedented productive cluster.

The horticultural aggregate has conditioned the spatial character, structure and social dynamics of the area... The continuous growth of the cluster encroached on nodal towns in the area.�

Grace Abou Jaoudeh, TU Delft, 2018

Greenhouse expansion through history, Grace Abou Jaoudeh, TU Delft, 2018

10

11

PREMISE

Greenhouse Size, Grace Abou Jaoudeh, TU Delft, 2018

12

Crop Farming 2030, BCG, 2015

13

PREMISE

Vertical Farming

?

“Plenty raised $200 million, with notable backers such as the SoftBank Vision Fund and Jeff Bezos AeroFarms raised over $80 million from two funding rounds and a $1 million grant from the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research Bowery secured $27 million in a seed and a series A round.

The size of these investments and the interest of notable private and institutional backers is evidence the industry is showing signs of maturation.�

State of Indoor Farming, Agrilyst, 2017

14

15

PREMISE

The problem with the indoor vertical farming movement in America is that you have venture capitalist and media hyped investors involved where they don’t know a thing about how crops are grown and managed. There is a future for indoor farming but the technology is not there yet Interview with Dutch Engineer

16

17

PREMISE

With Industrialization of food production, how do we incorporate the new agroindustrial landscape into our urban and suburban fabric?

Aerial Photo of Almeria, Spain 18

19

GREENHOUSE

GREEN HOUSE

20

21

GREENHOUSE

San Ga Yo Rok (1459) has the earliest record of a greenhouse where they used Changhoji, transluscent paper, as the roof cover. It uses the same principles of the ondol, traditional korean floor heating system, to heat up the greenhouse.

Korean Onsil (Hotroom) display

22

23

GREENHOUSE

Thomery is about 60 km southeast of Paris, which is a rather northern area to grow grapes.

And yet, the southeastern-facing fruit wall structures managed to keep the frigid temperatures out and produce grapes of incredible quality, considering their location.

Kris De Decker, Low Tech Magazine

Thomery, 1740

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25

GREENHOUSE

The first all glass greenhouses were built only in the 1890s, first in Belgium, and shortly afterwards in the Netherlands.

Two trends played into the hands of the fully glazed greenhouse. The first was the invention of the plate glass production method, which made larger window panes much more affordable. The second was the advance of fossil fuels, which made it possible to keep a glass building warm in spite of the large heat losses.

Kris De Decker, Low Tech Magazine

26

27

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

water

cogeneration

structure

heat

substrate

glass

DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

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29

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

HUMAN SPACE

HUMAN SPACE

SEMI-HUMAN

SEMI-HUMAN

PREP & CONTROL

INPUT

OUTPUT

LABOUR LAND POWER WATER GAS ROCKWOOL LIGHT

FOOD ELECTRICITY WATER

OFFICES

FARM

POST PROCESS

CITY GRID

30

Input and Output

Ecosystem of Components

Resources and products of the greenhouse farming

Gerenal internal envelopes of main organs of a greenhouse farm in the Human and Semi-Human spaces

31

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Netherlands & temperate climate 3.2m

3.2m

North East America & snow climate 3.2m

4.8m

4.8m

.9m .45m

6~9 m

Configuration and dimension of the greenhouse are adapted to the climate and crop. Typical greenhouse has a span of 8~10m and height of 8~12m.

Depending on the climate, it can have two or three pitches between the columns.

.4m .9m

9.6m

32

9.6m

33

300m

1m

100m

.4m

300m

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

34

100m

200m

400m

1hectare

6 hectare

12 hectare

35

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

central spine for humans

36

trolley for harvest

rails for trolley

rails for trolley

37

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

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39

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

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41

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

SUBSTRATE

Basalt (Rockwool)

90% Rockwool

42

Coconut

10% Coco

43

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Rockwool used as substrate for the greenhouses are recycled by the company Renewi. It is estimated that over 130,000cm3 of rockwool is recycled per year. Once collected, the plastic and the rockwool are separated and left out under the shed to be dried. Once rockwool compsite is dried, it is combined with clay to make insulated bricks.

44

130,000cm3 of rockwool recycled per year

45

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Pot Plants

46

Microherbs

Tomatoes

47

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

LIGHTING

48

Light is the most important factor in horticulture. 1% of light transmittance results in 1% higher yield

49

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Haze of diffused glass

50

venlo glass

diffused glass

solar pannel glass

polycarbonate

51

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

16

16

16

16

8.02$ (25% opex budget)

summer

fall

winter

spring

Indoor Vertical Farm Artificial Light Usage

0

2

9

3

0.68$ (8% opex budget)

summer

fall

winter

spring

Greenhouse Artificial Light Usage

State of Indoor Farming, Agrilyst, 2017

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53

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

WATER

Water is treated, fused with fertilizers, and distributed to crops from the irrigation room.

