portfolio of Joyce W(2009-2014)

Infill the city , Inside the city Portfolio Xinqi (Joyce) Wang

1

content

Architecture

Dwelling in the city wall

2

tourist centre design

A corridor from an ancient river to the modern city

10

complex building

Urban Design

Life of post-farmers

20

urban regeneration of Dongshan downtown through urban farming

Master Planning

A town of transition

28

master planning of Suixi-Wuhu industrial park

Starry Night of Nanjing Course Name:Representation Practice

Paperwork

The Study of Employees’ Home-work Separation After Enterprises Suburbanization

40

City is where we are born, live and die. It is the container of culture and people’s emotions. Somehow the feature of modern cities are becoming ambiguous since the urban infill has turned into a laboratory of artists and architects.

We sometime feel lost in the concrete jungle due the fading identity of our habitats. This portfolio shows my effort of connecting city contexts to its modern infills, in order to add value into the place we make rather than the place we produce. Though the appearance of citis might vary through regions, the nature of city remains. It is the consequence of collective sence, it is the source of indivisual movement.

It is the place that stores the essence of yesterday, the inspiration of tomorow and the joy of today.

painting work (2013) inspired by the elements a hand-made model

2

1

tourist centre dwelling in the city wall

individual work Location:Taicheng City wall,Nanjing lecturer:Yaling Quan(linda90@tom.com)

2

3

u w an Xu

space extraction from the old city wall

ty ci

Xuanwu Lake

l al w

Xijia pool

rk Pa

ng he ic Ta

Taicheng estate

residents

a centre for both residents and tourists a connection of touring routes between city and community tourists

tourists

touring route

a floating box which creats a continous interface from the wall to the lake

intact city wall

path of broken wall

sinking top

v i s i ti ng the e x hi bi ti on while experiencing the landscaple

linear climbing

shuttling between natural landscape and manmade marvels

a tea house that serves the residents

space with clear direction

a courtyard to appreciate the old maple trees fort

space being oriented by light

site beacon tower

4

viewpoint of the city

5

ground floor

1st floor

2nd floor

entrance facade

street facade

lake facade

6

7

entrance lobby

B

B

A

A

A-A section of the entrance

tea house

B-B section of the tea house

8

9

Xiuqiu Park

Gun's house

City Corridor

Chaotian Palace site

complex building A corridor from an ancient river to the modern city

individual work Location:Neiqiao, Nanjing Lecturer: Jianli Luo(Seupd@126.com)

10

11

History of the city

Nanjing was the former capital city of China (the capital city of Republic of China) and it was also the capital city of ten dynasties. Today the city layout of Nanjing was based on that in the Ming dynasty. As can be seen from the map, Qinghuai River was the moat of the city and our site was on one of its main tributaries. In last century, the waterways of Qinghuai River was the main transportation in the city.

redefinition the function of Qinhuai River in the fututure sightseeing open market a new public square dance space jogging exercises

in history city defense public transport a moat do the washing water source

penetrate into the public space of the complex building

Yangtz River Xuanwu Lake

Mochou Lake

renaissance of the riverbanke

Qinghuai lake confucioous temple site

What is absent in the city ?

tor his

high-end boutiques 18% supermarkets 45% food courts 33% high-end hotels 21%

Xinjiekou

46%

restaurants 30%

low-end retails 30% convenient stores 47% fastfood chains 23% economy hotels 32%

te

high-end boutiques 70% supermarkets 53% food courts restaurants 31% high-end hotels 68% Xinjiekou trade area

si

The site is between the tow biggest trade areas in the city. This tow areas are connected by the Metro line one and South Zhongshan Road. However, although Zhangfuyuan metro station has been constructed, the area around the site is still in active due to the lack of corresponding business facilities. Therefore, this area is like a gap of the city center.

y

a connection between tow trade areas

role in the city centre

site analysis

low-end retails 82% convenient stores 55% fastfood chains 37% economy hotels 79%

Confucious Temple trade area

ConfuciousTemple

Function:replenishment for two trade areas complex office 7 20000 sq metre commerce 15000 sq metre apartment hotel 8 10000 sq metre

1 2 3 4 5 6 formation of commerce of the complex building

According to invesitgations, the demand of complex office has excessed the supply in both trade areas and amusement facilities and public space are also in need.

