Sustainable Strategies for Residential Renovations by Jordan Eure

Sustainable Strategies for Residential Renovations August 2011

Acknowledgements

Preparation of this document was supported by a service grant from the City of Rocky Mount, NC, and several programs at NC State University.

Green Renovations for Healthy Homes in Happy Hill, sponsored by the City of Rocky Mount, NC.

Undergraduate Research Grant, sponsored by the Office of Undergraduate Research, Dr. George Barthalmus, Director. Grant for Research, Artistic, and Service Projects (GRASP): Research Project â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Sustainability Toolkits, sponsored by Park Scholarships, NC State University. Special thanks to the generous support of the Park Foundation Trustees. Cash for Caulkers Toolkit: A Pilot Partnership with Rocky Mount, NC, sponsored by a NC State University Extension, Engagement, and Economic Development Grant.

This product was also supported in part by Faculty for the Engaged Campus (FEC), a national initiative of Community-Campus Partnerships for Health (CCPH) in partnership with the University of Minnesota and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill that aims to strengthen community-engaged career paths in the academy by developing innovative competency-based models of faculty development, facilitating peer review and dissemination of products of process. FEC is funded by a comprehensive program grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) in the U.S. Department of Education. EDGES (Education and Discovery Grounded in Engaged Scholarship) Undergraduate Research Scholarship, through the Institute for Nonprofits, NC State University.

EDGES Faculty Grant, through the Institute for Nonprofits, NC State University.

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to all of the individuals in these programs who supported our efforts.

Acknowledgements

This document categorizes sustainable strategies for renovation of existing homes into the following sections: Introduction 4 Main Sources of Information 6 Initial Assessment of Home Renovation Project 7 1) Site and Landscape 9 2) General Design and Construction 10 3) Foundation 11 4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope 12 5) Insulation 16 6) Water and Plumbing 17 7) Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 19 8) Lighting 21 9) Interior Surfaces 22 10) Miscellaneous 24 Appendix A: Additional Resources for Green Building Appendix B: Definitions

25 34

Credits Home Environments Design Initiative Summer 2010 Team: Jordan Eure, BEDA Katie Wakeford, Intern Architect, LEED AP Georgia Bizios, FAIA, Professor of Architecture, LEED AP Illustrations by Jordan Eure Photographs courtesy of Bizios Architect Table of Contents

Introduction The United States consumes 25% of total global energy. American buildings account for approximately 40% of this energy usage.* In order for us to minimize environmental impact, conserve energy, and save money, our buildings need upgrading. Quality design, thoughtful construction practices, careful material selection, and harnessing alternative energy sources can result in a substantial energy savings for the United States and reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources. One of the biggest challenges in reducing the nation’s building energy consumption is our existing housing stock. For instance, one-half of all American homes were built before 1973, many with insufficient insulation and few energy conserving features.** Demolishing these homes will cost both the embodied energy initially used to make the building and the embodied energy needed to completely rebuild a house from scratch. Sustainable renovation practices are of critical importance in energy savings and environmental responsibility. Yet, sustainable renovation is a complex process that requires knowledgeable people applying multiple strategies on a case by case basis. There are two important concepts to take into consideration when assessing a renovation project. The first is location. Selecting to renovate homes that are within existing neighborhoods, preferably close to public transportation, is a good environmental strategy. Such homes use existing infrastructure and support existing communities. People can bicycle or walk to work, school, shopping, or leisure activities, thereby saving on transportation costs and reducing traffic related pollutions. Also consider homes with small individual lots, thereby helping to encourage neighborhood density. The second concept is passive solar design. Houses that harness the sun’s light and warmth without overheating and glare can reduce dependence on utilities. Stretching a house on the east-west axis, opening it to the southern exposure with appropriate shading, and minimizing windows on the other facades significantly lowers energy consumption. The simple goals are to minimize mechanical heating/ cooling loads and to achieve generous natural lighting. Although you cannot rotate your existing house in relation to the sun, sensitive solar design can guide modifications and solve problems.

Solar Orientation Diagram

In addition, the following renovation guidelines depend upon careful planning, informed material specifications, and a committed project team. Together, these strategies can:

1) Reduce the depletion rate of non-renewable energy sources. 2) Create a more natural environment in which to live and work. 3) Improve occupants’ health, sense of well-being, and productivity. 4) Save homeowner’s money by reducing energy costs by up to one-third.***

* “About USGBC.” United States Green Building Council (USGBC). USGBC, 2010. Web. 17 July 2010. ** Joint Center for Housing Studies. Harvard University. Web. 28 July 2010. *** “Daylighting.” Whole Building Design Guide. National Institute of Building Sciences, 2010. Web. 26 July 2010. Introduction

These renovation guidelines draw from multiple current sources and the easy to use checklist format streamlines the information. There is space for additional notes and ideas, allowing this to become an interactive guide specific to your project. Reading the definitions provided in Appendix B before using the checklist might be useful in understanding the concepts. Glossary terms are italicized in the text. However, a homeowner who is unfamiliar with design and construction issues will find it valuable to consult an architect. While the strategies target houses in hot-humid/temperate climates, most of the strategies are applicable in other climate conditions as well. For information pertinent to your region, websites with additional information – such as choosing appropriate insulation and windows – are included in Appendix A: Additional Resources for Green Building. Endnotes are used throughout the checklist to note the specific additional resources in Appendix A. It will be impossible to employ all the strategies in one project. Homeowners must be smart consumers. Much of the success of a sustainable renovation project depends on the methods and products you choose. While environmental considerations are important, best decisions are based on maximizing your ratio of value to cost. The main criteria to use when choosing methods and products include: 1) efficient and effective performance, 2) durability, 3) low maintenance, 4) recyclability and high recycled content, 5) easy installation, and 5) low toxicity. The renovation strategies are divided into eleven sections. Within each section, there are three categories: 1) Substantial Benefit, which are primary strategies to implement, 2) Moderate Benefit, which are secondary strategies to consider, and 3) Additional Benefit, which are extra strategies to keep in mind. For the purposes of this document, maximum benefit is correlated to maximum energy, resource, and environmental savings, without factoring in cost considerations. The cost of building is ever changing and depends on a multitude of factors – such as the current economic market and the availability of products – making price/economic feasibility of implementing each strategy an issue to discuss with your contractor. One of the first steps that everyone should take in a renovation is to check with the local building codes, specifically energy codes. Also, homeowners would be wise to check for any tax credits/refunds available in their area for sustainable building technologies. These refunds can significantly offset costs associated with certain energy saving products and strategies. Refer to the website listed under general resources in ‘Appendix A’ for a list of financial incentives by state. For nonprofits and municipalities engaged in housing renovation, funding agencies may have specific requirements. Additional considerations include homeowner education. Informing new homeowners about proper use and maintenance of their green home technologies is important in the continued sustainability of their home. Post occupancy tests can even be conducted to ensure the sustainable technologies are properly working together as an integrated energy savings system. Creating a sustainable built environment is vital in reducing our nation’s energy consumption. Each individual sustainable renovation project contributes to this effort. By using these strategies to help guide your home renovation, you are making energy and resource conservation a priority.

