Modern Prefabricated Homes by Jordan Eure

Modern Prefabricated Dwellings Fall 2011

This document categorizes general information, case studies, and references for prefabricated homes into the following sections:

Introduction 3 - 4

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero - LV Series

Case Study 2: Resolution 4 - Modern Modular Case Study 3: University of Virginia - ecoMOD Case Study 4: Lake l Flato - Porch House

Conclusion: Comparison of Case Studies

5 - 16 17 - 20 30 - 43 44 - 53

54 - 55

Appendix A: Additional Prefabricated Home Designers 56 - 59 Appendix B: Endnotes 60 - 62 Appendix C: Additional Prefabricated Resources 63 - 66

Credits Home Environments Design Initiative Fall 2011 Team: Jordan Eure, Bachelor of Architecture May 2011 Georgia Bizios, FAIA, Professor of Architecture, LEED AP

Table of Contents

This document is divided into four case studies. Appendices are included with information on other notable prefab producers and resources. The four designers featured have garnered wide-spread attention for their research and current success in prefab. Each case study focuses on their basic prefab series - LV Home, Modern Modular, ecoMOD and the Porch House - offering several options and variations based on a single overarching concept. Within each section, the availability and affordability of the designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s series are discussed before delving into the specific options and variations of the main concept. Sources for all information can be found in the appendices.

Introduction Modern prefabricated homes are an increasingly viable alternative for the 95% of Americans unable to afford to hire an architect.1 The term prefabrication, as it relates to buildings, indicates something assembled in a factory before being shipped to the construction site. Factories create a controlled production process, typically resulting in higher quality finished products. The degree of prefabrication varies depending on the type of building assembly. Houses designed as a kit-of-parts require more onsite labor, but may allow for greater individual customization. At the other extreme, entire home modules can be shipped to the site, requiring little to no assembly.2

History With a varied and chaotic history of more than a century, the idea of prefab has developed a negative connotation for many homebuyers. Prefab homes were an inexpensive option in the early 20th century. The first widespread prefab house was the Readi-Cut house, sold as a kit of parts by the Aladdin Company in 1906. Sears Roebuck Co. is one of the most well known of the early producers, surpassing the Aladdin Company and others for the most prefab homes sold. Using the assembly line process perfected by Henry Ford, a number of new prefab companies developed in the mid 20th century in response to the rapidly growing post-war housing market. Lustron Corporation produced 2500 steel homes in abandoned airplane factories before closing in 1950 due to unnecessary waste and high construction costs. In the continued effort to provide affordable homes for the masses, William Levitt was one of the first to establish suburbs, building prefab homes with the help of efficient construction crews.3 However, lack of variation, beauty, and character in developments like Levittown helped create the negative stamina still surrounding many homebuyerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s views of prefab today.

Introduction

Advantages Through the use of modern technology, several current designers are taking advantage of the benefits prefab homes have to offer. If designed from the beginning with cost in mind, prefab can be an affordable alternative for many who would not otherwise have access to quality design and durable materials. Longer-lasting materials will increase the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s longevity, reducing future maintenance and replacement expenses. However, prefab is not always inexpensive, depending on the project and the importance placed on costs savings. Because much of the work for prefab homes is completed in a factory, three primary cost issues are addressed: 1) on-site material waste is reduced, 2) less on-site labor is required, and 3) less time is needed for project completion. Shorter on-site assembly time can not only save the client money, but also reduce the likelihood of worker accidents during construction. As mentioned above, better materials can be used because of the savings in factory and panelized production. This can include more sustainable materials, with less off gassing and fewer chemicals to improve indoor air quality for a healthier and more comfortable living space. Many of the modern prefab options available today are also customizable to each individual client, allowing projects to best meet the needs of each site and homeownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s preferences.

Barriers to Implementation One of the biggest barriers for prefab construction is simply dealing with the unfamiliar. Until prefab homes become a standard practice for designers, builders, and homebuyers, convincing others to invest time, energy and resources in the prefab market will take a concentrated effort. The eastern coast of the United States appears better poised than the rest of the country to produce prefab homes, with more factories currently in production - possibly due to labor shortages for lower wage positions (as compared with the west coast). In addition to changing perceptions, prefab proponents will have to resolve more technical barriers, including transportation of larger modules to construction sites and local building/zoning codes. However, prefab is beginning to shed its past stigma for a better future; exhibits such as the Museum of Modern Artâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling celebrate well-designed and crafted modern prefab dwellings.

Sustainability As with traditional building projects, the degree of sustainable practices and materials in a prefab home depends on the work of the designer and preferences of the client. However, prefab offers a special opportunity for incorporating sustainable techniques into the final product because of the savings in time, labor, and materials already inherent in the process. Savings in material volume can allow for choosing higher quality products, providing more benefit for both the environment and the occupant. The regulated process of a factory allows for greater control over construction techniques and life cycle assessment of the individual parts. Homes designed for disassembly are the ultimate in sustainable reuse of materials and a future outlet for thoughtful designers. As prefab becomes more affordable and widely used, it has the potential to act as the centerpiece for spreading important sustainable ideas to a large portion of the population.4

Introduction

CASE STUDY 1: ROCIO ROMERO

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

Designer: Rocio Romero Project: LV Series Type: Kit-of-parts Location: Perryville, Missouri

Romero’s successful prefabricated home business began with the design of her mother’s house in Chile. Located in Laguna Verde (LV), the challenge was to create a sophisticated seaside retreat within a budget of only $30,000. With her mother acting as the general contractor to lower labor costs, Romero was able to create a simple home with straightforward materials: glass, metal, and some wood. The form is elongated for access to daylight and views towards the sea. On returning home, Romero decided to design and produce the affordable LV Home, a kit-of-parts incorporating 3 key design standards: simplicity, quality, and sustainability.1,2

Affordability Total cost for the LV series varies for each project, but is generally just below or equal to the cost of a standard stick built home. The range is usually between $120-$195 per square foot, but is typically closer to $150-$195 sq./ft. on the east coast. Of the homes already built, prices have been achieved as low as $87 sq./ft., with others spending as much as $250 sq./ft. Ultimately, the final fee will depend on the amount of outsourced labor and add-ons to the basic home package. With finishing on site, the LV qualifies for a traditional home mortgage and can be inspected throughout the various construction stages, similar to standard newly constructed residences.

Availability The LV Home can be shipped anywhere, with projects currently progressing in both Canada and France. With a central location in the US, Romero’s Missouri facility is well positioned to ship to both the East and West coasts. The kit-of-parts is flat packed – similar to Ikea products – and shipped to sites accessible to a traditional, semi truck. Prices for shipping can vary between $1,500 and $5,000 per home kit. 28 days is required for manufacturing each home kit, with 1-5 additional days allowed for shipment.

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

Kits The LV Home is available in a range of configurations, but has a fixed width of 25’-1” in all packages. A ceiling height of 9’-0” is also standard in all kits. Lengths vary according to the specific LV model. All LV Homes meet the IBC (International Building Code) and CBC (California Building Code):

LV Home: $36,870 (1150 sq. ft)

The LV is the original kit of parts, with a length of 49’-1”. This includes 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, a kitchen, dining room, living room, and closets. The base kit (using kynar metal) is able to withstand 20 psf snowload, 120 mph winds, and meet category E seismic requirements.

Rendering and plan of the LV Home (rocioromero.com)

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

LVL Home: $42,950 (1453 sq. ft.)

For more space, the LVL (LV large) is extended to 59â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-6â&#x20AC;?, adding a third bedroom to the plan. The base kit (using kynar metal) is able to withstand 20 psf snowload, 120 mph winds, and meet category E seismic requirements.

Rendering (top), standard 3 bedroom plan for the LVL Home (middle), and a variation on the LVL to expand the living area into the second bedroom (lower) (rocioromero.com) Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

LVM Home: $24,950 (625 sq. ft.)

The LVM (LV mini) can be purchased for a one person residence, guest house, or even a studio. The plan is 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122;1â&#x20AC;? square and includes one bedroom, one bathroom, a kitchen, and a living/dining area. The base kit (using kynar metal) is able to withstand 20 psf snowload, 120 mph winds, and meet category E seismic requirements.

Rendering (top), studio/office plan for the LVM module (middle), and a variation on the LVM as a guest house (lower) (rocioromero.com)

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

LVG Garage: $20,570 (625 sq. ft.)

Similar to the LVM, the LVG (garage) is 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-1â&#x20AC;? square in plan. The base kit (using kynar metal) is able to withstand 20 psf snowload, 120 mph winds, and meet category E seismic requirements.

Renderings and plan of the LVG module (rocioromero.com)

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

LV150 Home: $38,760 (1150 sq. ft.)

The LV150 is the same dimensions as the LV home, but meets the strictest hurricane codes. The base kit (using kynar metal) is able to withstand 20 psf snowload and windloads up to 150 mph.