12

hightime of each functions

analysis of both side

space generation 13

underground floor plan

first floor plan inner street on the underground floor

the generation of a 24/7 urban open space

14

draw the city street into the underground floor

an aerial street to link the riverside of Qinhuai river to the city street

vertical courtyards to connect the two streets

when retails on the underground floor closes at night, citizens can go to the aerial street which opens for 24 hours from the courtyards.

15

the first floor fastfood

office

A corridor of multiple characteristics

drink and snacks

a corridor that links the riverside space to the city street

a corridor that links the previous street park to the entrance square

a vertical corridor with two gree open space

private-flowing

puclic-gathering restaurants

g

ground floor

sq ua r

gin

picnic

jog

ed an cin g

private-still

park mall shopping

retails

apartment hotel

retails

yT

dating

oll

aic

hi

str

basement plan

pla

hotel lobby

lk wa pin

g

play

gs do

retails

ssi go

sun bath

lobby

hm

restaurants

sh

fre

stewardship office

flas

ke

ta

ob

third floor plan

r

ai

feel the green

g

in

ee

ts

gh

si

retails

security

forth floor plan basement

equipment

supermarket

hotel plan equipment

traffic citizens staff security

office plan

16

circulations of the annex

17

office

roof bar of the hotel

24/7 box

zzz

z

day box

office conventional office building

addition of light boxes

the generation of shared spaces

couryards in the air

peak hour of the annex during day time

zz

peak hour of apartment hotel at night, only for guests

a shared box to welcome both citizens and guests

+128000

104000mm

+78000 8000mm

office

roof bar +70000

40000mm

apartment hotel

+30000

14000mm

+22000

clubs +16000

16000mm

4000

18000mm

retails

aerial street

0

4000

0

section of the office 18

retails

aerial street

section of the hotel 19

urban regeneration of Dongshan through urban farming group work( role: idea,perspectives,birdview, analysis) Location:Dongshan, Nanjing Lecturer Chunning Xu(8613905170370) the emergence of post-agriculture citizens

Dongshan used to be the rural outskirt of Nanjing with farmland and the major composition of its population was farmesr. These people born to be farmers as that was the life their ancestors led.

As the industrial zone moved to the ourtskirt of the city, farmland was occupied by factories and farmers had to moved due to the public ownership of land--they had no right to decide the use of their own property--even it was their homeland for centuries

The used-to-be farmers had to move to the city and started theri own lives, althouth what they encountered in cities were uncertainties

The used-to-be farmers became post-agriculture citizens and struggled to integrate into the city life.

However, as their transferable skills are about farming and so is their life style. They insist to farm in the city and dreamed of faming.

Rapid Urbanization in China

abnormal urbanization caused by land policies

By the end of the 1940s, China had 69 cities. In 2007, it had 670 cities, almost ten times as many. Increasing urbanization is the result of migration from villages, as well as natural increase, leading to the expansion of small towns which have been reclassified as cities The phenomenon of the abnomally rapid urbanization in China is mainly due to the public owership of land under a communist sociey. As residents have no right to decide the use of their land, the land can be commandeered by the government at any time. So there is no wonder why cities can be constructed in China at an extremely fast speed.

While China has coped more effectively than many countries with the demands of urbanization, a number of issues need to be tackled urgently. First of all, the shrink of arable land has posed a threat to China. As more farmland are developed into industrial parks and residential area, the space for planting food encounters a crisis. Secondly, farmers have to migrate into cities because they lose their farm and property in their hometown. These people, although having considerabel compensation, have to struggle to be a citizens owing to the lackness of transferable skills in cities, These post-agriculture citizens often gathers in the urban villages. They yearn for the respect from other citizens and they are eager to integrate into the society.

In this project, the post-agriculture citizens can ultilise their agricultural skills to live, work and socialize in the city. Urban farming can create a common value between both the abriginal residents and post-agriculture citizens. It is a way to build a health relationship between different groups in this are, and it also offer a place for people to grow fresh food, to recreate, to relax and to teach children .

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21

visions

A

farm

scattered vegetable plots occupying the public space, results in dishomarny between agricultural workers and local residents

A. residence

B

vegetable field along the road, in the couryard , in the balcony and in anywhere available.

B. urban village

urban farming +residence regeneration

farm life modern city life

By combining the public place to urban farming, post-farmers and residents can plant and play together, thus shaping a closly-knit conmmunity

urban farming +urban village regeneration

planting their food

urban village regeneration with conservation of urban farming

C

urban farming +classical couryard houses

nostalgia entertainment

By combining the classical Chinese gardens with urban agriculture, the old would have a new lively place to play, to farm and to communicate.

