TS by Joyce Ng

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context Technical Studies (ETS 5) 2019/2020

Joyce Ka Kei Ng

Table of Contents An Introduction 1. Thesis 2. Technical Ambition

Part 1: Hooke Park

Part 3: Beyond Hooke Park

1. An Ancient Woodland

1. Hooke Park as an Initial Site of Exploration

2. An Environmental Overview

2. Threats to Bat Species

3. An Ecological Overview

3. Bats and Other ‘Building-reliant Species’

4. The Woodland Management Plan

4. Playing with the Rules of Architecture: Rural vs. Urban

5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5. Bats in the Urban Context

5.1 A Case Study: Wytham Woods, Oxford

5.1 Permitted Development (PD) 2012

5.2 Wildlife Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

5.2 Passive House

5.3 Wildlife Monitoring in Hooke Park and Beyond

5.3 Bats and Artificial Lighting

About Bats

6. Bats in London

1. Information on Bats

6.1 Distribution of Bat Species in London

6.2 Monitoring Bats in London

6.3 Wild West End: An Ecological Initiative in Central London

1.1 Bat Species

1.1.1

List of UK Bat Species

1.1.2

Distribution of Bat Species in Dorset

1.1.3

Biology and Behavior

1.2 Life of a Bat in a Year

1.3 Importance of Bats

Part 4: Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

1.4 Bats and the Law

1. Considerations for Bat Roost Architecture in New and Existing Buildings of

1.5 Bats and Architecture

London

2. Bats in Hooke Park

2. Interventions in an Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford

Square

2.1 Bat Species of Hooke Park

3. Bat Monitoring

2.1 Solar Analysis of Building Volume

3.1 Basic Requirements for Bat Monitoring

2.2 The Two Interventions: Barrel Vault and 34 Bedford Sqaure

3.2 Bat Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

2.3 Barrel Vault

3.2.1

Participants of the Monitoring Program

2.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

3.2.2

A Monitoring Transect

2.3.2 Bat Roost Design

3.2.3

Long-term Vision

2.3.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

2.4 34 Bedford Square

Part 2: Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

2.4.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

2.4.2 Bat Roost Design

2.4.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

1. Information on Bat Roosts

3. Intervention in New Building: A Residential Project at Farncombe Street

1.1 Bat Roost Typology

3.1 Solar Analysis of Building Volume

1.2 Bat Roost Preferences of UK Bat Species

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

3.2.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

3.2.2 Bat Roost Design

2.1 The Campus

2.1.1

The Big Shed

3.2.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

2.1.2

Westminster Lodge The Caretaker’s House

3.2.4 Bat Roost Design 2

2.1.3

The Caretaker’s House

3.2.5 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design 2

3. Methods of Incorporating Bat Roosts into Architecture 4. Existing Ready-made Products

Contacts

5. Bat Roost for Crevice-Dwelling Bats 6. Playing with the Rules of Architecture

References

An Introduction 1. Thesis

This project begins in Hooke Park as an initial site of exploration. The exploration brings to light the presence of wildlife, an undervalued ecological aspect of the woods. In fact, Hooke Park, an oddly shaped piece of land, is a part of the two percent of rare ancient woodland that still exists in the United Kingdom. It provides a crucial habitat for a range of wildlife, including the ones that are undiscovered and rare. Wildlife such as bats, owls and bees are unique and crucial to the local woodland biodiversity and have never been studied or monitored at Hooke Park. Christopher Sadd, the Hooke Park Forester, highlighted in the Woodland Management Plan of 2014 that the surveying and monitoring of wildlife is important in order to maintain the health of the woodlands but it has never been implemented in a larger scale within Hooke Park. Through a series of discussions and research, bats became the focus of this project as it became apparent that it is possible to monitor bats as a biodiversity indicator and it also has an interesting relationship with manmade architecture. The study of bats and its relationship with architecture in Hooke Park led to more questions about where bats choose to live within human built structures and how they navigate and use the surrounding greenery. The study of the campus unravels an intricate system that seems to extend beyond Hooke Park itself. In fact, bat roosts can be found all over the country from rural to urban environments. And as more natural landscapes such as woodlands continue to disappear, species that rely on built structures (also known as ‘building-reliant species’) migrate and find accomdation in more urban areas. This brought the research into the urban context. How does architecture today consider and accommodate these ‘building-reliant species’? The aim of this study is to compile the rules and guidelines of bat roost architecture and show how it can be applied it into two types of buildings in the urban context: One existing building at Bedford Sqaure, and one new building at Farncome Street, both buildings situated in London.

Aerial Photograph of the Hooke Park campus buildings surrounded by woodland. Photo taken in March 2020 by Ke Yang and Joyce Ng.

An Introduction

An Introduction 2. Technical Ambition

The technical ambition is to compile various research and documentations to create a rules and guidelines for bat roost architecture in the UK and then apply it into two exisiting buildings as a test. Simply put, the structure of this technical study is in divided into two: 1.

Technical Research:

The aim is to compile the rules and guidelines for bat roost architecture.

11.

Technical Design:

The aim is to apply the rules and guidelines for bat roost architecture.

The visual diagram on the right shows the structure of techincal study. It illustrates the topics covered in within the technical research and the technical design.

Part 1

Hooke Park

Identify the Indicators of Biodiversity

Birds?

Bees? Bats

Importance of Conservation and Monitoring Part 2

Technical Research

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Hooke Park Case Study

A Bat Roost for Crevice-Dwelling Bats

Bat Monitoring Roost for Hooke Park Playing with the Rules of Architecture Part 3 Beyond Hooke Park

Increase of Building-Reliant Species

Architecture in the Urban Context: London Part 4

Technical Design

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Intervention in an Existing Building

Intervention in a New Building

Technical Design of Bedford Square

Technical Design of Farncombe Street

An Introduction

Part 1 Hooke Park 1. An Ancient Woodland 2. An Environmental Overview 3. An Ecological Overview 4. The Woodland Management Plan 5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5.1 A Case Study: Wytham Woods, Oxford

5.2 Wildlife Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

5.3 Wildlife Monitoring in Hooke Park and Beyond

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.1 Bat Species

1.1.1

List of UK Bat Species

1.1.2

Distribution of Bat Species in Dorset

1.1.3

Biology and Behavior

1.2 Life of a Bat in a Year

1.3 Importance of Bats

1.4 Bats and the Law

1.5 Bats and Architecture

2. Bats in Hooke Park

2.1 Bat Species of Hooke Park

3. Bat Monitoring

3.1 Basic Requirements for Bat Monitoring

3.2 Bat Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

3.2.1

Participants of the Monitoring Program

3.2.2

A Monitoring Transect

3.2.3

Long-term Vision

Hooke Park 1. An Ancient Woodland

In the United Kingdom, only 2% of land cover is considered to be ancient woodland. In 1086, Britain was 15% forested, which dropped to 5% by 1900 at the height of the industrial age. Today, Hooke Park is a part of the 2% of the ancient woodland in the United Kingdom that still exists. Hooke Park is categorised as ancient semi-natural woodland. Ancient semi-natural woods are woods that have developed naturally. Most have been used by humans – often managed for timber and other industries over the centuries – but they have had woodland cover for over 400 years. Ancient woods are the richest and most complex terrestrial habitat in the UK and they are home to more threatened species than any other. Centuries of undisturbed soils and accumulated decaying wood have created the perfect place for communities of fungi and invertebrates. Other specialist species of insects, birds and mammals rely on ancient woodlands. It’s an important, irreplaceable habitat and in sore need of protection. In 1947, Hooke Park was cleared of 90% of its trees to feed the desperate post-war shortage of timber. It was replanted in the early 1950s with a mixture of Beech (fagus sylvetica) and Norway Spruce (picea abies) with some oak and remnant fragments of alder, willow, and hazel. Beech was an important commercial species feeding the large volume UK furniture manufacturers of the time, whilst Norway Spruce is the leading structural and general use timber throughout Europe. Although 90% of its trees were cleared, the soil on Hooke Park’s land is still rich soil found in ancient woodlands, therefore marking this piece of land a part of the percentage of woodlands found in the UK. The Parnham Trust purchased Hooke Park in 1983 and started the negotiation for planning permission to build an educational and residential faculty in the woods. Today, Hooke Park belongs to the Architectural Association and it is working towards the transformation of the wood from an even-age structure to a mixed-age woodland, of greater aesthetic and biodiversity value.

Photograph of the Hooke Park woodlands. Photo taken in November 2019 by Ke Yang.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 2. An Environmental Overview

Hooke Park is the Architectural Association’s ancient woodland campus located in Dorset, southwest England. Surrounded by countryside farmland, the 150-hectare working forest. At the core of the woodland, it contains a growing campus accomodating an educational facility for design, workshop, construction, and landscape-focused activities. Hooke Park’s campus and woodland accommodates a number of built projects, produced by the Design & Make programme, visiting schools, summer workshops, and AA students. The buildings on camps are known to be the primary and permanent structures of Hooke Park, whilst the buildings in the woodlands are knwon to be secondary and temporary structures of Hooke Park. These temporary secondary structures are either taken down or left to decompose over time. The exploratory map, as shown on the right, marks both the primary and secondary structures that still exist in the woodlands today. Beyond the campus, woodland is also guided by roads, small trails, ponds and streams. Hooke Park’s highest elevation is at 215m (Northeast of Hooke Park) and its lowest elevation at 108m (Southwest of Hooke Park). The streams that run through the woodland carries top soil, clay and silt from the Northeast landscapes to the farmlands of Southwest of Hooke Park. In the wooded areas, it consists of 15 mapped tree species within the boundaries of Hooke Park, all of which are separated into divisions which is illustrated on the map, shown on the right. The two most dominating being the Beech and the Norway Spruce. Each cluster succeeds in formulating its own environment, creating a plethora of different conditions to explore through the seasons.

There are 15 mapped tree species within the boundaries of Hooke Park, the two most dominating being the Beech and the Norway Spruce. Each cluster succeeds in formulating its own environment, creating a plethora of different conditions to explore through the seasons.

Ash

Beech

Oak

Sycamore

Norway Spruce

Douglas Fir

Red Oak

Mixed Broadleaf

Sweet Chestnut

Corsican Pine

Poplar

Red Cedar

Alder

Larch

Sitka Spruce Woodland boundary Hooke Park woodland boundary Trails/Roads Waterways Hooke Park primary structures Hooke Park secondary structures

TREE SPECIES MAP Ele Mun, 2019

Source: Hooke Park, Zachary Mollica

Map of Hooke Park, indicatimg the tree species, woodland boundaries, roads, trails, waterways and structures.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 3. An Ecological Overview

Hooke Park’s fauna play a significant role in the wellbeing of the woodlands. It hosts a range of large animals from deer, foxes, badgers, birds, bats, squirrels and mice. There are also moths, butterflies and other types of insect species that are native to Hooke Park. Hooke Park is known to have a variety of insect species, which feed the larger animals of Hooke Park, but they have yet to be fully studied. According to the long-time staff from both Bedford Square and Hooke Park, Hooke Park’s ecological landscape have changed drastically in the last twenty years since been acquired by the Architectural Association. Miraj Ahmed, a diploma tutor, shared that twenty years ago, wild boars and deer would commonly be found roaming in the campus and in the woodlands.Today, students who visit Hooke Park will unlikely stumble upon a wild boar or deer sighting as they are rather rare. This is one of many examples of wildlife loss in Hooke Park and proves the utmost importance to monitor and conserve the rare and unique environment that the Architectural Association still holds today. Monitoring biodiversity indicators are widely accepted to be an excellent way to report on general trends not just within wildlife populations but also on the state of the environment. It can be helpful for the forester of Hooke Park, the foresters of surrounding woodland as well as for data collection for scientific research contributions. There are many wildlife animals that can be monitored but according to ‘UK Biodiveristy Indicators 2019’, the most commonly monitored wildlife in the woodlands are: Birds, bats and insects. Each of these wildlife species falls under different categories of the Ecological Pyramid of Numbers. By monitoring from these different categories, it could help gain a better understanding of biodiversity. The pyramid of numbers, represented below, shows the population of Hooke Park, in terms of the number of individual organisms involved at each level in a food chain.

Owl, Buzzard, Fox SC

Squirrel, Tit, Pheasant, Deer, Dormice, Bats, Badger

Insect (Bees, Moths, Butterflies), Fungi

Grass, Roots, Barks, Trees

A still image from the footage captured in Hooke Park on the Bushnell Camera Trap of a wandering deer and fox. Footage captured in December 2019.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 3. An Ecological Overview

Buzzard

Bats

Tit SC

Fox

Squirrel SC

Owl

Forester Deer SC

Bark PP

Insects

Dormice

Grass

Badger

Fungi PC

Pheasant Roots

Hooke Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ecological Pyramid of Numbers TC

Tietary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

Primary Consumers

Primary Producers

The illustration is of Hooke Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not-commonly-seen wildlife. The arrows indicating the food chain of the woodland; the letters indicating which group the animal falls into the Ecological Pyramid.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 4. The Woodland Managment Plan

Under the guidance of the Forest commission, Hooke Park has a written and documented woodland managment plan. The lastest woodland management plan of 2014 highlights the need for surveying and monitoring programs. It states in various parts of the document: “The AA sees itself as the custodian of a special place where its activities must safeguard its landscape, ecological richness, recreational and amenity value but also manage the wood as a source of timber” In the ‘Management objectives’, it aims “1. to produce a sustainable supply of fuel wood and timber, 2. to conserve and enhance the existing wildlife communities by maintianing and increasing habitat biodiversity.” And under the section ‘Protecting and enhancing landscape, biodiversity and special features’, it aims to “instigate survey and monitoring projects via local conservation groups, eg. erection of bird boxes” But since the approved Woodland Management Plan of 2014, there hasn’t been much done to push this program further. Most of which is due to logistical reasons and lack of man power. It proved that Hooke Park needed to push forward the idea and intention to create a more well manged woodland that strives to increase biodiversity beyond the aim for timber production. Through conversations with Christopher Sadd (Hooke Park forester) and Stephen Hales (Wildlife Expert), it was suggested that the three biodiversity indicator species that would be appropriate to monitor in Hooke Park would be: Owls, Bats, or Bees.

Owl, Buzzard, Fox SC

Squirrel, Tit, Pheasant, Deer, Dormice, Bats, Badger

Insect (Bees, Moths, Butterflies), Fungi

Grass, Roots, Barks, Trees

A page from the Woodland Management Plan of 2014. This document mentions intended measures to protect and enhance biodiversity: measures have yet to be put in place.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5.1 A Case Study: Wytham Woods, Oxford

To gain a better understanding of what it means to monitor wildlife in the wood-

for AA student, staff and interested external participants to help and contribute

lands, Diploma 18 paid a visit to Wytham Woods, the woodland campus of the

to the studies of the woodland. The AA institutional body needs to ask themselves

University of Oxford.

what kind of woodland they wish Hooke Park to be?

“Wytham Woods is an ancient semi-natural woodland, which has been owned and

There is also a book published by the University of Oxford, shown in the image

maintained by the University of Oxford since 1942. Its 1000 acres are a designated

below, that explores the role of Wytham Woods within the university and the

Site of Special Scientific Interest and are one of the most researched pieces of

research projects that have been conducted within the woods.

woodland in the world, exceptionally rich in flora and fauna, with over 500 species of plants, a wealth of woodland habitats, and 800 species of butterflies and moths. The Woods can be divided into four main habitats. The forested area is a simple three-way split between ancient semi-natural woodland, secondary woodland and modern plantations. The fourth key habitat is the limestone grassland found at the top of the hill. Other smaller habitats include a valley-side mire and a series of ponds. The ancient woods date back to the last Ice Age, while the secondary woodland dates to the seventeenth century and the plantations to the 1950s and 1960s. The Woods are enjoyed by walkers, wildlife enthusiasts, and school children, and used by researchers both from the University and around the world for wildlife and environmental research, some of which provides data going back several decades.”

The drawings on the right, Wytham woods is about 2.5 times bigger than Hooke

(University of Oxford, 2020)

Park. It consists of four habitats, one of which is grassland which is not found in Hooke Park. Currently, Hooke Park is used to cater to architectural research and

The wildlife of Wytham Woods is similar to the wildlife of Hooke Park consider-

projects, and is open to the public for walks. However, there is potential to open

ing that they are both woodland landscape. They both have deer, badgers, foxes,

Hooke Park to cater to conservation and scientific interest.

squirrels, birds, and more. However, there are also local species that are unique to each of the woodland habitats. For example, there may be fungi that is Hooke Park that isn’t found in Wytham Woods or there are bat species that would only forage a 1km radius within Hooke Park. During conversations with Nick Tomlinson , the bat expert, and Jo Ferguson, the Built Environment Officer of the Bat Conservation Trust, they made it clear that future research is essential in understanding how to better conserve these environments. Therefore, studies of many different woodlands from different parts of the country is crucial for scientific interest and conservation. During the tour of Wytham Woods with Nigel Fisher, the Wytham Woods Conservator, he showed us around the woodlands and explained how the woodland goes through many phases and discussions as to what kind of woodland the univeristy wishes Wytham woods to be. For example, should the woodland be more colourful to cater to the flora studies? Or should the woodland be more dull for fungi studies? As for the individual studies, he showed us around the human interventions created for research studies (as shown in the following page). Under the operation of the Architectural Association, there is currently no extensive study conducted for any of the wildlife species. Given that Hooke Park consists of 150 hectares of land, it is completely possible to set a program in place

Wytham Woods, University of Oxford Woodland size: 400 hectares Woodland Type: Semi-Natural and Replanted Woodland

Hooke Park, Architectural Association Woodland size: 150 hectares Woodland Type: Semi-Natural and Replanted Woodland

The two images above is a comparison between Wytham Woods and Hooke Park in size and area.They are both semi-natural and replanted ancient woodland, similar in landscape.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5.1 A Case Study: Wytham Woods, Oxford

Light weight, coloured flag poles positioned within Wythan Woods to mark a grid for tracking mice. Photo taken in January 2020.

A Schwegler woodcrete bird box, usually occupied by tit or bat species (Noctule and Pipistrelle). Photo taken in Janurary 2020.

A temporary tent set up with an interior night light to attract and capture insects for scientific research. Photo taken in January 2020.

A scaffolding structure used to study caterpillars, butterflies and birds among the trees. Photo taken in January 2020.

