Log Book - 697827

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

JOSHUA C. BLASHKI \\ 697827 \\ STUDIO 1(5)

A01 LOGBOOK // FINAL SUBMISSION

WEEKS 1-3 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK04 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK04 - LEARNING LOOP SPAN is the distance measured between two structural supports. SPAN can be measured between vertical supports (for a horizontal member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member). SPAN is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

Concrete systems – slabs span between structural supports – can be 1 or 2 way spanning Slab thickness roughly based on its span divided by thirty

Concrete is like an artificial stone. When cement is mixed with water it binds the sand and gravel aggregates together to make hard, solid material – concrete.

Steel Framing  various forms Structural steel members Light Gauge steel framing – services such as water pipes can be carried through the open web of a joist Girders are the main beams which hold joists Timber systems Joists support flooring itself – e.g. floorboard These joists are supported on bearers which span between other supports which may be piers or concrete stumps.

The span of the bearers determines the spacing of the piers or stumps and the spacing of the bearers equals the span of the joists.

MSD case study Loads carried from the slab into the beam  transfer loads into columns  carries load into foundation system Floor and framing systems – Concrete, Steel and Timber Larger spacing between joists  larger spans of floor boards  requires stronger material

Formwork – use spreader and ties to keep in place Weight of wet concrete is extremely heavy – as it sets it carries its own weight – transferring the load to supports – reaches 75% of its compressive strength within 7 days – testing strength in 28 days Strong in compression – weak in tension  Reinforced concrete - steel mesh or bars is added to add tensile strength A cantilever is created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions are significant)

WEEK04 - STUDIO REPORT OVAL PAVILION CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS QUESTION SHEET

2.3 Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying the grid lines?

01/ TITLE BLOCK 1.1 List the types of information found in the title block on the floor plan page.

Yes, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a b c d

-Client -Project -Drawing title -Drawing number -Revision

1.2 Why might this information be important?

-To assist users in identifying important personnel involved in the construction process.

-To assist users in navigating through the drawings which are often complex and numerous -Basic information about clients, architect and location are essential.

02/ DRAWING CONTENT - PLAN 2.1 What type of information is shown in the floor plan?

Room names and tags, room size (sqm), floor finishes, door and window tags 2.2 Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on the floor plan. What units are used for the dimensions?

2.7 How are the windows and doors identified? Provide an example of each. Is there a rationale to their numbering? What do these numbers mean? Can you find the answer somewhere in the drawings?

Door and window tags

2.4 What is the purpose of the legend?

To provide details on the abbreviations and symbols on the floor plan/drawings

2.8 Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan?

2.5 Why are some parts of the drawing annotated?

Illustrate how the annotations are associated with the relevant part of the drawing.

FFL 46.515

-To identify revisions.

-Because the features cannot be abbreviated

They are revisions – indicated changes made to the original plan

2.6 Illustrate how references to other drawings are shown on the plan. What do these symbols mean?

03/ DRAWING CONTENT - ELEVATIONS 3.1 What type of information is shown in this elevation?

How does it differ from the information shown in the plan?

Elevation

Section

2.9 Are some of the drawings clouded? Why?

-Front on eye-level perspective instead of floor -Exposes façade – showing special arrangement on the outer envelope of the structure rather than special

WEEK04 - STUDIO REPORT OVAL PAVILION CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS QUESTION SHEET continued...

3.2 Are the dimensions shown? If so, how do they differ from the dimensions on the plan? Provide an example of the dimensions as they relate to the elevation.

3.5 What types of information on the elevation are expressed using words? Illustrate how this is done.

Other than the generic information in the title block there are some specific details given e.g. ‘new glazed doors to match existing’. These details are labelled with solid arrows.

-Section drawing shows spaces/rooms dissected -Interiors can be viewed -Topography of foundations is visible -We see arrangement of rooms and spaces relative to one another -Different sections show different perspectives 4.2 Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building elements that are cut through and those that are shown in elevation.

Dimensions of the elevation and plan are similar

Areas which have been cut by the section will be highlighted by a darker line-weight that those in elevation

3.3 What types of elevations are shown on the elevations?

Illustrate how levels are shown in relation to the elevation.

3.6 Find where this elevation is located on the plans

4.3 Provide examples of how different materials are shown on the section.

The finished floor levels are denoted by horizontal lines 3.4 Is there a grid? If so how/where is it shown?

Yes, although the grid lines only go in one direction – vertically

04/ DRAWING CONTENT - SECTIONS 4.1 What type of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from the information shown in the plan and elevation?