Rendering (top), standard 2 bedroom plan for the LVL150 Home (middle), with a custom alternative plan to expand the master suite (lower) (rocioromero.com) Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

LVL150 Home: $46,050 (1453 sq. ft.)

With the same dimensions as the LVL Home, this model is also designed to withstand the strictest hurricane codes. The base kit (using kynar metal) is able to withstand 20 psf snowload and windloads up to 150 mph. Only 2 bedrooms are included in the intial plan.

Rendering (top) and standard LVL150 floor plan (below) (rocioromero.com)

Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

In addition to the home models, add-ons can be purchased to extend or connect multiple LV homes (using the LVC courtyard), add a second story (with the LV2 two story), or even create a heightened entry space (through the LVT tower). Prices are listed on the website for the base kit, but will also require design fees for integrating the add-ons with another LV unit.

Diagram of the LVC (top), diagram of the LV2 (middle), and diagram of the LVT (below) (rocioromero.com) Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

Design The kit includes post and beam, exterior wall panels, faux wall panels, roof framing, select connectors, and siding material. All other finishes – including windows and doors, insulation, weatherproofing, the foundation system, roofing system, interior finishes, and electrical/pluming/ mechanical – are the homeowner’s responsibility. This allows for a high level of customization to each home, even though the LV’s shell is prefab. Many of these features, such as windows and wiring, will depend upon the local climate or local codes, making it difficult to incorporate into the prefab process. A homeowner can decide to construct their kit (saving up to 25% in labor costs) or hire a general contractor. Construction time typically takes 3-4 months. Romero includes a detailed construction binder with the plans and kit of parts, making it easy for anyone to understand the home’s construction. Design principles for the LV Series include: -

Open space creates a streamlined, more minimalistic aesthetic

- Secondary spaces are placed in the back to create more open area for primary spaces (living, dining, and bedrooms) -

High quality materials

Visual connection with the outdoors through an expansive glass wall

- Sustainability: Extra insulation, durability, less material waste, openness to natural light, and flat-packed products to reduce space required for shipping (and thereby fuel emissions)

Sections showing the extra insulation in the wall and roof (upper left), a diagram illustrating the roof insulation blocking summer heat gain and open windows welcoming the winter sun (upper right), and a plan illustrating the shaded support spaces in the more enclosed rear, with the primary open spaces on towards the expansive front (below) (rocioromero.com) Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

Construction The following options are available for the LV Home series:

Foundation: The foundation is not included, but home owners are asked to choose from 3 options Romero has chosen to work with the LV home’s structure: 1) Slab on Grade, 2) Crawlspace, and 3) Basement. All three will work for any of the LV options, except with the LVG (garage), which requires a slab on grade.

Exterior Cladding: The siding for LV Homes is Kynar 500 coated galvanized steel. Silver metallic is the standard color, but others are available. A homeowner can also choose to remove the siding from their ‘kit of parts’ and purchase their own cladding materials.

Layout: The plan is designed to be flexible, allowing customization to each project. Certain walls are required for structural reasons, while all others are free to rearrange according to the owner’s preferences. The steel structure allows spacing of posts up to 15 feet, also allowing for flexibility in window and door location.

The LV Series comes with 3 foundation options (above), the interior layout is designed to be flexible, thereby allowing for mass customization, with only one interior wall required to remain in the same location due to structral reasons (shaded below) (rocioromero.com) Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

Structure: The primary structural systems consists of steel posts (4x4) and glue lam beams supporting I-joists for the roof. The exterior wall consists of two 6” walls: 1) Wall panels constructed from 2x6 studs and OSB board attached to the main structure

2) Faux wall panels to allow for more insulation and act as a parapet to conceal the roof’s slight slope.

The faux wall panel also hides the roof gutter, removing visual clutter from the exterior. Romero’s double wall system can achieve an R-value of R-38 with batt insulation. The roof is designed to achieve R-50.

As mentioned before, LV Homes are already designed for sustainability. However, Romero is available to work on custom projects, or even change aspects of the LV Home to meet a client’s specific needs. She has already worked with some LV Home projects to add sustainable features, including solar panels and radiant heating, even designing homes to go ‘’off grid’’.

For more detailed information and specifics, please visit www.rocioromero.com.The website covers all aspects of the LV Home Series, including virtual tours of LV homes and LV Construction Cost Estimators. Currently, LV Homes are only available through Rocio Romero LLC.

A wall section shows the faux wall panels concealing a gutter to allow for a more streamlined and uncluttered exterior appearance (left), the wall panel with studs and OSB is attached to the main structure (right) (rocioromero.com) Case Study 1: Rocio Romero

CASE STUDY 2: RESOLUTION 4

Case Study 2: Resolution 4

Designer: Resolution 4 Project: Modern Modular Type: Modular Location: New York, New York

Resolution 4 won the Dwell Home Design Invitational, a competition inviting designers to submit entries for a prefab house to meet the needs of a couple in Pittsboro, NC. After finishing construction on the Dwell Home in 2004, Resolution 4 delved further into the idea of prefab, working to create a culture capable of quality mass customization. Currently, the firm has developed a series of over 30 variations – referred to as the Modern Modular – in which one, two, or three bars are arranged in different configurations. Within each of the bars, different services are addressed, typically with the public, communal spaces in one bar and more private spaces in another. Deciding how the pieces intersect, overlap, and combine creates the mass customizable system. Off-the-shelf materials – for affordable, quality products - are typically incorporated into the design. Depending on the project needs and specific site, Resolution 4 can use one of the Modern Modular starting concepts and then make changes as needed to customize the design.1,2

Affordability Modern Modular is a series of initial concepts, rather than a set of plans and parts to be purchased at a specific price. Therefore, prices for individual projects completed using Modern Modular are not widely available. Joe Tanney, founder of Resolution 4, estimates that the average cost for the Modern Modular homes is around $125 per sq. ft., depending on the location, materials, and project specifics. However, other sources indicate that many of the homes built to date cost around $250 per sq. ft. This discrepancy may be due to the accessibility of sites, client’s material choices, and the importance placed on affordability in each project. Resolution 4 is one of the prefab designers creating a refined focus in architecture on quality, mass customizable housing for the middle-class individual.

Availability The Modern Modular concepts are available to any project, with a small architecture fee for the firm’s coordination and work with the factory to produce modules for clients. To date, dozens of homes using the various concepts have been built across the country. The modules are transported to the site by truck, limiting modular size to fit within the dimensions of 16’ by 60’ by 11’. Project timelines vary, but are usually within 9 months from the project’s beginning. Head of Resolution 4 notes that factories for producing prefab modules are more prevalent in the eastern US than the West, increasing their productivity and starting a possible trend towards multifamily.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4

Modular Configurations On Resolution 4’s website, Modern Modular is currently divided into 7 major configurations, each with a different number of variations. The designs maintain an open living space, allowing the home to connect to its surrounding environment. As can be seen in the plans, the designs can be modified infinitely to push M O and D pull E bars, R open N M O spaces, D UandL create A aRcustomized design from a mass-producible, prefab or enclose C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O D U L A R H O M E S concept. Many of the configurations frame exterior spaces, which can act as courtyards or garden areas, w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r for an additional connection of the home to the site.

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Available Options (square footage can vary): The Standard Bar provides the most Mudroom (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry economical efficient solution for a Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf),and 2-Car D modern prefabricated home. Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140modular sf), FullE Within a compact Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s),single unit, the home contains two well-sized bedrooms with Exterior Storage, Flat Roof. REF

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Available Options (square footage can vary): Mudroom (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), FullHeight Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Flat Roof.SIDE ELEVATION

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Case Study 2: Resolution A R C H I T E C T U R E

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SECOND FLOOR

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Case Study 2: Resolution 4

rooms, and a large living-dining-kitchen unit, the house easily supports a moderate-sized family. Lifted above the living-dining-kitchen area is a large outdoor terrace, allowing for excellent views, and a spectacular dining, relaxing, and/or garden area.

L Series Available Options (square footage can vary):

Office/Study, Fourth Bedroom (180 sf), Within this category, 3 variations accommodate a range of program elements. Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Sleeping Porch (260 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Pitched Roof.

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Available Options (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Fourth Bedroom (180 sf), E Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Sleeping Porch (260 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Pitched Roof.