Introduction

Main Sources of Information

Programs Referenced: Energy Star. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.energystar.gov/> “REGREEN Residential Remodeling Guidelines.” REGREEN: ASID & USGBC. U.S. Green Building Council and American Society of Interior Designers. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources> “Home Remodeling Green Building Checklist.” City of Palo Alto. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://www.cityofpaloalto.org/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=17943 > NC HealthyBuilt Homes Program. NC HealthyBuilt Homes and NC Solar Center, 2005. Web. 15 May 2010. <http://healthybuilthomes.org/>

Books Referenced: Griffiths, Nigel. Eco-House Manual. Great Britain: Nigel Griffiths, 2007. Print. Strongman, Cathy. The Sustainable Home: The Essential Guide to Eco Building, Renovation and Decoration. China: Merrell, 2010. Print. Wrigley, Derek. Making Your Home Sustainable: A Guide to Retrofitting. Melbourne: Scribe, 2005. Print.

Main Sources of Information

Initial Assessment of Home Renovation Project:

Notes:

It is important to assess the existing condition of the home before choosing which strategies to implement. Included below is a list of steps to follow for gathering information pertinent to your home’s current condition.1

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If you have a choice of location for your renovation project, look for homes in existing neighborhoods in order to take advantage of existing infrastructure, such as utilities and transportation.

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If you have a choice of solar orientation, choose a home stretched on the east-west axis with significant southern exposure in order to maximize the effectiveness of passive solar design strategies.

Site:

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Take overall and detailed pictures of the site, and the exterior and interior of the home.

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Look for indicators of the drainage patterns/conditions on the site. Does the grade slope away from the house? Is a sufficient gutter system in place?2

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Is there any significant existing vegetation? Where is it located? Measure vegetation’s distance from the foundation walls.

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Note location of trees and the area that they can potentially shade at various times of the year.

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porous?

Note current driveway. What is the type of paving and is it

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Estimate what percentage of the yard is covered by lawn/ grassy area and what percentage is covered by impervious materials.

General Home Design:

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Sketch the plan of the home’s overall layout.

What is the orientation of the longer axis of the home (north to south or east to west)? Are there daylighting or passive solar heating opportunities?

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How deep are the overhangs?

Note available storage, especially in the bathroom or kitchen, and any exterior storage spaces.

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What is the condition of the foundation?

Walls:

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Determine wall assembly.3

Initial Assessment of Home Renovation Project

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Note the material and condition of the interior wall surface, exterior cladding, and flashing.

Notes:

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Note the type, thickness, and condition of existing insulation. For example, note if it is installed without gaps, if there is any mildew, and if there is noticeable compaction/settling.

Doors/Windows/Floors:

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Record the specific locations of doors and windows.

Note the current condition and potential recyclability of doors, windows, and floor coverings.

Roof and Attic:

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Note the condition of the roof. Can it be repaired and reused, or will it need to be completely replaced?

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Note type, thickness, and condition of existing roof/attic insulation. Are the rafters and/or ceiling insulated?

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Note accessible attic space and access location.

Home Systems:

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What is the air conditioning/heating system? Is it efficient? Obtain energy bills if possible.

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What is the method for water heating? Is it efficient?

Check appliances and fixtures in the bathroom and kitchen. Are they energy efficient? Are they water conserving? Could they be re-used?

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Determine location and condition of existing exhaust fans in bathroom, kitchen, and laundry.

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Throughout your assessment, note mold, potential for asbestos and lead paint, or other hazards. The current condition of the home can generally be assessed using the above checklist, but useful tests in addition to visual inspection include: Lead and radon testing: Indicates potential health hazards in the existing home/site. Blower door test: Assesses overall air leakage through the home’s envelope. Room-to-room pressurization testing: Tests the pressure created from HVAC system in closed rooms. Duct blaster test: Tests for leaks in HVAC distribution system. Infrared imaging: Makes visible the location of any thermal breaks/leaks in home envelope. Initial Assessment of Home Renovation Project

1) Site and Landscape:

Porous Grid Pavers Stone Fill Fine Aggregate

Substantial Benefit: Erosion Control

Gravel

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Develop an erosion control site plan in order to protect existing soil, minimize grading, and prevent disruption of existing vegetation during construction. Minimize long-term erosion through the use of retaining walls and terracing.1

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Spread mulch and straw on exposed soils to minimize runoff. If available, use ground mulch made from stumps/trees/vegetation cleared from the site.

Sub-grade

Porous Grid Paving System

Notes:

Water and Drainage

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Reduce paved area.

Use porous paving materials for walkways, patios, and driveways to increase the surface area available for absorbing stormwater runoff.2 Porous paving options include: grid pavers, pervious concrete, porous asphalt, or specialized turf and gravel systems.

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Choose lighter colored paving materials.

Collect rainwater for irrigation,3 for instance using a rain barrel or cistern system.

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Collect greywater4 (depending on local regulations)5 to be used for irrigation and/or toilet flushing.

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Slope land away from house to allow for proper drainage, minimum 5%.

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Institute storm-water control measures, such as rain gardens6 and/or bio-retention basins.7

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Install a high efficiency irrigation system, including a soil moisture or rain sensor.8

Ground Cover & Plantings

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Minimize turf/lawn area.9 Preferably, turf cover should comprise a maximum of 33% of the landscaped area.

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Plant deciduous trees that work with the daylighting system (see section 9: Lighting), helping to shade the home in the summer and allowing sunlight to penetrate during winter months. Deciduous vines can be integrated with shading devices, such as trellises.10

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Locate plants at least 36 inches from foundation wall.

Group plants based on water needs in order to allow for zoning of irrigation system. Plan for a resource efficient landscape. This includes the use of drought-tolerant/resistant plants and native species surrounded by mulch.11 Consider xeriscaping. 1) Site and Landscape

2) General Design and Construction:

Substantial Benefit: Construction Practices and Materials

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Make south facing rooms as open to the exterior as possible in order to maximize your daylighting and passive solar heating opportunities. Include appropriately sized shading.

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Before buying new products, attempt to use recycled/salvaged/reclaimed materials from the existing house and/or other sources.

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Deconstruct, rather than demolish, materials throughout the renovation/construction process.1

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Organize waste to allow for easy recycling of construction and demolition waste, rather than diverting it to a landfill.

Sheltered Entryway

Notes:

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Use local materials and labor, thereby reducing the negative effects of long-distance material transportation and supporting the local economy.2

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Select materials with low embodied energy3 and consider the life-cycle cost.4

Moderate Benefit: Home Design

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Removing walls to create an open plan for contemporary living may provide opportunities for better daylight and ventilation.

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Put frequently used living areas on the home’s south-side and place storage or rooms that need fewer windows on the north or west.