-Foundation is denoted with criss-cross lines -Bricks are denoted by brick texture -Timbre is denoted by many parallel lines -Concrete is denoted by dotted texture

WEEK04 - STUDIO REPORT 4.4 Find where this section is located on the plans

5.4 Find the locations of these details on the plans, elevations and sections.

CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS COMPARED TO SITE VISIT How does the information in your drawing set compare to what you observed at site last week?

05/ DRAWING CONTENT - DETAILS 5.1 What sorts of things are detailed?

-Material type -Brick Courses -Measurements (in millimetres) -Joint details 5.2 Are the details compressed using break lines? Why? Details are compressed with break lines in order to save space on architectural/structual drawings.

5.3 Provide examples of how different materials are shown on drawings at this scale.

-Foundation is denoted with criss-cross lines -Bricks are denoted by brick texture -Timbre is denoted by many parallel lines -Concrete is denoted by dotted texture

-On site there are certain details which have not been illustrated or communicated in the drawing set. Perhaps these details were imporvised on site due to complications.

How does the scale of the building compare to the scale of the drawings?

-The actual site/building is of a much larger physical scale than the drawings.

How do the architectural and structural drawings differ?

Architectural drawings provide plan, elevation, section and detail. Structural drawings include this as well as 3D isometric and rendered drawings.

Architectural drawings use architectural tick, while structural drawings use filled arrows to indicate dimensions.

WEEK05 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK05 - LEARNING LOOP SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS Column: A verticle structural member designed to transfer axial compressive loads.

What is a short column? Length to smallest cross section is less than 12:1 What is a long column? Length to smallest cross section is greater than 12:1 How do these two column types behave when subjected to axial loads?

Structural Frames Concrete Concrete frames typically are made from grid columns connected with concrete beams. They are often connected by rigid joint and have an Inter-connected footing system.

Steel Steel frames can use grid columns in ordr to connect girders and beams.

Short columns fail by crushing while long columns fail by buckling sideways. Columns fail at their narrowest point.

Colums will fail if the load applied to the cross-section is greater than its compressive strength Compressive strength (Pa) = Load (N)/area (mm^2)

2. Stabalised through bracing, shear diaphrams making joints rigid

_UC (Universal Column) - like a T beam on the side - eqaul dimentions

_CHS (Circular Hollow Section)

_RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) 3. Timber (post and beam) is less common in Australia, however, is common in japan. It is sometimes used for sloping sites. A key feature is that it is stabalised through corner bracing.

Load Bearing Walls Concrete Spandrel Panels Masonry Reinforcerd Masonry

_Core filled hollow concrete blocks

_Grout filled cavity masonry Solid Masonry Cavity Masonry -Advantages

_Better thermal performance (opportunity for insulation

_Better waterproofing

_Opportunity to run service through cavity

Stud Walls

_Smaller sections used

_Consists of top plates, bottom plates, vertical studs, noggings, cross-bracing and ply bracing

_Noggings prevent long thin members from buckling Materials: Timber and light steel gaguge

WEEK05 - LEARNING LOOP Timber

Structural Nature

Trees grow one ring per year. The tree’s earlier wood would have grown rapidly with large cells, giving the timber its light colour. Later wood grows slower with thick and small cells giving the timber its darker colour.

Parallel to the grain direction of a tree, timber will bestrong and stiff. However, it will be weak perpendicular to the grain.

Seasoning (drying)

There are several types timber

_Softwoods (conifers)

_Hardwood (eucalypts)

Seasoning wood is about adjusting the moisture content to increase dimentional stability. Seasoning removes free moisture from voids in cells and bound moisture from cell walls.

There are several seasoning techniques/processes 1. Air seasoning - this is a cheap option, however it is timely.

2. Kiln seasoning - this is a speedier option 3. Solar kiln seasoning is a more cost-effective option

Sawing methods

_In quater sawn timber, growth rings are parallel to the short edge of the timber.

_Conversely, in back sawn the rings are parallel to long edge.

_Radial sawn

Tiber properties Hardness - Medium Low Ductility - Low Flexibility and placticity - High Porosity/Permeability - High Density - Varies with types Conductivity - Poor Durability and reusability - Very high Cost - generally cost-effective Sustainability - very low embodies energy

WEEK05 - STUDIO REPORT Task: Construct a 1:20 model of the structural system of your assigned part of your assigned part of the oval pavillion.

Each component of the canopy had to be seperately constructed (assembled). These components would later be brought together to create the whole canopy.

Reference section drawing

Above is section 5A of the canopy. The grid lines can be used to visually contextulise the drawing within the rest of the Oval Pavilion.

Structure: Oval Pavilion’s Timber Truss Canopy Material: Balsa wood to represent timber.

