Lenoir City School’s Administration Building -“Preparing Lenoir City’s citizens ONE student at a time.”
Table of Contents LOCATING Lifespan Connections/Mobility Density
CONTRIBUTORS 0.1 0.1.1 0.1.2 0.1.3
Tricia Stuth, AIA Professor Nate Aduken Mason Bolen
FRAMING Agglomeration Interior Exterior Tissue Program
0.2 0.2.1 0.2.2 0.2.3 0.2.4 0.2.5
Shanese Brown Alexander Holloway Margaret House Destin Manous Major Morgan
SUPPORTING Motive Occupation Coverage Zoning Street Relation Structure
0.3 0.3.1 0.3.2 0.3.3 0.3.4 0.3.5
REFERENCING Inspiration Robin Hood Foundation Library Carpenter Centre
0.4 0.4.1 0.4.2 0.4.3
Market Square
0.4.4
FORMING Visual Connections Forms Cycle Plan Cycle 2 Cafe Reading Room Cycle Section Panels
0.5 0.5.1 0.5.2 0.5.3 0.5.4 0.5.5 0.5.6 0.5.7 0.5.8 0.5.9
POSSIBILITY
0.6
Kerri Nickel Logan Notestine Joseph Platt
0.1 LOCATING
1.4
1.7
Fort Loudoun Dam and reservoir began construction bringing with it hundreds of jobs for the locals and improved many roads in the area. -1940 1.0
1.9
1.1
A large piece of land was deeded to General William Lenoir as payment for his service in the American Revolution. This land later became known as Lenoir City.
1.5
The Lenoir Cotton Mill was constructed along Town Creek.
Charles McGhee and Edward Sanford purchased the Lenoir estate to creating a planned city.
- 1830
-1890
-Early 19th Century
1800
A F-3 tornado created major damages to the high school and middle school as well as parts of downtown. The tornado claimed one citizens life. - 1993
1820
1840
1860
1880
When rail lines had reached Lenoir,a depot was built. The Lenoir Station community developed with and around it.
1.11
Lenoir City School Administration start moving into the bank located along Broadway. - 2016
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
The addition of a rail car factory and knitting mill in Lenoir City brought about many jobs for several hundred workers
-1855
-1910
1.2
1.6
The cotton mill was spared by General William P. Sanders from being burned, because the mill would provide cloth for the army. - 1863
1.3
1.8
With the creation of the Interstate Highway System came Highway 321 that ran through Lenoir City. Its main purpose was to make it easier to get to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, but it also brought many people to Lenoir City. Lenoir City unveils the pedestrian walkway along the downtown area that is filled with new innovations of connection and culture with the City and it’s people.
-1980
-2036 1.10
The cotton mill was burned down by an arsonist. The city had rejected the idea of rebuilding it and instead implemented it into plans for a city park. - 1991
0.1.1
CONTEXT. Lenoir City is a city that has a
1.12
rich history in the mill industry and Tennessee River. However there are no cultural references to either of these aspects in Lenoir. The city is a devoloping area with some changes that will revitalize the downtown area and create more public interaction between residents of Lenoir City. Currently there are resources being put forth towards a park and continuation of the green-way. To create something that ties the history and current culture together would be very beneficial as the citizens of Lenoir CiWty would be able to engage and learn about its history and the School Adminstration Building is the perfect oppurtinity to make that happen.
TRANSPORTATION. In terms of trans-
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i
M 4 6 . 2 .25 Mi
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
portation, the most favorable means of public transport would be cycling. In the book Human Transit it is stated the average person is willing to walk a quarter of a mile to get to a destination, and the average cycling distance on a bike is about 2.64 miles. There are a variety of zones in the quarter mile radius of the School Administration Building. The most prominent ones are the homes. While these people may be able to walk to the site, if one extends out that boundary it is favorable to bike. With the green-way being extended and adapted, people will have more pleasurable means of cycling. With the schools being in range of the cycling radius, it is possible for students/kids to bike to the site from school or their homes. However, an aspect that is missing from the roads of Lenoir City is a bike lane. This limits people to either take the green-way or ride on the sidewalk.
