Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM) www.ijrtem.com Ç Volume 1 Ç Issue 7 Ç
ISSN: 2455-3689
Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using Arc (GIS) as technical tools Farhat M Emhemed1, Manal Mohsen Abood2 1, 2
(Faculty of Engineering and Technology Infrastructure, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, (IUKL), Malaysia, 43000, Kuala Lumpur)
ABSTRACT: The change in human society and the population increase in Surman citypopulation has led to an increase in environmental problems and the increasing depletion of resources and natural resources and non-optimal use of land. This has led to the disparity in the distribution of services, functions, lack of recreational areas, green areas, playgrounds, and other services. Surman City scheme suffers from many problems, particularly the spread of housing projects. This has to be reconsidered in the ways of development and the urban environment of the city planning. Sustainable urban planning is one of the most important ways and strategies that can be followed for a diaper on Surman city scheme and preserves the rights of future generations to live in urban and convenient style. The purpose of this research evaluation of residential areas Surman city scheme to know shortages and deficiencies of the scheme of the city and their suitability for the planning of an urban sustainability using Arc (GIS) technology. It isimportant means in the fields of life, especially the areas of sustainable urban planning where they can be utilized in the analysis and conclusions, as well as future studies accurately and fast. The study found out that appropriate measurable indicators can be relied upon to develop design criteria for residential that will help to achieve a sustainable urban plan during the preparation of urban schemes or develop existing schemes. Keywords: Evaluate residential urban planning,GIS, Sustainable urban planning, Residential urban planning.
Introduction Increase and the rapid growth of population in the world is concentrated in urban cities, it is expected that by 2030 more than 60% of the world's population will reside in urban areas(Nations, 2004). This requires the development of rapid urbanization and the expansion of residential areas to the cities schemes and infrastructure development in the presence of population crawl and depletion of natural resources and an optimal use of land (Hammer, Stewart, Winkler, Radeloff, & Voss, 2004). This has led to the development of residential areas in many cases to have impact on open spaces and inequality in the distribution ratios for functions services which impact on the style and dynamics and functions of urban areas and ecosystems for the development of residential areas(Irwin & Bockstael, 2004). Sustainable urban planning has become an important element to achieve the principles of sustainability and the ideal solution for residential and urban areas facing restriction by social-economic level, environmental pressure, population pressure and traffic pressure, etc.(Xu & Coors, 2012) . Data and results on residential area development can thus be significantlyused to understand the ways to raise the urban landscape change and help guide government agencies and planners in the optimal use of land and ways of preserving the environment and natural resources and protection (Yin, Kong, & Zhang, 2011) . The planning stage started first in Libya during the advent of Economic Development when it was preparing plans for the development of important cities and villages in between (1968 - 1988). It focused on urban growth without addressing the regional studies. There were two schemes established then, the first which was integrated detailed plans for major cities named overall schemes. While the second type of schemes for cities and villages was named general schemes used to separate residential areas for service activities. During the second year of the economic development (1969), it has prepared the first stage of it schemes because of the improved economic situation of the country and the significant increase in the population growth and the development of communities (Sheibani & Havard, 2005). By the end of the seventies, it has initiated planning in the second stage (1980 - 2000). The stage included the preparation of a national plan, a long-term plan stage that included the preparation of four(4) regional schemes, eighteen(18) regional scheme subcategories, and the preparation and development of 240 schemes for other cities. This stage was based on a comprehensive and detailed foundations of the planning system adopted by all the regions. At the end of the second stage of planning, Urban Planning Department began the preparation of the third planning stage, which was named third generation schemes and the set time period for this stage was (2000-2025) (Libya, 2010). Urban planning criteria are one the most important means of the preparation and implementation of urban plans and considered to be the guidance or directory to help in the preparation of programs and development of schemes and the development of communities through housing development and facilities and infrastructure. It also helps in the NEEDs assessment of land for the purpose of providing services with acceptable criteria in the long term and to maintain the land (studies, 2000). It is important to note that the failure to achieve the principles of sustainability in the built environment in Surman city scheme will lead to the wasting of natural resources and making it difficult to create an eco-friendly environment. The result of the research was presented to a converted access to set measurable indicators for Surman city special scheme for sustainable Urban Planning and to measure their suitability with the aid of an Arc (GIS) technology to serve as a criterion. It measures the appropriateness of any future project sustainability concept to be implemented within the planned city. It also recognizes the reality of Surman city scheme and the
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Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using..... problems associated with planning in the city, and then apply the scheme and compared. The research built on finding out how to apply sustainability criteria using geographic information systems (Alahamm, 2011) . The purpose of this paper is to develop a sustainability analysis of urban residential development mainly considering andevaluatingthe deficiencies and shortages of Surman city in Libya and to improve the scheme of the city in a residential domain of the traditional scheme of an urban sustainable scheme. This research adopted the methodology of scientific research, gathering information, and guides that have to do with Surman city plan and sustainable urban planning. It also adopted description and analysis using geographic information systems (GIS). This research pointed out indicators that can be relied upon to develop the design of the residential plan, and assist on sustainability in the preparation of development plans of existing criteria. The existing plans were done with the aid of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, which has the ability to analyze areas and schemes cities an d give accurate results at high speed. It is as a result of this that the researcher evaluated Surman city plan and ways to achieve sustainable urban planning strategies. Furthermore, the research results obtained in empirical models were applied to provide important sustainable insights into the urban residential development in recent years.