Classic couryard houses

D

C.retirement home and libraries

tea planting

Dong hill

fun

urban farming +Dong hill park

reminiscence

E

park with Xie temple and tea museum

D.historical park

The tea planting on the Dong hill would be the living exhibition of the tea museum and the productive landscape would be an interactive part of the park.

jobs pleasant shopping experience

farm

nature

Past

after rapid urbanization people

people

urban village

Today

after urabn regeneration

amentities

culture

Future recreation

farm

village

city

modern buildings

nature

nature

modern shopping mall with farmer market

scattered vendors

E. commercial area

before rapid urbanization

urban farming +shopping centre regeneration

urban village

city

residence

people

city

pubilic buildings Donghill park

concept process

population composition There are three groups of people in this area-post-agriculture citizens, aboriginal residence and old people.

aboriginal

commercial center

urban regeneration

classical couryards as new public

public place reshape and urban regeneration through urban farming

immigrant employment closely-knit community social activities

over 60 under 60

22

immigrant aboriginal

amentities convenience demand of different groups

23

in residence

urban farming in gardens

+0~55m

in Dong hill

couryards

classical Chinese gardens -4~13m

water street

residence

modern buildings +0~100m public buildings

24

25

11

farm in the residence

10

13

9 3

1

4 fishing ponds in the classical gardens

2

12

plan 1.agriculture museum 2. auditorium 3.retirement home 4.agriculture library 5.shopping mall 6.complex building 7.farmer market 8.complex building 9.farmers' workshop 10.complex building 11.affordable house 12.tea museum 13.community center 14.hospital

26

8

5

7

6 14

the open market

27

vegetable planting

vegetable planting

vegetable planting catering

catering

catering square dance chess and cards

fish farming

shopping square dance

taichi chess and cards

fishing

tea house exhibition

reading agriculture journals

reading

reading

cafe

cafe exercise

tea planting

hiking

activities of different groups of people

complex buildings

retails

retails

square

retails

office

saloon

retails

B

A

residence

commercial

fountain

snacks

sculpture

tea house

D

water street

C1

exhibition

C2

public service

water street waterfront

music

gardens

tea house

E

commercial

exhibition chess room

tea house

gardens

library

patio

library

public service

28

29

The master planning of Suixi-Wuhu industrial park

group work( role: idea, analysis, drawing) Location:Dongshan, Nanjing guided by Prof Xingping Wang(wxpsx@seu.edu.cn) Lecturer Yaling Quan(linda90@tom.com)

30

Suixi-wuhu industrial park is a joint-ventured industrial park invested by the government of the city of Suixi and the city of Wuhu. it is a part of Anhui province's development plan, which enable the northern under-developed region like Suixi to be asisted by the relatively developed area. By transfering its heavy industry to Suixi, Wuhu will have more space for new rising industry, At the mean while, Suixi will thrive on the mature industry from Wuhu. The joint-venture industry park is a mode initially experimented in Suzhou industry park( which was invested by China and Singapore), and it is becoming popular in China due to the trmendous positive effect it brought to the local economy.

31

structure of process

the Great Suixi plan the site

the Great Suixi plan

the mother city Suixi

the industry

transportation waterways demographics

relationship mechanism of city expansion history of industry

the industry of Wuhu the industrial base of Suxi industry strategies

integrate into the regional development plan

a new town that transform the space and industry of the mother city

eco-friendly industry that can quickly develop in the industrial park

in 2015, the urban area of Suixi will swallow the villages and counties nearby and expand . So in the master planning of Suixi-Wuhu industrial park, we take teh demographics, transportation and waterways of the whole area into consideration.

natural landscape the feature of the site

Wuhu the site

the expansion plan of Suixi

the urban area of Suixi

Transportation In the future,abandoned railways which used to transport coal could be combined with the existin railways and developed into TOD(transit oriented developement) systems to serve as part of the multiple transportation system of Suixi. Therefore, not only could the downtown be reshaped due to the existence of new hubs, but also the city can grow around the stations,thereby strengthening the ties between the park and city. to Huaibei

Suixi City

Suixi economic development zone (1993)

to Henan province

Fujia railway

site

site

site

to Suzhou

Qingfu railway

abandoned railways railway station

highways

commercial area business district public space residence the regeneration of mining railways