0.1.2
1.19
The street running along side the site is a heavily trafficked road as it serves as an alternate means of transportation from the interstate. This brings in bring many people to experience the site as they drive by it, but it also comes with its problems. The high density of traffic that comes through brings an abundance of sound pollution that envelopes the site. There is a road that leaks through the parking lot that not only makes it less safe but also splits up the site making it feel separate.
0.1.3 1.18
0.2 FRAMING
AGGLOMERATION. The major aspect
missing in Lenoir City is an area that ties together its history, culture, and people. The best way to establish this idea is to adapt the School Academic Building into a Urban Ceter that can agglomerate all aspects of Lenoir. To become an area that has multi purpose and multi use program and spaces. Also, to be able to tie in to all areas being developed such as the park, the green-way, and City Hall. This will not only attract more people to the downtown area of Lenoir but also allow occupants to engage with Lenoir City’s very own history and culture.
PURPOSE. To give people a purpose to
occupy the site involve multiple aspects that were analyzed from the stufy of Market Sqyuare. One of the implementations is a welcoming entry way that stands out to catch peoples attention and at the same time seems integrated into the exisiting design.
2.1
2.0
0.2.1
What is currently used as a bank space is going to be transformed from a very mathematical and linear style of thinking to a more interactive a dynamic style. When it comes to the question of how to turn the first floor of this building into a HUB you first need to look at the type of program that is going to be implemented. To have a space that attracts multiple people, it is accurate to assume that multiple purposes will attract multiple people. The multi purposes can be dynamic in a way that changes with time. During the day it may serve as a meeting place for school events while after the work day it may serve as a resource for not only students but citizens of Lenoir to interact with. It may even be possible for these different uses to overlap during a day. Next, the building consist of three floors, each with its own set of purposes. The third floor is dedicated to operations. The second floor is dedicated to administration, and the first floor is dedicated to a space that involves being able to be interacted upon by the public. These different programs insinuate the idea that this is a very split apart and separated building. The only asMorning
pect of the building that provides an opportunity to link
Noon
the floors together is an open air atrium that supplies
Evening
light and a sense of life into the structure. However, the skylight has become a problem for its occupants as it allows in too much heat and allows sound to pollute the upper levels. However, can these aspects of the atreum be utilized to benefit the occupants?
0.2.2
A highly overlooked area for most projects is the parking lot. A parking lot can be so much more than just parking spaces and light posts. Just like the interior the exterior of a project can have multiple uses of program and space. To be able to get people to come to a HUB it has to be inviting and purposeful. The first form of interaction people will have with the project is through sight, so the first thing people need to experience is an area that piques their interests and naturally attracts them towards it. During the day the site may serve as a parking lot, but after business hours it may serve as a social gathering place for students after a long day at school. This can also be applied to the lamp posts on the site. Who said light posts can only serve one purpose and that is to illuminate an area. This object has potential to be so much more. Instead of just being activated at night to supply light, it could be activated during the day as well to provide shade if designed correctly.
0.2.3
With Lenoir City being a developing city, there are the other projects being worked on such as the city hall’s transformation into a fire-station and a strip mall being redeveloped into an apartment/living complex. These projects along with additions of a new park bring may benefits to the area. However, there is a lack of tissue that ties it all together. I believe the tissue that can potentially fulfill this job is the green-way. There is already an existing green-way in Lenoir City that runs along the edge of the living area and ends at Broadway. I want to explore the potential to connect the green-way in Tellico Village across the bridge currently under construction. This would create the main root for the green-way and with the root vines would split out and connect to areas of importance such as the Admin building, public park, apartments, fire-station, and schools.
0.2.4
SHELVES
DESK
INTERNET CAFE
OFFICE
DESK
WORKER COMPUTER
interchangeable spaces/program.