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Design porches and outdoor living areas - such as decks, patios, and/or screened porches - as an integral part of the home.5 They will serve as both an extension of living space without the added cost of conditioned square feet and as a shading device for passive solar design.

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Shelter the home’s entryway.

Design generous storage in both the kitchen and the bathroom. Consider using wall space (such as niches) for storage, not just cabinets. Include a pantry in the kitchen.

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Optimize interior layout, including making spaces multi-functional.

2) General Design and Construction

3) Foundation:

The extent to which these foundation strategies are applicable to a specific renovation project depends on the extensiveness of the renovation and the existing type of foundation. For some foundation situations, such as an inaccessible crawl space or slab on grade, these strategies may not be applicable. In the best case scenarios for foundation retrofitting, the two main goals are to: 1) prevent moisture intrusion and 2) to prevent heat loss through the floor (which is considered part of the building’s thermal envelope). These strategies will guide you in making good decisions about new additions, foundation repair, and the replacement of existing sub-floors/floors.

Construction of sealed crawl space with exterior damp-proofing layer

Notes:

Substantial Benefit: Foundation Design

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Make sure to have proper foundation design at the wall and footings.1 This includes a layer of crushed stone under and around the foundation slab, a perimeter drain, a damp-proofing layer on the foundation exterior, and a capillary break2 between the footing and foundation wall.

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treated.

Any wood used within 12 inches of the soil must be pressure

Crawl Space

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Control moisture in the crawl space by installing a vapor barrier on the exposed ground.3

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Consider a sealed crawl space.4

Moderate Benefit: Updating Foundation and Basement Walls

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If updating foundation wall, consider recycled fly ash (minimum 30-40% fly ash) in place of Portland cement. 5

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Consider permanent forms for foundation walls, such as insulating concrete forms (ICFs).6

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If updating basement, give attention to proper insulating.7

Additional Benefit: Pest Control

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Take appropriate pest control measures for foundation and crawl space. For an addition or extensive renovation, install termite shields, which are metal or plastic dividers separating wood from concrete at the top of the foundation.8

3) Foundation

4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope: Substantial Benefit: Shading Systems and Gutters

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Design appropriate overhangs to allow sunlight into the home during winter months and block sun from entering the building envelope in the summer.1 Shading devices can range from trees, as mentioned in Section 1: Site and Landscape, to trellises and awnings. Consider adjustable shading devices to accommodate various times of the day and year.

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Overhangs are also an important moisture management strategy, with at least 1 1/2 foot overhangs recommended on all sides of home for water protection.

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Various overhangs, including trellises, work with the shading system Single Top Plate

Connector Plate

Design appropriate gutter system to work with the slope of the land to carry water at least five feet away from the house.2

Ceiling/Roof Joists line up with Wall Studs

Building Frame/Envelope

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Seal and cover all holes between conditioned and unconditioned spaces, such as the attic or crawl space. Check for openings around fireplaces, stairs, chases, dropped ceilings, soffits, and bathrooms.

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Implement advanced framing techniques.3 Advanced framing techniques include spacing studs and roof trusses 24 inches on center, constructing a 2-stud corner, using ladder blocking, having a single instead of a double top plate, and replacing solid wood headers with engineered insulated headers.

Plan View of 2-Stud Corner Backer Support for Gypsum Board at 2-Stud Corner

Interior Wall Connection

Studs in Wall spaced 24” O.C.

Ladder Blocking

Advanced Framing Diagram (Not drawn to a specific scale)

Notes:

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Use Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood for framing, decks, floor joists, and ceiling rafters.4

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If FSC certified wood is not an economically feasible choice, other options for framing include engineered lumber products.

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For decks, consider composite decking products.5

Install a rain screen wall system to allow water that penetrates the exterior cladding to effectively drain out before penetrating the wall assembly.6

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Use noncombustible and durable exterior products, preferably with 50-year product life warranty.

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Create a sealed attic space.7

Include proper flashing, weather-stripping, and caulking around all wall and roof penetrations to prevent air leakage.8

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Air seal and insulate rim joists, using caulking or a sealant with rigid insulation, or a spray polyurethane foam insulation.9 If using spray foam, leave a gap between the top of the foundation and the wood in order to check for termites. 4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope

Doors and Windows

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Replace exterior doors with door insulated to R-5 or

greater.10

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Consider replacing windows with new Energy Star labeled windows with both the U-factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) less than or equal to 0.4.11

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Specify different glazing for different window orientations.12 For example, on south facing windows, where it is desirable to gain solar heat energy in the winter, you may choose windows with a higher SHGC and low-emissivity (low-e) rating.

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Building Paper Flashing Vertical Battens

Interior Sheathing Wall Cavity with Insulation Sheathing

Vertical Battens Support RainSupport Screen Rain andScreen Create Air Space and Allow for for Ventilation and and Ventilation Drainage Drainage Exterior Cladding

Rain Screen Detail Diagram

Notes:

Consider moving, adding, or deleting windows for energy savings and better living. Window changes may also provide opportunities for natural ventilation.

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If not replacing windows, add storm windows to increase the efficiency of your building envelope.13

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If not replacing windows, install low- SHGC window film on single pane windows.13

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Add weatherstripping to doors and windows.

Moderate Benefit: Exterior Wall

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When possible, use solid wall systems. For example, using structural insulated panels (SIPs) will reduce the framing lumber needed and create a continuous insulated envelope.14

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Consider autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)15 or insulating concrete forms (ICFs)16 as alternatives for the exterior wall structure.

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Use environmentally friendly siding on as much of the exterior as possible.17 This can include products with recycled content, or durable, engineered products. Some examples include: metal siding and fiber cement siding.

4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope

Attic and Roof

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Select new roof materials that are durable and noncombustible.18

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Choose a 30 to 50 year roof.

Choose a reflective roof and/or light colored roof to prevent unwanted solar heat gain in the attic.19

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Consider a green roof.20

Metal roofing products can contain up to 95% recycled material, but they are high in embodied energy. However, metal roof’s durability and recyclability can offset this environmental drawback. Keep in mind that zinc has the lowest embodied energy of all metals.21

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Consider installing a radiant barrier in the attic to reflect solar energy.22 Radiant barriers can be located in a variety of places - in the roof assembly, walls, or even on the attic floor. The radiant barrier must be properly installed for successful energy savings and maintained to remain free of dust or other contaminants.

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Depending on extensiveness of renovation, design the roof to incorporate raised heel trusses.23

Using a raised heel truss (bottom) in place of traditional roof construction (top) allows the insulation to be continuous and helps to prevent compaction. (The diagrams above do not include attic ventilation info.)

Notes:

4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope

Garage

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If garage is attached, tightly seal the air barrier between the garage and living area for substantial indoor air quality protection. Also install a garage exhaust fan.