2 3

Top row images: Photos of human intervention taken at Wytham Woods during a tour with Nigel Fisher, the woodland conservator. Below: Map of Wytham Woods indicating location of photos taken.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5.1 A Case Study: Wytham Woods, Oxford

Of the many wildlife speices that Wytham Woods studies, bats is one of the species that they do study. “Since 2006, Danielle Linton, a bat researcher of the University of Oxford, has been coordinating groups of volunteers to check the EGI bird boxes in Wytham Woods looking for bat roosts. Over 21,000 box checks of the 1265 Schwegler boxes have resulted in over 1000 roosts (>80% boxes used to date) being recorded. Three species regularly form maternity colonies in the boxes: Myotis daubentonii, Myotis nattereri and Plecotus auritus, and seven species have been found in boxes at Wytham so far... Over 3000 individual bats have been ringed in nine years and this study has revealed much valuable information on bat social networks, colony home roost ranges and population dynamics at this site. Following individual life histories and monitoring juvenile health (size and survivorship) per annum also provides some

This scene shows Danielle Linton carefully lowering the bat box.

fascinating insights.” (Warwickshire Bat Group, 2014) Danielle Linton has gone on to write many papers about her studies of Wytham Wood’s bats. In one of the papers she collaborated in, “Sympatric Woodland Myotis Bats Form Tight-Knit Social Groups with Exclusive Roost Home Ranges” by Tom A. August, Miles A. Nunn, Amy G. Fensome, Danielle M. Linton, Fiona Mathews, it shows an example of how the social structure and behavior could be studied by placing roosts around the woodland and individually tagging them. The visual diagram on the right is the a visual representation of their study described in their paper. It illustrates the distribution of M. nattereri (both male and female) and M. daubentonii (female) social groups in Wytham Woods. Linton has also been in a documentary video called “Bats at Wytham” that shows

This scene shows a colony of Natterer’s bat in the bat box.

how the bats are tagged, weighted, measured, for her larger data collection of Wytham Wood’s bats. Wytham Woods is a woodland that heavily focuses on scientific research. Hooke Park, although part of an architectural school that caters to creating and building, it can also play a larger role in connecting the academic and research community through architecture, science and beyond. In fact, the study of woodland bats is one topic that has not been studied enough, therefore there is much more that Hooke Park can contribute to in a larger context.

This scene shows Danielle Linton and Denise Foster checking the tagged bats.

“Bats at Wytham Woods”: The documentary shows bat box checks with Danielle Lindon and Denise Foster conducted in 2014. The bat box checks are a part of a larger data collection project for bats.

Social Networks of Social Networks of Woodland Bats

Social Networks of Wood

Woodland area

Boxes used by 2 or more bats Boxes used by a single bat Roost used by two social groups Estimated female roost ranges Radio-tracking fixes

Distribution of M. nattereri (female and male)

Social Networks of Social Networks of Woodland Bats

PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org

October 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 10 | e112225

Woodland area Boxes used by 2 or more bats Boxes used by a single bat Roost used by two social groups Estimated female roost ranges Radio-tracking fixes

PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org

October 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue

Female M.daubentonii social groups in Wytham Woods. PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org

5 PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org

October 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 10 | 5

October 2014 | Volume 9 | Issue 10 | e112225

The two images above are diagrams produced by the scientists from the paper “Sympatric Woodland Myotis Bats Form Tight-Knit Social Groups with Exclusive Roost Home Ranges”, published in 2014.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5.2 Wildlife Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

Back at Hooke Park, Diploma 18 spoke to Chrisopher Sadd, theHooke Park forester, and Stephen Hales. Stephen Hales was introduced to our unit because of his vast knowledge of Hooke Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wildlife. Turns out, he has been independently monitoring moths in Hooke Park for the last 30 years. It was through the discussion with Chris and Steve that it was decided that the three wildlife species that would be benefitial to monitor in Hooke Park would be owls, bats and bees. As mentioned previously, the particular interest in bats was due to its relationship with architecture but futhermore, bat populations utilise a range of habitats across the landscape and are sensitive to the pressures in the urban, suburban and rural environment which makes it particularly important to monitor to understand our changing environment. Though UK bat species have made slight recoveries in recent years, bat populations, especially the rare and threatened species remain vulnerable.The pressures that the bat populations face such as landscape (air and water quality) changes, agricultural intensifications, architectural and infrastructural developments, and habitat fragmentations are very much relevant today. Through discussions with Chris, Steve as well as Nigel, it was understood that they best way to monitor wildlife was to idenitfy a transect in which participants can record data in consistent paths and points. This would make for a more reliable data and will be benefitial to observe changes alone the same path over time. The map on the right indicates two sample transects drawn up based on the information provided by Steve, Chris, and other supporting documents from the Bat Conservation Trust and more. There are two sample transects: one for bird monitoring and one for bat monitoring.The key in identifying a good transect is to find a path the passes through various environments within the woodlands that would be considered ideal for the particular species. For exmaple, to identify a bat monitoring transect, it would be useful for the path to pass through areas with mixed tree species, areas with older trees, areas with water bodies, paths with obvious tree lines (as bats tend to follow the lines of landscapes), as well as the campus (in which we know bats are present in that area). In the map, you will notice that the transect follows a path that intersects all these environments mentioned above.

A photo of the lecture with Stephen Hales. Stephen has been a visitor of Hooke Park for the last 30 years. He has been independently monitoring both common and rare moth species in Hooke Park.

Ash

Beech

Oak

Sycamore

Norway Spruce

Douglas Fir

Red Oak

Mixed Broadleaf

Sweet Chestnut

Corsican Pine

Poplar

Red Cedar

Alder

Larch

Sitka Spruce Woodland boundary Hooke Park woodland boundary Trails/Roads Waterways Hooke Park primary structures Hooke Park secondary structures Bird Transect Bat Transect

TREE SPECIES MAP Ele Mun, 2019

Source: Hooke Park, Zachary Mollica

Map of Hooke Park, indicating the tree species, woodland boundaries, roads, trails, waterways, structures and two example transects; one for birds and one for bats.

Hooke Park

Hooke Park 5. A Need for Wildlife Monitoring

5.3 Wildlife Monitoring Program in Hooke Park and Beyond

As mentioned previously, there are bat species (as well as other woodland wildlife species) that live locally, regionally or intercontinentally. Bats that live in all of these territorial scales experience different kinds of changes and threats over time and in order to conserve and protect these species, monitoring Hooke Park will provide a more wholistic picture of the changes in bat populations which could further inform the positive and negative changes in environment and ecology. Some bat species that live locally travel within 1km. Therefore, if the surrounding landscape experiences drastic changes such as tree felling or new building developments within their territory, these bat species will be in great trouble. In fact, many of these local bat species are the rarer kinds and are under serious threat. The bat species that travel regionally and beyond experience other challenges. The woodland area of the UK has become more fragmented, especially in the last century. This makes it more challenging to travel from one woodland to another for roosting and foraging. Additionally, the vast farmlands that have taken over what use to be natural woodlands, are high risk areas for bats. Firstly, tree lines, hedgerows, trails and roads are landscape elements that bats use a navigational tools. However, these elements can lead them to dangerous areas such as windmills and motorways. Secondly, agricultural land such as vegetable farms may spray pesticides that are harmful to bats when they are hunting for insects. Thridly, vast clear landscapes are also makes it easy for predatory birds to prey on migrating bats. The map on the right indicates the ancient woodlands that surround Hooke Park within a 15km radius. Although there are new woodlands that exist within that vicinity, ancient woodlands are the most ideal roosting and foraging areas for bats due to its mixed, old trees and more variety in insects.

15 km

10 km

5 km

Hooke Park

5 km

10 km

15 km

Ancient and Semi-Natural Woodland Ancient Replanted Woodland A radial map with Hooke Park at the centre, indicating 5km, 10km and 15 km distance and the ancient woodlands that surrounds Hooke Park.

Hooke Park

Bats in traditional buildings Section B

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

Section B

1.1 Bat Species in the UK

1.1.1 List of UK Bat Species

Bats in the UK

Why bats use buildings Common name

Scientific name

Status

Barbastelle

Barbastella barbastellus

Rare; threatened; UK BAP Priority Speci EU Priority Species

Bechstein’s bat

Myotis bechsteinii

Rare; threatened. UK B vulnerable species

Brandt’s bat

Myotis brandtii

Uncommon; not threatened.

Brown long-eared bat

Plecotus auritus

Threatened; UK BAP P Species.

Common pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Frequent; not threaten

Daubenton’s bat

Myotis daubentonii

Frequent; not threaten

Greater horseshoe bat

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Rare; threatened; UK B Priority Species; EU Pr Species

Greater mouse-eared bat

Myotis myotis

Very rare; at one time considered extinct in B

Grey long-eared bat

Plecotus austriacus

Very rare

Leisler’s bat

Nyctalus leisleri

Occasionally found in and Wales; more frequ Ireland

Lesser horseshoe bat

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Occasional or frequen threatened; UK BAP P Species; EU Priority Sp

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Pipistrellus nathusii

Rare

Natterer’s bat

Myotis nattereri

Not threatened

Noctule

Nyctalus noctula

Threatened; UK BAP P Species

Serotine

Eptesicus serotinus

Rare

Soprano pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pygmaeus

Threatened; UK BAP P Species

Whiskered bat

Myotis mystacinus

Not threatened

Bats are mammals and account for more than agives quarteryou of mammal species in the This section information about

bats UK. Currently, there are 17 known bat species in theand UK (as shown table on and their habits, tells youin the where you are1 the right). These 17 species include species inhabit small, local most bat likely to that come across batsareas in year buildings. round and bat species that migrate from UK across Europe.

A colony of bats will have several roost sites2 that they will use according to their needs 3 and the time of year. An absence of bats does not mean that the roost is no longer being 4 used. See Choosing a roost site, p 15. Identifying whether bats actually use a 5 building, and understanding the patterns of use, requires specialist knowledge. See Finding bats and their roosts, p 19.

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) is part of an inter16 national framework to conserve and enhance biodiversity. Seven species of bat are on the UK 17 BAP’s priority list (of species and habitats) meaning that they are rare and/or in decline.

12 29128_Text.indd 12

* Includes mines, bridges, caves, tunnels, cellars and ice houses.

Section B Why bats use buildings

Distribution

Roost size

Summer roosts

Winter roosts

Foraging habitat

ies;

Southern half of England and Wales

1–50

Tree cavities and occasionally old buildings such as barns

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Ancient woodlands and pasture, parkland, hedgerows

BAP

Southern England

1–100

Tree cavities, especially old woodpecker holes

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Ancient woodlands

England, Wales and Ireland

30–200

Mainly roof voids in buildings

Underground sites*

Woodland and tree-lined water bodies

Throughout the UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI)

10–20 (can be up to 100)

Roof voids in older buildings, barns, churches and tree cavities; bat boxes

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Woodland, gardens and orchards

50–200

Outer parts of buildings (confined spaces such as soffits and under hanging tiles rather than roof voids)

In confined spaces in buildings

Woodland, gardens, parkland, hedgerows; around water bodies

Priority

ned Throughout the UK and RoI

ned

Throughout the UK and RoI

20–50 (can be up to 200)

Tree cavities; also tunnels and bridges

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Over water

BAP riority

South-west England and south-west Wales

50–200 (can be up to 600)

Mainly large roof voids of old buildings

Underground sites*

Parkland and woodland, steep-sided valleys

Britain

South coast of England; only one hibernation site known

Mainly large roof voids of old buildings

Underground sites*

Pasture and woodland

Southern England

10–20 (can be up to 50)

Buildings

Caves and tunnels; also probably uses trees and buildings

Parkland and woodland

England uent in

England, Wales and Ireland

20–100

Buildings, bat boxes

Buildings

Woodland and parkland

nt; Priority pecies

South-west England, Wales and RoI, spreading north and east

30–70 (can be up to 400)

Mainly large roof voids of old buildings

Underground sites*

Woodland and parkland

Throughout the UK during migration; resident in Northern Ireland

1–100

Buildings

Woodland, especially near water bodies

Widespread in UK and RoI

20–100+

Old stone buildings and large, timbered barns; tree holes; bat boxes

Tree cavities, bat boxes and underground sites*

Woodland and parkland

England and Wales; absent from Ireland

15–50 (can be up to 100)

Tree cavities, occasionally buildings

Tree cavities

Woodland, pasture and lakes

Largely confined to counties south of Lincolnshire and Ceredigion but may be spreading north and west

15–30

Buildings

Buildings; rarely underground sites*

Woodland, pasture and lakes

Throughout the UK and RoI

50–1,000 (2,000 exceptional)

Buildings, bat boxes and trees

Buildings, bat boxes, and tree cavities

Widespread, especially near water bodies

Throughout the UK and RoI

30–200

Mainly roof voids of older houses

Underground sites*

Woodland, gardens, parkland, hedgerows; around water bodies

Priority

Bats in the UK

Bat Conservation Trust There are 18 known bat species in the UK, 17 of which breed here and account for more than a quarter of the mammal species in the UK.

6/3/09 00:37:45 29128_Text.indd 13

Source: The information shown in the table above is from a document called “Bats in Traditional Buildings” produced by English Heritage, The National Trust and Natual England in6/3/09 2009.00:37:46

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.1 Bat Species in the UK

1.1.2 Distribution of Bat Species in Dorset

Barbastelle

Daubenton’s bat

Bechstein’s bat

Greater horseshoe bat

Brandt’s bat

Greater mouse-eared bat

Brown long-eared bat

Grey long-eared bat

Common pipistrelle

Leisler’s bat

Lesser horseshoe bat

Soprano pipistrelle

Nathusiusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; pipistrelle

Whiskered bat

Nattererâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bat

Noctule

Serotine

Source: The distribution maps shown above is from a document provided by the Bat Conservation Trust website, data collected from Dorset Environmental Records Centre.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.1 Bat Species in the UK

1.1.3 Biology and Behavior

Bats are noctural mammals. They all use echolocation to navigate and hunt for food and they have incredible skills in flight. However, bat species differ in their shape, size and colour . They also differ in their diet, echolocation and life span. All UK bat species only eat night-flying insect, contrary to tropical bats that also eat many other foods such as fruit, flowers, frogs, and more. Bats use echolocation to navigate and find food in the dark. To echolocate, bats send out sound waves from the mouth or nose. When the sound waves hit an object they produce echoes. The echo bounces off the object and returns to the batsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ears. Therefore, the hearing is particularly sensitive. The diagram on the right is widely used in the UK to identify bats by their physical characteristics. The table in the following page provides more detailed information on each particular bat speciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; dimensions weight, colour, diet, echolcation frequency, emergence from roost, flight behavior and life span.

“A Guide to British Bats” leaflet published by Field Studies Council (FSC) to aid the public in bat identification through observations of physical characteristics.

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.1 Bat Species in the UK

1.1.3 Biology and Behavior

Common name

Dimensions

Weight

Colour

Diet

Barbastelle

Head & body length: 40mm - 52mm Wingspan: 230mm - 285m5

6g - 13g

Fur dark, lighter tips on back. Skin surfaces black or brown.

Mainly small moths, some flies and beetles.

Bechstein’s bat

Head & body length: 43mm - 53mm Wingspan: 250mm - 300mm

7g - 13g

Pale to reddish brown fur, greyish underneath. Pink face.

Dung flies, grasshoppers and nut weevils, moths and flies.

Brandt’s bat

Head & body length: 38mm- 50mm Wingspan: 230mm - 285mm

4.5g - 9.5g

Fur dark grey or brown, golden tips on back, greyish underneath; Face and base of ears often pinkish.

Moths, other small insects and spiders.

Brown long-eared

Head & body length: 37mm - 52mm Wingspan: 230mm - 285mm

6g - 12g

Adults have light brown fur, pale underneath; juveniles greyish.

Moths, beetles, flies, earwigs, and spiders

Common pipistrelle

Head & body length: 35mm - 45mm Wingspan: 200mm - 235mm

3g - 8g

Medium to dark brown. Face and around the eyes are usually dark.

Small flies, aquatic midges and mosquitoes.

Daubenton’s bat

Head & body length: 45mm - 55mm Wingspan: 240mm - 275mm

7g - 12g

Fur red brown, pale underneath; Pinkish face, bare around the eyes.

Small flies, (especially chironomid midges), caddisflies and mayflies.

Greater horseshoe bat

Head & body length: 57mm - 71mm Wingspan: 350mm - 400mm

17g - 34g

Adults buff borwn, juveniles greyish.

Chafers, dung beetles, noctuid moths, craneflies and caddis flies.

Greater mouse-eared bat

Head & body length: 65mm - 80mm Wingspan: 365mm - 450mm

24g - 40g

Dorsal fur is a sandy colour which contrasts strongly with the white fur underneath.

Larger insects (such as moths, cockchafrers, crickets, beetles, spiders)

Grey long-eared bat

Head & body length: 41mm - 58mm Wingspan: 255mm - 300mm

7g - 12g

Larger and greyer than the brown long eared bat. Face often darker with a blackish mask.

Moths, Diptera (mainly Tipulids- crane flies), small beetles.

Leisler’s bat

Head & body length: 50mm - 70mm Wingspan: 260mm - 320mm

12g - 20g

Fur golden-tipped or reddish brown, darker at base.

Flies, moths, caddis flies, beetles.

Lesser horseshoe bat

Head & body length: 35mm - 45mm Wingspan: 200mm - 250mm

5g - 9g

Adults pinky buff-brown; juveniles greyish (until 1 year old).

Flies (usually midges), small moths, caddis flies, lacewings, beetles, small wasps and spiders.

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Head & body length: 46mm - 55mm Wingspan: 228mm - 250mm

6g - 16g

Fur reddish brown; occasionally with frosted tips on the belly. The ears, membranes and face are usually dark.

Medium sized insects (such as aquatic flies, midges, mosquitoes and caddis flies).

Natterer’s bat

Head & body length: 40mm - 50mm Wingspan: 245mm - 300mm

7g - 12g

Fur light buff brown or black, white underneath. Bare pink face.

Flies (mainly midges), small moths, caddis flies, lacewings, beetles, small wasps, spiders.

Noctule

Head & body length: 37mm - 48mm Wingspan: 320mm - 400mm

18g - 40g

Adults sleek chocolate brown, juveniles and some females dull chocolate brown.

Moths, beetles (mainly chafer and dung beeltes), mayflies and winged ants.

Serotine

Head & body length: 58mm - 80mm Wingspan: 320mm - 380mm

15g - 35g

Fur dark brown above, pale underneath; face and ears black.

Flies and moths, chafers and dung beetles

Soprano pipistrelle

Head & body length: 35mm - 45mm Wingspan: 320mm - 400mm

3g - 8g

Medium to dark brown. Face and around the eyes usually pink on colour.

Small flies, particularly midges and mosquitoes that are associated with water.

Whiskered bat

Head & body length: 35mm - 48mm Wingspan: 210mm - 240mm

4g - 8g

Fur dark grey or brown; golden tips on back, greyish underneath.

Moths, other small insects and spiders,.

Echolocation

Emergence (after sunset)

Flight Pattern

Flight Picture

32kHz

30mins - 60mins

Fast, purposeful flight in vegetation and along habitat edges.

Up to 23 years.

50kHz

30mins

Flies at different heights in vegetation with a slow, fluttering flight which is very agile even in confined spaces.

Up to 21 years.

33kHz - 50kHz; loudest at 45kHz

30mins

Fast and straight flight at head height along habitat edges. More associated with woodland than Whiskered bats.

Up to 40 years.

25kHz - 50kHz; peak at 35kHz

45mins - 65mins

Slow, fluttering, agile flight in vegetation with occasional hovering pauses.