Waterways the site 2700 ha

Wangyin River Liuqiao lake

Qianlong lake

Nantuo River Liuzi lake

Xinsui River

1 2

Laoba River 1

Suilin River

wa y

2

gh

3

20 2

hi

4 jia

Fu

ay

r

w ail

5

lakes

rivers

3 4 5

> >

>

The site is surrounded by rivers with natural beauty and unpolluted waterways. However, the discharge of waste from the industrial park would definitely impact the ecosystem. Since it is unrealistic to halt all the factories, we should make an effort to strike a healthy balance between the development of ecnomics and ecosystem.

villages lakes and rivers

demographics

mines

Shortly,with the construction of Suixi-Wuhu industrial park the process of urbanization will be accelerated.

Baishan county

Suixi

in China Compared to the most sucessful city to Shanghai, Anhui has lagged markedly behind in economic development, with a GDP per capita around one third the level of it.

32

Beijing Anhui Shanghai HongKong

in Anhui province Anhui province has a great regional disparity between the north and south, and most of the wealth is concentrated in industrial regions close to the Yangtze River, such as Hefei, Wuhu, and Ma'anshan

Wuhu population projection

demographic composition

density of population

density of villages

33

the relationship with the mother city

industry strategies

Suixi-Wuhu industrial park is at the surburb of the city, which can share the infrastructure such as public transport such as bus system and metro and public space with the mother city. Therefore, the mother city can provide workers and experts in the industrial park with residences and amentities .In this area, it is possible for the indusrial park to be developed as a multi-functional new town where another commercial center would be formed, thereby stimulating the development of surrounding areas.

Opportunities eco-friendly industry

function city centre urban area outskirt

block

Suixi-Wuhu industrial park

urban fringe mother city

industrial area only industrial area with residence industrial area with residence and amentity

Weakness

Suixi-Wuhu industrial park

industry transfer

new technology introduced expertise personnel tranning

pollution from heavy industry

cheap labours

vulnerable economy structure

development of service industry

satellite city

surburb

new technology

industrial base

Strengths

industrial base

promote labelled

resource depletion regional competition industry

a multifunctional new town

Threats

the geographic position of industrial park in the city

1.industrial base 2.cheap labours

Strengths

The mechanism of city expansion

1.advanced technology and experts introduced from Wuhu.

2.industry transfer from the east areas (eg. Shanghai and Suzhou)

1.vunerable economy structure 2.pollution from heavy industry

opportunities

weakness

1.competition from nearby industrial zones 2.resource exhaustion

threats

SWOT analysis

er

iv

iR

Su Suixi economic development zone

expansion of Suixi economic development zone

jia

Fu Ra ay

ilw

the site

river nurtured the city

1976 city growed along the Fujia Railway and expanded towards shouth

2005 city growed towards west towards the Suixi economic development zone

2012 (now) the west part of city is mainly industrial areas and the east part is residential area and supporting facilities. the city presents three "cross" .

industry base of Suixi .8 21ltur u ric .7 ag 27try s u ind5 .

50 ice v r se

industry transfered from Wuhu

2012 GPD:10.2 billion

The GDP of Suixi is over-reliant on heavy industry which would induce series of environmental problems and as uraban area, its tertiary sector of industry is under-developed.

The development of the city is interdependent with the development of its industries. As the city was built near the junction of tow rivers, Sui River and Xi River, the water quality was good for making wine, the city was initially thrived on wine making industry, And the Kouzi Wine is renowned in China. Later, the construction of transportation contributed to the prosperity of the wine-making industry and promoted the primitive mining industry. After the foundation of PRC, heavy industry such as manufacturing and mining graduate became the dominant industry in Suixi.

The construction of Suixi-Wuhu industrial park would accelerate the city expanding towards south

100million pounds

The GDP of Suixi is over-reliant on heavy industry which would induce series of environmental problems and as uraban area, its tertiary sector of industry is under-developed.

industry distribution in the region The region is divided into four main industrial areas, residential and commercial area, development zone, mining and agricultural production.

Although each area takes the advantage of local resources , the industries are scattered overall and extremely lack of integration.

Besides, the rivary from nearby industrial zones also pose a threat on the development of Suixi-Wuhu industry park.