Method 2.1. Background of Surman City and city scheme (study area) The area of study was located within Surman city scheme limits, which is located in the northwest in Libya, and about 60 km away west of the capital Tripoli, and Coordinates. N 32° 45′ 24″, E 12°34'18''. The city has boundary from the north with the Mediterranean Sea, to the east is Zawia city, to the south is Yafran city, and to the west of the city is Sabratha city shown in Figure. 1.The scheme is located within the master plan for Surman city limits with an estimated total area of about 12,797,118 m2(Office of Housing and Utilities for Surman city, 2013). The total number of housing units is (2690), these are for two generations of the city for the schemes which have been accredited in 1983. It accommodates a city planfor about (40,000) number of people, and the city relies on two types of housing, the private housing and the public housing.The public housing in the form of different types of housing complexes dispersed within the scheme (HUSCO,2012).
Figure. 1 Location of the study area Source: HUSCO, 2012
2.2. The components of a city scheme
First: residential areas. Residential areas consist of two types of buildings which are: 1- Separate Residential Buildings It includes residential units located within the city scheme different floors and spaces spread sites. - Residential buildings that consist of 4 floors, and contains two apartments on the floor, with a total of 1000 housing units, and a housing unit area of 150.00 m2. - Residential Buildings that consists of 4 floors, and contains two apartments on the floor, with a total of 320 housing units, and a housing unit area of 145.00 m2.
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Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using..... - Residential Buildings that consist of 4 floors, and contains two apartments on the floor, with a total of 920 housing units, and a housing unit area of 145.00 m2. - Residential Buildings that consist of 5 floors, and contains two apartments on the floor, with a total of 100 housing units, and a housing unit area of 140.00 m2. - Residential Buildings that consist of 3 floors, and contains two apartments on the floor, with a total of 150 housing units, and a housing unit area of 138.00 m2. 2- Buildings, Residential towers. This includes three residential buildings next to some of the housing units that consists of 4 floors, in each of the floor there are 10 residential units, with a total of 200 housing units, and a housing unit area of 125.00 m2(HUSCO,2012). Second: public utilities and service facilities - Services and Facilities:this includes urban complex, shopping mall, commercial buildings, police station, post office, cultural center, shopping buildings of different types and three bank branches. - Educational services includes: the 11 schools which are distributed within and around residential areas, and also includes a highInstitute for Comprehensive professions. - Health services: There are three health centers distributed Within the Plan. - Religious services: There are four mosques distributed Within the Planed city, and two centers for the memorization of the Koran. - Infrastructure: this includes roads, sidewalks, water systems, sewage, electricity, telephone network. - The green areas: Contains a city planner on main public park brokered a city planner and small gardens within and around the residential area. The following table shows the components of residential areas and facilities located within the city plan and completion percentages as shown in table (1)(Planning council management, 2012). Table 1: The components of the residential areas of Surman city scheme. Number Completed Not completed Implementation rate Residential areas Separate Residential 315 240 75 76% Building Contiguous Residential 3 3 0 100% Building Services and Facilities Urban complex 1 0 1 20% Shopping mall 1 1 0 100% Commercial buildings 21 21 0 100% Police station 1 1 0 100% Post office 1 1 0 100% Cultural center 1 1 0 100% Shopping buildings 6 4 2 67% Bank branches 3 3 0 100% Educational services Schools 11 7 4 64% Health services Health centers 3 1 2 33% Religious services Mosques 4 3 1 75% Teaching the Koran 2 1 1 50% centers Infrastructure Roads, Sidewalks 45% Water systems 55% Sewage 40% Electricity 70% Telephone network 50% The green area Main public park 40% Small gardens within and 30% The items
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Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using..... around the residential area
Results and Discussion 3.1 Surman city scheme and measurement indicators In calculating the measurable indicators, dealing with city planners for what has been completed and implemented, and in the future what are to be considered to evaluate the use of geographic information systems Arc(GIS). 3.1.1 Measuring diversity index of residential units To measure the diversity of the housing unit index, one must know the number of housing units existing for residential in the city, and then compared with other similar projects which have either of these projects locally or internationally. Therefore, the establishment of these types of housing units within the city should be planned to fit the needs of a certain segment of the population which are the low-income category. When comparing patterns and other types of housing units in other projects, it should be taken into account the proportionality and diversity of the population category mentioned above. Table 2 shows the type of housing units that is expected to be available in similar projects for Surman city, compared with what remains of the housing units within the city plan (Farhat & Manal 2016). Table 2: Types of housing units within Surman city scheme and the proportion achieve measurement index. Source: (Farhat& Manal, 2016). Tape of housing units Available Not Number Achieved available available 80 m2 / No found No 100-120 m2 / No found No 120-150 m2 / 2690 Yes Tape of area m2
Apartment tape
An apartment in a / 2490 residential building Apartment in the tower / 200 Separate villa a / No found separate house Any other kinds of / No found apartments. Studios‌.. etc. The total percentage to achieve diversity of the housing units index