Up to 30 years.

45kHz - 70kHz

20mins - 30mins; occasionally before sunset.

Fast, erratic flight at head height often along habitat edges.

4 - 5 years.

35kHz - 85 kHz; loudest at 45kHz - 50kHz

40mins - 50mins

Fast, stright flight most often low over smooth water and sometimes along habitat edges.

Up to 22 years.

82kHz

40mins - 50mins

Slow, fluttering flight with short glides close to the ground alonog habitat edges or in vegetation.

Up to 30 years.

22kHz - 86kHz

No information on emergence.

No information on flight pattern.

29.8kHz - 62.5kHz

45mins - 65mins

Slow, fluttering, agile flight in vegetation with occasional hovering pauses.

5 - 9 years.

15kHz - 45kHz

10mins - 15mins; occasionally before sunset.

Fast, straight flight above trees in open habitats. Dives less steeply when hunting than the Noctule bat.

8 years.

110kHz

40mins - 50mins

Fairly fast and skilful flight close to the ground along habitat edges or in vegetation.

4 years.

36kHz - 40kHz

20mins - 30mins

Fast, erratic flight at head height often along habitat edges. Not as manouvarable as other pipistrelle bats in vegetation.

Up to 16 years.

35kHz - 80kHz; peak at 50kHz

40mins - 60mins

Fast and agile flight at head height in habitat edges and sometimes low over water.

7 years.

20kHz - 45kHz; peak at 35kHz

5mins - 10mins; occasionally before sunset.

Fast, straight flight above trees in open habitats. Dives steeply when hunting.

4 - 5 years.

15kHz - 65kHz; peak at 25kHz - 30kHz

20mins - 25mins; occasionally before sunset.

Relatively slow flight often above roof height. Flies in loops in open areas and much closer to vegetation than notcule bats.

Up to 19 years.

55kHz - 80kHz

20mins - 30mins; occasionally before sunset.

Fast, erratic flight at head height often along habitat edges.

4 -5 years.

32kHz - 89kHz; loudest at 45kHz

30mins

Fast and straight flight at head height along habitat edges.

4 years.

No information on flight picture.

Life Span

Up to 18 years.

Source: The information shown in the table above is from a series of documents about specific bat species provided by the Bat Conservation Trust website and the Field Studies Council.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.2 Life of a Bat in One Year

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Hibernating. Using stored fat as fuel. Heart beats six times during hiberation.

Hibernating. Little fat left.

Signs of limited activity. Small numbers feed at night. Food to top up fat reserves.

Active and hungry. Become torpid again when cold.

Fully active. Females search for suitable nursery sites. Separation of male and female reoosts. Females pregnant for six to nine weeks.

The young are born.

Transition Transition Winter: Hibernation Roost Winter: Hibernation Roost

Maternity Roost Maternity/Sa

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Mothers suckle their young almost full size; others still very small.

Females desert nusery sites and seek males. Juveniles begin catching insects.

Mating takes place. Fat begins to build up ready for winter. Females store sperm for the Spring.

More mating. Seeking suitable hibernation sites. Periods of tarpor.

More mating. Seeking suitable hibernation sites. Periods of torpor.

Hibernation.

nalRoost Roost nal Winter: Roost Winter:Hibernation Hibernation Roost

/ Satellite atellite RoostRoost Mating Roost Mating Roost DayDay/Night / Night Roost Roost

The diagram above indicates the life of a bat in one year from their level of activity to their roosting preferences.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.3 Importance of Bats

As described by the Bat Conservation Trust, there are four main key points as to

then excrete the seeds far away from the original tree. These seeds drop to the

why bats play an important role in many environments:

ground in their own ready-made fertiliser, which helps them germinate and grow. Because bats help pollinate and disperse seeds, they can even play an important

Bats are indicators of biodiversity

part in helping regrowth after forest clearance.

“Bats are a vital part of our native wildlife, accounting for almost a third of all mammal species in the UK and occupy a wide range of habitats, such as wetlands,

Even small bats can have an important part to play in seed dispersal, as recent re-

woodlands, farmland, as well as urban areas. They can tell us a lot about the state

search on neotropical bats in Central and South American forests suggests. These

of the environment, as they are top predators of common nocturnal insects and are

forests have been cleared and fragmented, while hunting and habitat loss has

sensitive to changes in land use practices. The pressures they face - such as land-

wiped out some populations of large bodied animals like deer and macaws. It had

scape change, agricultural intensification, development, and habitat fragmentation

been thought that without these animals, many large-seeded plants would have no

are also relevant to many other wildlife species, making them excellent indicators

way of dispersing their seeds. However, researchers looked at seed dispersal both

for the wider health of the UK’s wildlife.”

at random through the forest and underneath the tents of tentmaker bats. These studies have shown that the number of large seeds under the tents is higher than

Bats are pollinators

would occur at random, so tentmaker bats might be playing a crucial role in the

“Many people are unaware that over 500 plant species rely on bats to pollinate

dispersal of up to 44-65 large seeded plant species throughout the forest.

their flowers, including species of mango, banana, durian, guava and agave (used to make tequila). So, next time you drink some tequila or eat a mango, say thanks

Some plants depend partly or wholly on bats to pollinate their flowers or spread

to the bats! The pollination of plants by bats is called chiropterophily.

their seeds, while other bats also help control pests by eating insects. In the UK, some bats are ‘indicator species’, because changes to these bat populations can

Plants pollinated by bats often have pale nocturnal flowers (in contrast, bees are

indicate changes in aspects of biodiversity. Bats might suffer when there are

mostly attracted to bright, daytime flowers). These flowers are often large and bell

problems with insect populations (because our bats feed on insects) or when

shaped, and some bats have evolved specifically to reach the nectar at the bottom

habitats are destroyed or poorly managed (for example, some bats only live in large

of them. The tube-lipped nectar bat of Ecuador and the banana bat that lives only

woodlands).”

on the Pacific coast of Mexico both have extraordinarily long tongues for this exact reason. The tube-lipped nectar bat’s tongue is more than one and a half times the length of its body!” Bats are pest control “While some people think bats are pests, some bats are actually pest controllers eating thousands of insects every night. UK bats won’t bite you or suck your blood – but they will help clear the air of bloodsucking mosquitoes! All bats in the UK are insectivores – they only eat insects. Insect-eating bats are great for keeping bugs away from crops, as well as the places where the bats roost. The Brazilian free-tailed bat has been recognised as an important “pest management service” in cotton farming. Because bats eat so many insects in some regions, they can also reduce the need for pesticide sprays. While bats can provide a valuable service for agriculture, some agricultural practices can have a detrimental impact on bats. Increased use of pesticides may mean that bats go hungry from the lack of insect prey.” Bats are seed dispersers and reforesters “Like birds, some bats play a critical role in spreading the seeds of trees and other plants. Some tropical fruit bats carry seeds inside them as they digest the fruit,

A photo of a Daubenton in flight catching an insect. Photograph taken by Paul Colley in 2018.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.4 Bats and the Law

All UK bat species are protected wildlife species by both UK and EU law due to a significant decline over the last few decades. This drop in population is due to a few reasosn: the loss of roosting sites, foraging habitats, and commuting flight lines, and due to a significant decrease in the insect populations. Therefore, bats and their roosting places (whether bats are present or not) have become protected by two major pieces of wildlife legislation:’ The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (WCA)’ and ‘The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations (2017) (as amended)’. The table on the right summarizes the two wildlife legislations. The table on the following page shows the legal and conservation status of each UK bat species. In short, it is illegal to disturb, harm or obstruct bats or bat roosts. This is an important piece of information considering bats, over time, have found manmade architecture are suitable sites for roosting. These two legislations applies to everybody but in particular to builders, roofers, property owners/householders (who have bat roosts in their property), woodland owners, arboriculturalists and foresters, planning officers and building surveyors, architects, demolition companies and propery developers.

1 The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (WCA)

2 The Conservation Natural Habitats and Species Regulations (2017) (as amended)

It is illegal to:

• intentionally or recklessly disturb a bat while it is occupying a structure or place which it uses for shelter or protection (roost)

• deliberately capture, injure or kill a bat

• intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to any structure or place which it uses for shelter or protection • sell, offer for sale or possess for the purpose of sale any bat or part of a bat or advertise sales or purchases of bats

• deliberately disturb bats in a way that affects their ability to survive, breed, hibernate or migrate, or signifi cantly affects their local distribution orabundance • damage or destroy a breeding site or resting place of a bat [note that this does not have to be deliberate] • possess or control, transport, sell or exchange, or offer for sale or exchange a live or dead bat or any part of a bat.

Source: Bats and the Law, Bat Conservation Trust Website.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.4 Bats and the Law

Common name

Bern Convention Appendix II

Barbastelle

•

Bechstein’s bat

Bonn Convention Appendix II

WCA

Habitats Directive Annex IV

Habitats Directive Annex II

Habs Regs 1994 (as am.) Scotland

•

Brandt’s bat

•

Brown long-eared

•

Common pipistrelle

•

Daubenton’s bat

•

Greater horseshoe bat

•

Greater mouse-eared bat

•

Grey long-eared bat

•

Leisler’s bat

•

Lesser horseshoe bat

•

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

•

Natterer’s bat

•

Noctule

•

Serotine

•

Soprano pipistrelle

•

Whiskered bat

•

• •

•

• •

•

• •

Conservation of Habs & Sp. Regs 2010

•

Conservation Regs (N Ireland) 1995

CROW Act 2000

NERC Act 2006

Wild Mammals Protection Act

•

UK BAP Priority Species

IUCN Red List

EUROBATS Agreement

•

Near threatened

•

Near threatened

•

Least concern

•

Near threatened

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

Least concern

•

The table above shows the legal and conservation status of UK bat species. Information from the Bat Conservation Trust.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.5 Bats and Architecture

RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Template

According to the RIBA Plan of Work 2020, a project will go through seven work stages: 0 - Strategic Definition, 1 - Preperation and Briefing, 2 - Concept Design, 3 - Spatial Coordination, 4 - Technical Design, 5 - Maunufacturing and Construction, 6- Handover, and 7 - Use.

RIBA One of the core tasks in Stage 1 is to source site information and include site ofareWork surveys. This also entails ecological consultancy and batPlan surveys that required 2020 to be conducted for any conversion, modification, demolition or removal work of a building.

Stage Boundaries:

Stages 0-4 will generally beliscence undertaken one after Once the surveys have been conducted, it may still require in order for an the other. architectural project to continue. The scale and type of building works or activity Stages 4 and 5 will overlap may require a liscence that takes two months for approval.in the Project Programme for most projects. Stage 5 commences when the contractor takes possession of the site and finishes at Practical Completion. Stage 6 starts with the handover of the building to the client immediately after Practical Completion and finishes at the end of the Defects Liability Period. Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building.

Planning Note: Planning Applications are generally submitted at the end of Stage 3 and should only be submitted earlier when the threshold of information required has been met. If a Planning Application is made during Stage 3, a midstage gateway should be determined and it should be clear to the project team which tasks and deliverables will be required. See Overview guidance.

Procurement: The RIBA Plan of Work is procurement neutral – See Overview guidance for a detailed description of how each stage might be adjusted to accommodate the requirements of the Procurement Strategy. ER

Employer’s Requirements

Contractor’s Proposals

The RIBA Plan of Work organises the process of briefing, designing, delivering, maintaining, operating and using a building into eight stages. It is a framework for all disciplines on construction projects and should be used solely as guidance for the preparation of detailed professional services and building contracts.

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Briefing

Co De

Stage Outcome

The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed

at the end of the stage

Projects span fro

If the outcome determines that a building is the best means of achieving the Client Requirements, the client proceeds to Stage 1

Core Tasks

Prepare Client Requirements

during the stage

Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget

Project Strategies might include: – Conservation (if applicable) – Cost – Fire Safety – Health and Safety – Inclusive Design – Planning – Plan for Use – Procurement – Sustainability See RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview for detailed guidance on Project Strategies

Core Statutory Processes

Ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements

Arch appr align

Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements

Prep Con Stra requ Cos and

Undertake Feasibility Studies Agree Project Budget

Agre Dero

Source Site Information including Site Surveys

Undertake Site Appraisals

Prepare Project Programme

Und with Stak

Prepare Project Execution Plan

Prep Prog

No design team required for Stages 0 and 1. Client advisers may be appointed to the client team to provide strategic advice and design thinking before Stage 2 commences.

Strategic appraisal of Planning considerations

Planning Building Regulations Health and Safety (CDM)

Source pre-application Planning Advice

Obta Plan

Initiate collation of health and safety Pre-construction Information

Agre Reg

Opt Plan

Traditional

Design & Build 1 Stage Design & Build 2 Stage

Appoint client team

Management Contract Construction Management Contractor-led

Information Exchanges

at the end of the stage

Ecological consultations and bat Appoint team surveys are required fordesign conversion, modification, demolition or removal of buildings. Most of these consultations and surveys take ER place in May - August).

Client Requirements

Project Brief

Proj

Business Case

Feasibility Studies

Sign

Site Information

Proj

Project Budget

Outl

Project Programme

Cos

Procurement Strategy

The Stag resp Con

Review Feedback from previous projects

during the stage:

Procurement Route

Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site

Responsibility Matrix Information Requirements Core RIBA Plan of Work terms are defined in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview glossary and set in Bold Type.

oncept esign

Spatial Coordination

Technical Design

Manufacturing and Construction Handover

Use

om Stage 1 to Stage 6; the outcome of Stage 0 may be the decision to initiate a project and Stage 7 covers the ongoing use of the building.

hitectural Concept roved by the client and ned to the Project Brief

Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated

brief remains “live” during ge 2 and is derogated in ponse to the Architectural ncept

All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed Stage 4 will overlap with Stage 5 on most projects

pare Architectural ncept incorporating ategic Engineering uirements and aligned to st Plan, Project Strategies Outline Specification

ee Project Brief ogations

dertake Design Reviews h client and Project keholders

Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resulting in Spatially Coordinated design aligned to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification Initiate Change Control Procedures Prepare stage Design Programme

pare stage Design gramme

Develop architectural and engineering technical design Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information Prepare stage Design Programme

Manufacturing, construction and Commissioning completed

Manufacture Building Systems and construct building

Inspect Construction Quality

Rectify defects

Resolve Site Queries as required

Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Undertake Commissioning of building

Building handover tasks bridge Stages 5 and 6 as set out in the Plan for Use Strategy

Submit Building Regulations Application

Carry out Construction Phase Plan

ee route to Building gulations compliance

Prepare and submit Planning Application

Discharge precommencement Planning Conditions

Comply with Planning Conditions related to construction

Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Adaptation of a building (at the end of its useful life) triggers a new Stage 0

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Prepare Construction Phase Plan Submit form F10 to HSE if applicable Tender ER CP

Appoint contractor

Pre-contract services agreement

Appoint contractor

Preferred bidder

Appoint contractor

Appoint Facilities Management and Asset Management teams, and strategic advisers as needed

Appoint contractor

ject Brief Derogations

Signed off Stage Report

Manufacturing Information

ned off Stage Report

Project Strategies

Construction Information

ject Strategies

Updated Outline Specification

Final Specifications

tline Specification

st Plan

Undertake review of Project Performance Undertake seasonal Commissioning

Review design against Building Regulations

Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy

Monitor progress against Construction Programme

tain pre-application nning Advice

See Planning Note for guidance on submitting a Planning Application earlier than at end of Stage 3

Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building

There is no design work in Stage 5 other than responding to Site Queries

Finalise Site Logistics

Building used, operated and maintained efficiently

Prepare Building Manual Specialist subcontractor designs are prepared and reviewed during Stage 4

tion: submit outline nning Application

Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded

Updated Cost Plan Planning Application

Residual Project Strategies Building Regulations Application

Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information Practical Completion certificate including Defects List Asset Information If Verified Construction Information is required, verification tasks must be defined

Further guidance and detailed stage descriptions are included in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview.

Feedback on Project Performance

Feedback from Post Occupancy Evaluation

Final Certificate

Updated Building Manual including Health and Feedback from light touch Safety File and Fire Safety PostThe Occupancy Evaluation table above shows the RIBAInformation Work of Plan illustrating in as2020, necessary detail the seven work stages. The outline box indicates the stage in which site surveys (including ecological surveys) are required.

About Bats

About Bats 1. Information on Bats

1.5 Bats and Architecture

RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Template

RIBA Plan of Work 2020

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Briefing

Co De

Stage Boundaries:

Stage Outcome

The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed

Stages 0-4 will generally be undertaken one after the other. Stages 4 and 5 will overlap in the Project Programme for most projects. Stage 5 commences when the contractor takes possession of the site and finishes at Practical Completion. Stage 6 starts with the handover of the building to the client immediately after Practical Completion and finishes at the end of the Defects Liability Period. Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building.

Employer’s Requirements

Contractor’s Proposals

at the end of the stage

Projects span fro

If the outcome determines that a building is the best means of achieving the Client Requirements, the client proceeds to Stage 1

Core Tasks

Prepare Client Requirements

during the stage

Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget

Core Statutory Processes

Ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements

Arch appr align

Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements

Prep Con Stra requ Cos and

Undertake Feasibility Studies Agree Project Budget

Agre Dero

Source Site Information including Site Surveys

Undertake Site Appraisals

Prepare Project Programme

Und with Stak

Prepare Project Execution Plan

Prep Prog

No design team required for Stages 0 and 1. Client advisers may be appointed to the client team to provide strategic advice and design thinking before Stage 2 commences.

Strategic appraisal of Planning considerations

Planning Building Regulations Health and Safety (CDM)

Source pre-application Planning Advice

Obta Plan

Initiate collation of health and safety Pre-construction Information

Agre Reg

Opt Plan

Traditional

Design & Build 1 Stage Design & Build 2 Stage

Appoint client team

Appoint design team

Management Contract Construction Management Contractor-led

Information Exchanges

at the end of the stage

Client Requirements

Project Brief

Proj

Business Case

Feasibility Studies

Sign

Site Information

Proj

Project Budget

Outl

Project Programme

Cos

Procurement Strategy

The Stag resp Con

Review Feedback from previous projects

during the stage:

Procurement Route

Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site

Responsibility Matrix Information Requirements Core RIBA Plan of Work terms are defined in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview glossary and set in Bold Type.

oncept esign

Spatial Coordination

Technical Design

Manufacturing and Construction Handover

Use

om Stage 1 to Stage 6; the outcome of Stage 0 may be the decision to initiate a project and Stage 7 covers the ongoing use of the building.

hitectural Concept roved by the client and ned to the Project Brief

Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated

brief remains “live” during ge 2 and is derogated in ponse to the Architectural ncept

Photograph 1 Frontage of 1-2 Lincolns Inn’s Field.

pare Architectural ncept incorporating ategic Engineering uirements and aligned to st Plan, Project Strategies Outline Specification

ee Project Brief ogations

dertake Design Reviews h client and Project keholders

Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resultingPhotograph in Spatially 2 Coordinated design aligned Slate tile pitched roof and chimney breasts. to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification Initiate Change Control Procedures Photograph 3 Prepare stage Design Programme

Underground vaults at the basement level. Gaps were evident in the concrete above the wooden doors.

pare stage Design gramme

All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed

Manufacturing, construction and Commissioning completed

There is Photograph 4 no design work in Stage 5 than responding to Site Stage 4 will overlap with Stage 5 above theother Loose bricks window on the northern elevation which may Queries on most projects provide roosting opportunities for

Develop architectural and engineering technical design

Finalise Site Logistics

Manufacture Building Systems and construct Prepare and coordinate Photograph 5 building design team Building and broken slate roof tiles Systems information Missingproviding potential roosting opportunities for crevice-dwelling Monitor progress against bat species. Construction Programme Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Inspect Construction Quality Building Systems Resolve Site Queries as information required Photograph 6 Prepare stage Design Missing brick at the base of the Undertake Commissioning Programme chimney providing potential roosting opportunities for crevicebuilding dwellingof bat species.