Please note, recommendations concerning vapor/air barriers are not included in these guidelines. At the time of this document’s publication, and for our climate, the issues of material specifications and placement within the wall assembly are inconclusive, with no assurance for successful implementation. One option for dealing with these issues is to insulate exterior walls with closed cell spray foam.

Reflective Metal Roofing

Notes:

Angle “B” = Latitude + 18.5 Angle “A” = Latitude - 18.5 Size overhangs properly: To prevent summer gains, Angle “A” should be approximately equal to the latitude, minus 18.5. To prevent winter shading, Angle “B” between Line “W” and Line “V” should be approximately equal to the latitude, plus 18.5. An overhang designed with this formula will provide shade well into the summer and full sun through the coldest part of winter. City Latitudes: Asheville Boone Charlotte Durham Elizabeth City Fayetteville Greensboro Raleigh Rocky Mount Wilmington

35.5 36.2 35.2 36.0 36.3 35.1 36.1 35.8 36.0 34.3

The above diagram is useful in sizing south facing overhangs for successful passive solar design.

4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope

5) Insulation: Substantial Benefit: Insulation Standards

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Upgrade insulation in attics/roofs, walls, and floors to meet or exceed Energy Star standards for R-value.1

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Use formaldehyde-free insulation in walls, floors, and ceilings.2

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Consider insulation materials with a high recycled content. For example, cellulose insulation can contain approximately 80% recycled content.3

Moderate Benefit:

Spray Foam Installation

Notes:

Insulation Compatibility and Quality

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Make sure the type of insulation works well with the existing materials and wall system.4 Different types of insulation may be specified for different areas of the home (roof, walls, floor, etc.). For example, spray foam can be a good option for attic insulation. Loose fill, such as cellulose, may be appropriate for a brick cavity wall.

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Inspect insulation installation before remainder of wall assembly is constructed.

There are many options to choose from when deciding on insulation products for your renovation project. It is important to compare cost to value and assess each individual situation – whether insulating the walls, roof, floor, etc and the building’s climate – in order to decide which insulation product is both environmentally friendly and will perform best. In addition, consider constructing a 2 x 6 wall instead of a 2 x 4 wall. This will create more room within the wall cavity for insulation. The additional resources for this section, listed in Appendix A, are especially useful. They cover a variety of insulation types, where they are applicable, and specific insulation R-value recommendations based on different climate zones.

5) Insulation

6) Water and Plumbing:

Substantial Benefit: Water Heater

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Upgrade to high efficiency water heater.1

Consider installing solar hot water system.2 A solar hot water system collector is typically located on the roof, making this a consideration when working on the design/renovation of the roof.

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Consider tankless water heaters3 or geothermal water heating systems4 as other sustainable alternatives.

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If not buying a new water heater, insulate the existing water

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Set water heater’s thermostat to 120 degrees Fahrenheit.5

heater.

Piping System

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Check/repair hot water pipes for leaks.

Insulate piping system. Insulation around the first 4 feet of pipes connected to the water heater is highly recommended.

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Geothermal heating systems can be used both as an HVAC system and as part of a hot water system.

Notes:

Choose pipes with a diameter no larger the necessary. Minimize the number of hard-angle bends in piping system. Avoid locating plumbing in exterior walls.

Fixtures and Faucets

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Install low flow/water efficient fixtures on sinks and showers.6 Guidelines to follow: 1) Faucets in the bathroom use less than 1.5 gallons per minute

2) Faucets in kitchen and utility room use less than 2.0 gallons per minute

3) Shower heads use less than 2.0 gallons per minute total.

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Upgrade to high efficiency toilets, such as dual-flush toilets or toilets that are EPA WaterSense labeled.7

6) Water and Plumbing

Moderate Benefit:

Notes:

Plumbing Design

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Reconfigure plumbing to distribute hot water efficiently, including locating the water heater closer to fixtures that use the most hot water.

Faucet Attachments

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If not replacing fixtures, add water-conserving aerators to faucets in the bathroom and/or kitchen.8

Additional Benefit: Plumbing Maintenance

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Include plumbing access panel, for easy repairs and regular maintenance.

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Install easily accessible, single throw, shut-off valve to prevent flooding if a leak or other issue arises.

6) Water and Plumbing

7) Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC): Substantial Benefit: HVAC Systems

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Take advantage of passive solar heating opportunities.

Design heat and air conditioning system according to Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual’s J, S, and D recommendations.1

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Radiant Floor Heating System

Select high efficiency HVAC equipment.2

Consider alternatives for HVAC systems: Geothermal Heating Systems3 Radiant Floor Heating4 Heat Recovery Systems5

Notes:

Ductwork

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Seal and insulate HVAC distribution system. Seal existing ductwork with mastic.6

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Properly seal connections at vents.

Insulate ducts in unconditioned spaces with insulation at or above an R-value of 6.

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Check to make sure ducting is clean, removing contaminants from the air distribution system. Block off vents during construction work to prevent contaminants from entering the duct system.

Exhaust Systems

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Install effective exhaust system, including a humidistat, in bathrooms.7 Choose an exhaust system that can move air to the exterior at a minimum of 50 cubic feet per minute (cfm), preferably an Energy Star rated fan.8

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Install effective exhaust system in the kitchen, making sure to choose an Energy Star rated fan.8

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Give special consideration to proper ventilation of gascombustion appliances.

7) HVAC

Moderate Benefit: Thermostats

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Install programmable thermostat(s).9 Install outdoor thermostat for heat pump.

Air Filters

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If forced air system is installed, consider using filters with a rating of Minimum Efficiency Report Value (MERV) 7 to 9.10

Air Pressure and Comfort

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Notes:

Transfer Grill

Install transfer grills, with acoustical barrier properties, through interior walls to balance the air pressure throughout the house.

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Install ceiling fans, especially in the living room and bedrooms.11 Turn them off when people are not in the room.

7) HVAC

8) Lighting: Substantial Benefit: Daylighting

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Design for daylighting opportunities, allowing natural daylight to act as a primary light source over non-renewable energy sources.1

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Include overhangs, exterior shading devices, controllable interior shading devices, and appropriate glazing. In central NC, a two-and-a-half foot overhang will shade a south-facing eight-foot wall at noon on June 21. To avoid heat gain and excessive glare, west-facing windows can be shaded with vertical shading devices such as operable shutters.

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Illuminate interior areas with solar tubes, skylights, and/or dormers.

Solar Tube

Notes:

Lighting Fixtures

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Upgrade to energy efficient lighting. This includes using Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs)2 in place of typical incandescent bulbs. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)3 are also an option, especially for task and under the counter lighting.

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If ceiling is insulated, avoid recessed lights, as these can be a common source of air leakage issues, or choose Insulation Contact (IC) Rated Recessed Lights.4 If recessed lights are already installed, make sure they are not in contact with any insulation to avoid a fire hazard.

Moderate Benefit: Lighting Controls

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Install dimmers, timers, and/or occupancy sensors in the home’s interior.5

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Install motion sensors in the home’s yard/exterior.