In our personal copies of the Oval Pavillion drawings, while the drawing might be labelled as 1:100 scale, it is actually at a smaller scale due to printing at A3 rather than A1 paper size as intended. We scaled each member’s length to 1:20 in order to construct our model.

WEEK05 - STUDIO REPORT In the image below, the joints (glue) of a truss web is setting to hold the members in place.

In this image structural members are being cut from balsa wood to their correct sizes.

Our group was unable to complete our 1:20 model of the timber truss canopy, however, what can be seen is the way in which loadings are transfered from truss webs through to the ground. We were unable to properly test the loading capabilities of the truss, because some elements were missing.

WEEK06 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK06 - LEARNING LOOP Trusses are structural frames based on geometric rigidity of triangles. They are made up of linear members exposed only to axial forces.

Key components iNclude

_The main members which extended from end to end of the truss are called CHORDS

The members which connect to the top and bottom chords are known as WEBS.

_The spaces within the web are called PANELS. These are between two panel points on a chord on a corresponding joint on an opposite chord

_The HEEL is the lower supported end

_The joint between the webs and chords are called PANEL POINTS Loadings are placed on the truss here.

_Members that carry no direct load are called ZERO FORCE MEMBERS, Forms/types of trusses Flat trusses have parallel chords, but are less efficient.

Pratt trusses have vertical webs that are in compression.The diagonal webs are in tension .When th longer webs are in tension this can be more efficient.

In Howe trusses the vertical webs are in tension and the diagonal webs in tension.

Beligian trusses

Only diagonal webs Fink Trusses

_Like belgian trusses but with sub diagonals

_Sub-siagonals reduce length of compression webs towards span centerline (i.e. joins a chord with a main diagonal) Warren trusses

_Diagonal webs form a series of equilateral triangles

_Vertical webs occasionally added to reduce panel lengths of top chords (in compression) Bowstrung trusses

_Curved top chord

_Straight bottom chord Raised-chord trusses

_Bottom chord raised above level of supports Cresent Trusses

_Both top and bottom chords curved upwards Scissors Trusses

_Tension members extended from foot of each top chord to mid-point of opposite top chord.

Depth ranges

_Pitched truss: Span/4 - Span/5

_Bowstrung truss: span/6 - span/8 Increasing depth - greater spanning capability Vierendeel trusses

_Framed beams

_Vertical members connected to parallel chords

_Fixed joint

_Members subject to non-axial foces Steel Trusses

_Favricated by welding/bolting agles and tees to form triangulated framework

_Connected with gusset plates

_Supported with structural steel/reinforced concrete column

WEEK06 - LEARNING LOOP Roof Systems Flat

Never absolsolutely flat (pitched 1 -3 degrees) to avoid ponding (collection of water that does not get channeled downwards by roof.

This can increase the weight on the building and cause leakage.

Elements Flat roof systems can be made from concrete slabs (plates of reinforced concrete). This requires waterproofing.

Flat Trusses/Space Frames Beams and decking Lightweight joists and decking/roof sheeting

Pitched/Sloping Roofs Greater than 3 degrees

Timber/steel rafters

Beams and Purlins Trusses

Form and slope angle depends on lining material Tiles must be greater than 15 degrees Sheet metal can be as low as 5 degrees

Roof Materials

Concrete is an expensive option. However, it is useful for traffical board roofs and fire rating. Its top surface slopes towards a drainage system and is coated with a water-proof membrane.

Structural steel frames can be used in a number of ways.

It can be used for flat or sloping roofs as well as for portal frames.

Metals Types Ferous

Contains iron which is the fourht most common element on Earth - cheap.

Wrought Iron - Heated and hammered into desired shape Cast iron - Melted and molten and poured into moulds to cool.

Steel - Alloy of iron and carbon Non-ferrous

Does not contain iron and so is less likely to rust. However, it is more expensive.

Considerations Corrosion Metals react with other metals by transferring ions. Metals in direct contact with an electrolyte will corode.

This can be prevented by insulating or galvanising the metal e.g. coating it in zinc Galvanic series lists metals in order of tendency to give up ions.

Water related damage When metals react with oxygen oxidation/rusting occurs. (metal oxide is formed. This can be avoided by sealing crevices of metal with paint or enamel. It can also be chemically treated (e.g. galvanising)

General properties

Hardness: depends on type (e.g. gold is hard, lead is soft) Fragility: Low Ductility: High (can be drawn into wires) Flexibility and placticity: High when heated Porosity/permeability: Impermeable (useful for guttering

WEEK06 - STUDIO REPORT Acticity: Structural Concepts Continued from Week 05 Below is another group’s 1:20 model of the timber truss canopy, What can be seen is the way in which loadings will be transfered from truss webs through to the chords of the truss. Loading capabilities could not be properly tested as not all components of the canopy were completed.