Submit Building Regulations 23 Application

Carry out Construction 23 Phase Plan

ee route to Building gulations compliance

Prepare and submit Planning Application

Discharge precommencement Planning Conditions

Comply with Planning Conditions related to construction

The Ecology Consultancy 1-2 Lincolns Inn Field, London /Preliminary Roost Assessment / David Chipperfield Architects

Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building

Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management

Photograph 9

View inside roof void of 1 Lincolns Inn Fields. The loft space was lined with bitumen felt which was lifted in places, providing potential roosting opportunities for crevice-dwelling bat species.

Comply with Planning 24 Conditions as required

The Ecology Consultancy 1-2 Lincolns Inn Field, London /Preliminary Roost Assessment / David Chipperfield Architects

Adaptation of a building (at the end of its useful life) triggers a new Stage 0

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

The Ecology Consultancy 1-2 Lincolns Inn Field, London /Preliminary Roost Assessment / David Chipperfield Architects

Prepare Construction Phase Plan Submit form F10 to HSE if applicable Tender ER CP

Appoint contractor

Pre-contract services agreement

Appoint contractor

Preferred bidder

Appoint contractor

Appoint Facilities Management and Asset Management teams, and strategic advisers as needed

Appoint contractor

ject Brief Derogations

Signed off Stage Report

Manufacturing Information

ned off Stage Report

Project Strategies

Construction Information

ject Strategies

Updated Outline Specification

Final Specifications

tline Specification

st Plan

Building used, operated and maintained efficiently

Undertake review of Project Performance Undertake Post Occupancy Photograph 8 Evaluation of building View inside roof void of 1 Lincolns Undertake seasonal Inn Fields with king post roof formation. performance in use Commissioning Verify Project Outcomes Rectify defects including Sustainability Complete initial Aftercare Outcomes tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Building handover tasks bridge Stages 5 and 6 as set out in the Plan for Use Strategy

Review design against Building Regulations

Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy

Prepare Building Manual

tain pre-application nning Advice

See Planning Note for guidance on submitting a Planning Application earlier than at end of Stage 3

Photograph 7 Slipped ridge tile on western elevation of 1 Lincolns Inn Fields providing potential access for bats into the roof void.

crevice-dwelling species.

Specialist subcontractor designs are prepared and reviewed during Stage 4

tion: submit outline nning Application

Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded

Updated Cost Plan Planning Application

Residual Project Strategies Building Regulations Application

Further guidance and detailed stage descriptions are included in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview.

Feedback on Project Performance

Feedback from Post Occupancy Evaluation

Final Certificate

Updated Building Manual including Health and Feedback from light touch Safety File and Fire Safety Post Occupancy Evaluation The top table above shows the RIBAInformation Work of Plan illustrating in as2020, necessary detail the seven work stages. The seven pages below is an example of a bat survey, conducted on site in London by The Ecology Consultancy.

About Bats

Bats in traditional buildings Section B

About Bats 2. Bats in Hooke Park

Section B

2.1 Bats Species of Hooke Park

Bats in the UK

Why bats use buildings Common name

Scientific name

Status

Barbastelle

Barbastella barbastellus

Rare; threatened; UK BAP Priority Speci EU Priority Species

Bechstein’s bat

Myotis bechsteinii

Rare; threatened. UK B vulnerable species

Brandt’s bat

Myotis brandtii

Uncommon; not threatened.

Brown long-eared bat

Plecotus auritus

Threatened; UK BAP P Species.

Common pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Frequent; not threaten

Daubenton’s bat

Myotis daubentonii

Frequent; not threaten

Greater horseshoe bat

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Rare; threatened; UK B Priority Species; EU Pr Species

Greater mouse-eared bat

Myotis myotis

Very rare; at one time considered extinct in B

Grey long-eared bat

Plecotus austriacus

Very rare

Leisler’s bat

Nyctalus leisleri

Occasionally found in and Wales; more frequ Ireland

Lesser horseshoe bat

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Occasional or frequen threatened; UK BAP P Species; EU Priority Sp

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Pipistrellus nathusii

Rare

Natterer’s bat

Myotis nattereri

Not threatened

Noctule

Nyctalus noctula

Threatened; UK BAP P Species

Serotine

Eptesicus serotinus

Rare

Soprano pipistrelle

Pipistrellus pygmaeus

Threatened; UK BAP P Species

Whiskered bat

Myotis mystacinus

Not threatened

According to the Stephen Hales has conducted monitoring in Hookeabout Park Thiswhosection givesbatyou information

bats a handful of times, he was able to detect speciesand of batstells that exist Hooke and theirtwo habits, youwithin where you are1 Park’s woodlands. He identified them as the to Serotine bat across and one ofbats the pipistmost likely come in buildings. relle species. However, which specific pipistrelle species (common, nathusius or soprano pipistrelle) is yet to A be confirmed. bat speices were identified a colony ofThebats will have severalwith roost

sites2 bat detector by Stephen Hales. Each bat species have according their own unique that they will use to frequency their needs 3 range, which helps bat experts or researchers the specific bat species. and the timeidentify of year. An absence of bats does not mean that the roost is no longer being 4 used. See Choosing a roost site, p 15. Identifying whether bats actually use a 5 building, and understanding the patterns of use, requires specialist knowledge. See Finding bats and their roosts, p 19.

12 29128_Text.indd 12

* Includes mines, bridges, caves, tunnels, cellars and ice houses.

Section B Why bats use buildings

Distribution

Roost size

Summer roosts

Winter roosts

Foraging habitat

ies;

Southern half of England and Wales

1–50

Tree cavities and occasionally old buildings such as barns

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Ancient woodlands and pasture, parkland, hedgerows

BAP

Southern England

1–100

Tree cavities, especially old woodpecker holes

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Ancient woodlands

England, Wales and Ireland

30–200

Mainly roof voids in buildings

Underground sites*

Woodland and tree-lined water bodies

Throughout the UK and Republic of Ireland (RoI)

10–20 (can be up to 100)

Roof voids in older buildings, barns, churches and tree cavities; bat boxes

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Woodland, gardens and orchards

50–200

Outer parts of buildings (confined spaces such as soffits and under hanging tiles rather than roof voids)

In confined spaces in buildings

Woodland, gardens, parkland, hedgerows; around water bodies

Priority

ned Throughout the UK and RoI

ned

Throughout the UK and RoI

20–50 (can be up to 200)

Tree cavities; also tunnels and bridges

Tree cavities and underground sites*

Over water

BAP riority

South-west England and south-west Wales

50–200 (can be up to 600)

Mainly large roof voids of old buildings

Underground sites*

Parkland and woodland, steep-sided valleys

Britain

South coast of England; only one hibernation site known

Mainly large roof voids of old buildings

Underground sites*

Pasture and woodland

Southern England

10–20 (can be up to 50)

Buildings

Caves and tunnels; also probably uses trees and buildings

Parkland and woodland

England uent in

England, Wales and Ireland

20–100

Buildings, bat boxes

Buildings

Woodland and parkland

nt; Priority pecies

South-west England, Wales and RoI, spreading north and east

30–70 (can be up to 400)

Mainly large roof voids of old buildings

Underground sites*

Woodland and parkland

Throughout the UK during migration; resident in Northern Ireland

1–100

Buildings

Woodland, especially near water bodies

Widespread in UK and RoI

20–100+

Old stone buildings and large, timbered barns; tree holes; bat boxes

Tree cavities, bat boxes and underground sites*

Woodland and parkland

England and Wales; absent from Ireland

15–50 (can be up to 100)

Tree cavities, occasionally buildings

Tree cavities

Woodland, pasture and lakes

Largely confined to counties south of Lincolnshire and Ceredigion but may be spreading north and west

15–30

Buildings

Buildings; rarely underground sites*

Woodland, pasture and lakes

Throughout the UK and RoI

50–1,000 (2,000 exceptional)

Buildings, bat boxes and trees

Buildings, bat boxes, and tree cavities

Widespread, especially near water bodies

Throughout the UK and RoI

30–200

Mainly roof voids of older houses

Underground sites*

Woodland, gardens, parkland, hedgerows; around water bodies

Priority

Bats in the UK

Bat Conservation Trust There are 18 known bat species in the UK, 17 of which breed here and account for more than a quarter of the mammal species in the UK.

The outlined boxes in that table indicate the bat speices that are currently known to exist in the Hooke Park. 6/3/09 00:37:45 29128_Text.indd 13

6/3/09 00:37:46

About Bats

About Bats 2. Bats in Hooke Park

2.1 Bats Species of Hooke Park

The table of the right shows photos and the distribution maps of the three possible species in Hooke Park. The common pipistrelle is the most common bat species in the UK so it is quite likely that the common pipistrelle is the pipistrelle species that was found in Hooke Park. However, considering that Dorset is the home of many UK bat species, it is also possibe that it could be either Soprano pipistrelle or Nathusiusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; pipistrelle. Although two bat species have been confirmed, it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t mean that there arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t more bat species that exist in Hooke Park. In fact, through research and discussions with Danielle Linton, it was revealed that 15 or the 17 bat species are known to exist within this area of Dorset. More importantly, Hooke Park is an ancient woodland that is an ideal and attractive location for foraging bats, so it is likely that Hooke Park accommodates the rarer bat species of UK.

Bat Conservation Trust

Serotine bat Eptesicus serotinus Introduction

The serotine is one of Britain’s largest bat species and usually one of the first to appear in the evening, often emerging in good light. Its broad wings and a leisurely, highly manoeuvrable flapping flight with occasional short glides or steep descents are distinctive.

Vital statistics

Serotine

Head & body bo length: Forearm length: Wingspan: Weight: Colour:

58mm - 80mm

48mm - 55mm Bat Conservation Trust

320mm - 380mm 15g - 35g Fur dark brown above, pale underneath; face and ears black.

Common pipistrelle General

Common pipistrelle

Diet

pipistrellus Most of the food is caught within 2km of the roost although Pipistrellus In spring, mainly flies and moths; in summer, particularly chafers serotines may forage up to six kilometres. Having caught a large and dung beetles. beetle, a serotine will fly around slowly, chewing its prey and Introduction & life dropping the wing cases and legs; sometimes it will the prey Reproduction Pipistrelles are take the commonest and most widespread of allcycle British bat species. There are two Maternity colonies consist almost bats and to a feeding perch. very similar species, common pipistrelle and soprano pipistrelle. exclusively Pipistrelles of arefemale the bats that to build up injerky May.inNumbers in smaller colonies are10most to see.toTheystart appear fast and flight as they dodgematernity about pursuing It flies at about tree-top height (to you about m) likely often close are often stable from the end of May. A colony usually insects which theonbats and eat on the wing. A single pipistrelle can consumeremains up to vegetation, and will sometimes flop,small wings outstretched, to catch at a single roost site during the breeding season, although larger 3,000 insects in one night! the foliage to catch large insects. The serotine will feed around colonies sometimes change roosts. Females normally give birth street lamps and even catch prey from the ground. to a single young in early July, though births as late as midVital statistics Bat Conservation Trust August have been recorded. The baby is occasionally carried Habitats Head & body bo length: 35mm - 45mm by its mother for the first few days. At 3 weeks the young are Serotines roost mainly in buildings with highlength: gables and cavity30mm Forearm - 35mm able to make their first flight and at 6 weeks they can forage for walls. They can be found in much older buildings and churches,200mm-235mm Wingspan: themselves. The colony usually disperses by early September, but are less often found in modern buildings. Weight: The access to the3g - 8g but a few bats may remain in the roost until early October. roost is usually at or near the gable apex or the lower eaves.Medium Colour: to dark brown. Face and around the eyes usually dark. The serotine is one of the most building-oriented species and is The males probably remain solitary or in small groups but are Pipistrellus hardly ever found in trees. occasionally foundpygmaeus with females in spring or autumn. Mating General General normally takes place insingly the autumn, but groups almost through nothingthe is The two commonest pipistrelle species found in the UK, the Male bats usually roost or in small They roost hidden in crevices around chimneys, in cavity Introduction the mating behaviour. Males and females reachJuly sexual common and soprano pipistrelle, as separate summerofmonths. During the main mating period from to walls, between felt or boardingwere andonly tilesidentified or slates, beneath known Pipistrelles are the commonest and most widespread of all British bat species. There are two maturity a year after their birth. species in the 1990s. The two species look very similar and often early September, males defend individual territories as mating floorboards and sometimes in the open roof space at the ridge very species, common and soprano pipistrelle. Pipistrelles are the‘songflights’ bats that the easiest way to tell them apart isalong fromsimilar the frequency of their pipistrelle roosts, attracting females by making repeated ends or occasionally elsewhere the ridge. Droppings Echolocation are most to see. They appeartheir fast roost and jerky in flightsocial as they dodge about pursuing echolocation calls.in large amounts you around and singing calls. are often present at gable endslikely or around a The echolocation calls of serotine bats range from 15 to 65kHz small insects whichshow the bats and eat on the wing. A single pipistrelle can consume up to chimney base, although some long-established colonies no catch and peak at 25 to 30kHz. On a bat detector a sound like irregular Habitats Echolocation 3,000 insects in one night! obvious signs of occupation where the roost is in a cavity wall. hand-clapping is heard. Bat Conservation Trustpipistrelles are above the range Common pipistrelles feed in a wide range of habitats comprising Sounds produced by common The point of access is not well-marked, though sometimes it is woodland, hedgerows, grassland, farmland, suburban and also of human hearing with the exception of social calls that may be Distribution & conservation Vitaltostatistics slightly discoloured and there are likely be aroost few around droppings urban areas. They generally emerge from their 20 heard by children and some adults with good hearing. With a bat The serotine is one of our less Head & body bo length: 35mm - 45mm underneath. minutes after sunset and fly 2-10m above ground level searching detector (heterodyne) the echolocation calls can be picked up common species, occurring mainly Forearm length: 29mm - 34mm Serotines sometimes roost inthey the catch same and building pipistrelles for their insect prey, which eat onasthe wing by between about 45 and 70kHz. south of a line drawn from The Wash Wingspan: 190mm - 230mm or long-eared bats, and they have also been known to associate The calls sound like a series of clicks towards the top of this ‘aerial hawking’. to parts of South Wales. Weight: 3g - 8g with natterer’s, and noctule bats. Pipistrellus nathusii Summer roosts whiskered of both common and soprano pipistrelles are range, turning into ‘wetter’ slaps withthe the deepest sounding Colour: Medium to dark brown. Face and usually pink inslap Thearound decline eyes in serotine numbers Very fewfound serotines are found in winter, it is likely thatnewer mostcolour. usually in crevices around the but outside of often being heard at about 45kHz, the peak intensity of the call. is probably due to loss of feeding hibernate in buildings. It is possible that at least part of the buildings, such as behind hanging tiles, soffit and barge or eaves Introduction habitat where large insects such as Distribution & conservation General General summer mayroofing remainfelt in the building forcavity some,is ifanot boarding,colony between andsame roof tiles orpipistrelle in walls. Nathusius’ rare bat in the UK, though records have increased in recent years. It chafers canable be to found. Asatthe The common pipistrelle is widely Theoftwo commonest pipistrelle species foundhave in the UK, the After about four weeks the young are fly and sixserotine weeks all, the winter period. Hibernating serotines been found is aand migratory species, andinmost bats are encountered in autumn, although some do remain all it This species also roosts in tree holes crevices, and also roosts almost entirely buildings, distributed across thein UK and its common and soprano pipistrelle, were onlyVery identified asthey separate they are able to forage for themselves. inside cavity walls and disused chimneys. rarely have year and breed in thesoprano UK. It is similar in appearance to, butisslightly larger than the much more bat boxes. Summer roosts support smaller colonies than subject to the effects of building distribution appears to extend further species in thein1990s. The two species lookeither very similar and often Male bats usually roost singly been found the coldest parts of caves, in roof crevices or in small groups through the commonly found common and soprano pipistrelles, and the fur on its back is longer, sometimes pipistrelles, with numbers averaging around 75 bats. Common work and the of toxic pipistrelle. chemicals north than thatuse of soprano theineasiest way to tell them apart is from the frequency of their summer months. During the or accumulations of boulders. main mating period from July to giving a shaggy appearance. pipistrelle maternity colonies are more likely to move between in remedial treatment. Along with timber the common pipistrelle echolocation calls. early September, males defend individual territories as mating roost sites than those of soprano pipistrelles. it is one of Britain’s commonest bat roosts, attracting females by making repeated ‘songflights’ Habitats In winter common pipistrelles areVital foundstatistics singly or in small species. around their roost and singing social calls. Soprano feed in wetland habitats, forbat example Head bo alsolength: body numbers pipistrelles in crevices usually of buildings and trees,&and in boxes.46mm - 55mm Populations of 17,pipistrelles © Bat Conservation Trustalso 2010around Photograph: Hugh Clark tree Distribution Map: Second Report by the United Kingdom under Article JNCC (2008) have over and rivers, woodland edge, lines32mm Forearm length: - 38mm Echolocation Theylakes are often found and in relatively exposed locations and rarely declined in the last Bat Conservation Quadrant House, 250 Kennington Lane, London SE11 5RD Bat Helpline 0345 1300 dramatically 228 www.bats.org.uk or hedgerows, and inTrust, suburban gardens and parks. Wingspan: 228mm - 250mm Sounds produced by soprano pipistrelles are above the range of underground. few decades. This is at least partly Weight: 16g hearing with the exception of social calls that They generally emerge from their roost around 20 minutes after6g - human may be aspecies result oftips modern agricultural Diet The left shows threeasadults bat up good close, the colColour: occasionally with frosted onmiddle the belly. sunset and fly 2-10m above ground level searching for their insectFur reddish-brown, heard by column children andthesome with hearing. practices, although common umn shows the bat species in flight and the right column shows the bat Feeds mainly on a wide range of small flies as well as the aquaticThe ears, membranes and face are usually very dark. prey, which they catch and eat on the wing by ‘aerial hawking’. With a batspecies detector (heterodyne) the echolocation calls can be distribution in Dorset. Source: Dorset Bat Group. pipistrelle populations have started showing signs of recovery midges and mosquitos. General Soprano pipistrelles appear to be more selective in their habitat General picked upyears. between about 55 and 80kHz. Thefor calls sound makes like a in recent Their reliance on buildings roosting Nathusius’ was first recorded in Great Britain in the June or early July. For three or four weeks the young are fed use than thepipistrelle more generalist common pipistrelle. Reproduction & life cycle series clicks towards the top renovations, of this range,Bats turning intoand them of vulnerable to building exclusion toxic 53‘wetter’ About ShetlandtheIslands in 1940. It was regarded aswhere a vagrant, solely on their mother’s milk. After about four weeks the young During summer, females forminitially maternity colonies they Summer roosts of both common and soprano pipistrelles are slaps withtimber the deepest sounding slap being heard at about 55kHz, remedial treatment chemicals. but its status subsequently upgraded winter visiting able to fly and at six weeks they are able to forage for give birth to a was single youngaround in June or outside earlytoJuly. For three or are usually found in crevices the of often newer the peak intensity of the call. migrant as records accumulated, and since the 1990s it has been themselves. Occasionally, maternity colonies may temporarily four weekssuch the young are fed solelytiles, on their milk. After buildings, as behind hanging soffitmother’s and barge or eaves Distribution & conservation known to breed in the UK. A small number of maternity colonies move location. about fourbetween weeks the youngfelt areand ableroof to fly and weeks they boarding, roofing tiles oratinsix cavity walls. The soprano pipistrelle is widely

Soprano pipistrelle

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

About Bats 3. Bat Monitoring

3.1 Basic Requirements for Bat Monitoring

There are many tools that can be used for monitoring bats. On the right are some of these tools from the (top) easist to (bottom): an observational survey, a bat detector survey, installing bat boxes, and ringing bats.The more complicated techniques, such as ringing bats, will require supervision or professional help. The use of these tools can be done with one person or done with a monitoring group. On the following page, there are four simple diagrams that shows the methodology of monitoring in different scales: one point survey, path survey, and two different types of loop surveys. The key point for monitoring no matter the scale, is to go back to the same spots or same paths as many times as possible to record any changes over time.