Additional Benefit: Lighting Layout

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Design lighting sources for appropriate mix of task lighting and ambient lighting.6

8) Lighting

9) Interior Surfaces:

Substantial Benefit: General Material Considerations

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Use environmentally responsible finishing materials for walls, ceiling and flooring, including: Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified wood, reclaimed materials, rapidly renewable materials, and recycled-content materials.

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Choose low or no Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) paints, caulking products, sealants, and adhesives.1 Look for Green Seal Standard3 as an indicator of low toxicity adhesives and paints. Use natural based finishes, such as water-based wood finishes. Choose building products with low formaldehyde content.2

Hard-Surface Flooring

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home.

Notes:

Exposed Concrete Floor

Consider the re-use of existing flooring and sub-flooring in a

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Whenever possible, specify hard-surface flooring materials.4 These are easier to maintain and help to avoid the build-up of contaminants that can more easily occur in carpeted areas. Hardsurface materials are especially important in high moisture areas, such as the bathroom and kitchen. Hard flooring materials include wood floors, linoleum, cork, bamboo, tile, polished concrete, and stone.

□

Consider flooring which works as a thermal mass, thereby increasing the effectiveness of your passive heating/cooling design.5 Exposed concrete, tile, stone, and brick are some options for thermal mass flooring.

Wall Coverings

□

For interior sheathing, choose environmentally preferable materials, such as drywall with high-recycled content. Typical, paperfaced drywall with recycled paper is a sustainable option and offers low off gassing.

9) Interior Surfaces

Moderate Benefit:

Notes:

Carpeting

â&#x2013;Ą

Use easily cleaned area rugs in place of wall-to-wall carpeting.

â&#x2013;Ą

If wall-to-wall carpeting is needed, choose sustainable carpeting products.6 This includes carpets made from natural materials, carpets with little to no off gassing, and products that contain high-recycled content. Some natural carpet options include: jute, sisal, coir, seagrass/mountain grass, or wool carpeting.

9) Interior Surfaces

10) Miscellaneous:

Notes:

Substantial Benefit: Renewable

□

Photovoltaics can be integrated into the roofing system, acting as a source of home’s energy/electricity needs.1

Appliances

□

Install Energy Star rated appliances.2 This includes refrigerator, dishwasher (preferably no more than 6.5 gallons/cycle), washer/dryer, and all other small kitchen appliances. Also consider Energy Star rated office equipment, if needed.

□

Reduce phantom loads.3 One option is to plug appliances and equipment into power strips, which can then be switched off when not in use.

□

Make sure carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke alarms are installed and working properly.

Kitchen Products

□

For cabinets, consider re-using existing cabinetry or salvaged cabinets.4 If this is not a viable option, consider cabinets made from FSC certified wood or recycled materials. Bamboo, a rapidly renewable resource, can be used to reface existing wooden cabinets.

□

Select kitchen and bathroom countertops made from recycled products.5

□

Select tile and trim pieces with recycled content.

Additional Benefit: Contaminant Control

□

Install/place track-off mats at all exterior doors to minimize contaminants and dirt entering the home.

Design Considerations

□

If not already installed, frame for future installation of grab bars, making the home more accessible.

10) Miscellaneous

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

http://www.dsireusa.org/ Many sustainable building practices are supported by local, state, and federal tax incentives/programs. This website lists all financial incentives by state, with easily accessible detailed information on each incentive. It is a useful tool for deciding if a renovation strategy is economically viable.

EarthCraft House Renovation Guidelines http://www.earthcrafthouse.com/documents/ECH-R_guidelines-120903.pdf

In-depth renovation guidelines from the EarthCraft House program, a green building program based out of Atlanta, GA.

Energy Star www.energystar.gov http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index

Created by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Star’s website has a wealth of information on making your home energy efficient. Energy Star also functions as a sustainable verification system, certifying both products and homes based on their energy efficiency. Also listed is a link to information on federal tax credits available specifically for the use of Energy Star products.

Green Building Advisor: The Complete Source for Building, Designing, and Remodeling Green Homes www.greenbuildingadvisor.com

This website focuses on new sustainable building projects, additions, and renovations. Resources include case studies, green building strategies, product guide, and detail drawings. Some of the information is available free of charge, but more specific information – such as the detail drawings and access to all of the strategies – is only available to members.

Minnesota Sustainable Building Guidelines http://www.msbg.umn.edu/guidelines.html

Sustainable building guidelines provided by the Center for Sustainable Building Research, part of the College of Design, University of Minnesota. In-depth guidelines with a variety of additional resources and tools.

Pharos Project http://www.pharosproject.net/about/faq/

Partnered with BuildingGreen’s GreenSpec product directory, the Pharos Project is a useful tool to rate and choose green building products for your specific home renovation needs. With a focus on transparency, the information of how each product is rated based on chemicals and toxicity allows for a wide-range of comparisons between standard building products and more sustainable alternatives. A subscription is required for access to the information. (For additional considerations when choosing green building products: http://www.builditgreen.org/en/art/182/)

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

Public Architecture: Design for Reuse http://www.publicarchitecture.org/design/Design_for_Reuse_Primer.htm

In an effort to identify and alleviate barriers to building material reuse, Public Architecture created a guide introducing the challenges and benefits of reclaimed materials in 15 differenct case studies. Follow the Design for Reuse Primer link on the above webpage for the detailed information.

REGREEN Residential Remodeling Program www.regreenprogram.org

Created by USGBC and ASID, the REGREEN Program focuses only on sustainable renovations. Most of the information is free of charge, including green building strategies, case studies, and detail drawings. The ‘REGREEN Residential Remodeling Document’ – found on the ‘Green Resources’ page – is an indepth guide to green remodeling.

U. S. Green Building Council www.usgbc.org

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting sustainable building practices. With resources and a nationally recognized green building rating system – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) – the USGBC website contains an overview of what sustainable building is and why it is both environmentally and financially beneficial.

U. S. Green Building Council’s Green Home Guide www.greenhomeguide.com

If you need to find answers to a specific question concerning your green renovation project, this website connects you with knowledgeable professionals.

