COOLING
mechanisms that cool water or use water to cool
COILS, LOOPS & CONVECTION VEHICULAR RADIATOR AIR CONDITIONER CHILLING PLANT ICE RINK PRECIPITATION GROUNDWATER GEO-THERMAL COOLING RELEASE HUMAN PERSPIRATION PLANT TRANSPIRATION DRINKING BIRD WIND CATCHER EVAPORATIVE COOLER COOLING TOWER RETROSPECT
56 LA 4960 WATER MACHINES
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
LIFTING
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING COOLING
ALTERING
HUMAN PERSPIRATION
[D] EVAPORATION
Perspiration via sweat is one way that human beings expell heat. Sweat glands are distributed all over a human’s skin, found within the dermis layer. [C] CONDENSATION
[B] SECRETION
EPIDERMIS DERMIS
[1] SKIN SECTION Sweat, a water-rich secretion, is [A] produced within a coil of hollow cells and [B] moves to the surface of the skin via a long duct. This sweat [C] condenses on the exterior surface of the skin. The heat is removed from the body when the sweat is [D] evaporated off of the skin. This cooling effect is a product of the vaporization. [2] HEAVIEST SWEAT ZONES Sweating is activated by the body’s metabolism, muscle activity or emotional stress. There are two types of glands, including eccrine (found mostly in the palms, feet, and forehead) and apocrine (found mostly in the armpits and genital area). Humans sweat a lot from these glands, but also all over their skin. [3] OTHER COOLING METHODS Dogs and many other animal species do not have sweat glands like humans. Their only mean of cooling is via respiraton.
[A] SWEAT GLAND
[B]
[2] HEAVIEST SWEAT ZONES
[A] H2O ClNa+ K+
[1] SKIN SECTION + SWEAT GLAND ENLARGEMENT 64 LA 4960 WATER MACHINES
LIFTING
[3] OTHER COOLING METHODS
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING COOLING
ALTERING
WIND CATCHER This ancient example, orignally employed by the Persians, is utilized in desert climates of the Middle East. It combines an underground well (qanat) with their wind-catching architecture. [1] OPERATIONAL DIAGRAM The qanats [A] pull hot desert wind into their underground wells where it is [B] cooled by interacting with this underground water. The cooled air is then [C] pulled up into a building. This building also utilizes a wind tower that [D] collects hot wind from the exterior and brings it into the lowest level of the building where it [E] interacts with the cooled air and [F] circulates it to cool the building. This air is then [G] expelled via the same wind tower.
[D]
WIND
[G]
[A] [F]
[E]
QANAT INFRASTRUCUTRE PANORAMIO.COM
[B]
[C]
STRUCTURE EXAMPLE HISTORICALIRAN.COM 67 LA 4960 WATER MACHINES
LIFTING
[1] OPERATIONAL SECTION
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING COOLING
ALTERING
EVAPORATIVE COOLER Evaporative coolers, known affectionately as swamp coolers, are an efficient mean of cooling in arid, low-humidity climates. [1] EVAPORATIVE COOLING PROCESS Evaporative coolers utilize cool water that is collected in a water distributor. This water is [A] distrbuted into an evaporative pad that hold the water in its pockets. [B] Hot air is sucked through this evaporative pad via a fan, where the air [C] interacts with the cool water, cooling the air. The water is constantly replensihed with cool water, and the warmed water (from interacting with the hot air) is [D] collected and recycled via a resevoir. This air is subsequently [E] sucked back through the fan that [F] distributes it into the building/car/etc. via the same fan.
WATER DISTRIBUTOR
[A] FAN
EVAPORATIVE PAD
CAR SWAMP COOLER ETSY.COM [F] [C]
[B]
[E]
[C]
[B]
HOME SWAMP COOLER HOMEDEPOT.COM [D]
RECYCLED WATER RESEVOIR
[1] EVAPORATIVE COOLING PROCESS 68 LA 4960 WATER MACHINES
EVAPORATIVE PAD KMFACSERV.COM
LIFTING
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING COOLING
ALTERING
COOLING TOWER Cooling towers are the final heatrelieving machinisms within steam-producing power plants. [1] CONDENSER The steam created from the nuclear reaction is [A] funneled into a chamber where it [B] turns turbines to create power. This steam is then [C] passed through a condenser where the steam condenses on pipes filled with cool water ([L] pumped from the water basin in the cooling tower). This condensate is [D] collected and recycled through the system again. The cool water in the pipes is [E] heated by the steam and is [F] passed into the cooling tower. [2] COOLING TOWER Within the cooling tower, the steam [G] rises and cools (one degree for every 100m within the 200m tall tower) and is [H] released into the atmosphere. Within this tower, some vapor [I] re-condenses and falls back into the basin at the base of the tower where it is mixed with [J] cold water that is pumped from an exterior source and then [K] pumped back through the system to be [L] used in the condenser.
[H]
FROM NUCLEAR REACTOR
[A]
[G]
TO POWER GRID [B] TURBINE [C]
[I]
[L]
[E]
[F] [D]
CONDENSER
[J]
TO NUCLEAR REACTOR
[K] [L]
PUMP
COOL WATER BASIN
FROM PUMP
[1] CONDENSER 69 LA 4960 WATER MACHINES
COOLING TOWER
FROM EXTERIOR WATER SOURCE
[2] COOLING TOWER
LIFTING
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING COOLING
ALTERING
RETROSPECT
TRANSFORMATIONS LIFTING
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING
PHASE TRANSITIONS ALTERING
LIQUEFACTION
SOLIDIFICATION
VAPORIZATION
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION
VEHICULAR RADIATOR AIR CONDITIONING CHILLING PLANT ICE RINK PRECIPITATION GROUNDWATER GEO-THERMAL COOLING HUMAN PERSPIRATION TRANSPIRATION DRINKING BIRD WIND CATCHER EVAPORATIVE COOLER COOLING TOWER
70 LA 4960 WATER MACHINES
LIFTING
DROPPING
HEATING
COOLING COOLING
ALTERING