Bat Conservation Trust

Sunset - Sunrise Survey

Ever sat in your garden on a warm summer evening and watched bats flitting around?

Do your bit for bats this summer

Species? (simply write ‘bat’ if you’re not sure)

Contact details Name

ID method?

Address Post Code Email address

Survey details

Visual

Type of sighting?

The Bat Conservation Trust has been counting the UK’s bats since 1997, with the help of thousands of volunteers. We need to understand what is happening to our bat populations so that we can work effectively to conserve them.

Bat detector (please note model below)

In flight

Roost

Swarming

Taking part in the Sunset-Sunrise Survey couldn't be simpler, you don’t need any equipment or experience and you do the survey in your own garden! Simply spend the hour after sunset and/or the hour before sunrise in your garden and look for any bats or other nocturnal animals you can spot.

Survey location (grid ref or post code)

Date of survey Survey type

Sunset

Sunrise

What other species did you see or hear? Rabbit

How many surveyors? Did you see bats?

Yes

Tawny Owl

Fox

Hedgehog

Stag Beetle

Other

You can carry out your survey anytime from April to September. This period is when bats are most active. Between June and August is the best time to see them swarming as they return to the roost.

If you are happy to be contacted by BCT with information about other bat surveys you may be interested in please tick the box 

For further instructions (including videos) and to enter your results online visit www.bats.org.uk/our-work/national-bat-monitoring-programme/surveys/sunset-sunrise-survey

Observational Survey

You will need: ○ Survey form

The noctule is one of our biggest bats. They fly very high above tree tops, in straight lines and with steep dives.

Brown long-eared bats usually fly close to trees. Their flight is slow and hovering. Their long distinctive ears can sometimes be seen in flight.

○ Pencil/pen

○ Torch

○ Watch

If you are doing your survey in the evening start at sunset. If you are doing your survey at dawn start one hour before sunrise. To find out the sunset and sunrise times at your location you can enter your nearest city and the word 'sunset' or 'sunrise' into Google, or visit www.bbc.co.uk/weather or www.timeanddate.com/sun and search for your nearest city.

A observational survey is the easiest method of monitoring and can be conducted even in a garden or backyard. On the left is an example of a bat survey provided by the Bat Conservation Trust called the ‘ Sunset - Sunrise Survey’. By doing this survey, a participant will simply need the survey form, a pencil/pen, torch and a watch. Once the survey is complete, the results can be sent to the online record submission in the Bat Conservation Trust website.

Spend an hour looking for bats and any other nocturnal animals you can see or hear. Record the animals that you see on the form overleaf. After sunset you may spot bats emerging from their roost or foraging for food. Before dawn you may see bats swarming before they return to their roost - bat swarming is when several bats circle around a building or tree. You’re most likely to spot a pipistrelle. They have erratic flight with lots of twist and turns and downward swoops. There are 3 species of pipistrelle that look similar: common pipistrelle, soprano pipistrelle and the rarer Nathusius’ pipistrelle.

Which bat is it? There are eighteen species of bat in the UK, but you are most likely to see one of five species: common pipistrelle, soprano pipistrelle, brown long-eared bat, noctule or Daubenton’s bat. The form overleaf shows you how to tell them apart from their flight pattern. If you do not know which species of bat you have seen simply enter ‘bat’ on the online data entry form. Send us your results Please go to www.brc.ac.uk/irecord/external/bct-sunset-sunrise to send us your results using our online form. Thank you for your valuable contribution to bat conservation!

Daubenton’s bats fly very low over water, skimming the surface to catch insects with their feet. If you look closely you can see their white bellies.

If you have enjoyed this survey and would like to take part in other National Bat Monitoring Programme surveys go to http://nbmp.bats.org.uk/Surveys.aspx

Bat detectors we can identify many species by listening to their calls or recording them for sound analysis on a computer. Heterodyne bat detectors are the type that most people use as beginners. They are tuneable - you select the frequency range to listen to, and bat calls at that frequency are converted to sounds which you can hear. This makes them ideal detectors for immediate identification of bats in the field. Bat Detector Survey

Installing bat boxes is another method for monitoring bats. This particular bat box is commonly used ay Wytham Woods, Oxford, for bat research. They learned that bats sometimes cohabit with birds such as tits. Installing the bat box itself is not hard. However, according to law, it is illegal to distrub, harm or obstruct bats or bat roosts so touching the bat box after bats have shown to habitat the bat box will require professional help or supervision.

Installing Bat boxes

Monitoring Woodland Bats

Ringing bats require professional help or supervision from a qualified researcher. There are different sized rings depending on the bat species. The image on the left, show, undes ringed bats in a bat box in Wytham Woods. By ringing bats, researchers are able to better understand bat species’ social structure and track their movement from a local, regional and intercontinenal scale. This could also help with recording the changes in bat populations which correlates to the changes in the climate and the environment.

Wytham Woods 400 hectares

Ringing Bats

Hooke Park 150 hectares

Tagging Bats in Wytham Woods Wytham Woods

Source: Information from Bat Conservation Trust and bottom photo from in Wytham Woods, Oxford.

About Bats

About Bats 3. Bat Monitoring

3.1 Basic Requirements for Bat Monitoring

One Point Survey

Path Survey

Tools: Observational Survey Bat Detector Installing Bat Boxes

The one point survey is the easiest survey to conduct and takes the least amount of time. It requires one person to conduct an observational survey such or record sounds with a bat detector to identify bat species. It is also possible to install bat boxes near the monitoring spot to see if any bat species would roost in that area.

Path surveys are similar to one point surveys except that the monitoring takes place along a short path. It is possible to conduct an observational survey but a bat detector would be useful for this type of path survey. The chosen path will run along an area known to have the presence of bats and also cover at least two types of environments (for example, one space with higher density of trees and the other with lower density of trees).

Loop Survey 1

Loop Survey 2

Tools: Observational Survey Bat Detector Installing Bat Boxes

Tools: Observational Survey Bat Detector Installing Bat Boxes Ringing Bats

A loop survey may take up to two or more hours. It requires using the bat detector along the path from start to finish. It would also be useful to arrange the path through knwon existing roosts. Similar to the path survey, it is benefitial to have the chosen path run along different landscapes, also take into consideration that bats like to follow tree lines and find bodies of water to fly around. Installing bat boxes will attract more bats to roost and forage along the path, this could help better understand the bats that live and forage in the area.

Loop survey 2 is very similar to loop survey 1 except that it welcomes more hands-on work that may require professional help or supervision. By installing bat boxes along the loop, participants (together with professional help) will be able to tag and ring the bats for monitoring and research. The more bat boxes along this loop, the better, This gives a chance for bats to find the ideal roosts and will give the participants a better chance of finding them.

Four simple diagrams that shows the methodology and tools for monitoring in different scales.

About Bats

About Bats 3. Bat Monitoring

3.2 Bat Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

3.2.1 Participants of Monitoring Program

The aim of a wildlife monitoring program is welcome other groups and organizations to teach and share their expertise. The monitoring program will welcome educational organizations such as Hooke Court and research and conservation groups such as the Dorest Wildlife Trust, the Dorset Environmental Records

The Architectural Association can assist and contribute to the wildlife monitoring program by including both students and staff from Hooke Park or Bedford Square to participate.

Centre, the Dorset Bat Group, the Dorset Bird Club and the Dorset Countryside Volunteer. Hooke Court is a specialist educational centre for children of different ages. Including these children in the wildlife monitoring program could be an educational experience as well as a way to contribute to recording data.

Dorset Wildlife Trust is a charity dedicated to nature conservation. They are involved in monitoring and improving habitats for wildlife with volunteers. Hooke Park could be opened to the DWT for more data recording.

Dorset Environemntal Records Centre (DERC) maintains a Dorset Wildlife Recorders Register. Anyone is allowed to submit data or recordings of wildlife to DERC, including the data recorded in Hooke Park.

The Dorset Bat Group helps record and protect the bats of Dorset. They are an oragnization run mainly by volunteers and would be interested in monitoring the bats of Hooke Park.

The Dorset Bird Club is another organization that record and protect the birds of Dorset. They are an organization run mainly by volunteers and would be interested in monitoring the birds of Hooke Park.

An organization in Dorset that carry out practical conservation work. They do not own any sites or land but work on land owned by other organizations such as the National Trust, Dorset Wildlife Trust or local authorities. This would be a group that Hooke Park can work with.

A part of creating a more long-term program is to include participants from both the AA institutional body and external parties. Above is a list of establishments that could play an important role in the program.

From Beamister or Crewkerne

Ash

Beech

Oak

Sycamore

Norway Spruce

Douglas Fir

Red Oak

Mixed Broadleaf

Sweet Chestnut

Corsican Pine

Poplar

Red Cedar

Alder

Larch

Sitka Spruce

From Hooke P

From Hooke

Woodland boundary

From Maiden Newton

Hooke Park woodland boundary Trails/Roads Waterways Hooke Park primary structures Hooke Park secondary structures Bird Transect Bat Transect Car Route

TREE SPECIES MAP Ele Mun, 2019

Source: Hooke Park, Zachary Mollica

Car Park N

Map of Hooke Park, indicating the tree species, woodland boundaries, roads, trails, waterways, structures and two example transects and the car routes for participants and external visitors.

About Bats

About Bats 3. Bat Monitoring

3.2 Bat Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

3.2.2 A Monitoring Transect

The monitoring transect is dependent on scale of the program and the logistical resources to run this program. Based on the requirements of a transect, two transects were identified: one long transect and one short transect. Both transects will begin on campus. The campus will be the start-and-end meeting point for all monitoring groups. The long transect will cover most of Hooke Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s woodland. It will go through areas with dense monocultural tree species, areas with clear tree felling, and also areas with dense mixed tree species. It will also follow along a stream where bats might find an attractive place for foraging. The path will also follow some wider trails as bats might find the tree lines to follow. The whole loop will take about 2 hours or more depending on the extensiveness of monitoring conducted. The short transect will mostly follow walking trails from campus to the stream and back. Unlike the long transect, it will not go through the tree felling areas, but will mostly cover the campus cleared areas to the areas with mixed trees by the pond or stream, south of the campus. The whole loop will take about 45 mins or more depending on the extensiveness of monitoring conducted.

Ash

Beech

Oak

Sycamore

Norway Spruce

Douglas Fir

Red Oak

Mixed Broadleaf

Sweet Chestnut

Corsican Pine

Poplar

Red Cedar

Alder

Larch

Sitka Spruce Woodland boundary Hooke Park woodland boundary Trails/Roads Waterways Hooke Park primary structures Hooke Park secondary structures Bat Transect (short) Bat Transect (long) Car Route

TREE SPECIES MAP Ele Mun, 2019

Source: Hooke Park, Zachary Mollica

Map of Hooke Park, indicating the tree species, woodland boundaries, roads, trails, waterways, structures and two bat transects and the car routes for participants and external visitors.

About Bats

About Bats 3. Bat Monitoring

3.2 Bat Monitoring Program in Hooke Park

3.2.3 Long-term Vision

The long-term vision of the wildlife monitoring program in Hooke Park is to have an officially defined monitoring transect, that caters to the monitoring of the prioritised species such as birds, bats or insects. The aim is encourage AA students to learn more about the woodland and also to welcome third parties to come to Hooke Park to conduct monitoring for scientific interest. This wildlife monitoring program will not only help the Hooke Park forester with managing and balancing the woodlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biodiversity and build a wider community for woodland managment, but the program will also help management and biodiversity in the wider context. Most of the local groups and organizations conduct monitoring on the land of Trusts (such as the National Trusts, Woodland Trusts, Dorset Wildlife Trusts). However, private woodland owners (who own some of the most valuable ancient woodlands in the country) do not do enough. Hooke Park, being an educational institution, has the resources to collaborate and contribute to the scientific study and the improvement of biodiversity. It is setting a stage for other private land owners to rethink about how woodlands can be managed to protect the vulnerable unique wildlife and landscape. The extent of the monitoring (for example, the level of tools used) will ultimately depend on Hooke Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s willingness to install bat boxes and apply rules to bat monitoring. There are legal and logistical rules to consider because once bat boxes are installed, it could alter the timber production aspect of Hooke Park. However, the program itself is quite simple in the sense that it will ultimately rely on the willingness of the AA student body and the participation of local groups (such as the Dorset Bat Group, the Dorset Bird Club, the Dorset Wildlife Trust, the Woodland Trust and more).

Bat monitoring group using bat detectors. Source: National Trust Jersey.

About Bats

Part 2 Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 1. Information on Bat Roosts

1.1 Bat Roost Typology

1.2 Bat Roost Preferences of UK Bat Species

2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.1

The Big Shed

2.1.2

Westminster Lodge

2.1.3

The Caretakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

3. Methods of Incorporating Bat Roosts into Architecture 4. Existing Ready-made Products 5. Bat Roost for Crevice-Dwelling Bats 6. Playing with the Rules of Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 1. Information on Bat Roosts

1.1 Bat Roost Typology

2 1

2 4

Roost in Caves

Bat Roost in Trees

Cracks in rocks

Navigational aid

Dark tunnels

Crack in tree

Underground tunnels or caves are ideal for hibernation because they are less likely to be disturbed by light, noise and predators. Of all UK bat species, greater and lesser horseshoe bats rely most heavily on caves for roosting sites.

Bat Roost i

Stone p

Slate

Rotten hole

Behind the ivy plant

Under the tree bark

Bats enjoy roosting in trees. They look for any cracks, woodpecker holes, holes in the tree truck and ive leaves. They also use the shape of the tree for echolocation which helps them navigate. However, the number of bats that roost in trees are unknown due to the difficulties in conducting this research.

Stone bridges are most like sites, particularly over water be used and the abutments or can contain crevices which ma quire different roosts at any ti micro-climate conditions pro

1 1

3 2

1 5

Bat Roost in Houses

in Bridges

pieces

Barge board and roof felt

e tiles

ely to provide suitable roost r. Concrete bridges may also r stell and wooden structures ay be utilised by bats. Bats reime of the year, depending on ovided by various roost sites.

Bat Roost in Buildings

Broken tiles

Space between downpipe Metal elements on balconies

Eaves

Hanging tiles 5

Porch

Cellar

Bats may prefer houses because they are cleaner, warmer and more suitable than trees and other natural sites, with less competition from birds and other animals. The choice of building is complex and its suitability from a bat perspective depends on structure, location, microclimate, and human use. Habit also plays a part. Bats are long-lived with excellent memories and may use the same house each year in a row of seemingly identical houses.

Quoins

Loose motar between bricks 5

Wood cladding

Bats can also live in modern buildings. They tend to find crevices and gaps within the structure. However, more and more buildings are becoming air sealed and are also made from materials that are harmful to bats. This is one factor that has contributed to the decline of bat populations.

Source: Bat Conservation Trust: Bat Roosts.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 1. Information on Bat Roosts

1.2 Bat Roost Preferences of UK Bat Species

According to the book â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Designing for Biodiversity: A technical guide for new and existing buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Williams, there are four categories within which the UK bat species fall: Crevice-dwelling bats (that tend to be hidden from view) Crevice-dwelling bats (that may be visible on roof timbers) Crevice-dwelling bats (require flight space in certain types of roost) Bats that need flight space and flying access On the following page, the table shows the general outline of roosting and nesting requirements for each of the above mentioned categories. It is important to note that the four categories represents an arbituary grouping and that the detail of how bats choose their bat roost is much more complicated and it need of further study. The type of roost (maternity, non-breeding adults, transitory, mating, hibercula, night or feeding roosts) and the part of the country the bat is located in will make a difference in what a bat requires of the roost.