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

The following resources provide specific information on the reasons, benefits, and methods for implementing the green building techniques mentioned throughout the document, as noted by endnotes. Strategies from the REGREEN website that are pertinent to each topic have also been included where applicable. If a link is broken, go to the websiteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s homepage and search for the specified term/topic: Initial Assessment of Home Renovation Project: 1 Brief introduction for green modeling projects and information about return on investment http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/green-remodeling-projects http://www.remodeling.hw.net/green-remodeling/green-payback.aspx

Energy Star Qualified Homes Inspection Checklists - Water Management Checklist (p. 14-16) www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/bldrs_lenders_raters/downloads/InspectionChecklists.pdf

3 How to calculate the total R-value for a wall assembly http://www.coloradoenergy.org/procorner/stuff/r-values.htm

1) Site and Landscape: 1 Minimizing site disturbance during construction http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/SS39 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/SS29 http://www.sustland.umn.edu/implement/protecting_trees.html http://www.growingagreenerworld.com/using-terraces-or-retaining-walls-to-control-erosion/ 2 Permeable paving options, including porous grid pavers, pervious concrete, and porous asphalt http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/SS33 http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Sitework/permeable-pavement 3 Rainwater harvesting, specifically including rain barrels http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/WE40 http://www.harvesth2o.com/resources.shtml

Greywater reuse collection systems http://www.greywater.com/

5 State regulations regarding greywater. Because this a changing issue, it is generally best to ask your contractor about the current codes governing greywater reuse. http://www.greywater-systems.com/regs.htm 6 Rain gardens http://www.raingardennetwork.com/ 7 Bioretention basins www.buildgreen.ufl.edu/Fact_sheet_Bioretention_Basins_Rain_Gardens.pdf 8 Rain sensors and soil moisture sensors as part of irrigation systems http://www.h2ouse.net/tour/details/element_action_contents.cfm?elementID=68BAD0B5-0C95-4 AE8-8EC6EC8D76A4CBE1&actionID=73EC2D9A-6D97-4B43-8904-C9477B2F2016 9 Benefits of reduced turf area http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/SS34 10 Shading devices for daylighting/passive solar heating/cooling, including information about vegetation and vines as shading tools http://www.thedaylightsite.com/showarticle.asp?id=5&tp=6 11 Conserving water through landscape design, including the use of drought-tolerant and native species http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP18

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

12 Reasons for designing outdoor living spaces http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP16

2) General Design and Construction: 1 Benefits of deconstructing buildings and recycling/re-using construction waste http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/rrr/imr/cdm/reducing.htm 2 Reasons/benefits of choosing local materials http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR153 3 Defines embodied energy in relation to building materials and lists the embodied energy of some commonly used building materials http://www.architecture2030.org/regional_solutions/materials.html 4 Process of life-cycle analysis of building materials. Additional links from the page provide further information for making decisions based on life-cycle analysis. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/334.html 5 Reasons for designing outdoor living spaces http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP16 3) Foundation: 1 Proper foundation design and drainage http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP19 http://concreteconstruction.net/industry-news.asp?sectionID=716&articleID=540600 http://www.epa.gov/iaplus01/technical/moisture/images/large/5.jpg http://www.nachi.org/foundationinsulation.htm 2 Capillary breaks http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/community/forum/gba-pro-help/13805/what-capillary-break- between-footing-and-foundation-wall 3 Crawl space insulation, including installation of a polyethylene vapor barrier http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11480 4 Crawl space issues, including videos and a reference guide focused on sealed crawl spaces for the southeast region http://www.crawlspaces.org/ 5 Pros and cons to consider when using fly ash in concrete http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2009/1/29/Using-Fly-Ash-in-Concrete/ http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2010/8/30/EBN-s-Position-on-Fly-Ash/ 6 Insulating Concrete Forms Association website and general ICF information http://www.forms.org/ http://www.toolbase.org/Techinventory/TechDetails.aspx?ContentDetailID=602&BucketID=6& CategoryID=54 7 Renovating a basement and controlling basement moisture problems http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP20 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP21 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA74 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IEQ174 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IEQ181 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IEQ198 8 Pest control and benefits of properly separated wood-to-concrete connections http://greenhomeguide.com/know-how/article/natural-pest-control

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope: 1 Daylighting benefits and concepts http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12290 2 Drainage, including recommendation for carrying water at least 5 feet away from a home http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/green-basics/stormwater-management 3 Advanced framing techniques and benefits http://www.toolbase.org/pdf/techinv/oveadvancedframingtechniques_techspec.pdf http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR116 http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/designing_remodeling/index.cfm/mytopic=10090 4 Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and their certification system http://www.rereenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR118 http://www.fscus.org/ 5 Composite decking products http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR112 6 Components of a successful rain screen wall system http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/walls/rain-screen-exterior-walls 7 Attic air sealing http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/building_america/pdfs/db/36477.pdf http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/guides-and-manuals/gm-attic-air-sealing- guide/view?topic=resources/retrofits 8 Weather-stripping and caulking as methods to seal air leaks in the building envelope http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP27 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA58 http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11260 9 Insulating the rim joists, including the benefits and costs of using a spray foam insulating material around the rim joists http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA55 http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/walls/sprayed-foam-insulation 10 Exterior door selection in terms of insulation http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/windows_doors_skylights/index.cfm/mytopic=13620 11 Energy Star rated windows, including tax credits, and recommended U-factors and SHGC ratings depending on your climate zone http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=WI http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_anat_window 12 Specifying different window glazings for different orientations http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA60 13 Window films and storm windows http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA56 http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/homes/windows/films.htm 14 SIPs information provided by the Structural Insulated Panel Association http://www.sips.org/ 15 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Products Association website and general AAC information http://www.aacpa.org/ http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Foundations/autoclaved-aerated-concrete

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

See endnote # 3 in 3) Foundation for more information on Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs)

Environmentally friendly siding products http://www.calfinder.com/library/siding/types-of-siding/recycled http://www.greenerbuilding.org/buying_advice.php?cid=31 http://engineeredsiding.sustainablesources.com/

18 Benefits of a durable, reflective roof http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR120 19 Reflective roofing materials, Energy Star roofing products, and a link to calculate the potential savings achieved by updating/renovating a home’s roof http://www.roofcalc.com/ http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_ code=RO http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR120 20 Green roofs from ‘Green Roofs for Healthy Cities North America (GRHC)’ http://www.greenroofs.org/index.php/about-green-roofs 21 Zinc’s low embodied energy and its potential benefits http://www.zincforlife.org/faqs.html http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=84&C=686 22 Radiant barriers and how much they cost http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/radiant/rb_01.html http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11680 23 Raised heel trusses, cost, and energy savings http://www.hgtvpro.com/hpro/bp_framing/article/0,,hpro_20147_3463318,00.html

5) Insulation: 1 Discussion of what an ‘R-value’ is, Energy Star’s recommended R-values for different climate zones, and an insulation fact sheet from the U.S. Department of Energy http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_insulation_table http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11340 http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11380 http://www.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/insulation/ins_08.html http://energycode.pnl.gov/EnergyCodeReqs/ 2 Recycled, formaldehyde-free insulation products http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR117 3 Environmental benefits of using cellulose insulation offered by the Cellulose Insulation Manufacturers Association http://www.cellulose.org/HomeOwners/InsulationEnvironment.php 4 Chart outlining characteristics of different types of insulation and where they are applicable http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11510 http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/calculating-global-warming- impact-insulation?utm_source=email&utm_medium=eletter&utm_content=20110601-high-perf- windows&utm_campaign=green-building-advisor