Another goup’s 1:20 model is above. This component also related to the timber truss canopy. The vertical members transfer loads to the lower members.

A02 IN SITU INTERIM PRESENTATIONS CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS – SITE VISIT 27 Collocott St, Mordialloc The site was purchased by the client approx 12 months ago, with a house that needed to be demolished. It has taken 12 months, due to planning approval.

They are building 2 townhouses – dual occupancy 3 bedroom, 2 bathrooms, double garage Once the site was cleared of the existing house, a surveyor will came to site to check the levels of the site from datum points in the street. This identified the rise and fall and where cut and fill is needed.

They also lay out the star pickets with the site set back for the building to be laid out.

A soil test is down to identify the type of soil they are building on. This site is an S class soil – slightly reactive, sandy clay.

Once the surveyor has laid out the site, the plumbing needed to be laid out. So the waste and sewerage PVC pipes are laid and tested to make sure there are no leaks. They are placed on quarter minus gravel to stabilise the pipes and avoid them moving with the soil underneath.

Once the site has been approved to continue, the timber formwork for the concrete slab is constructed and the engineer recommended size cross hatch reinforcing is laid out. This needs to be again approved by the site inspector before the concrete is poured.

The concrete is being poured next week.

With speaking to Simon, the site manager, they work off A3 plans, as they are easier to handle on site.

Stonehenge is predominately a boutique custom builder, with an internal Architectural team. Currently they are also developing a site in Williamstown.

WEEK07 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK07 - LEARNING LOOP Arches are curved structures for spanning an opening.

They support vertical loads by axial compression. It transforms vertical forces into inclined components and transfers it equally to its sides.

Vaults are mass arched strucures that can be made from stone brick or reinforced concrete. They form ceilings for wholly or partially enclosed spaces. It behaves like a 3D arch. It longtitudinal walls must be butressed in order to counteract the outward thrusts of arching action.

Watertight detailing Water penetration prevention can be achieved by keeping water away from an opening. This may be by overlapping roofing or cladding elements, sloping roof or roof/wall flashing. Openings can also be removed using sealants such as silicone, gaskets (artificial rubber) , however both can deteriate from weathering.

Walls can be made waterproof by coating it with an impervious surface or using a rain screen system.

There are barrel vaults which have semi-circular corss sections as well as cross-vaults. These are compunded perpendicular inter-section of two vaults.

Thermal mass can also be used to store heat over a period of time and release it when the temperature drops. This can be achieved with concrete, masonry and water bodies.

Air leakage can be prevented by wrapping a building in polythylene/reflective foil sarking - air barriers.

Plastics Plastics are made from non-metal elements such as carbon and silicon combined into monomer molecules.

Monomers combine to form polymers.

Thermoplastics: Moulded when heated, solidified when cool Thermosetting: Can only be shaped once

A dome has a spherical surface structure and a circular plan. It consists of stacked blocks, continuous rigid materials and short linear elements.

Shells are thin curved plate structures. They are generally made from reinfroced concrete. It transfers applied loads by membrane stresses (compressive, tensile and shear forces act on the suface plane. Shells have little bending resistance due to their thinness.

Radiation can be controlled with reflective surfaces and shading systems such as verandahs, eaves, solar shelves and vegetation; which prevents radiation from reaching the building envelope.

Heating and Cooling Conduction can be controlled with thermal insulation as well as thermal breaks where poor conducters are used to reduce heat transfer from outside to inside (and vise versa). Double glazing is used to reduce heat flow through glazed elements.

Hardness: Medium-Low Fragility: Low-Medium (when degraded e.g. by heat) Ductility: High when heated Flexibility and plasticity: High Conductivity: Poor Durability: High Paint: A liquid applied upon surface which forms a film that solidifies upon contact with air. Surface finishes range from matte to gloss. Water based latex paint is more flexible than oil paint.

WEEK07 - STUDIO REPORT OFF CAMPUS The Prima building is 72 stories tall. At the time of our visit 35 floors were already in use by residents.

Site logistics There is an active central lift core. Two jump lifts are running in the finished shafts.

Needed to get people high up There are also people coming up into finishes floors Top deck Core hoist running up Multiplex - decide where cranes will go - decide construction metrology

Site logistics Tow cranes are required to carry a lot of materials, beacues the more materials carried in the lift - less room for people.