READING ROOM
LOBBY
each other. This dialogue will over overlapping and
WORKER COMPUTER
SHELVING
STAIRS
EMERGENCY
OFFICE
CLIENT OFFICE
SHELVES
BATH
WORKER COMPUTER
OFFICE
WORKERS
PEOPLE
VESTIBULE
DESK
OFFICE
DESK
EAST LOBBY
fines of the structure and will create a dialogue with
WORKER COMPUTER
OFFICE
DESK
COUPON
LOBBY
DESK
ITEMS
POPCORN
EGRESS STAIRS
grams will be coexisting together within the con-
WORKER COMPUTER
DESK
DESK
ITEMS
VESTIBULE
learning spaces and business zones. These pro-
OFFICE
ENTRY
EAST
DESK
VESTIBULE
HALLWAY OFFICE
WORKER COMPUTER
WORKER COMPUTER
OFFICE
OFFICE WORKER COMPUTER
WORKER COMPUTER
STEP
WELCOME DESK
CONFERENCE DESK
ATRIUM
The program looking to be added involves creative
ENTRY
LOUNGE
CUSTOMER
WORKER COMPUTER
NORTH
OFFICES
DESK CHAIR
ENTRY
DESK
RECORDS
WEST
RECEPTION
ELEVATOR CLOSET FIREDOORS ELECTRIC
BOX
DESK
OFFICE
CLIENT
RECEPTION
OFFICE
WORKERS
OFFICE
LOBBY
LOBBY
SHELVES
WORKER COMPUTER
WEST
STORAGE
FIRE
DESK
LOCKSCUSTOMERS LOBBY DOORS
CORRIDOR
TELLERS
STEPS
WOME N VISITORS
WORKER COMPUTER
STORAGE
CLOSET
STORAGE
RESTROOMS
EGRESS
CLOSET
CABINET
DESK
MEN
SINK
SHELVES
STORAGE
ROOM
ATRIUM
DOOR
PEOPLE
CLOSET
TELLERS
ITEMS
CONFERENCE
WORKER COMPUTER
DRIVE-UP MONEY
SHELVES
VAULT
BO TH
RECEPTION
DOORS
OFFICES
STORAGE
VAULT
BOARD ROOM
RESTROOMS
DISTRIBUTERS STORAGE
ATRIUM
0.2.5
LEISURE
0.3 SUPPORTING
3.0
3.1
Specific
3.2
How does one bring people to the downtown
Domestic
Extrinsic
Congregation Church School Work/Labor Food Shopping Recreation Leisure Events Visiting Tourism
area of Lenoir? Well a better question is what 3.3
would people go to the downtown area for? The answers to this question has a relation to scale that I have shown through the dia-
3.4
gram shown here. I’m not saying to add every piece of program from this list, but pick
3.5
out the ones that will have the highest influence on the area and serve as an attraction for people to come to not only from within
3.6
but outside Lenoir.
3.7
3.8
3.9
0.3.1
1-3
4-6
7-9
1-3
10-12
4-6
7-9
10-12
School Administration Personnel
Parents/Adults
3.10
Throughout the course of a normal day, the site experiences multiple types of occupants
Students/Kids
for multiple reasons. I want to create a site that serves as a public central hub between the hours of 5pm and 8pm. This is when the School Resource Officer
night life is activated and it becomes a public leaisure place of congregation that can not only attract people from within Lenoir but 3.11
outside of it as well
Teachers
General Public
Displace
0.3.2
Admin Building - 22.3%
Excess - 34%
Parking Lot - 43.7%
The parking lot is a severely overlooked and pushed aside aspect to must projects. However if utilized correctly it can be so much more. In this site about 43% of its area is dedicated to automobiles. This eliminates almost half of the site. However like I stated earlier if this ideal can be experimented upon, by day it may serve as a parking area for cars, but by night it could serve as a place for congregation and public interaction.
0.3.3
There is a zone within the limits of fhe site that is not zoned the same as the rest of the site. This strip is zoned under commercial while the rest are under city zone limits. This brings about the question as to if we are able to work inside of this zone.