Yes Yes No No
42.86%
3.1.2 Measuring the achievement of land use and environmental diversity index This indicator can be measured by examining the private spaces for each activity within the residential areas, and also through the study of land use in areas within the city plan. It then analyzes and draws conclusions in the percentage of each activity, after which the rates of land use is compared to global case studies that have been mentioned to determine the proportion of similarity and compatibility between them. Tables 3: shows the area ratios and all land uses and functions in residential areas of the scheme city. Source: (Farhat & Manal, 2016 Land used type Area (m2) Percentage (%) 128149.8462
8.6865
Residential towers
3020.0171
0.2047
The urban center
25560.1120
1.7326
Main streets
337458.7708
22.8743
Street services
159502.9610
10.8118
Corridors
199911.2506
13.5508
Car parks
158646.9086
10.7537
Residential Buildings
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Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using..... Public gardens
54868.7308
3.7192
Green areas
197841.0908
13.4105
Paved areas
145992.0761
9.8959
Commercial center
9151.2826
0.6203
Administrative buildings
3888.0770
0.2635
Playgrounds
2422.0000
0.1642
Schools
38648.5866
2.6195
Health services
7378.0733
0.5001
Cultural services
1041.1516
0.0705
Civil defense
560.8700
0.0380
Police station
1230.2687
0.0833
1475272.0738
100.0000
Banks
The total
The table below shows the percentage use of land in Surman city scheme and comparable percentages of use of land per Masdar City in United Arab Emirates and Dongtan city in China. Table 4: Shows the comparison of each of the UAE Masdar City, Dongtan city in China with Surman city planner proportion of use of land and residential areas. Source: (Frenchman & Zegras, 2012),(Raza, Janajreh, & Ghenai, 2014), (HUSCO,2012). Average The percentage of percentage Masdar City Percentage achieves Land use and Dongtan rapprochement Masdar Dongtan, China Surman City, city UAE planned Housing & Residency, 96.21% open 38.00% 45.00% 39.93% 41.50% spaces, and services Roads and Corridors 184.09% 32.00% 31.00% 57.99% 31.50% Education and 9.96% Scientific 30.00% 24.00% 2.69% 27.00% Research The total percentage to achieve land use index 96.75% 3.1.3 Measurement of movement by private vehicles and pedestrians index The possibility of measuring the mobility index should be focused on known residential areas which have a link with activities and services such as daily movement (i.e. Schools, public parks, health clinics, mosques, commercial buildings, administrative buildings,
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Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using..... banks, Cultural centers and Playgrounds). These services are to be located near residential areas, where the city population movement relies on private vehicles or walking. To achieve sustainability, the distance should not exceed 250m. The location of services near residential areas, circles within a radius of 250 m, from which to determine the distance that has been covered and consistent with sustainable urban plan. After that is determined, the number of residential buildings and places of covered services and daily activities that are meant to calculate the percentage check on its own index. The percentage of the entire residential buildings is then determined to the extent of movement and then measures the percentage index of the distribution. Table 5 shows the percentage of covered services and everyday activities of residential buildings, to know the total proportion of residential buildings plan for the city. Table 5 shows the percentage covered basic services for residential buildings in residential areas and measure the extent to which the movement index. Source: (Farhat & Manal, 2016). Total Total Number of Number Percentag Percentag Total number number Separate of e of e of housin of of Residentia Buildings Separate Buildings g units Services Separate Building l Buildings , Residenti , covere Residenti s covered by Residenti al Residenti d from al Resident the area of al towers Buildings al towers 2690 Buildings ial the service covered units (2490 towers by the (%) unit) (200 area of (%) unit) the service Schools 141 3 44.67 100 1300 Public parks 199 3 63.17 100 1792 Health 0 3 0 100 200 clinics Mosques 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial 315 3 77 3 24.44 100 816 buildings Administrati 25 0 7.93 0 150 ve buildings Banks 0 0 0 0 0 Cultural 32 3 10.15 100 456 centers Playgrounds 48 0 15.23 0 384 The average number of the housing units covered by the service basis 566 units Percentage for each type of building 18.39% 55.55% Percentage of each building and residential covered services 36.97% basic 3.1.4 Measuring the achievement of mixed land use index (Mixed Land use Factor) The measurement using this indicator is to know and identify the green space percentage of the entire space used in the scheme, and to see areas that give the possibility of bio-diversity emergence and continuity. It also focused on knowing places percentage for linking rainwater into the soil and also taking into account the planned waste by the presence of methods or mechanisms for recycling of waste. The network for collection of rainwater was also considered, and the network separated from the sewage network if it exists.Table 6 shows the percentage of verification measuring biodiversity and green infrastructure of residential areas in the scheme. Table 6: Shows the extent to which the biodiversity index measuring green infrastructure and residential areas in Surman city scheme. Source: (Farhat & Manal, 2016). Types of biodiversity and green Available not Percentage ideal if Percentage infrastructure available available verification (%) Available as a Percentage accounted for 30% 44.70 Green spaces percentage 13.41% of the land area of the land used
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Evaluate deficiencies and shortages for the Libyan Residential Urban Planning. Case Study, Surman City, Libya using.....