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D D

R E S O The L Two-Bar U CT I Bridge's O N most : 4D Bedroom A R C (2)H I T E C T U R E Einteresting F

t E 2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 E Bath Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. feature is a bridging bar ofcopyright bedrooms, F Media that creates a convenient carport on theRoom Outdoor Terrace G floor ground floor below. The ground is made up of a living-dining-kitchen unit. The second floor contains two bedrooms, and a versatile media room that opens to a large outdoor terrace. The terrace is perfect for warm weather dining and relaxing, and provides great views of the G house's surroundings. REF

D I

Available Options (square footage can vary): F Office/Study (180 sf), Third D Bedroom E (180 sf), Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Sleeping Porch (260 sf), Ground Floor (http://re4a.com/) Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Wood Deck(s), Pitched R E S O L U T I O N : 4 A R C H I T E C T U R E t 2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 Roof. Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

A Living D Bedroom (2) B Dining E Bath C Kitchen F Media Room A Case Study 2: Resolution 4 E Bath G Outdoor Terrace H Carport Storage I

G D

made up of a living-dining-kitchen unit. The second floor contains two bedrooms, and a versatile media room that opens to an outdoor terrace that connects to a enclosed sleeping porch. The sleeping porch is perfect as a secondary space for entertaining or a convenient children's play space,Bridge and provides views of ft. 3. 2-Bar Plus:great 2154 sq. the house's surroundings.

50’ – 0” x 60’ – 0” 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, 1 Office, 1 Sleep Porch, Living Space, M O D U L A R Kitchen, Carport M O D E R N C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O D U L A R H O M E S With the same plan as the 2-Bar Bridge, this alternative includes a w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r sleeping porch on the second floor. TWO-BAR BRIDGE w/ SLEEPING PORCH 2184 sq. ft.

SECOND FLOOR

A Living The Two-Bar Bridge's most interesting B Dining feature is a bridging bar of bedrooms, C Kitchen that creates a convenient carport on the Bath E floor ground floor below. The ground is Carport H made up of a living-dining-kitchen unit. Storage I The second floor contains two bedrooms, and a versatile media room that opens to an outdoor terrace that connects to a enclosed sleeping porch. The sleeping porch is perfect as a secondary space for entertaining or a convenient children's play space, and provides great views of I the house's H surroundings.

D E F G J

Bedroom (2) Bath Media Room Outdoor Terrace Sleeping Porch

G D

REF

FIRST FLOOR

F E

(http://re4a.com/)

FIRST FLOOR A B C E H I

Living Dining Kitchen Bath Carport Storage

SECOND FLOOR D E F G J

Bedroom (2) Bath Media Room Outdoor Terrace Sleeping Porch

G D

REF

R E S O L U T I O N :

4 A R C H I T E C T U R EF t 2D 1 2 E . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 E Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

R E S O L U T I O N :

A R C H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4

C U S T O M

P R E F A B R I C A T E D

M O D U L A R

H O M E S

w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r

Double Wide

2 BAR SLIP 1895 sq. ft.

The 2 Bar Slip is anchored by a central living space with windowed views in every direction, perfect for a site with desirable views in multiple directions. The central living-dining-kitchen space opens at two corners to bright windowed halls that lead to bedrooms. This space creates a crossdirectional axis that is further implied by tilted roof and ceiling planes, opening the interior to outside. The two separated wings of bedrooms allow the house to easily sustain a large family, or work as a shared duplex residence.

Within this category, 2 variations accommodate a range of program elements.

1. 2-Bar Slip: 1895 sq. ft. 32’ – 0” x 94’ – 0” 4 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, Living Space, Kitchen Available Options (square footage can vary): Media Room, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In At the intersection of 2 bars sliding past one another, a living/dining/ M O D E R N M O D U L A R Porch (180 sf), Office/Study, Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), kitchen space creates a central C U S T Oopen M P R interior, E F A B R I leading C A T E D off M O to D Utwo L A Rbedrooms H O M E S 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r Full-Height Basement, Carport, Deck(s), in either direction. This could easily allow for a duplex configuration. Exterior Storage, Second Floor. M

C U S T O M

P R E F A B R I C A T E D

2 BAR SLIP

M O D U L A R

H O M E S

FIRST FLOOR

w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r 1895 sq. ft. A Living B Dining

study in odern Modular's eness of space, the structure. by the exterior ually implied he interior urrounding site ction with the

The 2 Bar Slip is anchored by Ca Kitchen central (4) D Bedroom living space with windowed views in every E Bath (2) direction, perfect for a site with desirable views in multiple directions. The central living-dining-kitchen space opens at two corners to bright windowed halls that lead to bedrooms. This space creates a crossA directional axis that is further implied by tilted roof and ceiling planes, opening the D E interior to outside. The two separated wings of bedrooms allow the house to B C easily sustain a large family, or work as a shared duplex residence. REF

Available Options (square footage can vary): Media Room, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Office/Study, Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Second Floor.

footage can vary): sf), Mudroom (180 0 sf), Ground Floor ar Garage (280 sf), lhouse (140 sf), ort, Wood Deck(s), oor, R EPitched S O LRoofs. U T I O N :

(http://re4a.com/)

2. 3-Bar Pinwheel: 2072 sq. ft. FIRST FLOOR 55’ – 0” x 70’ – 0” 4 A R C H I T E C T U R E t 2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 A Living 4 Bedrooms, 2 Baths, Living Space, Kitchen B Dining M O D E R N M O D U L A R C Kitchen This layout envelops exterior space to create a stronger C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O D U LDA Bedroom R connection H O (4) M E S FIRST FLOOR w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - Em Bath o d(2)u l a r between interior and outdoor spaces. A Living

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

O N :

B C D E

Dining Kitchen Bedroom (4) Bath (2)

3 BAR PINWHEEL

2072 sq. ft.

The 3 Bar Pinwheel is a study in irregularity. It exhibits Modern Modular's ability to provide a uniqueness of space, A B both inside and outside the structure. D Negative space created by the exterior form gives rise to individually implied exterior spaces. Within the interior E expansive views to the surrounding site allow for a strong connection with the building's environment.

D A REF

REF

Available Options (square footage can vary): Additional Master Bath (75 sf), Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor D Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Second Floor, Pitched Roofs.

R E S O L U T I O N :

(http://re4a.com/) A R C H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright ofFIRST all designFLOOR work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4 A Living Dining B C Kitchen D Bedroom (4) E Bath (2)

A R C H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

makes interesting use of o courtyards to each ving space. The house courtyards, becoming ff to its entry facade, e landscape on the would be perfectly n a site with a beach or ake advantage of this -sized bedrooms, the economical of the ypologies for larger separate private wings easily sustain a large a shared duplex

T Series Within this category, 3 variations accommodate a range of program elements.

1. 3-Bar T: square footage can vary): Study, Mudroom (180 sf), 180 sf), Ground Floor f), 1-Car Garage (280 sf),

f), Poolhouse (140 sf), t, Carport, Wood Deck(s), cond Floor.

T I

1692 sq. ft. 45’ – 0” x 78’ – 0” 4 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, Living M O Space, D E Kitchen R N M O D U L A R C U S T O Mspaces P R E F Aon B R one I C A Tside E D of M Othe D U L A R H O M E S This configuration frames 2 exterior house, w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r opening the interior towards preferred views on the site. THREE-BAR 'T'

FIRST FLOOR

1692 sq. ft.

A Living The Three-Bar T makes interesting use of B Dining site by forming two courtyards to each C Kitchen Bedroom D The side of a central living space. house (4) E Bath opens A up to these courtyards, becoming 2-sided: closing off to its entry facade, and opening to the landscape on the other. The house would be perfectly M O D E RM NO D M E OR DN U LM AO RD U L A R matched for use on a site with a beach or C U S T O M P R E F CA UB SR TI O C A MT E P D R E MF O A B D R U IL CA AR T EH DO MM EOSD U L A R H O M E S large acreage to take advantage of this w w w . r e 4 a . wc wo wm . / r me o4 da e. rc no -m m/ om do ud l e a r r n - m o d u l a r feature. With 4 full-sized bedrooms, the D B D design is the most economical of the modern modular typologies for larger OFFSET 'T' OFFSET 'T' E D C E wings D private families. The two separate 2154 sq. ft. 2154 sq. ft. allow the house to easily sustain a large family, or work as a shared duplex The Two-Story Bar withThe Terrace Two-Story is among Bar with Terrace is among the boldest of the modern the modular boldest of the modern modular residence. REF

(http://re4a.com/)

typologies. The house istypologies. made up of The two house is made up of two perpendicular axes of private perpendicular and public, axes of private and public, Available Options (square footage can vary): which meet at a centralwhich circulatory meet at a central circulatory Media Room, Office/Study, Mudroom (180 sf), kitchen space. At the center kitchen of space. the house At the center of the house Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor is a living-dining-kitchen is unit, a living-dining-kitchen which unit, which Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), embeds itself within a two embeds story itself bar within a two story bar 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), containing 4 bedrooms.containing The second 4 bedrooms. story The second Full-Height story Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), opens up at its center to a large opens upmulti-use at its center to a large multi-use Exterior Storage, Second Floor. outdoor terrace. Opposite outdoor the second terrace. Opposite the second floor bedrooms sits a enclosed floor bedrooms sleepingsits a enclosed sleeping porch, opening up to this porch, terrace. opening up to this terrace.

