Ijrtem 180109

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Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM) www.ijrtem.com ǁ Volume 1 ǁ Issue 8 ǁ

ISSN: 2455-3689

Thermal-Aware Based Field Theory Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks Samia Allaoua Chelloug Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint AbdulRahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT:Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a powerful solution for healthcare applications. They investigate small devices that are instrumental for providing medical data to a remote base station. Recent developments in WBANs have led to wireless implantable sensors that are able to transmit in vivo measurements. Two key issues have been dominated the field of wireless implantable sensor networks: temperature rise and attenuation of the transmitted signals due to the properties of the skin. This paper addresses thermal-based routing in wireless implantable sensor networks. Different from the existing methods that estimate the temperature of the neighboring sensors, our method is based on the field theory to avoid the hotspots. Furthermore, we conducted an Omnet++ simulation that supports IEEE 802.11 which promotes an implementation of CSMA/CA MAC scheduling. Our simulation results demonstrate the convergence of the maximum temperature rise.

Keywords:WBANs, routing, implantable sensors, field theory, Omnet++, temperature rise. INTRODUCATION Since it was reported in [1], Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been attracting a lot of interest. WSNs extended ad hoc networks by providing an application specific devices which ensure sensing, communication, and computation capabilities. Formally, a WSN consists of sensor nodes and a set of wireless links that may exist between neighboring sensors. Part of the features of WSNs concerns the energy constraint because they are battery-powered [2,3]. For some applications, this constraint is a severe one because it may be impossible to replace the batteries. Commonly, a huge number of sensor devices is deployed to monitor an area. So, all sensors are equal. Therefore, the concept of WBAN was first introduced in [4] to refer to a platform of sensors which may collect medical parameters and transfer theme to a remote base station for online or offline analysis. Different from WSN, the number of sensor nodes of a WBAN is small and each node is responsible to track a specific parameter. Furthermore, the energy consumption as well as the quality of service (QoS) are the main issues of WBANs. More specifically, WBANs may be divided into on body and implantable sensor networks. This latter type has been applied to situations where some in vivo measurements should be reported. Unfortunately, the transmitted signals of implantable sensor networks may be affected by the skin properties and it is infeasible to recharge their batteries. Further, the temperature of implantable senor networks may rise and affect the body. In fact, the protocols which are designed for implantable sensor networks should be considerably different from those used for on body sensor networks. In this regard, routing is a relatively traditional concept that refers to the process of finding the optimal route under some constraints. Many studies have dealt with routing in wireless implantable sensor networks by estimating the temperature of neighboring sensors. The aim of this paper is to present a new contribution that is inspired from the physics and enables each sensor to take a local decision for routing any packet without estimating the temperature of its neighboring sensors. So, this paper will examine WBANs in section 2. Section 3 sheds light on the related work. Section 4 is concerned with the proposed scheme. Then, section 5 illustrates and discusses the obtained results. Finally, section 6 concludes this paper and highlights future work.

WBANS WSNs play an important role in addressing the issue of monitoring various types of applications. The miniaturization, sensing, and communication capabilities are dominant features of WSNs [1]. Moreover, each sensor consists of a microcontroller, a transceiver, a source of power, and a sensing unit [2,3]. In recent years, the continuing growth of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), along with Bio-Engineering and wireless communications, has led to WBANs that have been introduced to enable a remote monitoring of mobile patients or elderly people [5]. A WBAN refers to a set of nodes that may be implanted or attached to the body [6] and will be connected through a mesh, a star, or a tree topology that is subject to the specified network’s requirements [7]. The characteristics of WBANS were presented in [8]. More specifically, table (1) illustrates a comparison between WSNs and WBANs. The function of WBAN is to collect biological information and generate a traffic that should be transmitted to a base station [5] which is responsible for storing and processing biological data either online or offline depending on the application requirements. The transmission from the WBAN to the base station may take different forms depending on the distance between them: direct or indirect communication. In this latter case, other potential intermediate devices are used. Many scenarios include a PDA that is attached to the body to gather the sensors’ data and relay them to the base station via a telephone network, a private hospital network, Wi-Fi, or 3G/4G network [7, 9]. WBAN’s traffic can be categorized into three classes: normal, on-demand, and emergency. The normal traffic is not time critical and it is generated in normal conditions. In this situation, sensor nodes are expected to wake-up at high, medium, or low frequency to measure a set of specific parameters and send them to the base station. On-demand traffic is generated if a doctor or an administrator is interested to a certain information. However, emergency traffic is generated if a sensor node detects that data exceeds a certain threshold or it is under the limit [7, 10]. An actuator may be included for some drug delivery and Insulin injection

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