There is an external tower crane Climbs itself - loading bay alongside power st There is also one inside the tower Structure Jump form - acts of form work for core walls Open and close the shutters Reuse for work system 4 day cycles - new floor every four days 1. Structure 2. Glass 3. Fit out Post tension slabs - minimal reinforcing - series of smaller cables Yellow - load bearing precast panels Have to be cast minimum of three days before bringing to site Minimal columns - reinforced column cables Pre fab elements are faster More precast for job - didn’t all have to be load bearing. When it comes to fit out - many will be replaced with lighter weight concrete Floor with beams - time consuming - design change - put in pt Internal lifts - too many external lifts, creates a scar where you can’t put windows

Facade Cantilever curtain wall system Procurement - from china - largest facade manufacture in china - one level per week to keep up with the structure Shipments take 16 days - usually on site within 20 days Like to have a stock pile Have facade as close to the screen as you can - can work behind screens Night shifts for facade installation More of the crane to facade Main to elements - facade and structure Programmed installation sequence with weather patterns

WEEK07 - STUDIO REPORT Architraves, skirting Finishes Three stars Structure finishes - form work pulled out Plaster board frame the walls Sheet the walls Painting - cabinetry Gets the apartment to look 80done toilets showers Defecting programme - getting in perfect - clean finish painting minor touch ups Materials - depends what the clients are after Types of contracts - little bit of room to move - time reduction Wall types - speed panel etc.

Source materials - made overseas Prefab offsite

All architects had to do was tidy up details Architects work for us Out on a weekly basis

SERVICES Fire Hydraulics Mechanical - aircon and exhaust Electricians - easiest when there is nothing else

Bring in carcass from dandenong

Timber board to hold weight -

Noble grey dark - each picked

Skrew plaster boards into the stud

Piles that go 45m down - over 100

Lobbies last to built Pink means fire rated

Flooring - contracted - timber or carpet Three coats of paint

WEEK08 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK08 - LEARNING LOOP The moment of Inertia is the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from complanar rotation axis. It indicates how the cross sectional area of a structural member is distributed.

Windows consist of a frame, sash and glazing as well as mullions. They can be Fixed (non-ventilating), casement, Awning and hopper, sliding, double hung, jalousie or pivoting.

Section modulus is the moment of inertia of a section divided by distance from neutral axis to the most remote surface.

Windows can be made from timber, aluminium or steel among a wide range of materials.

When moment of inertia is exceeded by external moments deformation and deflection can occur.

Deflection occurs under transverse loading. It is the perpendicular distance at which a spanning member deviates from a true course. It increases with increasing load and span and decreases with increasing moment of inertia or section modulus.

Doors Key parts of doos include the leaf, frame, handle/knob as well as the latch and lock.

Doors can operate in a number of ways by swinging, bypass sliding, surface sliding, pocket sliding, folding and revolving.

Doors can be made from a number of materials including Timber, Aluminium and Steel.

Curtain walls are window systems which function as panels. They may be load bearing, where load is transferred around the windows through the structural columns.

Glass is formed by a number of compounds that are melted and cooled into glass.

Glass is a waterproof material.

Desity: Medium-high Conducticity: Conducts light and heat but not electricity It is hard but also fragile and brittle Plasticity: Elastic when molten.

Durability: High (rust resistant and does not decompose easily Reusability: Very HIgh Sustainability: High embodied energy and carbon footprint Economy: Expensive to manufacture and transport Float glass is a common manufacturing process for producing flat glass.

Polycinyl butyral plastic is often sandwhiched bwtween two sheets of glass so that it can crack but not fall apart.

Glass can also by custom manufactured in moulds for specific requirements but this is costly.

WEEK08 - STUDIO REPORT Door Type 7 Description: TIMBER FRAMED DOUBLE GLAZED Frame: STEEL Frame Finish: PT - 13 -Paint to exposed structural steel Leaf: Hardwood + GL-03 - Glazing Leaf Finish: PT-04 - Timber Sealer Satin Door Numbers: 2.04 D01, 2.04 D02 Comments: GLF-01 Solid Film to both sides as shown in grey - Frosted glazing film

Detailing elements and function Motor operater axed to header beam This lets the user open the door manually at a reduced force. It also closes the door with speed limitations.

Door perimeter seal - designed for the gap between the door and the frame (up and down the jamb and across the head of the door) Vapour Barrier - Equalises air pressure Potential Weakness: Vapour barrier is made of fragile materials and can become instantly dysfunctional upon fracture. In such cases, water may penetrate into the building and cause accelerated decay of timber, rusting of metal components such as nails and joints and reduces fire-rating capacity of materials.

WEEK08 - STUDIO REPORT Taken from internal perspective.