Common name

Crevice-dwelling bats (hidden from view)

Crevice-dwelling bats found in roofvoid (roof timber)

Crevice-dwelling bats found in roofvoid (flight space)

Barbastelle

•

Bechstein’s bat

•

Brandt’s bat

Brown long-eared

Common pipistrelle

Daubenton’s bat

Greater horseshoe bat

Greater mouse-eared bat

•

Grey long-eared bat

•

Leisler’s bat

Lesser horseshoe bat

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Natterer’s bat

Noctule

•

Serotine

•

Soprano pipistrelle

•

Whiskered bat

•

Bats that need flight space and flying access

• • • • •

• • • •

Bat Roost Preferences of UK bat species Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 1. Information on Bat Roosts

1.2 Bat Roost Preferences of UK Bat Species

Crevice-dwelling Bats (that tend to be hidden from view)

Access Dimensions

Roosting/Nesting Dimensions

Height of Entr

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

Any size as long as some components of the area are crevices in the region of 20 - 30mm

2 - 7m

Greater total areas of about 1sq m would be useful for nursery (summer) roosts Male roosts contain smaller numbers of bats or even individual bats Roof dwelling bats need timber joists or beams on which to roost

Crevice-dwelling Bats (that may be visible on roof timbers)

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

Any size as long as some components of the area are crevices in the region of 20 - 30mm

Over 2m

Crevice-dwelling Bats (require flight space in certain types of roost)

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

5m (w) x 2.8m (h) x 5m (d)

Over 2m

Not trussed, to allow flight Ideally 2.8m height, but a height of 2m may be acceptable in some circumstances To incorporate roost crevices, dimensions as above for crevice-dwelling bats

Bats that need flight space and flying access (Horseshoe bats)

Lesser horseshoe bats: 300 (w) x 200mm (h) Greater horseshoe bats: 400mm (w) x 300mm (h)

5m (w) x 2.8m (h) x 5m (d) Not trussed, to allow flight Ideally 2.8m height, but a height of 2m may be acceptable in some circumstances

At least above 5m abo ground and away from structions and creepe

Preferably integral to building, but where th possible externel, e.g. eaves

ove m obers

the his is not under the

Aspect of Roost

Summer nusery roosts on most southerly side or westerly aspect for solar heating. However, the risk of overheating should be considered. A location that provides a stable microclimate/ regime mmay work better than one that heats up quickly and loses heat quickly

Temperature °C Summer

Winter

30 - 40 °C (day time temperature)

0 - 6 °C

Materials and Other Comments

Male roosts and winter hibernatiion roosts on notherly aspect

North facing boxes used for hibernating will benefit from using insulation materials. Larger crevice spaces (particularly in the vertical dimension) can provide a range of temperatures, which will allow the bats to move according to their temperature needs Access not lit by artificial lighting The crevice-roosting provision within the roost to be located on the south or west side for solar heating. or in the most thermally stable condition

30 - 40 °C

0 - 6 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement

The location of the flight area is not as important

Suitable thermal properties (reducing 24-hour fluctuations), but allowing suitable thermal gain for summer roosts North facing boxes used for hibernating will benefit from using insulation materials. Larger crevice spaces (particularly in the vertical dimension) can provide a range of temperatures, which will allow the bats to move according to their temperature needs Access not lit by artificial lighting

The crevice-roosting provision within the roost to be located on the south or west side for solar heating. or in the most thermally stable condition

30 - 40 °C

0 - 6 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement

The location of the flight area is not as important

The roost is most likely to be in a roof space; this should have an orientation that allows a south-facing solar gain or an L-shape to allow temperature-range choice

30 - 40 °C

6 - 10 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement Suitable thermal properties (reducing 24-hour fluctuations), but allowing suitable thermal gain for summer roosts North facing boxes used for hibernating will benefit from using insulation materials. Larger crevice spaces (particularly in the vertical dimension) can provide a range of temperatures, which will allow the bats to move according to their temperature needs Access not lit by artificial lighting

General Outline of roosting and nesting preferences Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2.1 The Campus

EPIP

2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

There are 15 permanent buildings in Hooke Park campus, constructed in different years (some of which were built before AA taking ownership in 2002). Of these 15 permanent buildings, three buildings have shown to have or attempted to have accomdate bat roosts: the Big Shed, the Westminster Lodge, and the Caretaker’s House. These three examples of bat roosts discovered through the testimonies of PG

Hooke Park’s full time staff, who have lived through the changes over the years.

Saw Mill Shelter

However, there could be more bat roosts within these permanent buildings that is still yet to be discovered as there has never been a full formal bat survey conducted on campus. In the following pages, the Big Shed, the Westminster Lodge and the Caretaker’s House will be case studies that examine why these buildings became successful or

Wood Chip Barn

EPIP

unsuccessful bat roost spots.

PIPE

EPIP

GP PE

EPIP

Timber Shelter

Student Lodge EPIP

The Big Shed

Student Lodge

Wakeford Library

The Refactory

The Caretakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

The Workshop

Boiler House

Westminster Lodge

PIPE

An illustrated map of Hooke Park Campus. The three labeled buildings are the strctures in which have evidence of bat roost.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

The annual temperature graph shown on the right illustrates the temperature range annually in Exeter. As there was no data for Hooke Park, the closest weather data is going to be used for this study. The average temperature range within that area ranges from 3 째C (coldest in February) to 23 째C (warmest in August). The warm season lasts for 3 months, from June 15 to September 17 and the The cool season lasts for 4 months, from November 22 to March 24. According to the Bat Roost Preferences for UK bat species, most crevice-dwelling bats can withstand the coldest temperature in this area. However, bats that need flight space and flying access to their roosts (particularly horseshoe bats) might find the winters too cold as their winter roost temperature range is 6 째C - 10 째C.

Source: EnergyPlus Weather Data.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

The diagram on the right shows the solar analysis of Hooke Park in January (top row) and in June (bottom row). It seems that almost all the structures have sun exposure in both winter and summer. By comparing the solar anaylsis on the permanent structure volumes in Hooke Park, it shows that the Big Shed and the Caretaker’s House recieves the most sun exposure annually. This solar analysis model shows the general volumes but does not take into

The Big Shed

account the surrounding trees that are at the edge of the campus. The surrounding trees may have an impact of the sun exposure on the structure volumes. The Big Shed and Caretaker’s House do not have many surrounding trees that might affect

the sun expsoure. However, Westminster Lodge have many surrounding trees on

The Caretaker’s House

the South side of the structure which could affect the overall sun exposure annually (not depicted in this solar analysis model).

Westminster Lodge

Hooke Park in January (Top View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

The Big Shed

The Caretaker’s House

Westminster Lodge

Hooke Park in June (Top View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Hooke Park in January (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Hooke Park in June (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.1 The Big Shed

The Big Shed was designed by students of Design & Make and Diploma Unit 19 in 2012, with the support from engineers Atelier One and architects Mitchell Taylor Workshop. It provides a large enclosed workspace for fabrication, assembly and prototyping activities at Hooke Park. The building is constructed from larch sourced from Hooke Park and local woodlands, and uses innovative screw connections to form the roundwood trusses. A year ago, a bat hox was placed by the forester in the interior of the shed to accomodate the bats in the area. However, a year later, there is still no sign of bat inhabitation. According to the bat expert, Nick Tomlinson (who was on site), there are a few known reasons why bats have not inhabit the bat box: 1

The vertical distance from the access point of the bat box.

When bats exist their roosts, they tend to drop from the access point before they can fly again. This vertical distance is usaully a little less than or about 1 m. The image on the top left shows that distance is not enough for the bats to drop from their access point. If bats were to land on the metal beam below the access point, they may put themselves in a vulnerable position and a target for predatory birds such as owls. This bat box could be orientated outwards so that there is a vertical drop distance from the entry point. 2

The placement of the bat box with no optimized warmth.

Bat Box

Bats will seek for bat roosts that keep them warm. The placement of the bat box may indicate that it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get warm enough in the winter. It may be more useful to place it in a location where sun can reach surfaces to warm up the roost. 3 Another reason in which bats may not find this bat box ideal is that the interior

of the Big Shed is filled with horizontal beams. There has been evidence that owls like to perch on these beams and may find this the perfect location to prey on bats if they were present. On a positive note, the height as shown on

is well placed. Bats like to inhabitat

places far from the ground. The placed height of the bat box is above 2m which is more than ideal for bats.

Top: Photo of the Bat box installed inside the Big Shed. Bottom: Plan of Big Shed indicating the location of the bat box.

Perspective drawing on the Big Shed interior. The drawing shows that the bat box is placed at height above 2m but the box is placed in the wrong orientation.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.2 Westminster Lodge

Designed by Edward Cullinan Architects with engineer Buro Happold in 1996, the Lodge uses green wood from Hookeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s forest, providing eight bedrooms around a central communal space. A timber lattice of spruce thinnings carries a planted turf roof. According to Charlie, Hooke Parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s workshop staff, there were two instances in which he heard or saw the presence of bats. The first was when he encountered bats while checking the boiler cupboard under the lodge. The second time, he was informed by a group of students from experimental school that were staying at the lodge that a bat was in one of their rooms. With this information, a study was conducted with the bat expert to find out more how bats might or might have inhabit Westminster Lodge. It turns out that the bats have entered through the gap of the concrete pile Southeast of Westmister Lodge. The gap reaches the boiler cupboard which is particularly warm in the winter months. From inside the cupboard, bats can crawl top through the waterproof sheet and along the horizontal beams. Evidence of bat droppings were found and the bat expert indentified that it was most likely a maternity colony that stayed in these cracks and crevices. He also said that it is best to leave it alone, as female bats (depending on species) tend to find their way back to the same maternity roosts year after year. On the following page, shows an image of where the bats manage to enter into the lodge. The bats which may have entered through the gap above the concrete pile could have possibly found their way into the void behind the showers. The image shows that there are some gaps in the walls above the shower in which the bat may have crawled into the reach the room. Bat Presence

Top: Photo of Westminster Lodge (Southwest vew) Bottom: Plan of Westminster Lodge indicating the location of bat presence.

Perspective drawing of Westminster Lodge (Southwest view), indicating the access route and location of bat roost in Westminster Lodge.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.2 Westminster Lodge

Bat Presence

Top, Left: Photo of bat access and presence inside the lodge Bottom: Plan of Westminster Lodge indicating the location of bat presence.

Perspective drawing of Westminster Lodge (Southwest view), indicating the access route in Westminster Lodge.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.3 The Caretaker’s House

The Caretaker’s House at Hooke Park is based on a schematic design by students of AA’s Intermediate Unit 2 in 2009-10, which was developed for construction by architect Invisible Studio. It is a prototypical low cost timber exemplar building constructed from timber grown and felled on site. According to Charlie who lives in the Caretaker’s House, he has seen a group of bats come out from the roof in the early summer months. The drawings on the right show the location in which the bats have shown presence.

First

A study was conducted with the bat expert, Nick Tomlinson, to find out more how bats inhabit the roof space of the Caretaker’s House. He believes that there is gap between the corrogated metal roof sheet and the structural volume. It is possible that the bats crawl along the horizontal beams of the roof and inhabit as a colony in a row. He also believes that the extended part of the roof allows for bats to come out of the bat roost safely away from predatory birds. This is because bats tend to drop from the exit point before finding their balance in flight. With the extended roof, it allows for bats to be protected before foraging into the woods.

Ground What is interesting about this particular structure is that it is not the oldest building at Hooke Park. It is only about 10 years old, whilst some of the other structures were built in the 1980s. It is common preconception that bats like to live in old buildings.In reality, bats are quite opportunistic mammals and with the right environmental conditions, bat will find a place to roost whether new or old.

Bat Presence

Top: Photo of Caretaker’s House (Southwest vew) Bottom: Plan of Caretaker’s House indicating the location of bat presence.

Bat Presence

A section drwaing of Caretakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House indicating where the bats enter into the roof.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.3 The Caretaker’s House

A solar study was conducted on the Caretaker’s House. Using weather data that is applied on the sun path diagram, the diagrams on the right show the sun exposure of the structure in the winter and summer. The diagrams on the top row shows the Caretaker’s House in the winter month of January, illustrating the amount of sun exposure from 9am to 3pm. It indicates that more than two-thirds of the roof surface receives 6 hours or more sun exposure. The part of the roof that recieves the least sunlight is the steepest slant part of the roof, which recieves about 4 or more hours of sun exposure in the month of January The diagrams on the bottom row shows the Caretaker’s House in the summer month of June, illustrating the amount of sun exposure from 9am to 3pm. It indicates that the entire roof surface receives 6 hours or more sun exposure. This solar study shows that more than two-thirds of the roof recieves sun exposure throughout the year, so why is that the bat colony is only present on the left part of the roof? The bat expert explains that it is possible that the bat found that part of the roof the most ideal roost site due to its height and distance from possible human encounters at lower height levels.

Caretaker’s House in January (Top View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Caretaker’s House in June (Top View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Caretaker’s House in January (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Caretaker’s House in June (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 2. A Case Study: Existing Bat Roosts of Hooke Park

2.1 The Campus

2.1.3 The Caretaker’s House

1 2

Detailed roof section of the Caretaker’s House

Corrogated metal roof sheet Timber beam

Insulation

Dry wall

Interior space

The diagram above is a temperature variation study of the detailed roof section of the Caretaker’s house in January. The interior space is at a room temperature of 21 oC and the external temperature is at 3 oC (which is the average minimum temperature in the winter). It may be that the heat loss the travels through the insulation reaches between the insulation cover and roof sheet, which creates an warm shelter for the bats in the winter.

The diagram above is a temperature variation study of the detailed roof section of the Caretakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s house in June. The interior space is at a room temperature of 21 oC and the external temperature is at 23 oC (which is the average mamimum temperature in the winter).

The diagram above shows the heat flux of the detailed roof section of the Caretakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House. Considering that there were very few materials used for this structure, mostly timber, wood fibre insulation and the corrogated metal roof sheet, the overall heat flux is very low and distributed quite evenly.

Left to Right: Detailed section of roof; temperature variation of roof section in January, temperature variation of roof section in June; and heat flux of roof section.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 3. Methods of Incorporating Bat Roosts into Architecture

There are two ways in which bats could choose their roost sites within architecture. The first one comes naturally. Without any human intervention, bats find their way into cracks and crevices that were not intended for them. This has shown to have worked mostly in historical buildings in which had many cracks and crevices. The second method is to design and apply strategically bat roost architecture, considering the environmental requirements of bat roosts. This method is not always successful. Even if the environmental conditions are ideal, it might not succeed. The key to it is to give it time and consider flexibility. There may be different factors that may prove the roost architecture to not be successful. This second method is where humans try to study and understand. Why is it that bats like some structures and not others? How can we think more strategically for bats to live harmously with humans in the same structure?

Bat Roost in roof of the Caretakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s House

Bat box in the Big Shed

Built strcuture (no planning, with observation over time)

Time

Built strcuture (planning, with strategic design of ideal roost)

Time

Bat inhabitation

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 4. Existing Ready-made Products

The creation of bat boxes or bat roosts is not a new concept. There has been many trial and errors of products that have been in the market to accomodate bats. On the right are five example products that are intended to be used as bat roosts in architectural buildings. And in the following page are three examples of how these five products could be applied to architecture. These five products and many other products in the market have proved to be successful but these ready-made products does not mean that the building structure and the architectural design have found the best strategy to accomodate bats. There are many other parts of the building that could do with a slight change in design in order to accomodate bats and also to make use of the voids and temperature ranges that a building holds. The potential in designing for species such as bats are not researched enough and bringing the knowledge about bats and architecture can mean that we can consider how the buiding we design can cater beyond humans and that we can be more sensitive towards the surrounding environmental and cological well-being.

Schwegler Bat Box Usage: Outer wall construction Dimensions: 300 mm (w) x 300 m (h) x 80 mm (d) Made from woodcrete and is durable, weather resistant and air permeable. It can also be used to create access or as a roost space by the use of the optional back plate.

Roof Block Usage: Flat, hipped or any pitch roof. Outer leaf or cavity wall or halfbrick uninsulated walls to outbuildings Dimensions: - The roof block is a block with bat access slit in the bottom into the interior chamber.

Habitat Clay Bat Access Tile Usage: Replaces clay roof tile Dimensions: - The clay bat access roof tile is a five piece set and fits on any roof with plain clay tiles. Avaliable in a full range of colours, from red and brindle colors to Staffordshire blue. Provides a means for bats to crawl behind tiles.

Habitat Bat Box Usage: Replaces six clay brick slip face Dimensions: Dense aggregate or lightweight options are avaliable 215 mm (w) x 440 mm (h) x 103 mm (d) Inside the chamber are V wedges for different temperature zones and to create roosting surfaces.

Ecosurv Swift Box Usage: External elevations of buildings. Discreet nesting box for location near eaves. Dimensions: 328 mm (w) x 140 mm (h) x 200 mm (d) Access piece can be used for both bats and birds. In this particular product, the nest is withing product.

Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 4. Existing Ready-made Products

Example 1: Insulated cavity wall and pitched roof providing space for bats and small birds

Habitat Clay Bat Access Tile

Roof Block 1 1

Detailed Section Drawing of Example 1

Detailed Perspective Model of Example 1

Example 2: Brick/block cavity wall construction eaves providing spaces for bats and birds

Habitat Clay Bat Access Tile

Schwegler Bat Box

1 1

Detailed Perspective Model of Example 2

Detailed Section Drawing of Example 2

Example 3: Brick/block cavity wall construction providing spaces for bats

Ecosurv Swift Box

Habitat Bat Box

Schwegler Bat Box

Detailed Perspective Model of Example 3

Detailed Elevation Drawing of Example 3

Detailed Section Drawing of Example

Three examples of how ready-made products are incorporated. Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 5. Bat Roost for Crevice-Dwelling Bats

When designing for bats, it can be quite complex. There are many species of bats in the UK and each of these species have different preferences in the way they live. One way, as suggested by the bat expert, Nick Tomlinson, is to design bat roost based on the four categories of bat roost preferences: Crevice-dwelling bats (that tend to be hidden from view) Crevice-dwelling bats (that may be visible on roof timbers) Crevice-dwelling bats (require flight space in certain types of roost) Bats that need flight space and flying access He also suggested the best way to accomodate a wider range of bat species is to design for crevice-dwelling bats. This covers three of the four categories in the bat roost preferences. Crevice-dwelling bats cover a range of species from common species to rare species as shown on the table on the right. The following page highlights the requirements of crevice-dwelling bats. There are some requirements that are distinct for specific bats but for the most part, the three crevice-dwelling bats require similar basic environmental requirements (such as temperature range and access dimensions).

Common name

Crevice-dwelling bats (hidden from view)

Crevice-dwelling bats found in roofvoid (roof timber)

Crevice-dwelling bats found in roofvoid (flight space)

Barbastelle

•Rare, threatened

Bechstein’s bat

•Rare, threatened

Brandt’s bat

Brown long-eared

Common pipistrelle

Daubenton’s bat

Greater horseshoe bat

Greater mouse-eared bat

• Very rare

Grey long-eared bat

• Very rare

Leisler’s bat

Lesser horseshoe bat

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Natterer’s bat

Noctule

• Threatened

Serotine

• Rare

Soprano pipistrelle

• Threatened

Whiskered bat

• Not threatened

Bats that need flight space and flying access

• Uncommon, not threatened •Threatened • Frequent, not threatened • Frequent, not threatened •

in • Frequent Ireland

• • Rare • Not threatened

Crevice-dwelling Bats of the UK Bat Species Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 5. Bat Roost for Crevice-Dwelling Bats

Crevice-dwelling Bats (that tend to be hidden from view)

Access Dimensions

Roosting/Nesting Dimensions

Height of Entr

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

Any size as long as some components of the area are crevices in the region of 20 - 30mm

2 - 7m

Crevice-dwelling Bats (that may be visible on roof timbers)

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

Any size as long as some components of the area are crevices in the region of 20 - 30mm

Over 2m

Crevice-dwelling Bats (require flight space in certain types of roost)

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

5m (w) x 2.8m (h) x 5m (d)

Over 2m

Not trussed, to allow flight Ideally 2.8m height, but a height of 2m may be acceptable in some circumstances To incorporate roost crevices, dimensions as above for crevice-dwelling bats

Bats that need flight space and flying access (Horseshoe bats)

Lesser horseshoe bats: 300 (w) x 200mm (h) Greater horseshoe bats: 400mm (w) x 300mm (h)

5m (w) x 2.8m (h) x 5m (d) Not trussed, to allow flight Ideally 2.8m height, but a height of 2m may be acceptable in some circumstances

At least above 5m abo ground and away from structions and creepe

Preferably integral to building, but where th possible externel, e.g. eaves

ove m obers

the his is not under the

Aspect of Roost

Temperature °C Summer

Winter

30 - 40 °C (day time temperature)

0 - 6 °C

Materials and Other Comments

Male roosts and winter hibernatiion roosts on notherly aspect

30 - 40 °C

0 - 6 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement

The location of the flight area is not as important

The crevice-roosting provision within the roost to be located on the south or west side for solar heating. or in the most thermally stable condition

30 - 40 °C

0 - 6 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement

The location of the flight area is not as important

The roost is most likely to be in a roof space; this should have an orientation that allows a south-facing solar gain or an L-shape to allow temperature-range choice

30 - 40 °C

6 - 10 °C

Outline of roosting and nesting preferences for Crevice-dwelling Bats Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 5. Bat Roost for Crevice-Dwelling Bats

Based on the research, a basic design for a stand alone bat roost for Crevice-dwelling bats was created. This is to illustrate and cover the basic requirements for a structure.