The greenhouses all have rain water collection system.

Greenhouse Water Cycle

54

55

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Priva Vialux M-Line Affordable Water disinfection with UV light for any horticulture harvest.

Priva Nutriflex Ensures that crops are provided with the correct fertilizers at every watering.

This ensures optimum growth: higher yields, improved colour and falvour, longer shelf life and increased disease resistance

greenhouse water cycle

56

57

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

HEATING

Temperature management is a key component to higher yield. The objective is to maintain the optimal temperature evenly and consistently.

radiant pipe heating

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59

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

heating element for tomatoes

60

radiant pipe heating

61

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

CHP in a greenhouse

62

CHP diagram

63

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Dutch Greenhouse CHP's to provide Microsoft data center with electricity hortidaily, 2014

During the energy crisis, few growers made more money selling electricity made from chp to the grid than from their harvests.

Ton Versteeg, Bom Group, 2019

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WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

“If your CHP system is generating power, but you don't presently have a need for the associated heat, you can do two things. You can either allow the heat to be released and lost, or you can store it in a buffer tank for use later on. This could be, for example, at times when the CHP is not producing any heat, or at peak times when it is producing insufficient heat.”

Horconext.nl

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WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

OCAP supplies greenhouses between Rotterdam and Amsterdam with carbon dioxide that a Shell refinery near Rotterdam had previously emitted into the atmosphere

map of the OCAP network

68

OCAP pipe extension

69

WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Due to increased concern of sinkholes near the refineries, the Dutch government is committed to transition from natural gas to geothermal energy to heat up the greenhouses by 2030.

sinkhole from natural gas extraction, Groningen use of geothermal heat for greenhouse

70

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WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE: DOMAINS OF INVESTIGATION

Bom Group’s Geothermal Greenhouse Research Facility

72

73

FOOD HUB

FOOD HUB FOOD HUB

74

Food hubs—businesses that actively manage the aggregation and distribution of source-identified food products— are an essential component of scaling up local food systems and a flagship model of socially conscious business.

75

FOOD HUB

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77

FOOD HUB

400 350

“The market for locally sourced food nationally was $12 billion in 2014 and could reach $20 billion by 2019�

300 250 200 150 100

Sarah Breitenbach, Huffington Post, 2017

50 0 2000

78

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

79

SITE

PRINCETON JUNCTION 82

83

SITE

Princeton Junction As aut ipidiciducit aut ped eos eium sim ipsum latemqui dolores modit quas sum aperro mollorrovit, ommoditibus acculloratur modita pellam qui omnihilique eos simpor adigenihilit quia doluptur, et esequam qui quo veni si doloreh entiat experi dolupta tioria nulparum rem il mos aut esciam id exceaquibero enias se que volest, cus sitatamusa sequam, eos reperum nobis pliquam laborum int ium vernati blatem faccab ipsam, nobis perovid ereris aut imus.

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PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

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PRINCETON JUNCTION

FARMERS MARKET

84

85

86

4,700

4,253

4,131

NEW BRUNSWICK 08

NEWARK AIRPORT 09

SOUTH ORANGE 10

16

5,178

HAMILTON 07

MOUNT OLIVE 152

6,817

15,628

HOBOKEN 04

PRINCETON JCT 06

26,298

SECACUS JCT 03

7,537

27,695

NEWARK PENN 02

METROPARK 05

93,505

NEW YORK PENN 01

SITE

NJ Transit Ridership average weekday boardings context around Princeton Juncion

Princeton Junction has the 6th most ridership of all NJ Transit stations

87

SITE

PRINCETON JCT

$167,107

HOBOKEN

$118,479

SECACUS

$94,160

METROPARK

$80,387

TRENTON

$80,387

MERCER COUNTY

$73,966

NEW JERSEY

$73,702

USA

$55,322

SOUTH ORANGE

$45,003

NEW BRUNSWICK

$40,428

NEWARK

$31,100

Princeton Junction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Median Household Income Comparison