Threshold - A piece of wood, stone, allumiium or other material placed beneath a door; a doorsill

GLF-01 Solid Film to both sides as shown in grey - Frosted glazing film

WEEK09 - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

WEEK09 - LEARNING LOOP STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

Movement Joints

Horizontal/longitudinal shearing stress prevents slippage along horizontal planes under transverse load. It is equal to vertical shearing stress at any point.

There are several types of movement joints. Expansion joints are continuous slots that allow for heat/moisture expansion without damage.

Control joints are continuous grooves in concrete slabs or masonry walls. They form a plane of weakness are therefore control the location and amount of cracking which occurs as a result of shrinkage, thermal stress and structural movement.

Vertical shearing stress is the sum of transverse forces on one side of a members cross-section.

Bending stress is at its mazimum value at the surface furthest from neutral axis. The Neutral axis is devoid of stresses. It is an imaginary line through the centre of a members cross-section.

Bending stress resits transverse forces, occurs at cross-section of member and is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses.

SHEAR

BENDING

Construction Detailing Construction detailing refers to how materials are put together One examples of a movement joints is a backing rod with corking. This prevents cracking by accomidating for compression due to expansion and tension due to contraction.

Part of construction detailing is about complying with health and safety regulations/building codes. Certain codes such as fire rating depend on building occupancy as well as floor heights.

Good Construction detailing is also about ensuring a building ages gracefully. For example, matte surfaces age better than glossy surfaces (with the exception of glazed tiles and enamelled steel. Painting timber is a good way to slow its aging process. Certain materials improve in appearance with age such as copper which develops a green patina and timber which grades over time.

Part of detailing is about choosing materials and surfaces which are resistant to damage and easily repairable. The purpose of skirting is to use a harder, replacable surfaces to protect fragile surfaces from damage. It also covers gaps and allows for expansion and contraction between wall and floor materials. Metal corner beads and metal edge trims are also used for protecting corners.

WEEK09 - LEARNING LOOP Composite Materials Composite is formed from a combination of different materials that are bonded together. Each material retains its individual properties, however, they act together to provide improved synthesised properties.

Fibreglass is a mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins in frabric/tape form. It is produced as flat and profiled sheet products and can be shaped into products such as transparent/translucent roof/wall cladding as well as pre-fab products such as swimming pools. It is fire-resistant, wheather proof, lightweight and strong.

Timber composites are made from solid timber, engineered timber as well as galvanised steel. This can be used for tiber top and bottom chords of trusses and engineered timber webs. The benifits are material efficiency, cost effectiveness, easy installation and easy accomidation of services.

Alluminium sheet composites are a composite of alu minium and plastic. They form a sandwhich panel with a plastic core of resin and are lined with 2 outer aluminium sheet skins. They are material efficient, less expensive, weather and shock resistant, allows for seamless details and allows for a wide range of finishes.

Fibre reinforced polymers are plastics combines with timber, glass or carbon fibres. This material can be moulded into shape. It can be used for decking and external cladding as well as beams and columns. I t increases the strength to weight ration and is also corrosion resistant.

There are four types of composites, fibrous, laminar, particulate and hybrid.

Fibre reinforced cement is made from cellular fibres, portland cement, sand and water. It is made in sheet and board form and is used for cladding walls and board panels. It is fire-resistant, resistant to water and termite damage, rotting and warping and is also cost-efficient.

WEEK09 - STUDIO REPORT

Timber formwork has been used to achieve a rustic wooden finish on the concrete in the image above. Timber flooring can be seen above. Steel components have been fixed to one another by welding. These columns are integral to the timber canopy structure overhead.

At the Oval Pavillion, the brick course/modules are even in most places, however, where the brick work meets the pop-out window, the brick spacing has been miscalculated.

The bricks therefore had to be cut/shaved down in order fit in the steel frame of the pop-out window.

This image of another student’s 1:1 detail demonstrates relatively sketchy drawing and detailing skills. Gaps are not left between elements making it difficult to distinguish one from another. Some codes have not been converted into comprehendable language. Many of the textures are rough, giving the drawing a generally sketchy appearance.

In the image above, an overflow gutter can be seen at the top of the masonry wall. In stormy weather, leaves and other mattter can freeze in down-pipes causing blockages. In this case, water that enters box-gutters can be let out from the over-flow pipe at a safe distance from the building.

A bolt has been used to fic the steel colum and the above beam. The use of a pin joint allows for movement, necassary to release strain placed on the canopy in harsh weather. The canopy structure is subject to heavy wind loads/forces. The unusual algles of the canopy structure means that the timber pieces do not allign.