Entry point The entry point needs to be at least aboe 2m and following the dimensions of a crevice-dwelling bat access dimensions of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)â&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Vertical distance for drop The vertical distance drop needs to be 1m or less so that the bats could drop from the access point before finding their balance to fly again.

Cavity volume The cavity volume is not mandatory. However, with a cavity volume there is more likely a variation in temperature.

Height from ground The entry point and volume has to be at least 2m high. Studies have shown around 2-7m but it could be even higher.

Interior slope The interior slop allows for a crawl space and also movement in temperature. Warm temperature travels upwards therefore cooler temperature zones can be applied for areas at the bottom of the slope and warmer temperatures could be applied for the top of the slope.

Gravel The placement of gravel at the bottom of the bat roost structure would be helpful for bat monitoring. It is important to avoid directly disturbing the bats and the bat roosts. Only professionals are allowed to handle bats by hand. However, bats leave their droppings outside their roost and bat droppings are one way to identify the species and the size of colony. The gravel allows for the droppings to stay and helps participates easily identify them.

Exterior surface with sun exposure If the exterior surface absorbs heat, it would be ideal because it could warm the interior space during colder weather. Bats could withstand cold weather but will always find warm shelter.

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ooke Park

Warm

Warm ? kg

? kg

<1m

3m 4

Cold

Chapter 4: Design Proposal

A simple diagram of the basic bat roost requirements, specifically for crevice-dwelling bats.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

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Chapter 57

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture 6. Playing with the Rules of Architecture

There is in fact more to consider when building a bat roost structure. For example, what is the intention? Bats are protected species and it is true that one can see building a bat roost as a way for wildlife conservation. However, the status of bat species in the UK could be used to play with the rules or architecture and turn something temporary to permanent due to bats’ protected status. The drawing on the right shows three approaches: Playing with the rules of architecture with interior spaces Playing with the rules of architecture with exterior spaces Playing with the rules of architecture with temporary strcutures. Playing with the rules of architecture with interior and exterior spaces are similar because it could change the status of a building. Bats inhabiting a building could mean that the building itself becomes protected. Playing with the rules of architecture with temporary structures could become more of an activist role. For example, to save and protect a woodland area, a garden, or even a public space. In the case of Hooke Park, a planning permission is not required for many small temporary buildings so building something small and “temporary” would allow for a possible ‘Playing with the rules of architecture with temporary structures’ scenario. The process of building a bat roost structure in Hooke Park is shown below:

Typical process for an architectural project

Process for an architectural project in Hooke Park

The diagram above shows the two processes : a typical architectural project process and an architectural project in Hooke Park for bat roost architecture.

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Playing with the rules of architecture through Interior Spaces

Playing with the rules of architecture through Exterior Spaces

Playing with the Rules of Architecture with Temporary Structures

Three approaches in bat roost architecture. Each of these approaches may have rules and regulations that could be further investigated to find ways in which species can live harmonously with humans.

Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture

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Part 3 Beyond Hooke Park 1. Hooke Park as an Initial Site of Exploration 2. Threats to Bat Species 3. Bats and Other â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Building-reliant Speciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 4. Playing with the Rules of Architecture: Rural vs. Urban 5. Bats in the Urban Context

5.1 Permitted Development (PD) 2012

5.2 Passive House

5.3 Bats and Artificial Lighting

6. Bats in London

6.1 Distribution of Bat Species in London

6.2 Monitoring Bats in London

6.3 Wild West End: An Ecological Initiative in Central London

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Beyond Hooke Park 1. Hooke Park as an Initial Site of Investigation

Hooke Park sets itself up to be a great initial site study of how bats behave and live with us in architecture. However, the inhabitation of bats in built structures extends beyond woodland areas such as Hooke Park. In fact, according to the book ‘Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World’, “bats likely form the most diverse group of mammels remaining in urban areas”. However, “our understanding of how other wildlife, including bats, respond to the complex process of urbanization is still limited. Research conducted to date provides a general indication that many bats may be declining due to urbanization, but an understandnig of the processes driving these patterns are still largely unknown”. Although it is important to note that impacts of urbanization are not always negative and can differ between geographic regions. The key is to better understand how urbanization is changing wildlife around the world combine both the scientific and architectural field to collaborate and to learn more about what can be done to imporve urban biodiversity.

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The image above shows the cleared area of Hooke Park which identifies are the Hooke Park campus. Bats are known to live in the buildings and forage in the surrounding woodlands.

Beyond Hooke Park

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Beyond Hooke Park 2. Threats to Bat Species

According to the book â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, it mentions that the IUCN assessment states that the global major threats to bat species are: Land use changes (logging, non-timber crops, livestock farming and randing, wood and pulp plantations and fire) Urbanization Hunting and persecution Quarrying General human intrusions Bats are particularly susceptible to these human-induced perturbations of habitats because of their distinct life history. Bats are on the slow side of the slow-fast continuum of life histories. For exam,ple, they reproduce at a low rate and are long-lived animals. Thus, bat populations recover slowly from increased mortality rates. The chart on the right shows the different activities/changes that have varied levels of effect on bat populations. The architectural industry is one of the leading factor that affects these bat populations. Architects contirbute to this problem (maybe more so indirectly) through urbanization and landuse changes as seen in the two diagrams on the bottom right.

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Other Human Intrusions Invasive Species Pollution Climate Change Quarrying Hunting Urbanization Landuse Changes

Frequency in Speciesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Assessment

Landuse Change Livestock farming & Ranching, 3% Fire & Fire suppression, 8%

Non-timber Crops 38%

Urbanization

Wood & Pulp Plantations, 1%

Intentional hunting for bushmeat, medicine, sport, 76%

Roads & Rails, 13%

Residential & Commercial Development, 87%

The diagrams above show events that are affecting bat populations. Source: Bats in the Antrhopocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World.

Beyond Hooke Park

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Beyond Hooke Park 3. Bats and Other ‘Building-Reliant Species’

Before the rise of human built structures, bats have existed in abundant populations in natural habitats such such as woodlands. They were living in the cracks,

crevices and woodpecker holes of old trees. There are bats that still live this way today but the numbers are getting smaller and smaller as the landscapes have drastically changed. Not only have areas of woodlands disappeared but bats and other speices such as owls, rely on structures such as old trees. Bats and owls are two example of species that do not build their own homes. They are opportunistic and rely on already built structures. The loss of bats and owls is one part of the problem but it has also created a phenomenon where species have gone to find

themselves a home within human built architecture. These species are called now called ‘building-reliant species’. 3 4

Bat Roost in Trees Navigational aid

Crack in tree

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Rotten hole

Behind the ivy plant

Under the tree bark

4 5

Bat Roost in Houses

Barge board and roof felt Broken tiles

Eaves

Hanging tiles 5

Porch

Cellar

Time

The diagram above shows the changes in roost structure over time from natural landscapes to manmde landscapes.

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Beyond Hooke Park 4. Playing with the Rules of Architecture: Rural vs. Urban

Playing with the rules of architecture to build bat roost architecture can be complicated especially when it very much depends on location. The rules in a rural and urban context may differ. In Hooke Park, the idea to build a temporary structure follows very different rules. Hooke Park is a private woodland and has a special relationship with the forestry commission. Any temporary structure, as long as it is in line with the Forestry commision and the criteria of the Hooke Park warden (Zachery Mollica), the structure can be built. In London, the rules to build temporary structures can feel quite limiting. However, it is important to note that within private properties such as the Bedford Square Campus of the Architectural Association, temporary structures can also be built. However, building temporary structures in public places can be much more challenging as it requires a lot of paperwork and planning permission. Within architectural projects though, it is within the right of the homeowner and the architect to consider the urban wildlife that may rely on built structures. Therefore there is the opportunity to build for the purpose of conservation for both urban wildlife and to further use that as a tool to protect the building that is being designed.

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Playing with the rules of architecture through Interior Spaces

Playing with the rules of architecture through Exterior Spaces

Playing with the Rules of Architecture with Temporary Structures

Three approaches in bat roost architecture. Each of these approaches may have rules and regulations that could be further investigated to find ways in which species can live harmonously with humans.

Beyond Hooke Park

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Beyond Hooke Park 5. Bats in the Urban Context

5.1 Permitted Development (PD) 2012

In 2012, a new policy was developed called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Permitted Development (PD)â&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Permitted Development (PD) grants rights to enable homeowners to undertake certain types of work without the need to apply for planning permission. There are many innovative opportunities whereby PD rights can bring significant benefits to anyone who wants to undertake a project to improve their existing home or is looking to maximise the potential of a new investment. This implied consent of Permitted Development is granted in the form of General Development Planning Orders (GDPOs) which apply separately to England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The emergence of the Permitted Development have both positive and negative outcomes. The right for permitted development means that homeowners are allowed to buildng without planning permission which means that the process in which bats are being surveyed are completely ignored. Permitted development could mean that homeowners will build extensions of a buiding without considering the wellbeing

Permitted development rights for householders

or surrounding environmental and ecological conditions. On a more positive note, without a planning permission could also mean building

Technical Guidance

an extended structure that could cater and accommodate building-reliant species such as bats. The aim is to bring awareness and encourage homeowners to consider the surrounding environmental and ecological well-being of their home.

Ministry of Housing, Communities and

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Measurement of the extension beyond the rear wall should be made from the base of the rear wall of the original house to the outer edge of the wall of the extension (not including any guttering or barge boards).

The structure of the rules on permitted development The rules on permitted development, set out in Schedule 2 of the Order, are sub-divided into a series of Parts. Part 1 specifically deals with development within the curtilage of a house. Part 1 is then sub-divided into Classes covering various types of development: Class A covers the enlargement, improvement or alterations to a house such as rear or side extensions as well as general alterations such as new windows and doors. There is a neighbour consultation scheme for larger rear extensions under Class A, paragraph A.1(g). Class B covers additions or alterations to roofs which enlarge the house such as loft conversions involving dormer windows.

Measurement of ‘extend beyond a rear wall’ when the extension is directly attached to the rear wall

Front

Rear

Class C covers other alterations to roofs such as re-roofing or the installation of roof lights/windows. Class D covers the erection of a porch outside an external door. Class E covers the provision of buildings and other development within the curtilage of the house. Class F covers the provision of hard surfaces within the curtilage of the house such as driveways. Class G covers the installation, alteration, or replacement of a chimney, flue or soil and vent pipe. Class H covers the installation, alteration, or replacement of microwave antenna such as satellite dishes.

Where a new extension is joined to an existing extension, under paragraph (ja) (see page 28) the limits in (f) or (g) apply to the size of the total enlargement (being the proposed enlargement together with the existing enlargement). The following example, showing a side view of a detached house, would not be permitted development. If a detached house has an existing, single storey, ground floor extension that was not part of the original house, and which extended beyond the rear wall by 4 metres, then it would not be possible to add an additional single storey, ground floor extension of 5 metres without an application for planning permission - because the enlarged part of the house would then extend beyond a rear wall by more than 8 metres (or more than 4 metres on article 2(3) land or sites of special scientific interest).

There are also other Parts of the Order that may be relevant to householders. For example, Part 2 covers matters such as erection or construction of gates, fences and walls, exterior painting, charging points for electric vehicles and CCTVs. Part 14 covers the installation of domestic microgeneration equipment such as solar panels.

Previously added rear extension

When considering whether a development proposal is permitted development, all of the relevant Parts of the Order and all the Classes within those Parts need to be taken into account. For example, Part 1 Class A prevents the installation, alteration or replacement of a chimney, flue or soil and vent pipe from being permitted development because these works are specifically provided for in Class G subject to the rules set out under that Class. Similarly, changes to the roof of a house are not permitted development under Class A, but may be permitted development under Class B or C.

X New extension would not be permitted development

Front Rear

In order to be permitted development, a proposal must meet all the limitations and conditions under each Class relevant to the proposal. It is therefore essential that any proposed household development is considered in the context of the permitted development rules as a whole in order to determine whether it benefits from permitted development rights and therefore does not require an application for planning permission.

For example, where a proposed two storey extension at the rear of a house has a roof that joins onto the main roof of the original house, the works will need to meet the requirements of both Class A (which covers the enlargement of the house) and Class C (which covers any alterations to the roof) in order to be permitted development. If the works also include the creation of a dormer window to enlarge the roof space, either in the extension or the original roof space, then they would also need to meet the requirements of Class B.

Where the original rear wall of a house is stepped, then each of these walls will form ‘the rear wall of the original dwellinghouse’. In such cases, the limits on extensions apply to any of the rear walls being extended beyond. In the example below showing a plan of a semi-detached house with an original ‘stepped’ rear, each of the extensions (shaded) would meet the requirements for a single storey extension as they do not extend more than 6 metres beyond the rear wall (or more than 3 metres on article 2(3) land or sites of special scientific interest).

Further restrictions on permitted development It is important to note that a local planning authority is allowed to remove permitted development rights in some or all of its area by issuing what is known as an Article 4 Direction; or may have removed those rights on the original, or any subsequent, planning permission for the house. Where permitted development rights have been removed in either of these ways a planning application will be needed for development. Before undertaking any development, checks should be undertaken with the local planning authority to determine whether any such restrictions on permitted development have been made. The remainder of this guidance provides further explanation about the detailed rules covering what improvements can be made to a house and its surroundings as permitted development. In particular, it provides more details on the limits (for example on size) and the conditions that will need to be complied with if development is to take place without the need for an application for planning permission. The guidance covers in detail Classes AE of Part 1 of the Order which cover common development projects such as extensions, loft conversions, alterations to a roof, porches, and buildings on land surrounding the house. The rules for Classes F-H are included in this document for reference but detailed guidance on them is not included, although cross-references are included to other guidance published by the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.

3m 3m 3m



However, the extension shown below would not meet the requirements for permitted development. In the case of rear wall ‘B’, the extension goes more than 6 metres beyond that rear wall (or on article 2(3) land or sites of special scientific interest the extension to rear walls ‘A’ and ‘B’ is more than 3 metres beyond those walls).

336

A B

September 2019 Local Government 19

Source: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. A few pages from the ‘Permitted development rights for householders’ from Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.

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Beyond Hooke Park 5. Bats in the Urban Context

5.2 Passive House

The underlying passive principles were pioneered and formulated in the United States and Canada in the 1970s and 80s. By 1986 the noted physicist William Shurcliff was able to summarize what at the time he considered a mature and widely adopted technology. He described the five main principles of superinsulation also known then as passive housing in his article int the 1986 Energy Reviewâ&#x20AC;?: Thick insulation Airtight construction Prevention of moisture migration into cold regions within the walls, and other regions where much condensation could occur Optimum sizing of window areas Steady supply of fresh air Passive House standards are still considered and used today. But what is considered sustainable and energy efficient in a buiding, does not consider enough the surrounding environmental and ecological conditions. An airtight construction means that it is very well sealed and that heat loss would be minimal. This kind of design approach would mean that there would be less opportunity for bats to find roost in buildings. In fact, there are many parts of a passive house that could contribute to the accomdation of emerging building-reliant species if only they were considered more during the design process. So the question is, how can we build energy efficient buildings whilst accommodating building-reliant species such as bats?

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Source: Passive House Institute. A self-contained passive house works for human conditions but does not consider the surrounding environmental and ecological conditions

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Beyond Hooke Park 5. Bats in the Urban Context

5.3 Bats and Artificial Lighting

According to the Bat Conservation Trust, studies have estimated that in 2016 more than 80% of the world population and more than 99% of the U.S. and European population live under light-polluted skies. Worldwide this is up from 66% in 2001, or an increase of more than 14%; ‘light-polluted skies’ are defined as being about 10% higher than normal night sky brightness levels. This means that only about a fifth of England now has ‘pristine night skies’ – that is skies ‘completely free from light pollution’. Concerns about the impacts of this have been expressed for a long time, both in reference to human and ecosystem health. For bats, artificial lighting is thought to increase the chances of predation, and therefore bats may modify their behaviour to respond to this threat. Many avian predators will hunt bats which may be one reason why bats avoid flying in the day. When we refer to artificial lighting we are referring to a number of different characteristics and types, all of which have varying impacts. For example, different types of luminaire emit a different spectrum of light. The spectrum of light runs from short wave (ultraviolet) to long wave (infrared), and can vary in intensity (potentially causing glare) and illuminance (measured in lux). It is important to remember that there is no legislation requiring an area or road to be lit. The building regulations for domestic buildings specify that 150 watts is the maximum for exterior lighting of buildings but this does not apply to private individuals who install their own lighting.

Source: Bat Conservation Trust. A document on bats and rtifical Lighting in the UK.

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Source: Bat Conservation Trust. Top: A diagram of light zones in the urban context. Bottom: An example of physical light screening option.

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Beyond Hooke Park 6. Bats in London

6.1 Distribution of Bat Species in London

The map of the right is the Bat Atlas of London created by the London by group in 2010. The London Bat Group together with Green Information for Greater London (GiGL ) team mapped different time periods, record type (roost, flight, etc) and species distribution in London. The map on the right shows the distribution of all bat species. The maps on the following page shows the distribution of bats based on each of the twelve known species that currently exist in London. Visualising the bat records in this way has allowed understanding on how bats are using London’s urban landscape. Already the atlas has shown a few interesting trends. For example: Serotine bat seems to be concentrated to the south of London. Leisler’s bat roosts appear to be highly localised. Rare bat species (such as barbastelle & Bechstein’s bat) have not been recorded in London for many years. The London Bat Group hopes to use ‘The Bat Atlas of London’ to galvanise support for bat conservation in the capital. Copies have been sent to all London authority planning departments in hopes to use the atlas to direct survey effort to areas of London where there are gaps in our knowledge of bat distribution and status.