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

6) Water and Plumbing: 1 Water heating systems http://www.energystar.gov/ia/new_homes/features/WaterHtrs_062906.pdf http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/home/appliances/waterheaters.html 2 Solar hot water systems http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=solar_wheat.pr_how_it_works http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=solar_wheat.pr_savings_benefits http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/renewables/solarthermal/hotwater.html http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/book/export/html/14461 http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Plumbing/solar-water-heaters 3 Tankless water heater systems http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=gas_tankless.pr_how_it_works http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=gas_tankless.pr_savings_benefits http://www.tanklesswaterheaterguide.com/ 4 Geothermal heating systems http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/home/heating_cooling/geothermal.html 5 Lowering your water heater’s thermostat http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=13090 6 Low flow/water efficient fixtures. Recommendations in document based on NC HealthyBuilt Homes guidelines. http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=13050 www.healthybuilthomes.org/docs/HBH_Statewide_Checklist.pdf 7 High-efficiency toilet options, including WaterSense labeled toilets, and dual-flush toilets http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/products/toilets.html http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/WE42 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_protect_water_supplies 8 Water-conserving aerators http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/WE44 7) Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC): 1 Proper design of HVAC system, including the use of Manuals J, S, and D http://www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/qualityhomes/procedures.html http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA63 2 Heating and cooling your home efficiently. Especially helpful is the link ‘A Guide to Energy-efficient Heating and Cooling’. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=heat_cool.pr_hvac

See #4 in 7) Water and Plumbing for more information on Geothermal Heating Systems

4 Heating system alternatives and radiant floor heating strategies http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA46 http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12590 5 Heat recovery ventilation systems http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11900 http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/HVAC/energy-recovery-ventilators

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

6 Insulating and sealing ductwork http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/insulation_airsealing/index.cfm/mytopic=11500 http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_improvement.hm_improvement_ducts http://www.advancedenergy.org/buildings/programs/affordable_housing/documents/Duct%20 Sealing%20%5BSV%5D.pdf

7 Humidistats from Progress Energyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website http://progress-energy.com/custservice/flares/billtoolkit/humidistats.asp 8 Energy Star rated ventilation fans http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_ code=VF 9 Programmable thermostats, including benefits and Energy Star rated products http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/HVAC/programmable-thermostats http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_ code=TH http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA67 10 Minimum Efficiency Report Value (MERV) in relation to air filters, as outlined by Allergy Clean Environmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website http://allergyclean.com/article-understandingmerv.htm https://www.safehomefilters.com/index.php/common-questions/faq-merv.html 11 Ceiling fan basics, including benefits and Energy Star rated fans http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_ code=CF http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=ceiling_fans.pr_ceiling_fans_basics http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA76

8) Lighting:

See endnote # 1 in 4) Structural Frame and Building Envelope for more information on daylighting benefits and concepts

2 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=LB http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/lighting_daylighting/index.cfm/mytopic=12050 3 Light Emitting Diodes (LED) lighting http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Electrical-Electronics/white-LED-lighting 4 Installing recessed lighting in an insulated ceiling http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA86 5 Various forms of lighting controls, including both indoor and outdoor lighting control options http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA89 http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA90 http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Electrical-Electronics/lighting-controls 6 Providing a variety of lighting sources as appropriate in different spaces http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA84

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

9) Interior Surfaces: 1 Low or no VOC paints, finishes, and other products http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IEQ185 http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Interior-Partitions-Ceilings/low-voc-paints

Information on building products with formaldehyde content, discussion of health effects due to formaldehyde emissions, and ways to reduce formaldehyde content in a building assembly http://www.epa.gov/iaq/formalde.html 3 Green Seal Standardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s website http://www.greenseal.org/about/index.cfm 4 Hard-surface flooring materials and product options http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IEQ180

5 Guide to designing homes to include thermal mass flooring www.sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Thermal_mass.pdf 6 Sustainable carpeting products http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR138 10) Miscellaneous: 1 Photovoltaic (PV) systems http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Electrical-Electronics/pv-systems http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/photovoltaics.html 2 Energy Star appliances and available tax credits http://www.energysavers.gov/financial/70020.html http://www1.eere.energy.gov/consumer/tips/appliances.html 3 Managing phantom loads in a home http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/EA98 4 Recycled and/or salvaged cabinetry http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR140 5 Environmentally friendly countertops http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/MR149 6 Designing home recycling centers http://www.regreenprogram.org/resources/strategy-generator#/IDP12

Appendix A: Resources for Green Building

Appendix B: Definitions Advanced Framing: House-framing techniques in which lumber use is optimized, saving material (usually 15-20%) and improving the energy performance of the building envelope. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 151) Air Barrier: Building assembly components that work as a system to restrict air flow through the building envelope; an air barrier may or may not act as a vapor barrier. The air barrier can be on the exterior, the interior of the assembly, or both. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 151) Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA) Manual’s J, S, and D: ACCA manuals D, J, and S contain information that is directly relevant to HVAC system function, design and efficiency. http://www.socalgas.com/construction/builders/Builders%20Resource%20Guide/Air%20Conditioning%20 Contractors%20of%20America.htm Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC): Masonry building material made of Portland cement, sand, and water in an autoclaving process (heating under pressure), which the setting results in the production of air pockets in the material, making it less dense and better insulating. AAC has been used throughout much of the world for more than 70 years. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 151) Blower Door Test: Test used to determine a home’s air tightness. A powerful fan is mounted in an exterior door opening and used to pressurize or depressurize the house. By measuring the force needed to maintain a certain pressure difference, a measure of the home’s air tightness can be determined. Operating the blower also exaggerates air leakage and permits a weatherization contractor to find and seal those leakage areas. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 151) Capillary Break: A space between two surfaces which is purposely made wide enough to prevent the movement of moisture through the space by capillary action. http://www.answers.com/topic/capillary-break-1 Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs): Fluorescent light bulb in which the tube is folded or twisted into a spiral to concentrate the light output. CFLs are typically three to four times as efficient as incandescent light bulbs and last eight to ten times as long. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 152) Composite Decking Products: Decking products made from plastic (often high-density polyethylene) and wood fiber or other agricultural byproducts. Composite lumber often contains recycled content. http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/glossary Daylighting: Use of sunlight for daytime lighting needs. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf

(pg. 153)

Duct Blaster Test: Calibrated air-flow measurement system developed to test the air tightness of forced-air duct systems. All outlets for the duct system, except for the one being tested, are sealed off and the system is either pressurized or depressurized; the work needed by the fan to maintain a given pressure difference provides a measure of duct leakage. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 153) Embodied Energy: Energy required over the lifecycle of a material, including: raw material extraction, transport, manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly, deconstruction, and/or decomposition. Energy Star: Labeling system sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy for labeling the most energy-efficient products on the market. The ratings apply to a wide range of products, from computers and office equipment to refrigerators and air-conditioners. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 153) Engineered: Engineered structural products are recycled/reconstituted wood materials that employ laminated wood chips or strands and fingerjointing (the gluing of larger pieces together). http://engstructuralmatls.sustainablesources.com/ Appendix B: Definitions