88

89

SITE

90

91

SITE

92

93

SITE

Owner Name County Block Number Lot Number Acreage Value

94

NJDPOT Mercer 6 88 4.89 $1,048,400

Owner Name County Block Number Lot Number Acreage Value

AMTRAK Mercer 6 14 12.7 N/A

Owner Name County Block Number Lot Number Acreage Value

NJDPOT Mercer 6 33 8.72 $1,168,500

Owner Name County Block Number Lot Number Acreage Value

AMTRAK Mercer 6 66 5.7 N/A

Owner Name W. WINDSOR County Mercer Block Number 6 Lot Number 16.02 Acreage 7.41 Value $1,337,600

Owner Name County Block Number Lot Number Acreage Value

AMTRAK Mercer 6 67 2.96 N/A

Owner Name W. WINDSOR County Mercer Block Number 6 Lot Number 17.01 Acreage 7.41 Value $1,787,300

Owner Name County Block Number Lot Number Acreage Value

AMTRAK Mercer 6 68 3.76 N/A

Owner Name W. WINDSOR County Mercer Block Number 6 Lot Number 69 Acreage 5.99 Value $873,700

95

PROPOSITION

DESIGN PARAMETERS 96

97

PROPOSITION

THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT

1

2

3

4

START WITH SITE SELECTION

CLIMATE OF THE SITE DETERMINES ENCLOSURE AND STRUCTURE

DETERMINE THE CROP

CROP DETERMINES THE INTERVALS AND EQUIPMENTS

The dimension of the plot will determine the phasing and orientation of the greenhouse.

The climate of the site will determine how the different elements are cladded and insulated

Each crop has specific equipments to increase the yield and effeciency of the workers.

Since the equipments vary from crop to crop, the interval and the configuration of the crops will vary.

5

6

7

8

SCALE AND MARKET OF THE SITE DETERMINES CO2 SYSTEM

SITE, CROP, CO2 DETERMINE CLIMATIZATION STRATEGY

CREATE THE FLOOR PLAN

DESIGN THE HEAD OF HOUSE

Providing CO2 is one of the key elements of greenhouse farming. Depending on the price of electricity and natural gas the system used will vary.

The overall climatization strategy hinges upon all the elements mentioned above. It is an intergrated system to maximize the yield.

Equipment, site dimensions, and anticipation of future changes are primary factors for floor plan.

Head of House which contains the human elements (i.e offices, sorting rooms etc) is designed and is typically placed on to the perimeter of the building.

DESIGN DOMAIN ?

NEW DESIGN DOMAIN

98

99

PROPOSITION

MACHINE INTIMIDATING ORGANIZED OPAQUE CENTRALIZED FUTURISTIC MONO-FUNCTIONAL GENERIC ANONYMOUS STATIC INTROVERT FORMAL CLOSED

HUMAN WELCOMING FREE TRANSPARENT DE-CENTRALIZED NOSTALGIC MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SYMBOLIC ICONIC FLEXIBLE EXTROVERT INFORMAL PERMEABLE

“The interiors of some of these boxes reveal an architecture which no one is prepared for. None of us thought that a building could be this radical: this abstract and codified- uninflected by human need, distant from us and nevertheless produced by us and needed by us.”

Rem Koolhaas

VISIBLE BOX VERNACULAR SOBER

100

MIMETIC LANDSCAPE MODERN FLAMOBYANT

101

office PROPOSITION

logistical access

prep & control

produce

post process

food hub

distribution access

train

specialized facilities

maintenance access

staff & visitor access greenhouse farm system

staff access

office

office

logistical access

logistical access

prep & control

produce

post process

food hub

distribution access

train station logistical access

prep & control

farm

post process

food hub

train station

public access

distribution & public access specialized facilities

specialized facilities

maintenance access

maintenance access

staff access

office

logistical access

logistical access

102

prep & control

farm

post process

food hub

train station

distribution & public access

public access

103

PROPOSITION

office

farm monitor & control

farm food hub

food hub admin

utility

prep post process specialized facilities train station

office

staff access

greenhouse farm system

power supply

104

irrigation

heating

cooling

seeding

tomato farm

sorting

weighing

packaging

sorting

distribute

storage

prep & control

specialized facilities

post process

food hub

logistical access

maintenance access

logistical access

distribution & public access

market

pick up

platform

train station

public access

105

PROPOSITION

150m 100m 50m

50m 20m

150m

100m

80m

office farm

18m

50m

food hub prep post process 32m

train station

Massing Diagram

106

107

PROPOSITION

Worm’s eye view of volume and programs

108

109

PROPOSITION

glass 110

diffused glass

solar glass

polycarbonate

light screen

opaque screen

concrete

aluminum

steel 111

PROPOSITION

farm

control

post process

food hub (store & distribute)

distribution access

office

food hub market

train station

PERMANENT & TEMPORARY

112

GRID & OFF GRID

113

PROPOSITION

114

115

PROPOSITION

Taking advantage of the modularity and adaptability of greenhouse structures, different programs and spaces can have vertical and horizontal variations.