Trees
used Yes by about 45% percentage spread in some locations
Fair distribution over the entire areas used
/ Rainwater drainage network (separate) / Processing and recycling of waste Available as a Full executrix areas Rainwater leak of surfaces percentage 34.00% Percentage full achieved biodiversity and green infrastructure index
45.00 0 0 34.00 24.74%
It was recorded that the extent to which the quality of the design housing criteria within the city scheme and their suitability to achieve the principles of sustainability are met, depends on the use of measurable indicators. This was calculated and analyzed by using geographic information systems Arc (GIS) which calculated the percentages of factor existing in the study area and compared it to the rates of global idealism analysis. It is observed that spacing in residential neighborhoods within the city near the scheme do not take into account the basic service functions. This includes the lack of full coverage of basic services in residential areas for basic services and the movement index achieved 36.97%. The percentage can be justified by trying to reconcile the requirements of the population in the surrounding areas and the planned scheme. More also, it lacks a city plan and residential areas of biodiversity and green infrastructure. According to green infrastructure and biodiversity index, a measure of the proportion of 24.74% is achieved. The city scheme also lacks the diversity of the housing units where there are only two models of separate residential buildings and residential compounds, as well as the convergence of housing units. This is achieved by the diversity of the housing units by 43% index. Whereas with regard to land use, it was different percentages between functions since there are high percentages and other law, this is what has been achieved as a measure of the land use index.
Conclusion Surman city is a big city in land mass and has a population of about 70,000 people inside and outside of the planned city, of which only 40,000 people are living Within the Planned Area. The planned area of the city is about 12,797,118 m2. Surman city has witnessed a major urban expansion and an increase in population growth in the last thirty years. This has led to the housing projects inside and outside the scheme. But the lack of housing projects carried out within the planed area to the design criteria to keep up with the basics sustainable urban plan is sophisticated and flexible. The change in human society and the population increase in Surman city population has led to an increase in environmental problems and the increasing depletion of resources and natural resources and non-optimal use of land. This has led to the disparity in the distribution of services and functions and a lack of recreational areas, green areas, playgrounds, and other services. It is imperative to rationalize the optimal use of land and how to use urban ways and ways to improve the environment and to serve the people. Surman City scheme suffers from many problems, particularly the spread of housing projects, and that there are some of the design criteria such as determining the site has not taken into account in accordance with the urban expansion, or development of old neighborhood sites. More also, the non-application of the concepts of sustainability deviation to achieverebalance in the scheme of the city. This has to be reconsidered in the ways of development and the urban environment of the city planning. Sustainable urban planning is one of the most important ways and strategies that can be followed for a better Surman city scheme which will preserves the rights of future generations to live in urban and convenient manner. Modern technology has become an important means in the fields of life, especially the areas of sustainable urban planning, where they can be utilized in the analysis and conclusions, as well as future studies accurately and faster. Several residential areas have achieved global concepts of sustainable development through advanced urban communities and preserve the ecological balance. An example of such places are the Lloyd Crossing countries- Portland district, Masdar City-the United Arab Emirates and Dongtan city- China. Where these cities achieved the concepts and principles of urban planning and sustainable through the application of several criteria and measurable indicators, the study focused on four of these indicators.These are the diversity of the housing unit index, the index measuring the achievement of land use, the index measuring the achievement of green infrastructure and bio-diversity and mobility by private vehicles, and pedestrian measurement index. The analysis of Surman city scheme for housing which is the case study used for this research, shows that the city scheme can applythese measurement indicators through the use of geographic information systems Arc (GIS) technology. This research has raise and contributed to the knowledge of the city to help of researchers and developers in their studies. The study contribute to help organizations and government institutions through the use of indicators used in this research.
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