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

GROUP 1 Material: 1200 x 35 x 35 (x1) - Australian grown pine with several defects 1200 x 42 x 18 (x3) - New Zealand-grown pine (x2) Structure: A flat truss with parallel pine chords. Diagonal webs Maximum loading level: 263kg Loading condition: Even and central point loading Maximum deflection: 30mm Failure mechanism: Failure of fixings Nails are not reliable under shear pressure

WEEK07 - WORKSHOP REPORT GROUP 2 Material: 1200 x 3.2 x 90 (x1) - Plywood (1x) 1200 x 42 x 18 (x3) - New Zealand-grown pine (x2) Structure: Plywood is good in tension but weak in compression Pine is strong in compression but weak in tension Work together to form strong and stiff structure Maximum loading level: 300kg Loading condition: Even and centred point loading Maximum deflection: 36mm Failure mechanism: Central fixings caused a weakness in the timber. Thus the structure broke at this point.

GLOSSARY - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Constructing Environments ENVS10003

Week 1 Glossary

Week 2 Glossary

Load Path Diagram The path taken by a load when it moves/travels from one structural member to another connected to it (Ching, 2008)

Structural Joint A structural joint is the point at which structural members meet and connect.

Beam A horizontal structural member that is rigid, designed to carry or conduct transverse loads accross space to supporting vertical members of a structure (Ching, 2014) Masonry Masonry refers to structures that are built with units of various products, such as brick, stone or concrete block.

Mortar is often used as a bonding agent to hold the units together.

Stability A state where the sum of the action forces and reaction forces is equal to zero Tension Is a force that pulls apart or elongates a member (Construction Dictionary, 2014) Frame An assembly of columns and beams capable of withstanding both forces and moments (Ching, 2008)

Compression Is a pushing force that causes the shortening of members (Ching, 2008)

Bracing A system which is used to add stability to a structure, so that it may withstand lateral forces (Ching, 2008)

Point Load A load that is concentrated at one point/over a small area of a structural member (Harris, 2006)

Column Vertical members designed to transfer loads to the ground

Reaction Force Force that has equal magnitude and opposite direction as an action force (Ching, 2008)

Week 3 Glossary Moment The tendency for an object to rotate as a result of force applied at a distance from a point of support (Ching, 2008) Retaining Wall A retaining wall is designed and used to resist ground pressure in basement structures and structures built on sloping sites (Ching, 2008) Strip Footing This type of footing extends past the unsuitable soil down to the stable bedrock underneath. It is a type of footing used on unstable soil to give the building structural integrity (Ching, 2008) Pad footing A pad footing lies just underneath the lowest part of the superstructure near ground surface. This type of footing is used on stable soil that (Ching, 2008) Slab-on-grade This is a type of shallow foundation made from monolithic in situ reinforced concrete. Its edges are made thicker than interior portions (“Three types of Concrete Foundations�)

Substructure Any structural members that are below the ground and support the super structure (Ching, 2008).

Week 4 Glossary Joist A form of beam used to support floor/ceiling loads (e.g. floor boards). Joists are supported by girders or bearing walls that have a vertically oriented widest side (Harris, 2006) Steel decking This form of decking is used for formwork. Its steel qualities give it good tensile capacity. It is corrugated to improve stiffness and spanning capacity (Ching, 2008).

Span This is the distance between two supporting members (Ching, 2008) Girder Main beam in a series of joists used to support point loads along its length (Harris, 2006) Concrete Plank (AKA hollow concrete slab) This slab-on-grade flooring has longitudinal voided “cores” which reduce its weight. It is made from pre-cast concrete.

Spacing Refers to the distance between any repeated element of of a structure (Ching, 2008)

Week 5 Glossary

Week 6 Glossary

Stud A stud is a vertical member of a frame wall (”Construction Terms and Definitions,”2000)

Rafter A rafter is a structural member which slopes down from the ridge of a roof to the eaves. A series of rafters support the roof covering (Harris, 2006)

Nogging Noggings are the horizontal members in between the studs of a frame wall. (“Common Construction Terms,” 2000).

Lintel Structural member that carries loads over a portal (windows and doors) (Common Construction Terms,”2000) Axial Load Loads that act along the axis of a member (Ching, 2008) Buckling Buckling refers to the failure of a column (vertical load bearing member) due to the axial displacement of a long coloumn being smaller than its lateral deflection (“Buckling of Columns,” 2014) Seasoned Timber Seasoned timber is wood that is ready for use. Its moisture content has been removed/dried by one of many seasoning methods (Lyons, 2007)

Purlin Beam placed horizontally on the main rafter of a roof system to support the series of rafters that hold the roof cover (Harris, 2006) Cantilever A projecting structural member (often a beam) that is only supported at one end (Ching, 2008).

Portal Frame A portal frame connects roof rafters with a wall frame with welded fixed joints (“Common Construction Terms,” 2000).