FIRST FLOOR

2. Offset T: 1940 sq. ft. A Living B Dining 45’ – 0” x 68’ - 0” C Kitchen (4) 4 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms,MLiving Space, Kitchen, Sleeping Porch, D Bedroom O D E R N M O D U L A R Available Options (squareAvailable footage can Options vary): (square footage can vary): E Bath A Office/Study, Mudroom (180 Office/Study, sf), Screened-In Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Terrace C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O D U L A R H O M E S Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Porch Laundry (180 sf), Room Ground Floor Laundry Room w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r

(75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280(75 sf),sf), 2-Car 1-Car Garage Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), (560Full-Height sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Basement, Deck(s), Exterior Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Roofs. O N Pitched : 4Roofs.A Storage, R C Pitched H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

etains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited OFFSET 'T' and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of theD law.

FIRST FLOOR

A B C D E

A C

REF

Living First Floor Dining Kitchen Bedroom (2) D Bath

FIRST2154 FLOOR sq. ft.

SECOND FLOOR D

Second Floor Living First Floor D Bedroom (2) The Two-Story Bar with TerraceEis Bath among Dining Kitchen Outdoor Terrace the boldest of the modern modular F Bedroom (2) G Sleeping typologies. The house is made up of two Porch D D Bath

D E F G

Second Floor Bedroom E(2) D Bath Outdoor Terrace Sleeping Porch

REF

perpendicular axes of private and public, which meet at a central circulatory kitchen space. At the center of the house E is a living-dining-kitchen unit, which E embeds itself within a two story bar containing 4 bedrooms. The second story opens up at itsF center to a large multi-use F outdoor terrace. Opposite the second floor bedrooms sits a enclosed sleeping porch, opening up to this terrace. G

SECOND FLOOR

Available Options (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In (http://re4a.com/) Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage R sf), E Poolhouse S O L U(140 T sf), I OFull-Height N : 4 A R C H I T E C T U R E t 2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 (560 Resolution: Carport, 4 Architecture retainsDeck(s), ownershipExterior and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Basement, Wood Storage, Pitched Roofs.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4 FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR D First Floor A Living B Dining C Kitchen R E S O L U T I O R E N S: O 4 L UA TR I CO HN I : T E4 C A T R U C R H E I T E Ct T 2U 1Bedroom R 2 E . 6 (2) 7 5 t. 9 22 16 26 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 D Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership Resolution: and 4 Architecture copyright of retains all design ownership work. Unauthorized and copyright reproduction of all designis work. strictlyUnauthorized prohibited and reproduction will be prosecuted is strictlytoprohibited the fullestand extent will of bethe prosecuted law. to the fullest extent of the law.

E Bath

D E F G

Second Floor Bedroom (2) Bath Outdoor Terrace Sleeping Porch

3. Head & Tail: 2340 sq. ft. 62’ – 0” x 73’ – 0” 3 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, 1 Office, Living Space, Kitchen The Head and Tail maintains a double wide bar of communal spaces, with a smaller, secondary bar of the private spaces framing an exterior space.

(http://re4a.com/)

Case Study 2: Resolution 4

nt of ic d e his

Triple Wide

der an ted y red

y): n m, sf),

Within this category, 3 variations accommodate a range of program elements.

1. 3-Bar Duplex: 2282 sq. ft. 45’ – 0” x 60’ – 0” 4 Bedrooms, 2 Baths, Pantry, Covered Patio, Living Space, Kitchen With three bars placed next to one another, the main public spaces are FIRST FLOOR M O D with E R a bar N M O D U L A in R separated from the private bedrooms of accessory spaces M O D E R N M O D U L A R CUSTOM PREFABRICATED MODULAR HOMES A Living between, including the kitchen and bathrooms. This plan could also be w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r B Dining C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O D U L A R H O M E S part of a duplex. w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n m o d u l a r Kitchen C D Bedroom (4) E Bath (2) F Open Porch

2282 sq. ft.

The 3 Bar Duplex provdes a vast amount of space, yet maintains a clear division of public and private spaces. For economic efficiency, utility functions are contained D D a central within unit which separatesD the living and bedroom modules. Despite this clear separation, the functional uses of this variation overlap Ethe physical boundaries of individual E modules in order to stitch together the components into an implied whole. The 4 bedrooms separated F into two wings allow the house to easily sustain a large family, or work as a shared duplex residence. REF

edible the most dular with choices outdoor ailable. ed through ow the of and ceiling with similar continuity

3 BAR DUPLEX

A Available Options C B (square footage can vary):

age can vary): oom, Fourth creened-In undry Room -Car Garage ull-Height (s), Exterior

(http://re4a.com/)

Office/Stufy, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room, 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Second Floor.

FIRST FLOOR A Living B Dining C Kitchen Bedroom M D O D (4) E R N M E Bath (2) C U S Open T O Porch M P R E F A B R I C A T E D F

2. 3-Bar Slip: 1698 sq. ft. O D U L A R 48’ – 0” x 80’ – 0” FIRST FLOOR M O D U L A R H O M E S w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r 3 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, 1 Screen Porch, Living Area, Kitchen A Living

B Dining C Kitchen 3 BAR SLIP D Bedroom (3) 1698 A R C H I TE EBath C (2)T U R E t 2sq. 1ft. 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6 Porch F Screened of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. The 3 Bar Slip provides incredible G Open Porch spaciousness, and perhaps the most flexibility of the modern modular typologies. Options abound, with choices G F between significantly extra outdoor (shown) or indooor space available. D Exterior spaces are articulated through the formal vocabulary and how the E modules assemble. Tilted roof and ceiling planes work to unify spaces with similar uses and create a sense of continuity A from module to module.

E REF

E F

REF

E D Available Options (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Enlarged Living Room, Fourth Bedroom, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In C Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Second Floor.

R E S O L U T I O N :

(http://re4a.com/)

A R C H I T E C T U R E FIRST FLOOR

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4 A Living Dining B C D E F G

Kitchen Bedroom (3) Bath (2) Screened Porch Open Porch

with similar continuity

age can vary): oom, Fourth creened-In aundry Room 2-Car Garage ull-Height (s), Exterior

3. 3-Bar Saddlebag: 1909 sq. ft. M O D E R N M O 48’ – 0” x 60’ – 0”C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M w w w . r Living e 4 a Space, . c o m Kitchen / m o d e 4 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms,

O D U L A R

H O M E S

r n - m o d u l a r

FIRST FLOOR A B C D E F G

Living Dining Kitchen Bedroom (3) Bath (2) Screened Porch Open Porch

3 BAR SADDLEBAG 1909 sq. ft.

The 3 Bar Saddlebag provides a separation of public and private spaces in a compressed volume that works to create a lateral spaciousness. The building's footprint creates two G courtyards opening Fto different sides of the house, placing a focus on the natural setting of the house. The house's low profile is perfect for a treed site, whether it be thick forest or lightly wooded. A

Available Options (square footage can vary): Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch D (180E sf), Office/Study, Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 Bsf), Poolhouse (140Csf), Full-Height Basement, Carport, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Second Floor. REF

(http://re4a.com/)

FIRST FLOOR

A R C H I T E C T U R E

A B C D E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Living Dining Kitchen Bedroom (4) Bath (2)

ip and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

A REF

D E

R E S O L U T I O N :

A R C H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4

C U S T O M

P R E F A B R I C A T E D

M O D U L A R

H O M E S

w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n - m o d u l a r

Z Series

THREE-BAR BRIDGE w/ GUEST HOUSE 2392 sq. ft.

Within this category, 2 variations accommodate a range of program elements. The Three-Bar Bridge creates an optimum division of space by forming a bridge connection between three modular living units. The ground floor is made up of a living-dining-kitchen unit, separated by a covered drive from a two bedroom guest house, which could alternately be used as a convenient home office. Bridging the lower levels is another two-bedroom living unit, with a centralized media room. The second floor bar opens at each end to open terraces, which serve to maximize natural light within the house.

1. 3-Bar Bridge: 2392 sq. ft. 60’ – 0” x 68’ – 0” 4 Bedrooms, 3 Bathrooms, 1 Office, 1 Sleeping Porch, Living Space, Kitchen, Covered Drive This configuration easily allows for using part of the home as a guest Available Options (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In house or extra storage/office space. The 2 Bedrooms and media space Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room M O D E R N M O D U L A R (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage Poolhouse on theFull-Height second story bridgeC Uthe bars below (560 sf), (140 sf), S T2 O M P R E F A B R Ito C Acreated T E D M Oa D covered U L A R H Odrive M E S Basement, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, w w w . r e spaces 4 a . c oand m / more m o d eprivate r n - m spaces. o d u l a r between the lower level communal Pitched Roofs. FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

THREE-BAR BRIDGE w/ GUEST HOUSE A Living

B Dining C Kitchen Bedroom (2) The Three-Bar Bridge D creates an optimum E Batha(2) division of space by forming bridge

REF

connection between three modular living units. The ground floor is made up of a living-dining-kitchen unit, separated by a covered drive from a two bedroom guest house, which could alternately be used as a convenient home office. Bridging the lower levels is another two-bedroom M O D E R N M O D DU L A R living unit, with a centralized media room. C U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O D U L A R H O M E S w The w w second . r e 4 a floor . c o bar m / opens m o d eatr each n - m end o d u l a r E to open terraces, which serve to E maximize natural light within the house.