0.3.4
Banking can be referenced back to the Paleolithic era where the trading of goods was satisfactory. In 2016, we have unleashed a magnitude of possibilities with technological advancements. The historical
underpinnings
the
United
Community Bank holds allows one to understand the placement of the bank, and its relationship to the nation, state, and community. The Bank presents various opportunities for the Lenoir City School’s to impact the community as they wish through location of site, and relationships with the surrounding area. Within this section, exploration of the location of the United Community Bank within the realm of history, present relevance, and comparison to national community banks allows highlighting of the bank to the advantage of the School Administration.
0.3.5
LEVELS
ATRIUM
The main source of light for the building comes through the massive skylight above the atrium space in the heart of the building.
51’
The structure of the building creates three separate levels of program connected by an elevator and fire stairs.
EGRESS and CIRCULATION
The current structure of the school administration building consists of a steel frame. This steel frame creates a separation of three levels that are connected by an open air atrium. People travel between MIRROR
GLASS
The exterior of the building has windows that allow no vision into the building and reflect everything like a mirror. This creates a connection with the streetscape across Broadway.
the levels by means of elevator or egress. Then, the
From the interior there are multiple opportunities for visual connections to outside of the building.
circulation becomes stagnant in each level. Visual connections are switched from transparent to reflective when it comes to the interior and exterior
EXISTING STEEL FRAME and STREET FACADE
EGRESS
The building has two means of egress at the north and south ends of the building. They are encased in concrete masonry meeting all fire codes.
of the building.
DRIVE[THRU]
The bank before used a drive-thru for means of money transactions and is now open to interpretations as to what to make of it.
EXPLODED AXON
0.3.6
0.4 REFERENCING
DIFFUSE. The Menil Collection uses light
has a aspect that changes space as the light changes throuout a given day. The panels allowed for diffused light to filter in to allow natural light to be the primary source of light.
- The Menil Collection, Renzo Piano 4.0
ADAPTABLE SPACE. The Storefront for
Art and Architecture is a good example to learn from on a solution to adaptable and mulipurpose spaces. This space serves as a host to multiple art exhibits and allows an interaction between interior and exterior.
-Storefront for Art and Architecture, Steven Holl
ILLUMINATE. The new facade serves as a
new layer of skin that catches the attention of those visually interacting with it, but does not shout for attention. It’s illuminated gives the achitecture a night life that making it activated at more times throuout a given day.
4.1
- US Cellular Facade, Sanders Pace
0.4.1
One of Weiss Manfredi’s many projects is the Robin Hood Foundation Library in New York. The design not only serves a purpose of education, but also in having adaptable spaces. I wish to take these aspects and form them into the design of the Administration Building in Lenoir City. “The design envisions this environment as an interim landscape: a fluid series of adaptable settings.” Weiss/Manfredi
0.4.2 4.2
One of the aspects I want to implement in the design is the idea of invitation and engagement with the public pedestrian. Le Corbusier captured this moment in his Carpenter Centre as it provides and invitation connection through the building that connects two sides of Harvard University.
0.4.3 4.3
THOUGHTS. What creates moments of
congregation? What is attractive about a downtown area? What drives people to navigate to a downtown area? Does placement of roads and railways define prime downtown areas? How does culture become embedded in areas? What types of buildings and spaces do people think of when they think of downtownand how does that differientiate from when they think of an area of public congregation? What keeps people in an area once there, and suggests other purposes?
REFERENCE.Knoxville’s
own Makrket Square is a prime example of what a downtown could become and how moments of congregation and form. When analyzing downtown Knoxville, one of the main reason people have to be there is food. While resturaunts make up most of the area, living areas make up most of the rest. Another moment of interaction is created by a farmers market. The market brings the culture of Knoxville together as it brings the citizens of the city together to partake in personal trade and commerce.
The main drive that encourges people to gather in downtown Knoxville is the congregation of other people, because it is common for people to attract other people. The curiosity of seeing a crowded area attracts those not apart of it and drives them to attend.