farm

office

food hub

single pitch (event space)

room

double pitch

Helsinki Central Library, Bruther

116

117

PROPOSITION

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119

PROPOSITION

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121

PROPOSITION

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123

PROPOSITION

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125

PROPOSITION

As aut ipidiciducit aut ped eos eium sim ipsum latemqui dolores modit quas sum aperro mollorrovit, ommoditibus acculloratur modita pellam qui omnihilique eos simpor adigenihilit quia doluptur, et esequam qui quo veni si doloreh entiat experi dolupta tioria nulparum rem il mos aut esciam id exceaquibero enias se que volest, cus sitatamusa sequam, eos reperum nobis pliquam laborum int ium vernati blatem faccab ipsam, nobis perovid ereris aut imus.

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Ri nonsequi consecto delit et untus mint aut ut aliquidebis eati officimusant optatur maionecus, autem fugiae velibus simi, susam estoraeperum qui numquaeped

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127

PROPOSITION

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129

PROPOSITION

As aut ipidiciducit aut ped eos eium sim ipsum latemqui dolores modit quas sum aperro mollorrovit, ommoditibus acculloratur modita pellam qui omnihilique eos simpor adigenihilit quia doluptur, et esequam qui quo veni si doloreh entiat experi dolupta tioria nulparum rem il mos aut esciam id exceaquibero enias se que volest, cus sitatamusa sequam, eos reperum nobis pliquam laborum int ium vernati blatem faccab ipsam, nobis perovid ereris aut imus.

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Ri nonsequi consecto delit et untus mint aut ut aliquidebis eati officimusant optatur maionecus, autem fugiae velibus simi, susam estoraeperum qui numquaeped

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131

PROPOSITION

As aut ipidiciducit aut ped eos eium sim ipsum latemqui dolores modit quas sum aperro mollorrovit, ommoditibus acculloratur modita pellam qui omnihilique eos simpor adigenihilit quia doluptur, et esequam qui quo veni si doloreh entiat experi dolupta tioria nulparum rem il mos aut esciam id exceaquibero enias se que volest, cus sitatamusa sequam, eos reperum nobis pliquam laborum int ium vernati blatem faccab ipsam, nobis perovid ereris aut imus.

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PROPOSITION

As aut ipidiciducit aut ped eos eium sim ipsum latemqui dolores modit quas sum aperro mollorrovit, ommoditibus acculloratur modita pellam qui omnihilique eos simpor adigenihilit quia doluptur, et esequam qui quo veni si doloreh entiat experi dolupta tioria nulparum rem il mos aut esciam id exceaquibero enias se que volest, cus sitatamusa sequam, eos reperum nobis pliquam laborum int ium vernati blatem faccab ipsam, nobis perovid ereris aut imus.

Uciis dent, cuptas si ilis explige nimet, idelenet velendempos aut labore ped eos rest, officiduscil et ius.

Ri nonsequi consecto delit et untus mint aut ut aliquidebis eati officimusant optatur maionecus, autem fugiae velibus simi, susam estoraeperum qui numquaeped

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PROPOSITION

As aut ipidiciducit aut ped eos eium sim ipsum latemqui dolores modit quas sum aperro mollorrovit, ommoditibus acculloratur modita pellam qui omnihilique eos simpor adigenihilit quia doluptur, et esequam qui quo veni si doloreh entiat experi dolupta tioria nulparum rem il mos aut esciam id exceaquibero enias se que volest, cus sitatamusa sequam, eos reperum nobis pliquam laborum int ium vernati blatem faccab ipsam, nobis perovid ereris aut imus.

Uciis dent, cuptas si ilis explige nimet, idelenet velendempos aut labore ped eos rest, officiduscil et ius.

Ri nonsequi consecto delit et untus mint aut ut aliquidebis eati officimusant optatur maionecus, autem fugiae velibus simi, susam estoraeperum qui numquaeped

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137

PROPOSITION

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ARC504/2019 Joon Ma