THREE-BAR BRIDGE w/ THREE-STORY TOWER

Bedroom (2) Bath Media Room Sleeping Porch Outdoor Terrace (2)

D E F G H

2392 sq. ft.

E D

D H

Available Options (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Wood Deck(s), Exterior Storage, Pitched Roofs.

2710 sq. ft. The Three-Bar Bridge with Three-Story Tower makes a commanding presence on any site. Among the design's most interesting features is a large sleeping porch with spectacular views at the third floor of a tower element. The house's circulation is both convenient and unique, with master and guest bedrooms nestled in the tower connecting through a central living space on the first floor to another residential bar opposite it.

(http://re4a.com/)

2. 3-Bar Bridge & Tower: 2714 sq. ft. M O D E R N M O D U L A R FIRST FLOORC U S T O M P R E F A B R I C A T E D M O DSECOND H O M E S 55’ – 0” x 70’ – 0” w w w . r e 4 a . c o m / m o d e r n U- L mA Ro FLOOR d u l a r Living Bedroom (2) A 4 Bedrooms, 3 Bathrooms, 1 Office, 1 Sleeping DEPorch Bath B Dining Available Options (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage (560 sf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Wood Deck(s), Pitched Roofs.

C Kitchen

A THREE-BAR BRIDGE D Bedroom (2) w/ THREE-STORY TOWERE Bath (2)

2710 sq. ft.

R E S O L UD T I O N :

F Media Room G Sleeping Porch H Outdoor Terrace (2)

A R C H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized FIRST FLOOR 4 Architecture retains ownership SECOND FLOOR THIRD FLOOR reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Living Dining Kitchen Bedroom (2) Bath (2)

REF

A B C D E

The Three-Bar Bridge with Three-Story Bedroommakes (3) a commanding presence on DTower H Sleeping Porch B E Bath (2) any site. Among the design's most F Media Room Outdoor Terracefeatures is a large sleeping Ginteresting porch with spectacular views at the third C floor of a tower element. The house's circulation is both convenient and unique, D with master and guest bedrooms nestled E in the tower connecting through a central living space on the first floor to another E

REF

residential bar opposite it.

E D

D H

AvailableEOptions (square footage can vary): Office/Study, Mudroom (180 sf), Screened-In Porch (180 sf), Ground Floor Laundry Room (75 sf), 1-Car Garage (280 sf), 2-Car Garage H (560Dsf), Poolhouse (140 sf), Full-Height Basement, Wood Deck(s), Pitched Roofs.

(http://re4a.com/)

Additionally, variations for theI Courtyard concept will be added soon to the website. For further FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR information about any of the designs and individual projects completed by ResolutionTHIRD 4, FLOOR please A Living D Bedroom (3) H Sleeping Porch visit http://re4a.com/ B Dining E Bath (2) D

R E S O L U T I O N :

A R C H I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

R E S O L U T I O

C Kitchen D Bedroom (2) NE : Bath4(2) A

F Media Room G Outdoor Terrace

R C HD I T E C T U R E

2 1 2 . 6 7 5 . 9 2 6 6

Resolution: 4 Architecture retains ownership and copyright of all design work. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law.

Case Study 2: Resolution 4 REF

CASE STUDY 3: ecoMOD

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

Designer: ecoMOD Projects: ecoMOD, ecoREMOD Type: Modular Location: University of Virginia - Charlottesville, VA

After much success in the 2002 Solar Decathlon Competition, ecoMOD was established to combine affordability and prefabricated methods with sustainable design. John Quale, ecoMOD’s director, clearly explains the program’s underlying idea: “The hypothesis of the ecoMOD project at the University of Virginia School of Architecture is that by combining prefabrication with sustainable design strategies, we can generate a series of housing prototypes that lower operating costs for homeowners while reducing the overall environmental impact of the buildings.”1 With seven projects completed, the program has engaged over 300 students in a design-build-evaluate process aimed at helping non-profit organizations provide quality affordable housing. After designing and building a project, students are asked to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainable building systems, in order to improve upon future work and methods.2,3

Affordability ecoMOD focuses on keeping project costs within affordable standards, with past projects ranging from $65 to $126 per square foot. Non-profit organizations, such as Habitat For Humanity, are sometimes able to reduce the total costs with volunteer labor and/or donated materials. Without site work and the foundation, a 2010 cost estimate placed one of ecoMOD’s projects between $70-$90 per square foot for reproduction through a modular homebuilder, making the designs inexpensive for the average homebuyer as well.

Availability ecoMOD has worked on projects in a variety of locations, from within Charlottesville, Virginia, to Hurricane Katrina relief efforts in Gautier, Mississippi, and even an international project based in Jamaica. The four main project variations are all available to affordable non-profit housing organizations for a small licensing fee. Homebuilders and future homeowners can buy construction documents for each of the designs for a standard licensing fee, similar to purchasing ready-made plans from a magazine.

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

Variations Currently, four ecoMOD variations are available for homebuyers/builders to purchase. Each design was created for a specific project, but can be modified to different situations. ecoMOD focuses on site-specific prefab, using the natural surroundings as part of the design’s holistic approach towards sustainability. Some variations work better on certain sites, but can still be thoughtfully adapted to a new landscape.

ecoMOD1 variation: OUTin House - built for $114 per square foot in 2006 (2196 sq. ft.) With an intent to expand living space by connecting the interior and exterior, this prototype was originally designed as a two-unit, three story condo, but can be modified to a two-story single family home. The upper unit (both first floor and second floor) totals 1464 sq. ft., including three bedrooms, one full bath, two half baths, kitchen/dining area, living room, laundry, and entryway. The lower unit (732 sq. ft) acts as a studio apartment. Sustainable strategies in the prototype include: 1)

Solar hot water heater (flat plate collector) – saves homeowner $300-$350/year

Potable rainwater collection system – water is directed into a single gutter and stored in two 1,750 gallon tanks, with a filtration system on the interior to meet approximately 35% of the clean water needs for a family of four over one year

Daylighting – orientation of the home takes advantage of natural sunlight, lowering energy costs 20-30% annually

SIPS (Structural Insulated Panels) – provide more insulation and structural stability while also allowing for quicker installation/construction.

Low/no- VOC interior materials - increase indoor air quality

6) Sustainably harvested wood floor – poplar wood floors from local sustainably harvested forests

Exterior view of the OUTin House (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

Diagram of eight ecoMOD1 modules (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Variations on the ecoMOD 1 design (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

ecoMOD2 variation: preHAB House - built for $65 per square foot in 2008, including donated materials and volunteer labor through Habitat for Humanity. (1187 sq. ft.) Designed for a family in Gautier, Mississippi devastated by Hurricane Katrina, the onestory single family home includes sheltered exterior spaces to extend the living space into the surrounding site and make a smaller home feel more expansive. ecoMOD2 is handicap accessible and includes three bedrooms, living/dining area, kitchen, entry space, outdoor storage and a series of exterior spaces integrated throughout. Sustainable strategies in the prototype include: 1)

Solar PV System – rooftop eight-panel 2kW array provides half of the home’s electricity during summer months

Desuperheater – a heat recovery/desuperheater is attaches to an extremely efficient heat pump for capturing wasted heat to be used for ‘preheating’ hot water

Passive Solar Design – overhangs and windows are sized to take advantage of the local daylighting conditions and cross breezes

Thermasteel panels – a steel and polystyrene foam panel system to provide extra wind resistance and increased energy efficiency

Reclaimed wood – durable wood was reclaimed and reused from a home destroyed by Hurricane Katrina

Prefabrication process - from factory to the site - for the ecoMOD 2, preHAB House (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

ecoMod2 plan, as built in Mississippi, with 3 bedrooms (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

ecoMod2 plan, adopted to surburban conditions, with a different arrangement of rooms (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

ecoMod2 plan, adopted to act as a home in an urban infill lot (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