0.4.4
0.5 FORMING
external
REFLECTIVITY.The previous bank had installed glass that was nearly 100% reflective from the outside of the building. This provided privacy for the building witch may serve benefitial to a bank, but for an area thats supposed to be a gatherig place for the public it serves as a deterant. It makes the building feel lifeless in cold when one cannot see any kind of life happening within the building from the outside. All the pedestrian can see is the reflection of the streetscape behind them. This creates a disconection with the buildings interior space. From the inside occupants perspective, they can clearly see the outside pedestrian and the surrounding context arround them.
internal
TRANSPARENCY. What i suggest is not
complete reflection, but also not complete transparency. Instead create a percentage of reflection enough for people to see life inside the building and create connections, but to not lose the moment between a reflection. Instead one would be able see one’s own reflection inside the space pf the building creating a false scenario inside the form of the building. This would also open up interaction between the occupants of the building and the occupants of the street. This creates a much more inviting scenario as it not only shows life, but it also piques the curiosty of people only experiencing visual interaction.
0.5.1
WEIGHT. The building serves as a weight
to hold a very important corner. The corner is a moment where increased moments of sequence patterns meet. While cars travel down Broadway there is a road that runs ajacent that runs through the site connecting the highway to a back road. This creates a safety concern as there is no major differentiation between parking and street. I proposed a change in materiality to emphasize a change in space. Also, with Lenoir being on a grid system, most residential zones are NW of the site, so when people travel from their houses or school they will at some point interact with the intersection.
FORM. The school administration build-
ing takes on multiple cubic forms. The forms serve as a means of breaking up the form of the building while still being connected. These forms are purposed for igress stairs, a vault, and office space. An idea I have cultivated is to manioulate these forms of cubism. The space is switched from being an additive form to being subtractive and transparent. This will provide a visual connection into the building instead of it being so private and rejective. Thus making a more inviting scenario with the people occupying the surrounding context.
0.5.2
TRANSITION. An aspect of this design is to create
ng Ki
multi-purpose spaces that transition and/or overlap over the course of the day. During the day the building may serve as a place for school administration, but after work hours and kids are let out of school it could serve as a place for congregation and learning. The moment when kids are let out of school and are assigned their homework, they can attend the site as it transitions from a purely business program to a public education program.
sto n St ay
w d a
E
o r B
E
p e D
o
t S t
STREET SKIN. In regards to the
exterior program changes were made to accomodate more areas of publuc interaction and congregation. This involves the adding of a skin around the edge of the building. This skin is a layer of grass that replaces parking spots and existing drive through. Then, the road running through the site is layered over with brick material to emphasize a change in zones.
The materiality of brick brings a new experience to the site as it creates a threshold that serves as a passageway between automobile and occupant.
The the parking and drive through are replaced with areas for occupants and not automobiles.
0.5.3
01. The first piece of program peo-
01
03
02
ple enter into is a cafe space for all residents inside and outside of Lenoir to come to and enjoy . It allows for the school administrator to grab a cup of coffee on their way upstairs02. The reception desk has direct sightto work, or it can serve as a publiclines to all entry ways into the building. meeting place for the average citi-This gives the receptionist and student resource officer more chnces to stop peozen to congregate around and ex-ple from going upstairs into private areas meant for only school administration. perience with.
04. The bathrooms of the eisting 04
05
06
07
building were severely lacking in size, so an increase in capacity was made so that it could accomade a large number of occupants in the program at one time. It is located in an isolated area away from the rest of the fluid program.
01. Cafe 02. Reception 03. Computer Cafe 04. Bathroom 05. Reading Area 06. Board Room 07. Art Gallery
05. The reading area serves
as a space that evokes multiple experiences throughout at the day as it is positioned in the atreum space. It also serves asa an area where students can silently read after grabbing a cup of coffee from the cafe or a quiet study session with friends.
03. The computer cafe serves as a place for students to work at after school on their homework, or as a place for those without access to a computer to work or use the computer however they see fit. It can serve as a meetup place between friends for activities such as LANs and meeting places for group work on school projects and assignments.
06. The space adjacent to the reading area serves as a space for monthly board meetings Lenoir CIty Schools have for the public to attend. However this leaves the rest of the month to have an unused program space. So when meetings ae not taking place, horizontal panels can turn open allowing fluid sequence into the space from the reading room. The conference table is made up of breakaway tables so that it can split into multiple tables that be used for prsonal use by occupants.