It is important to avoid the similar type of industry in the industries selection.

e

gross output of 6 main industries in 2012

24.5

electronic components

agriculture

main industries in Wuhu wine making mining aluminium industry service industry manufacturing mining mining agriculture

logistics

Phenix agrotechny food processing

Suixi

manufacturing chemical Suixi-Wuhu industrial park

Duji manufacturing transportation

10k ㎡

25k ㎡

11k ㎡

Dragon lake food processing service industry

11k ㎡

76k ㎡

Huaibei textile.biotechnology electronics.business industry distribution

34

Photovoltaic industry

Industry

64.2 13.3

automobile parts aluminum alloy wheels

Service

competition from nearby industrial zones

35

Land suitability analysis components selection waterways topography transportation

commerce

unsuited

production

suited

unsuited

the recent construction land 2012-2020

residence

unsuited

suited

suited

concept process

preserve the existing river and green land

park green land

connect to the region transportation

commercial blocks in residence 300*300

mixed commercial education residential

commerce residence

blocks in industry sectors 400*400

industry

mixed residential research light industry general industry transportation

connect to the road in the city

36

streets

function

warehouses

37

residence and commercials

The commercial area in riverband residence

residence and commercials

industrial sectors

the residential area of the industry park

industry selection

according to the master planning of Suixi by 2030, the population in the urban area would be 570000 in total and the population in Suixi-Wuhu industry park would be 50000. According to the per capita index 35.7 sq metre per head , we can proposed that 178.5 ha residenctial area is demanded in the Suixi-Wuhu industry park per capita index 35.7 sq metre per head

population 50000

industrial area 790.36 ha

industrial basis Aluminum industry

residence area 178.5ha

according to the industry area The industrial area of Suixi-Wuhu industry park is proposed to be 790.36ha. According to the index that workers required per ha, it is anticipated to be 55325 workers in the park. Therefore, the total number of population would be 75837 by 2030. workers required per ha 70

industries selection

population 55325

* single rate 0.65 34302 with families * 1.5 31535 other citizens 10000 75837

leading industries

clean aluminum

introduced from WuHu

50000 62918 by 2030

75837

residence area:226ha nursering:1 primary schools:3 secondary schools:2 high school:1 with 25 classes each

automobile parts

equipment manufacturing

industry branches

industry cooperation

aluminum products

Alufer

automobile parts

aluminum alloy wheels NC machine equipment

machine equipment

aluminum alloy wheels

mechanical engineering

Photovoltaic industry

new energy

Photovoltaic industry

high-quality aluminum

electronic components

electronics

electronic components

Automotive electronics

equipment manufacturing development

Software development

industry cultivation

high-tech research

clean aluminum equipment manufacturing

Layouts of residence, amentities and industrial sectors in existing industrial parks

sector A

new energy electronics sectorB

high-tech research research centre

commercials

research centre sector B

residences commercials residence factories

commercials residence factories advantages:less disturbance between different functions disadvantages:less dynamic

compact

schools

complex office + residence

advantages:dynamic, closely-knit community disadvantages:lack of a core

negative effect on envrionment > sector A

warehouses

scattered

Suixi

commercial centre a core area of complex functions could serve the mother city as well

distance to the urban area

block 300*300 residence 327.45ha schools 41.62ha commercials 170.09ha

aluminum products

machine equipment

Photovoltaic electronics softwatre

automobile parts

combination 38

39

Urban Investigation The Study of Employees’ Home-work Separation After Enterprises Suburbanization

Group work Role:proposal, data collection, framwork, interviews, parial writting Location:Jiangning Dis. Nanjing

Abstract

In China, the fast pace of urbanization has quickly changed the layout of city center and it also led to the suburbanization of enterprises (mainly the leading industry of which were second industry). As this is also a general phenomenon in Nanjing, in this essay, we analyze the home-work separation problem that caused by the firm suburbanization, based on seven enterprises in the Baijiahu area, Jiangning district of Nanjing. According to interviews, questionnaires and literature, we collected the basic information about the employees and the location of their workplaces and residence. And we found that half of the employees faced the home-work separation problem and had difficulty of commuting. We firstly looked into the educational background, position and income of the employees and concluded the hardship of changing residence and solving commuting problems. Secondly, we compared the commuting characteristic before and after the removal and summarized the negative effect of home-work separation on the city, enterprise and the employees. Lastly, depending on the result of our investigation, suggestions about facilitating the current commuting situation and tackling homework separation problem are listed.