Forest Stewardship Council (FSC): Nonprofit organization that promotes forestry practices that are sustainable from environmental, economics, and social standpoints. FSC certification on a wood product is an indicator that the wood came from a well-managed forest. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 154) Green Roof: A green roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof Green Seal Standard: Green Seal works with manufacturers, industry sectors, purchasing groups, and governments at all levels to “green” the production and purchasing chain. We [The program] utilize[s] a life-cycle approach, which means we [the program] evaluate[s] a product or service beginning with material extraction, continuing with manufacturing and use, and ending with recycling and disposal. Products only become Green Seal certified after rigorous testing and evaluation, including on-site plant visits. http://www.greenseal.org/about/whatwedo.cfm Greywater: Wastewater from a building that does not include flush-water from toilets or (as most commonly defined) water from kitchen sinks or dishwashers. In some places, greywater can be collected and used for subsurface irrigation. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 154) Geothermal Heating System: Geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are a relatively new technology that can save homeowners money. These ground-source heat pumps use the natural heat storage capacity of the earth or ground water to provide energy efficient heating and cooling. http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/HVAC/geothermal-heat-pumps Heat-Recovery Systems: Balanced ventilation system in which most of the heat from outgoing exhaust air is transferred to incoming fresh air via an air-to-air heat exchanger. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 155) Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs): Hollow insulated forms, usually made from expanded polystyrene (EPS), used for building walls (foundation and above ground), that are stacked and stabilized and then filled with concrete, which provides the wall structure. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 155) Insulation Contact (IC) Rated Recessed Lights: Recessed light fixtures which could be completely covered and smothered with insulation. These fixtures carry an IC designation. http://www.askthebuilder.com/B91_Recessed_Lighting_Safety_.shtml Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs): Small lights that use semi-conducting (solid-state) materials to turn electricity into light. Different semiconductors create different colors of light. White LEDs appropriate for residential use are continuously improving in quality, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness. LEDs are very long-lasting; unlike fluorescent lamps, they do not contain mercury. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 156) Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA): Examination of the environmental and health impacts of a product or material over its life cycle [from manufacture to disposal]. LCA provides a mechanism for comparing different products and materials for green building. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 156) Low-Emissivity (Low-E): Very thin metallic coating on glass or plastic window glazing that reduces heat loss through the window. The coating emits less radiant energy (heat radiation), which makes it, in effect, reflective to that heat. The coating boosts a window’s R-value and reduces its U-factor. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 156) Minimum Efficiency Report Value (MERV): The MERV rating is the standard method for comparing the efficiency of an air filter. The higher the MERV rating, the better the filter is at removing particles from the air. http://www.furnacecompare.com/faq/definitions/merv.html

Appendix B: Definitions

Passive Solar Heating: Building design in which solar energy provides a significant portion of the heating without fans or pumps; the building itself serves as the solar collector and heat storage system. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 157) Phantom Loads: The electricity consumed by a device when it is turned off. For example, your television consumes electricity as it waits for you to hit the “on” button on your remote. http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~recycle/ssec/download/Phantom%20Load.pdf Photovoltaics (PV): A solar power technology that uses cells, panels or arrays to convert light from the sun directly into electricity. http://www.got2begreen.com/green-definitions/ Radiant Barrier: A radiant barrier is a layer of metallic foil, reflective paint, or other reflective material that blocks radiated heat, assisting in the energy performance of a building. http://radiantbarrier.sustainablesources.com/ Radiant Floor Heating: Heat distribution system in which a floor serves as a low-temperature radiator. When used with hydronic heating, hot water is usually circulated through tubing embedded in a concrete slab; alternatively, the tubing can be installed on the underside of wood subflooring, although the benefit of thermal mass is lost. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 158) Rain Screen: Construction detail [system] appropriate for all but the driest climates to prevent moisture entry and to extend the life of siding and sheathing materials, most commonly produced by installing thin strapping to hold the siding away from the sheathing by a one-quarter to three-quarters of an inch. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 158) Raised Heel Trusses: A raised heel truss adds an extension to the top of the exterior wall, allowing for the full depth of insulation to be applied. Installation of this style of roof truss isn’t any more difficult than traditional pre-built trusses. http://www.hgtvpro.com/hpro/bp_framing/article/0,2617,HPRO_20147_3463318,00.html Rim Joists: Framing member installed on edge of the exterior parameter, usually tying the ends of floor trusses together. Also called ribbon or band board. http://www.sbcindustry.com/common/kb/KB_SingleWebPage.php?KBID=8183 R-Value: Measure of resistance to heat flow; the higher the R-value, the lower the heat loss. R-value is the inverse of U-factor (see definition below). http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 158) Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC): The fraction of solar gain admitted through a window, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 158) Solar Hot Water System: Solar water heating or solar hot water is water heated by the use of solar energy. Solar heating systems are generally composed of solar thermal collectors, a water storage tank or another point of usage, interconnecting pipes and a fluid system to move the heat from the collector to the tank. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:Solar+hot+water+system&sa=X&ei=P8okTO3gH8GB8gbous S2Dw&ved=0CAgQkAE Solar Tubes: Light tubes or light pipes are used for transporting or distributing natural or artificial light. In their application to daylighting, they are also often called sun pipes, sun scopes, solar light pipes, or daylight pipes. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&defl=en&q=define:Solar+tube&sa=X&ei=csokTKHLBsKB8gaq6t3IDw&ved=0C AkQkAE Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs): Building panel usually made of oriented-strand board (OSB) skins surrounding a core of expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation. SIPs can be erected very quickly with a crane to create an energy-efficient, sturdy home. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 159)

Appendix B: Definitions

Tank-less Hot Water System: Tankless Water Heaters, also called Instantaneous or Demand Water Heaters, provide hot water only as it is needed. Traditional storage water heaters produce standby energy losses that cost you money. We do not leave our homes heated while vacationing. We only heat our homes when there is a demand for heat. In the same way, a Tankless Water Heater is used only when there is a demand for hot water. http://www.tanklesswaterheaterguide.com/ Thermal Mass: Materials – such as concrete, brick, tile, or water – capable of storing heat directly from the sun during the day and radiating the heat at night. U-Factor: Measure of the heat conducted through a given product or material calculated as the number of British thermal units (Btus) of heat that move through a square foot of the material in one hour for every one degree Fahrenheit difference in temperature across the material (Btu/ft2°F hr). U-factor is the inverse of R-value. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 159) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Organic compound that evaporates readily into the atmosphere. As defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, VOCs are organic compounds that volatize and then contribute to photochemical smog production. http://www.regreenprogram.org/docs/regreen_guidelines.pdf (pg. 160) Xeriscaping: Type of landscaping that requires little if any irrigation; suited to dry and drought-prone climates; generally relies on regionally adapted native plants. http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/glossary/8#letterx

Appendix B: Definitions