07. Changes were made to the exterior pro-
gram of the site. With the overhand no longer needed from the bank, it left an oppurtunity for a unique experience. This experience that is created is an outdoor art gallery. The horizontal panels from the interior are replicated and are constructed as a case so that one could put artwork in. This would allow a programable piece to be able to be accessed at all times of the day. The horizontal pieces again can be closed off for private events or opened to allow free flowing movement.
0.5.4
0.5.5
0.5.6
0.5.7
0.5.8
0.5.9
What is the goal Lenoir City is trying to accomplish? That would be the revitalization of the downtown area and bringing people together. These multiple projects that are being developed wont make this a reality immediately, but they will serve as a catalyst for the rest of downtown to follow and move towards the goal of a community that interacts with each other daily and engages with its history and culture. The school administration building by itself wont be able to achieve this, but with the continuing development of the city it could work off of it to benefit the city.
0.6
IMAGE CREDITS CONT.
IMAGE CREDITS 0.1 Supporting
0.2 Framing
1.0
William Lenoir (general). (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/William_Lenoir_(general)
2.0
Google Maps. (n.d.)v. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://www.google.com/maps/
1.1
Lenoir Cotton Mill. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lenoir_Cotton_Mill
2.1
Location of Loudon County, Tennessee. Digital image. Localalcohollaws. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016
1.2
Gail Guymon, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse, February 2006. Retrieved: 2010-03-03.
0.3 Supporting
1.3
Lenoir Cotton Mill. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lenoir_Cotton_Mill
3.0
Public park. Digital image. Soundlandscapes. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
1.4
Charles McClung McGhee. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Charles_McClung_McGhee
3.1
Tiffany Tehan, Family Focus of Church Services. Digital image. Springfieldnewssun. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
1.5
Edward J. Sanford. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Edward_J._Sanford
3.2
Lenoir City Middle School. Digital image. Awaminc. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
1.6
Benhart, pp. 116-117, 122-123
3.3
1.7
H. (2013). Fort Loudon Dam Lenoir City, TN 01-31-13. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_O8I811eFI
Hine, Lewis. Interior of Magnolia Cotton Mills spinning room. Digital image. Flickr. N.p., May-June 1911. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
3.4
1.8
Lenoir City, Tennessee. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Lenoir_City,_Tennessee
Cinco Amigos--Lenoir City. Digital image. Whstonemandining.blogspot. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
3.5
U.S. Highway 321 (Lamar Alexander Parkway) in Lenoir City. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
1.9
Ruthrawls’s Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://ruthrawls.wordpress. com/tag/tennessee/page/8/
3.6
I Am a Champion. Digital image. Lcactionphotos. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
3.7
Mikestravelguide. An Outdoor Cafe in Maastricht. Digital image. Mikestravelguide. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
3.8
The Flavor Run Orlando Discount & Free Race Entries. Digital image. Momsrunthistown. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
1.10 The Lenoir City Cotton Mill. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from http://www.lenoircity. com/lccottonmill.htm 1.11- Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved October 03, 2016, from https://www.google.com/maps/ 1.19
IMAGE CREDITS CONT. 3.9
Family with Two Daughters Visiting Grand Parents. Digital image. Thumbs.dreamstime. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
3.10 12 Observable Features of a Strong Adult Professional Culture. Digital image. Rbteach. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016. 3.11
Clipnyc. The Presence of Police Officers in Our Public Schools. Digital image. Clipnyc. N.p., Dec.-Jan. 2015. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
0.4 Referencing 4.0 Piano, Renzo. The Menil Collection. Digital image. Rpbw. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016 4.1
Sanders, Pace. US Cellular Facade Renovations. Digital image. Sanderspace. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.
4.2
PS 42 Robin Hood Foundation Library. Digital image. Weissmanfredi. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.Jan. 2016.
4.3
Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Cambridge. Digital image. Fondationlecorbusier. N.p., n.d. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2016.