Keywords

Suburbanization, Home-work separation, Commuting

5:00 pm at Metro

40

41

I. Research background and framework 1.1 Research Background and Aim 1.1.1 Research Background In the background of globalization and industrial transformation, China is undergoing fast urbanization and reconfiguration of city space. It has become one of the important characteristics of development of city. The development of industries is the first motive power of development of city space. So the reconfiguration of city space in China during the transformation period firstly express in the reconfiguration of industries.

1-1 Nanjing, master plan from 1980 to 2007

As an important industrial city and financial center in the downstream area of the Yangtze River, Nanjing proposed adjustment of industrial distribution under the policy of Second Out, Third In for the optimization of industrial structure. Hundreds of companies have been moved to suburb areas. In this process, the distribution of industrial space in Nanjing clearly shows the characteristic of suburbanization(1-1).

contentt I. Research Background and Framework

43

The suburbanization of industries changes the workplace of employees in these industries.

And asynchronous changes of workplace and living space lead to mismatching in working and living space. The relationship between workplace and home after suburbanization of industries and the convenience of transportation deserve our exploration and research.

II. The Location of Workplace

44

1.1.2 Research Aim

1.1 Research Background and Aim 1.2 Research Material and Methods

2.1 The Type of Enterprises and The Reason for Removal 2.2 The Spatial Distribution of Workplaces 2.3 Characteristics of Employees 2.4 The Influencing Factors of Workplace Selection

III. The Location of Residence 3.1 The Characteristics of Residence 3.2 Dispersion of Residential Space 3.3 Analysis of Residential Selection

Through research on industries moving to suburb, sum up the characteristics of work and living space of employees and transportation situation; conclude existing problems and analysis affecting factors.

46

According to database, analysis relevance in the angle of choice of work and live, explore the relationship between choice of work and live and the separation of living an work space.

Synthesize research contents and relative documents, propose primary suggestions to relieve contradiction between live and work and transportation problems.

IV.Analysis of Existing Commuting Line

47

V.Conclusion and Suggestion

48

4.1 Commuting Characteristics 4.2 Synthesis of The Condition of Commuting 4.3 Home-work Separation and The Problem of Commuting

5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Suggestions

References

1-2 Layout of Nanjing

49

1-3 Land use constitution of Baijiahu district

1.2 Research Material and Methods 1.2.1 Research Materials Baijiahu area in Jiangning new city is the main undertaking place of industries moving to suburb, including general manufacturing industry, high tech manufacturing industry and other types of companies. In this research, we choose 7 companies with different scale to do research and analysis.The targets are shown in 1-4.

1.2.2 Research Method and Process In the process of research, we mainly based on questionnaire survey to acquire accurate and detailed fist-hand data. At the same time, we did interviews, observations, literature consulting to improve and perfect database. The questionnaires were sent out with the sample rate of 7%, 450 in total. We got 423 questionnaires back with the effective rate of 94%.(1-5)

1-4 Layout of investigated enterprises

1-5 Structure of process

42

43

II. The Location of Workplace 2.1 The Type of Enterprises and The Reason for Removal 2.3 Characteristics of Employees

2.1.1 The Major Industry: Research Background of Manufacturing There are seven companies, the major industry of which is secondary industry, are under investigations. Among them, five companies are specialized in general manufacturing and the others two are specialized in high-tech manufacturing(2-1). According to interviews, all the enterprise that moved to the Jiangning District should be pollution-free in order to meet the requirement of the industrial orientation of Jiangning.

2.3.1 Age: Number of Young Employees is Increasing

master & above

Before the removal, most of the employees were above 40 years old, but the number of young employees rose dramatically after removal. According to the statistics given by the companies, the number of young staff reached to 59% because of the expansion of the films.

2.3.2 Educational Background

college degree high school middle school & below

2-4 educational background of employees

59% employees only obtained high-school education, with 33% obtained graduate degree and 8% got master degrees(2-4). In summary, the educational background of employees is average.

production & transport rear services sales administra -tion

2.3.3 Type of Work: Most of Them are Technical Staff

technician

There are different types of works offered in the firms, production workers, engineers, clerical workers and administrative. Production workers occupy 40% while the figure of engineers accounted 26%(2-5). The skill of most of the staff are high specialized and professional, there for they have limited choices of jobs.

managers

2-5 Types of work > 10 000

2.3.4 Income: Medium and Low

5 000 - 10 000

The income of 90% staffs ranges from 1140 to 2000 RMB, 2000 to 3000 RMB and 3000 to 5000 RMB.(2-6)

3 000 - 5 000 2 000 - 3 000 1 140 - 2 000

2-1 Information of the investigated enterprises

< 1 140 yuan/month

2.1.2 The Scale of Enterprises

2-6 Income patterns

Among the seven enterprises, there are 2 large-scale enterprises, 2 medium-scale enterprises and 3 small-scale enterprises. They all experienced expansion after moving to the Jiangning District.