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Source: GiGL (Green Information for Greater London). Distribution of all bat populations in London.

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Beyond Hooke Park 6. Bats in London

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6.1 Distribution of Bat Species in London

Common pipistrelle

Daubentonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bat

Kuhlâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pipistrelle

Lesser Noctule

Long-eared bats

Nathusius’ pipistrelle

Soprano pipistrelle

Natterer’s bat

Whiskered/Brandt’s bat

Noctule

Parti-coloured bat

Serotine

Source: GiGL (Green Information for Greater London). Distribution of bat populations based on bat species in London.

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Beyond Hooke Park 6. Bats in London

6.2 Monitoring Bats in London

There are many local groups that do monitoring and conservation work for bats, and this is for both rural and urban environments. In London, for example, there is the London Bat Group (which is a part of the Bat Conservation Trust). The London Bat Group aims toâ&#x20AC;? Protect and conserve bats, their roosts, feeding areas and hibernation sites in Greater London. Provide information on bats to the public Monitor bat populations and distributions Maintain a pool of licensed volunteer bat workers who can visit roost sites and provide expert assistance on matters relating to bats in Greater London. The map on the right are suggested sites for bat sightings from the London Bat Group.

A few photos of London Bat Group volunteers doing monitoring and conservation work. Source: London Bat Group.

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A map of bat sighting sites in Greater London provided by the London Bat Group. Source: London Bat Group.

Beyond Hooke Park

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Beyond Hooke Park 6. Bats in London

6.2 Monitoring Bats in London

Nature Smart Cities is another project that has been conducted, specifically in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. It is a project that is in partners with University College London (UCL), Intel, Bat Conservation Trust (BCT), London Wildlife Trust (LWT), and ARUP. It brings together environmental researchers and technologists to develop the world’s first end-to-end open source system for monitoring bats, to be deployed and tested on site. The known bat species they have found in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park are: the Common pipistrelle, Soprano pipistrelle, Noctule, Leislers bat, Nathusius’ pipistrelle, Brown long-eared bat, Grey long-eared bat, Brandt’s bat, Daubenton’s bat and the Natterer’s bat. Of these species, the Grey long-eared bat is considered to be a very rare species in the UK. The image on the top left shows the device which is used to record bats in the park. The bottom left image shows the recorded data of from the device. This particular recording was from sensor number 7. The map on the right shows the distribution of sensors around Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and the bat calls detected.

Top: A photo of the device used to collect bat calls. Bottom: Bat calls detected from sensor 7. Source: Nature Smart Cities.

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Sensor 7

A map of bat sensors in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, East London. Source: Nature Smart Cities.

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Beyond Hooke Park 6. Bats in London

6.3 Wild West End: An Ecological Initiative in Central London

Looking closely at Central London, there is an known ecological initiative that is currently active known as the ‘Wild West End’. The monitoring program began in 2016 and occurs every two years to monitor target species and installed and enhanced features. The monitoring process aims to replicate the surveys carried out in 2016 to ensure that data is comparable to the baseline and enable progress to be tracked. Bats are monitored using remote echolocation devices to record the level of bat activity in the area, the species present, and the types of activity. Each device is left in-situ for one week during the late April to early June period – the peak time for seasonal activity. The findings were that in total, four species of bats were identified during the 2018 surveys: common and soprano pipistrelle, noctule, and serotine. High levels of activity were recorded at various locations including St James’s, Marylebone and Piccadilly. The results were indicative of there being roosts within the West End. New species was recorded in the Wild West End in 2018; the serotine. This species is rarely recorded in central London. Moths are an important dietary component for this species, which is known to favour foraging within mature woodlands and parks with large trees. The continued planting of a variety of habitats, management of exiting mature trees and garden squares, and planting of new trees which are intended to live a long time may create the right conditions to further encourage this species to forage in central London. An important point to note is that Bedford Square falls within the boundaries of the monitoring program due to the proximity of Bedford Square gardens so it could be benefitial for the Architectural Association to contribute to these studies.

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Bedford Square: No Data

Location of bat box Location of pipistrelle pipistrelle

An interactive map on the Wild West End Website showing the area of green spaces covered, the location of bat sightings and the location of bat boxes.

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Beyond Hooke Park 6. Bats in London

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6.3 Wild West End: An Ecological Initiative in Central London

Source: Wild West End Website. Wild West Endâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s criteria for green spaces. Each green spac needs to fulfil two of the four categories .

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Part 4 Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 1. Considerations for Bat Roost Architecture in New and Existing Buildings of London 2. Interventions in an Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.1 Solar Analysis of Building Volume

2.2 The Two Interventions: Barrel Vault and 34 Bedford Sqaure

2.3 Barrel Vault

2.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

2.3.2 Bat Roost Design

2.3.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

2.4 34 Bedford Square

2.4.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

2.4.2 Bat Roost Design

2.4.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

3. Intervention in New Building: A Residential Project at Farncombe Street

3.1 Solar Analysis of Building Volume

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

3.2.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

3.2.2 Bat Roost Design 1

3.2.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design 1

3.2.4 Bat Roost Design 2

3.2.5 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design 2

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 1. Considerations for New and Existing Buidlings in London

The annual temperature graph shown on the right illustrates the temperature range annually in London. In comparison to the weather data for Hooke Park as shown in Part 2 of this document, London is generally warmer in the summer and has longer warm days than Southewest of the UK. The average temperature range within that area ranges from 1 째C (coldest in February) to 30 째C (warmest in August). The warm season lasts for 3 months, from June 15 to September 17 and the The cool season lasts for 4 months, from November 22 to March 24. According to the Bat Roost Preferences for UK bat species, most crevice-dwelling bats can withstand the coldest temperature in this area. However, bats that need flight space and flying access to their roosts (particularly horseshoe bats) might find the winters too cold as their winter roost temperature range is 6 째C - 10 째C. In the following studies, this weather data will be used to test the sun exposure on the structural volumes and also for the temperature variation and heat flux on the structure.

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Source: EnergyPlus Weather Data.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 1. Considerations of Bat Roost Architecture in New and Existing Buidlings of London

The map on the right highlights all the green areas within London. This map shows a variation of green spaces: allotment areas, conservation areas, park and commons, miscellanous green space, water and wetland, and woodland. Unlike bats that live in rural areas, bats that live in urban areas might choose more so to live in built structures rather than trees. Built structures are likely to offer more warmth and protected shelter particularly in the urban environment where trees (old trees) are scarce. In this map, there are also two points indicated where a more detailed study will be conducted: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square 1 The buildings of the Architectural Association will be a part of the study to see how a bat roost could be incorporated into the building. There will be two studies one of which is an intervention on the roof of the 34 Bedford Square (Georgian building) and the other intervention is the roof of the Barrell Vault (which has existed since the 1950s). 2

A Residential Project, Farncombe Street

The Farncombe Street project is an ongoing project shared to be by Giles Bruce, a Technical Studies tutor at the AA. The aim is to look at building design aimed for energy efficiency and see how a slight tweek in design in a contemporary building could provide an opportunity for bats to roost in Central London.

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Bedford Square

Farncombe Street

A map showing the green spaces of London and two points indicating two buildings for further study. Source: Green Information for Greater London (GiGL)

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

The Architectural Association (32-39 Bedford Square) sits within Central London and is situated next to a private and protected piece of green space, Bedford Square Gardens. Bats are known to exist within central London although so far from the known natural landscapes of bats such as the woodlands, they roost within the buildings and are connected by the green spaces of the city where they forage. The buildings that make up the Architectural Association are old Georgian buildings that are about 20m in height or more. The height is ideal for bats and more importantly, an old building where there could be nooks and cracks are the ideal places for bats to roost. The building itself is also situated within the boundaries of the Wild West End Project, which has proved that there are bats that exist within this area. It is possible and benefitial to contribute to the Wild West End ecological initiative so that the urban biodiversity could continue to coexist with humans in the urban context. The following page illustrates 32-39 Bedford Square and its sun exposure in the winter month of January (top row) and the summer month of June (bottom row).

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The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

20m

An aerial view of the Architectural Association, Bedford Square. Source: Google Earth.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.1 Solar Analysis of Building Volume

Tested Volume (Southeast View)

Bedford Square in January (Top View)

Surrounded by similar Georgian buildings

Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

and a few tall buildings in the West.

Bedford Square in June (Top View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

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Bedford Square in January (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Bedford Square in June (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.2 The Two Interventions: Barrel Vault and 34 Bedford Square

Barrel Vault, Bedford Square

34 Bedford Square

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Potential Bat Roost

The Third Floor Plan of the Architectural Association. Source: The Archive of the Architectural Association.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.2 The Two Interventions: Barrel Vault and 34 Bedford Square

Barrell Vault, Bedford Square

34 Bedford Square

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Potential Bat Roost

The Roof Plan of the Architectural Association. Source: The Archive of the Architectural Association.

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.2 The Two Interventions: Barrel Vault and 34 Bedford Square

Barrell Vault, Bedford Square

34 Bedford Square

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Section drawing indicating the interested area within the Architectural Association. Source: The Archive of the Architectural Association.

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.2 The Two Interventions: Barrel Vault and 34 Bedford Square

100cm 91cm

364cm 239cm

184cm 79cm

6 2

2 3 3 5

Detailed roof section of the Barrel Vault, Bedford Square

Corrogated metal roof sheet Timber beam

Slate Roof Tile

Insulation

Dry wall

Interior space

Timber beam

Insulation

Detailed roof section of 34 Bedford Square

Dry wall

Interior space 6

Window

Top: Volume and dimensions of the two intervention area. Bottom: Section drawing of the two intervention area marking the material that will be used for the temperature and heat flux study.

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1456cm

1641cm

6011cm

3302cm

A perspective model indicating the volume and dimension of intervention area in relation to the rest of the building.

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.3 Barrel Vault

2.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

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Barrel Vault (Existing) Temperature Variation

Barrel Vault (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Barrel Vault (Existing) Temperature Variation

Barrel Vault (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.3 Barrel Vault

2.3.1 Bat Roost Design

3 5

Detailed roof section of the Barrel Vault, Bedford Square Metal roof sheet

Timber beam

Insulation

Interior space 6

152

Dry wall Window

2 5

91cm

3cm

1 2

79cm 3

4 6

A section drawing of a bat roost design, illustrating thechanges made from the existing building (shown on the left).

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.3 Barrel Vault

2.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

Barrel Vault (Design) Temperature Variation

Barrel Vault (Design) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Changes in temperature variation and heat flux with design intervention: The changes made in this design were the addition of a dry wall to separate the space between the office and the bat roost. The final result showed that (even without any insulation on that additional dry wall, the bat roost will still experience warm temperatures of about 16 oC. Without the insulation, heat can travel through the dry wall and accommodate a warm space for bat colonies as shown in

.By

creating an extended opening, it allows for bats to have a vertical distance to drop 2 3 before their flight (which is common bat behavior). However, in and ,

it shows that the for this opening is a metal sheet and there is a void close to the opening. This allows for a lot of air movement which could help regulate the temperature within the interior space.

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Barrel Vault (Design) Temperature Variation

Barrel Vault (Design) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.3 34 Bedford Square

156

2.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

34 Bedford Sqaure (Existing) Temperature Variation

34 Bedford Sqaure (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

34 Bedford Sqaure (Existing) Temperature Variation

34 Bedford Sqaure (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.3 34 Bedford Square

2.3.1 Bat Roost Design

6 2

Detailed roof section of 34 Bedford Square Slate Roof Tile

Timber beam

Insulation

158

Dry wall

Interior space 6

Window

Plywood

3cm

100cm 6

184cm 3

A section drawing of a bat roost design, illustrating thechanges made from the existing building (shown on the left).

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 2. Intervention in Existing Building: The Architectural Association, Bedford Square

2.3 34 Bedford Square

2.3.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design

34 Bedford Sqaure (Design) Temperature Variation

34 Bedford Sqaure (Design) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Changes in temperature variation and heat flux with design intervention: The fluctuations in the temperature seem very high in the roof void. However, it does show that even in the winter, the interior temperature could reach up to 12 oC due to the heat travelling upwards from the top floor. The heat then travels up to the vertical planks where warm air could get trapped

. However, in the summer,

bats may find roosting in the lower parts of the planks more comfortable as it may be cool in temperature. The heat flux shows that in winter the movement of heat is very high, due to the heat coming from the top floor space, heat escapes the dry wall of the ceiling and into the roof void. The movement is much slower once it reaches within the planks

, which is ideal for bats if the warm temperature

accumulates there in the winter.

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34 Bedford Sqaure (Design) Temperature Variation

34 Bedford Sqaure (Design) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: A Residential Project at Farncombe Street

The Farncombe Street residential project is located in South London right by the River Thames. The site is surrounded by a mix of new and old buildings, most of which are about two floors in height. The taller buildings are located North of the site and for a part of this project, the building design was to build in height for a viewing tower without disrupting the other surrounding buildings. The site is surrouded by rows of trees and small patches of greenery but the closest park to the Farncombe project is Kings Stairs Gardens and Southwark Park, located East of the site. It would mostly likely be that bats venture and forage those parks and find roosting areas in nearby homes.

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Residential Project, Farncombe Street

20m

An aerial view of the residential project at Farncombe Street Source: Google Earth.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.1 Solar Analysis of Building Volume

Tested Volume (Southwest View)

Farncombe Street in January (Top View)

Surrounded by similar height buildings

Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

and a few tall buildings in the North.

Farncombe Street in June (Top View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

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Farncombe Street in January (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

Farncombe Street in June (Southwest View) Sunlight Hours: 9am-3pm

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

Third Floor Plan of the Farncombe Project Source: Giles Bruce, Technical Studies Tutor.

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Section Drawing of the Farncombe Project. Source: Giles Bruce, Technical Studies Tutor.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

1400cm 139cm 99cm

3 4

Detailed roof section of the Farncome Street Project Fibre cemet Slate

Insulation

Timber Steel beam

Dry wall

Window

Interior space

Top: Volume and dimensions of the intervention area. Bottom: Section drawing of the intervention area marking the material that will be used for the temperature and heat flux study.

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1400cm 1245cm

139cm

99cm

846cm

1020cm

A perspective model indicating the volume and dimension of intervention area in relation to the rest of the building.

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

170

3.2.1 Temperature and Heat Flux Study

Farncombe Street (Existing) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Farncombe Street (Existing) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

3.2.2 Bat Roost Design 1

3 4

Detailed roof section of the Farncome Street Project Fibre cemet Slate

Insulation

Timber

Steel beam

Dry wall

Window

Interior space 8

172

Slate Plywood

139cm 1

3cm

99cm

A section drawing of a bat roost design, illustrating thechanges made from the existing building (shown on the left).

Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

3.2.3 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design 1

Farncombe Street (Design 1) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Design 1) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Changes in temperature variation and heat flux with design intervention: The intervention in design 1 shows that the temperature variation and heat flus is relatively similar to the existing structure since there are not many changes within the void. However, a access tunnel was added as a part of the design and it shows that temperature can escape through the tunnel in the winter but the warm temperatures may find they way in since the interior building temperature is much cooler than the outside summer heat. The heat flux in the winter shows that there is a lot of heat movment in the tunnel

and mild movement in the surrounding

2 void. However, in the summer , the heat flux diagram shows that the heat move-

ment is minimal a part from the heat movement in the access tunnel.

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Farncombe Street (Design 1) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Design 1) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

3.2.4 Bat Roost Design 2

3 4

Detailed roof section of the Farncome Street Project Fibre cemet Slate

Insulation

Timber

Steel beam

Dry wall

Window

Interior space 8

176

Slate Plywood

139cm 1

9 8

3cm

99cm

A section drawing of a bat roost design, illustrating thechanges made from the existing building (shown on the left).

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Application of Rules and Guidelines for Bat Roost Architecture in the Urban Context 3. Intervention in New Building: Farncombe Street

3.2 The Area of Intervention Within Building

3.2.5 Temperature and Heat Flux Study for Design 2

Farncombe Street (Design 2) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Design 2) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Changes in temperature variation and heat flux with design intervention: Design 2 shows an additional intervention from Design 1. Slanted wooden planks were added in the interior so that it could divert the temperature movement and create more roosting spaces (bats require surfaces in which they can cling onto with their feet). The temperature variation study shows that with these additional wooden planks, it created a small area

that can accumulate the heat during the

winter time and the heat flux diagram also shows that there are not a lot of heat movement in that same area

. Bats can also choose more cooler temperatures

when bats choose to roost on the wooden planks closer to the access tunnel. The temperature variation in the summer doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fluctuate that much but the roost.

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Farncombe Street (Design 2) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Design 2) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (Summer): 30 oC Interior temperature: 21 oC

Left to Right: Temperature variation in January; Heat flux in January; Temperature variation in June; Heat flux in June.

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Contacts

Christopher Sadd Hooke Park Forester Danielle Linton Bat researcher, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford Elisa Dierickx Programme Development Manager (Eurasia) of Fauna & Flora International Nigel Fisher Conservator of Wytham Woods, University of Oxford Nick Tomlinson Principal Ecologist of Nick Tomlinson Ecology Sheila Dyason Dorset Bat Group Stephan Hales Wildlife Expert Zachary Joseph Mollica Hooke Park Warden

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References

Bats and Artificial Lighting in the UK: Bats and the Built Environment Series. Bat Conservation Trust. 2018. Print. Bats and Buildings. Bat Conservation Trust (BCT). 2015. Print. Bats in Traditional Buildings. English Heritage, National Trust and Natural England. 2009. Print. Christian C. Voigt, Tigga Kingston. Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springers. 2016. Print. Commissioned Report No. 160. A review of the success of bat boxes in houses. Bat Conservation Trust & Scottish Natural Heritage. 2006. Print. Dorset Bat Group: Bat Distribution in Dorset. Dorset Bat Group & Dorset Wildlife Trust. 2019. Print. Dorset Bat Group: Bat Information Leaflet 1 & 2. Dorset Bat Group & Dorset Wildlife Trust. 2019. Print. Garland, L., Wells, M., Markham. S. Performance of maternity bat roost structures near Bath, UK. Conservation Evidence 14, 44-45. 2017. Print. Gunnell, K., Grant, G., Williams, C. Landscape and urban Design for bats and biodiversity. Bat Conservation Trust (BCT). 2012. Print. Gunnell, K., Murphy, B., Williams, Dr. C. Designing for Biodiversity: A Technical Guide for new and existing buildings (Second Edition). RIBA Publishing & Bat Conservation Trust. 2013. Nature-Smart Cities: Urban Bat Life. 2018. https://naturesmartcities.com/. Webpage. Passive House Institute: About Passive House. 2015. https://passivehouse. com/02_informations/01_whatisapassivehouse/01_whatisapassivehouse.htm. Webpage. Tree, I. Wilding: The Return of Nature to a British Farm. Picador. 2019. Print. Tuttle, M., Kiser, M., Kiser, S. The Bat House Builderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Handbook. Bat Conservation International. 2013. Print. Wild West End. 2017. http://www.wildwestend.london/about. Webpage.

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