The above diagram explains the ideas behind ecoMOD2â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s configuration (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Multiple iterations of the ecoMOD2 design (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

ecoMOD3 variation: SEAM House: built for $126 per square foot in 2008 (196 sq. foot bedroom addition, 398 sq. ft. rental unit) The third prototype focused on connecting a new bedroom addition to an existing historic structure. The extra space includes a second bedroom that can be used as an office space overlooking the living area. A rental unit is also incorporated, designed as a handicap accessible studio apartment. The seam between the building modules is referred to as a ‘plywood ribbon’, creating storage space. Sustainable strategies in the prototype included: 1)

Daylighting – orientation of the home takes advantage of natural sunlight, reducing the home’s electrical lighting load

IKEA Cabinets – economical cabinets were purchased from an environmentally conscious company for the SEAM storage area

Efficient heating and cooling – both the house and apartment use a duct-less, mini-split heating and cooling system

Design for Disassembly – parts of the home have been designed with re-use in mind, made to be disassembled in the future for another project’s use

Rain garden – a rain garden collects and filters run-off, while other landscaping elements are created to mitigate erosion/water flow issues

Placement of the ecoMOD3 module on site (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

Green Roof – both the bedroom addition and rental unit have green roofs, also reducing runoff and adding insulation to the roof

Thermasteel panels and extra insulation – a steel and polystyrene foam panel system provides increased energy efficiency in the accessory dwelling, with foam insulation in the module’s floors and roof of the historic home, minimizing air filtration

Evacuated tube solar hot water – an efficient system captures the sun’s energy for domestic water heating needs

Natural Ventilation – windows are designed to induce the stack effect and provide natural air flow

10)

ecoSCREEN – a transition space from the interior to the exterior of the rental unit provides shade with a trellis framework for vegetation

* The above strategies earned the rental unit’s LEED for Homes platinum certification. It was the smallest structure yet to have a LEED certification.

Finishing touches on the site lead to the completed ecoMOD3 module (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

Floor plan options for the 16â&#x20AC;&#x2122; x 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122; ecoMOD 3 module (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Different plan configurations of the ecoMOD3 addition, both as a master bedroom/study addition (left) and as a mother-in-law cottage addition (right) (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

ecoMOD3 building kit of parts (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Diagram of passive ventilation used in all ecoMOD3 SEAM variations (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

ecoMOD4 variation: THRU house - $123 per square foot in early 2010 (1158 sq. ft.) One of the more recent projects, the ecoMOD4 focuses on movement and visual connection through the home, with windows aligned in both directions for a more seamless transition between outside and in. The design is easily adaptable for different configurations or multifamily housing, with two 450’ modules stacked and two additional pieces to complete the stairs. Included are two bedrooms, one-and-a-half baths, living area, kitchen/dining area, storage, and laundry. Sustainable strategies in the prototype include: 1)

Efficient Insulation – both open and closed cell foam insulate the home, with closed cell in the roof reaching an r-value of 60 and open cell in the walls at R-30.

Insulating Concrete forms (ICF) – both the basement and foundation use ICF’s – hollow core blocks with polystyrene foam insulation and steel reinforcement to achieve high levels of insulation with structural stability

Geothermal heating system – uses the steady temperature of the ground in exchanging heat, bringing ecoMOD4’s heating and cooling costs to under $500

Domestic Greywater system – reuses sink waste water in flushing toilets, saving about 5,000 gallons of freshwater a year at a cost of less than $250 for the system

Manifold plumbing system – the pipes for the hot water heater are designed to include multiple smaller pipes running the longer distances, rather than one larger pipe with a few branches, saving in volume 5000 gallons of hot water a year

Construction of the ecoMOD4 module by students in the factory (ecoMOD.virginia.edu) Case Study 3: ecoMOD

Desuperheater – a heat recovery/desuperheater attaches to an extremely efficient heat pump to capture wasted heat for ‘preheating’ hot water

Sustainable interiors– some of the cabinets were purchased from IKEA, an economical environmentally conscious company, low VOC paints are applied, and discontinued bamboo flooring (a rapidly renewable material) was used. (It should be noted that bamboo flooring has high embodied energy, but was used because of a significant discount for the discontinued product to meet Habitat for Humanity’s budget)

Solar PV System – rooftop 4kW photovoltaic array provides some of the home’s electrical needs

Runoff design – rain barrels, a rain garden, and permeable surfaces all work to mitigate negative effects from runoff. LEED for Homes standards was used in choosing native vegetation and exterior materials.

10)

Site – the site chosen was a brownfield site (parking lot with past building debris below), now transformed into a sustainable home site

* The above strategies also earned a LEED for Homes certification for ecoMOD4. In addition to the four ecoMOD variations, the program has worked on two ecoREMOD projects – focusing more on the renovation of older, historic homes with the three interacting principles of sustainability, affordability, and prefab. Currently, the program is also developing ecoMOD XS, designing ‘extra small’ living spaces, referred to as accessory dwelling units (ADUs). For more detailed information and specifics on all ecoMOD projects, please visit http://ecomod. virginia.edu/. The website goes into more depth for the design-build-evaluate process for each of the projects, with updates on current work as well.

Exterior view of ecoMOD4 (left) and view of PV panels on the roof (right) (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

ecoMOD4 variation as multi-family housing (above and right) and town homes (bottom left) (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Two ecoMOD4 optional configurations for multi-family housing (ecoMOD.virginia.edu)

Case Study 3: ecoMOD

CASE STUDY 4: LAKE l FLATO

Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

Designer: Lake l Flato Project: Porch House Type: Modular Location: San Antonio, Texas

Lake l Flato Architects focus on integrating vernacular architecture with sustainable practices. While the firm works on a range of projects from residential to commercial and institutional, they have recently concentrated on prefab designs as a more affordable alternative for providing quality homes in a time of widespread economic trouble. Their design, known as the Porch House, is a means of integrating sleeping and living modules through exterior ‘porch’ spaces. This encourages a connection to the outdoors, forging a stronger link between the prefabricated units and each client’s specific site. As with all of Lake l Flato Architects’ projects, the use of durable, quality materials and sustainable practices are integral components of the Porch House.1,2

Affordability Similar to other prefab projects, the scope of the project and materials used will affect the total cost. While specific cost information for current and previous porch house projects was not available, the designers project a price range of $150 to $225 per square foot (not including design services). This may not seem an affordable rate to many, but it does provide a lower cost alternative to traditional custom residential projects by quality designers, such as Lake l Flato. Ultimately, the firm hopes to bring the cost down to $100 to $125 per square foot when production has increased to allow additional savings through economies of scale. Availability The firm is based in Texas and has already completed Porch House projects in their surrounding area. However, prefab homes are more common on the east and west coasts, with some Porch Houses already located in South Carolina and Louisiana. Lake l Flato’s main manufacturer for the modules is GroundFORCE Building Systems out of Navasota, Texas. The modules, made to a 17 foot width in order to travel by truck, are available out of the Texas factory within an area of around 500 miles. To accommodate projects in other locations around the country, Lake l Flato is in contact with manufacturers in a variety of places, from Georgia to Oregon, thereby making the Porch House available to sites around the United States. The estimated time from start to finish of a Porch House project is 6-9 months.

Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

Modular Configurations The modules are 80-90% complete when arriving to a building site. Typically, the design plays with the overall layout of two factory built modules: living and sleeping. These elements are laid out in a configuration on the site to best maximize the occupant’s connection with exterior spaces. The bulk of the on-site work includes preparing the site for the module’s arrival, followed by construction of exterior connection spaces once the parts are in place. These exterior ‘porch’ spaces are typically unconditioned and sheltered, linking the living and sleeping areas to encourage outdoor movement and views. As mentioned before, the modules are built to a standard 17 foot width to accommodate transport by truck, but the length varies from 28 to 46 feet long, depending on the activities and needs of a space. Currently, nine different modular rooms, both for living and sleeping, can be arranged in any number of configurations. Ten foot tall ceilings open the space to the surrounding site. Before the 6-9 month construction phase, Lake l Flato typically spends 1-2 months examining the client’s site to create a site specific design that is best suited to local environmental conditions. This is similar to other prefab designers, working to create individual projects from factory produced elements.

Sustainability: Lake l Flato works towards LEED certification with the Porch House through various sustainable techniques:

High efficiency mechanical systems

Tall, operable windows on either side of the home to allow for natural ventilation

Water saving features

Materials are chosen with low emodied energy that are also healthy for occupants (such as low VOC)

Deep overhangs to allow for proper daylighing

PV panels are an added option to create a net-zero energy Porch House

As with other prefab homes, the process of prefabrication itself makes the design even more sustainable, with less material waste and required labor.

Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

The three different modules - living, sleeping, and porch elements - allow for a variety of configurations. Starting with a basic idea allows for an endless combination of modules, each one mass customizable for different sites. This basic notion allows prefab to become a successful part of every architecture firmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design work. Prefab has the potential to connect firms with many more clients, both in terms of affordability and less time required for the design process on each individual project. (Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

Finding a dependable manufacturer to work with is important in establishing a prefab home series. The steps in producing a prefab homes are streamlined in comparison to a traditional, stick-built home: 1) Factory fabrication of parts and/or modules 2) Site preparation for home 3) Transport of parts/modules 4) Assembly of parts/finishing touches to module (Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

Like Rocio Romero, all modules come in a standard width - 17â&#x20AC;&#x2122; - but vary in length depending on the type of room. A variety of options are available to accommodate all needs, including open living modules, two story additions, and extra bedrooms for larger families or guests. (Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

1 Lake l Flato has already completed and/or recently begun several Porch House projects. Each configuration of modules is different, depending on the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s program and specific site requirements. 1. El Campo - A courtyard is created through the u-shaped building arragement, with porch elements connecting the modules and lake views. 2. Guadalupe Retreat - The repeatitive sleeping modules face towards the lake, connecting visually with the site and catching summer breezes. (Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

2 Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

1 1. Love Creek Preserve - The design includes guest cabins centered around a conservation center, with porch elements acting as communal meeting space within the surrounding, hilly landscape. 2. Bluffview - The simple rectangular layout is designed for an elongated urban lot, creating an interior courtyard as a private exterior space within the surrounding community.

(Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

2 Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

1 1. Millican Courtyard - The simple rectangular layout allows for a surrounding wall to enclose courtyard space, delineating the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exterior common space. 2. Millican Porch - A one-story master bedroom module connects to a two-story living/sleeping unit through an exterior breezeway. The porch connections extend to the carport, defining entry into the home.

(Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

2 Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

1 1. Baton Rouge - Lake l Flato has also adapted their Porch House to community/urban planning, creating two story modules with accessory units in the rear for an existing neighborhood. 2. Mixon - The modules could also create a community of their own, with shared green spaces enhanced by the homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s porch elements. As stated before, slight variations can easily adapt each home to the individual ownerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

(Images: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/)

2 Case Study 4: Lake l Flato

CONCLUSION: COMPARISON OF CASE STUDIES

Conclusion: Comparison of Case Studies

The four case studies presented each have different strengths, providing a good range of the current market in modern prefabricated homes: A major part of the LV Serie’s success is Rocio Romero’s packaging of the product. Her website is well-designed for first time prefab home buyers, moving through each step of the process, including multiple publications and brochures with specific information on the design, construction, and individual pieces of the LV Home kit-of-parts. Out of the three private company case studies (Romero, Resolution 4, and Lake l Flato), Romero’s product appears to have been on the market the longest, making her quite successful with a more established base. Several LV series homes have been built, but more time in the market is likely to increase competition from recent projects, such as the Modern Modular and Porch House. Offering specific costs for each LV product also helps attract clients looking for more affordable options, as compared to the general pricing by Resolution 4 and Porch House. Ultimately, the LV Series seems best equipped out of all four case studies, with specific information and marketing products, to currently attract middle-class home buyers looking for a prefab option. The Modern Modular and Porch House are similar in design and packaging - marketed as a series of discreet modules that can be arranged in a variety of configurations to meet client’s specific needs. While the LV Series has various options, the general form of the home remains an elongated rectangle, possibly with a few added features. The strength of Resolution 4 and Lake l Flato’s prefab product is in the endless number of configurations, making them even more customizable for the masses than Romero’s LV Series. If the two designers can begin to add more specifics to their products - such as prices and photorealistic renderings to the Modern Modular and prices for various sets of easily custmoized configurations for the Porch House - then the market will likely pick up even more, attracting interest from both designers and home buyers. The predicted prices for both the Modern Modular and Porch House seem to be slightly higher than the LV Series. This is most likely because Romero has her own factory in Perryville, as opposed to contract work with local factories for Resolution 4 and Lake l Flato. An increased future interest in prefabricated homes should set modern prefeb home costs even lower, due to the effects of economies of scale. ecoMOD is a good example of how universities can increase awareness of prefab housing options for local non-profits, which would especially benefit from lower cost, high quality products. Seminars and studios can begin a practice similar to ecoMOD, using design/build studios to construct the homes in a factory-like environment and then transporting the modules to the site, reducing the need for extra labor and associated costs. ecoMOD modules have the lowest cost of all four case studies, but volunteers and free student labor are likely the major reason for the discrepancy. If programs such as ecoMOD became a standard part of design colleges around the country, prefab housing would increase in regards to both quantity and awareness, furthering the case for modern prefab homes as a durable, sustainable, and well designed option for homeowners.

Conclusion: Comparison of Case Studies

APPENDIX A: ADDITIONAL PREFAB DESIGNERS ANDERSON ANDERSON JENNIFER SIEGAL KIERAN TIMBERLAKE

Appendix A: Additional Prefab Designers

Designer: Anderson Anderson Projects: Chameleon House, Cantilever House, and Fox Island Residence (among other prefab projects, including commercial and public works) Type: Panelized 2 x 4, Steel Framing, and Sandwich Panels (among a variety of other types, each depending on the specific project and site requirements) Location: San Francisco, California

Anderson Anderson Architecture experiments with prefabrication techniques and design in both residential and commercial/institutional projects. The firm implements prefabricated elements into various projects based on the individual design needs and the cost effectiveness of the process. Prices vary depending on the project and were not discussed for past designs. However, a one-thousand square foot home was previously completed by Anderson Anderson using prefab elements with a budget of $125,000. While the designers do not have a specific set of prefab home plans or drawings to sell, they are happy to work with clients and utilize previous designs or techniques that could be relevant to new work. They have worked throughout the United States, in Europe, and especially in Japan, where prefabrication is more widely spread.1 (After the March 2011 earthquake in Japan, prefabricated housing is being used for tens of thousands of residents.2)

Seen above is one of the prefabricated homes designed by Anderson Anderson, known as the Cantilever house. The major prefabricated elements include SIPS panels and a structural steel frame, which allowed the house to sit atop a small foundation to cantilever out over the surrounding hilly terrain. In this case, prefab was used to work with the exiting site restraints.3 Appendix A: Additional Prefab Designers - Anderson Anderson

Designer: Jennifer Siegal Projects: SwellHouse and Take Home (among other prefab homes developed from her company, Office of Mobile Design) Type: Modular, typicically Steel Systems Location: Venice, California

Jennifer Siegal began working with prefab through the creation of a mobile classroom, known as the EcoLab. She has since expanded her work to include numerous prefab homes, schools, and commercial designs, even creating prefab lines of homes, known as the Swell House and Take Home (similar to Rocio Romero’s LV Home). Siegal integrates sustainable practices into the designs and claims a 15% reduction in cost for prefab from a typical designer modernist home, estimating final prefab home costs at $240 - $280 per square foot.4 This includes site improvements and utilities. The cost is greater than most of the projects mentioned in the case studies, but may have to do with the location and clientele. Saving costs with prefab takes a conscious effort, but can still be difficult without a widespread prefab system in place between designer, manufacturer, and contractor. Siegal’s focus on prefab and sustainability has earned many awards and recognition as one of the current successful prefab home designers in the US.5

Seen above is the Swell House, so named for for the ‘S’ modular steel structure. Materials used are based on durability and sustainabililty, including a rainscreen design for part of the exterior skin. (http://www.designmobile.com/swell.html)

Appendix A: Additional Prefab Designers - Jennifer Siegal

Designer: KieranTimberlake Projects: Loblolly House and Cellophane House (among other prefab research and projects) Type: Varies for each project, but focuses on developing a prefab building system to inform and shape the design, creating a more holistic process Location: Philadelphia, PA

Based on their work with prefab housing and construction methods, Kieran Timberlake was chosen to participate in the Museum of Modern Artâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2008 exhibit, Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling.6 Their design, known as the Cellophane House, used an aluminum frame as the basic support for the other building elements. Parts were bolted together, allowing for ease of disassembly and reuse of the individual building pieces. Their research into prefab is well known, focusing on the future transformation of the building industry into prefabricated production techniques through the use of new and quickly emerging technologies. Kieran Timberlake actively researches the multitude of benefits offered by prefab housing: 1) The required knowledge of sustainable practices and successful design techniques is limited to fewer individuals, rather than requiring all builders, manufacturers, and designers to know the most efficient processes for individual homes. 2) Site disturbance is kept to a minimum. 3) The idea of prefab offers a new way of thinking about homes for families with changing needs, allowing individual modules to be updated or changed in the future, rather than having to purchase an entirely new home. 4) Less travel time is required for workers in prefab production (commuting an average of 15 miles to their factory job on a daily basis) than traditional stick built home construction (requiring an average commute of 45 miles per day, because of the changing location of job sites).7

Seen above is the structural blocks for the Cellophane House, composed of an aluminum frame. The structure is meant to be temporary, with parts bolted together for easier disassembly. The frame acts as the main building support, allowing the interior configuration to be rearranged for mass customization to various clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs (similar to Rocio Romero). (http://kierantimberlake.com) Appendix A: Additional Prefab Designers - KieranTimberlake

APPENDIX B: ENDNOTES

Appendix B: Endnotes

Introduction: 1 General prefab information: Cullerton, Erin, ed. Contemporary Prefab Houses. USA: DAAB Media, 2008. Print. Page 8. 2 Different types of prefab: Smith, Ryan. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print. Page 253.