Eave The overhangs of a roof (Common Construction Terms,”2000) Alloy This is a mixture of more than one metal. Alloys retain the properties of its components.

Soffit The undersurface of roof eaves (“Common Construction Terms,” 2000) Top Chord Main top member of a truss. It extends accorss the entire truss system (Ching, 2008).

Week 7 Glossary

Week 8 Glossary

Week 9 GLossary

Drip A drip projects over doosr/window to ensure that rainwater is released away from the building envelope (Harris, 2006).

Moment of Inertia Sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar rotation axis (Ching, 2008).

Vapour Barrier (Also called vapour retarder) This is a protective layer used to ensure that moisture does not enter a roof system (Harris, 2006).

Deflection Perpendicular distance at which a spanning member deviates from its original position upon load application (Buelow, 2009).

Sandwich panel This is a composite construction that is made by conding layers of strong materials to weaker core materials. The purpose is to generate high stength/stiffness-to-weight ratio (Harris, 2006)

Gutter A Channel/conduit used to catch and carry away rainwater. Gutters are along and below roof eaves (Construction Terms and Definitions,” 2000).

Stress Stress refers to internal forces which are a result of external forces. It occurs in elastic materials (Harris, 2006).

Parapet Low safety walls on roof edges (“Common Construction Terms,” 2000).

Down Pipe (Also called downspout) A vertical pipe connected to gutter to conduct water down to the ground (Harris, 2006).

Flashing Layer of material used to prevent water penetrating through any building openings (Construction Terms and Definitions,” 2000).

Insulation Insulation assists to reduce the rate of thermal transfer. It is made from materials that are poor conductors (Construction Terms and Definitions,” 2000).

Sealant Sealant is used to make joints and surfaces water and air tight (Ching, 2007)

Shear Force A force which causes shearing or lateral deflection of members (Harris, 2006).

Window Sash Framework into which window glazing is fitted (Ching, 2008).

Door furniture/hardware Metal fastenings required for door operation, e.g locksets, hinges, closers, doorstops, thresholds and weatherstripping (Ching, 2008).

Bending When material is shaped or forced into a curve. This may be due to a combination of compressive and tensile stresses occuring at the cross-section of a member (Ching, 2008) Skirting Skirting covers the connection between flooring and wall.

It is used for aesthetic reasons, but also to protect fragile materials with replacable materials. (“Common Construction Terms”, 2000).

Composite Beam A beam (horizontal structural member) made up of more than one material to enhance its properties, such as stregth and stiffness (Grammol, 2014) Shaddow Line Joint A joint detail that gives the visual effect of a shaddow line accross a conjoined surface.

Cornice Projected moulding that crowns a wall or divides it across its length (Ching, 2008)

Week 10 Glossary Shear wall A wall made of wood, concrete or masonry that can resist shearing and transfer lateral loads to the ground foundation (Ching, 2008) Soft storey A building level/storey that has significantly less stiffness or strength than stories above it (Ching, 2008).

Braced Frame A timber/steel frame with diagonal members that stabilize the structure against lateral forces (Ching, 2008) Lifecycle A meterials existance from extraction and production to disposal or recycling.

Defect Any imperfection that lowers a member’s stuctural performance (Construction Terms and Definitions,�2000) Corrosion When materials are worn away due to weathering or chemical processes such such as rusting and oxidisation (Dictionary of Construction, 2014) IEQ Indoor Environmental Quality: A set of criterion for sustainable building, which includes levels of humidity, ventilation, acoustics and lighting (Dictionary of Construction, 2014).

BIBLIOGRAPHY - LOGBOOK Joshua C. Blashki - 697827 Architectural Dictionary, (2014). Architectural Dictionary | Defining Architecture @ ArchitecturalDictionary.org. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://architecturaldictionary.org Buckling of Columns. (2014). Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://web.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/AMME2301/Documents/mos/Chapter09.pdf Buelow, P. (2009). Deflection of Structural Members. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from https://open.umich.edu/sites/default/files/1738/arch324-w09-lecture-unit7.pd Ching, F. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Common Construction Terms,. (2000). Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://hsc.csu.edu.au/construction/glossary/3246/common_terms.htm Construction Place. (2005). Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://www.constructionplace.com/glossary.asp Dictionary of Construction. (2010). Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com Ecourses.ou.edu,. (2008). Mechanics eBook: Composite Beams. Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://www.ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?topic=me&chap_sec=06.1&page=theory Harris, C. (1975). Dictionary of architecture and construction (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Home Building Manual. (2014). Retrieved 4 October 2014, from http://www.homebuildingmanual.com/index.html Lyons, A. (2004). Materials for architects and builders (1st ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.