3 History of prefab: Herbers, Jill. Prefab Modern. New York: Harper Design International, 2004. Print. Pages 15 - 16.

3 General prefab information: Smith, Ryan. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print.

Case Study 1 - Rocio Romero: 1 Information on the LV Series: http://www.rocioromero.com/LVSeries/ 2 Additional resources on the LV Series and Rocio Romero: http://www.jetsongreen.com/2010/01/rocio-romero-stackable-modern-prefab-lv2.html http://inhabitat.com/lakeside-british-columbia-lvl-prefab-by-rocio-romero/ http://www.voxmagazine.com/stories/2008/04/10/prefabulous-rocio-romero/ http://www.smallhousestyle.com/2009/01/14/rocio-romero-lvm/ http://www.trianglemodernisthouses.com/romero.htm http://inhabitat.com/prefab-fridays-rocio-romeros-lv-home/ http://inhabitat.com/rocio-romero-napa-prefab/ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99250186 http://weblog.housing.com/categories/homes/prefab-homes/modernist-designs/lv-home-series-rocio-romero.html http://www.dwell.com/articles/all-you-need-is-lv.html http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/17/051017crsk_skyline?currentPage=all

Case Study 2 - Resolution 4: 1 Information on the Modern Modular: http://re4a.com/ 2 Additional resources on Resolution 4: http://www.homedsgn.com/2011/05/18/prefab-mountain-retreat-by-resolution-4-architecture/ http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/small-lot-prefab-from-resolution-4.php http://www.fabprefab.com/fabfiles/fablist/Res4home/Res4-interview.htm http://architecture4us.com/house/prefab-house-on-sunset-ridge-by-resolution-4-architecture/ http://www.prefabs.com/PrefabHomes/resolution4architecture/Resolution4Architecture.htm http://www.archicentral.com/modern-modular-houses-by-resolution-4-architecture-win-dwell-home competition-1674/ http://www.newyork-architects.com/en/re4a/en/

Appendix B: Endnotes

Case Study 3 - ecoMOD: 1 Quote by John Quale: Bell, Bryan and Katie Wakeford, eds. Expanding Architecture: Design As Activism. New York, Metropolis Books: 2008. Print. Pages 200-207. 2 Information on ecoMOD: http://ecomod.virginia.edu/ 3 Additional resources on ecoMOD: http://www.virginia.edu/insideuva/2005/19/ecomod.html http://www.usgbc.org/ShowFile.aspx?DocumentID=5956 http://www.greencareersguide.com/university-of-virginia-ecomod-research-and-design-project.html http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_ecomod http://outreachvirginia.org/program/detail.php?id=25724 http://archrecord.construction.com/archrecord2/work/0511/designBuild.asp

Case Study 4 - Lake l Flato: 1 Information on the Porch House: http://www.lakeflatoporchhouse.com/ 2 Additional resources on Lake l Flato: http://www.mysanantonio.com/business/article/High-end-modular-homes-2174877.php http://www.jetsongreen.com/2011/09/lake-flato-leed-porch-house-prefab.html http://inhabitat.com/lakeflato-enters-the-prefab-market-with-their-breezy-leed-porch-house/ http://www.archdaily.com/171441/miller-porch-house-lake-flato-architects/ http://mocoloco.com/archives/026295.php http://offcite.org/2011/11/08/can-lake-flato-architects-deliver-on-the-prefabricated-house

Additional Prefab Producers: 1 Information on Anderson Anderson Architecture: http://andersonanderson.com/ 2 Information on prefab homes in Japan: http://www.npr.org/2011/03/28/134916956/japan-prefab-houses 3 Images for the Cantilever house Anderson, Mark and Peter Anderson. Prefab Prototypes: Site - Specific Design for Offsite Construction. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. Print. Pages 121 - 122. 4 Information on costs for Jennifer Siegal prefab homes: Smith, Ryan. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print. Pages 270 - 273. 5 Information on Jennifer Siegal: http://www.designmobile.com/jennifer.html 6 Information on MOMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Prefab Home Exhibit: http://www.momahomedelivery.org 6 Information on KieranTimberlake: http://kierantimberlake.com/research/prefabrication_1.html#

Appendix B: Endnotes

APPENDIX C: ADDITIONAL PREFAB RESOURCES

Appendix C: Additional Prefab Resources

Prefabricated Home Websites:

1. http://www.fabprefab.com/ With few websites solely dedicated to informing the public about all of the current

trends in prefabricated homes, this website is a valuable resource. Current designers, projects in development, discussion boards, news, and even a glossary for prefab terms all help to introduce the topic of modern prefab homes. The resources section and current prefab producers could be updated to include more recent projects, internet links and newer prefab home books, but it is still a great reference for anyone interested in the topic.

2. http://www.prefabs.com/ While this resource may not contain as much information as fabprefab.com, there is still some helpful information on prefab designers with an archive of news articles from 2005 - 2009. However, the site does not appear to have been updated since 2009, so some of the more recent trends are not included in the content.

3. http://www.jetsongreen.com/design/prefab This site features articles on various prefab projects in development. With

updated content and an extensive archive of past features, this site is a great way to stay connected with current trends.

4. http://prefabcosm.com/ The goal of this site is to act as a one stop source for interested prefab home

buyers, with several search features to help a potential home owner find the right prefab design for their needs. There are several ads on the site, making it somewhat confusing when trying to navigate, however the basic content is helpful. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;companiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tab is most useful, listing several prefab designers with size and price information.

Appendix C: Additional Prefab Resources

Prefabricated Home Books:

1. Contemporary Prefab Houses Cullerton, Erin, ed. Contemporary Prefab Houses. USA: DAAB Media, 2008. Print.

This resource contains several examples of current prefab homes. The text is limited and pictures are generally only of the finished products, without process diagrams/photos. Howevere, several prefab producers are featured, making this a great resource for a quick overview of current prefab designers.

2. PREFAB Arieff, Allison. PREFAB. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2002. Print. This resource also contains several examples of current prefab designers and

homes. The introduction provides a fairly extensive overview of the history of prefab home production and process diagrams/models, in addition to final photos, are contained throughout the projects.

3. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction Smith, Ryan. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction. Hoboken, New Jersey:

John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Print.

For all of the current information regarding prefab, this is one of the best

resources available. It reads as a textbook, with black/white photos and diagrams scattered throughout. While it is intended as a more in-depth picture of all the varying aspects of modern prefab construction (not just homes), its division into discreet sections allows someone to quickly turn to their chapter of interest. Case studies of both modern prefab homes and commercial projects can be found in the back of the book, with a few color photos.

4. Prefab Houses Cobbers, Arnt and Oliver Jahn and Peter Gossel, ed. Prefab Houses. Los Angeles: Taschen, 2010. Print. The format and content of this resource is very similar to Contemporary Prefab Houses. Several current designers are featured, with full page color photos of their finished product, with a brief description of each work.

Appendix C: Additional Prefab Resources

Prefabricated Home Books:

5. Prefab Modern Herbers, Jill. Prefab Modern. New York: Harper Design International, 2004. Print. Although this is one of the older resources, it still contains several notable

modern prefab home designers. The introduction provides a good background on prefab design (similar to PREFAB), while the main content has a good balance between descriptive text, finished photos, plans, and working models. Ultimately, it is a good resource for a quick, general introduction to prefab homes.

6. Prefab Prototypes: Site - Specific Design for Offsite Construction Anderson, Mark and Peter Anderson. Prefab Prototypes: Site - Specific Design for Offsite Construction.

New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2007. Print.

Mark and Peter Anderson, of Anderson Anderson Architecture, compiled various

projects into this book for a great resource on how to customize prefab architecture for different sites and client needs. Especially helpful is the division of projects into different major prefab construction types (Steel Framing, Sandwich Panels, Modular Systems, etc.), with an introduction to each type at the beginning of the different sections.

7. Refabricating Architecture: How Manufacturing Methodologies are Poised to Transform Building Construction Kieran, Stephen and James Timberlake. Refabricating Architecture: How Manufacturing Methodologies are Posied to Transform Building Construction. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: 2004. Print.

As compared to the other resources, this book focuses on how current perspectives of architecture can be altered to focus on prefab production, using the current technology available. With a description of various roles and work processes, it provides an interesting read from two major figures working in creating prefabricated homes.

Appendix C: Additional Prefab Resources