2.4 The Influencing Factors of Workplace Selection

2.1.3 The Reason for Removal: A Combination of Both Internal and External Factors

2.4.1 The Potentials Development of the Enterprises and Individuals

According to investigations, there are two causes for the removal of enterprises. It is primarily because the cheap land rent and preferential land policy in the Jiangning District were attractive for enterprises that encountered land pressure in the city center.

Another reason for the removal of the firms is the industrial layout planning of the government. These firms moved to suburb under the guidance of the government. (2-2)

According to investigations, the potential development of both the firm and individual are the main factors that influence people’s choices of workplace, occupying 34% and 20% relatively. While the income, the communing distance and post are the secondary important factors (13%,9%,11% correspondingly). (2-7) By contrast, supporting facilities, environment and transportation have less effect on employee’s choices of workplace. Overall, the development potential of both the firm and the individual are the main factors that decide people’s selection of jobs.

Firms moved to the suburb were driven by both the internal and external cause. But in terms of company scales, small-scale firms moved to suburb due to land shortage and large-scale companies moved because of the government’s policy.

development potentials of the firm individual development potentials salary government policies commuting distance transportation supporting facilities environment

2.4.2 The Educational Background and Types of Work BEFORE High land-value in the main city

2.2 The Spatial Distribution of Workplaces 2.2.1 Before Removal: Scattered in Downtown Among the seven firms, four located in the Gulou District and others scattered in the Baixia District, the Jianye District and the Yuhua District relatively. Overall, firms scattered in different zones of the urban area before they moved to the Jiangning District.

Preferential policy

Scale expansion of enterprises

Policy of industrial restructuring

Low land-value in Jiangning

shoppings

According to the comparison between different staff, it is obvious that the higher the staff .is educated, the more they take potential development and income into consideration. The clerical and administrative workers consider individual potential development more than technical workers and engineers. Generally, the higher the staff are educated, the more flexibility they have when choosing jobs. The lower they are educated, the more limitation they would have in their job selection. (2-8, 2-9)

others

2-7 Factors of job selection

Implementation of the policy

AFTER 2-2 Reasons of suburbanization

2.2.2 After Removal: Compact After removal, companies concentrated in the same area of the Jiangning District(2-3) and the commuting distance has been prolonged.

For example, the Nanjing Numerical Control Machine Tool Plant located in the Baixia District previously, equipped with dormitory for employees. Before removal, the communing distance of most staff was no more than 1 km. However, it increased to 20km after removal and has since brought negative effect to the life of employees.

2-3 Pattern of enterprises suburbanization

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2-8 Relevance between educationl background and factors that affect job selection

2-9 Relevance between types of work and factors that affect job selection

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3.3.2 Education Background, Residential Forms Together Decide the Flexibility of Selection Through data analyzing (3-5, 3-6), the higher education degree employees have, the more they would take nearby environment and fundamental infrastructure into consideration rather than home-office distance or price of housing; It is vice versa with employees with a lower education degree.

Employees choose to live alone or share apartments mainly take home-office distance into consideration, it is vice versa with those who live with their family members.

To sum up, Education backgrounds as well as residential forms are two key factors of living flexibility.

2-10 Educational background of senior employees

2-11 Income of senior employees

2-12 Works of senior employees

2-13 Age of senior employees

Besides, the types of skills they own also influence the flexibility of job selection. The engineers and technical workers have higher professional counterpart and they are more limited in job selection. However, for administrative and clerical workers, the effect is minor.

Overall, people’s career choices are mainly decided by their educational background and their professions.

3-5 Relevance between residential forms and residence selection

3.3.3 The Low Flexibility in Residence Selection Results in Hardship of Moving According to the survey, large numbers of employees have low educational background and low income. As a result, they are more likely to be limited by housing price (3-7, 3-8). Besides, most employees who live with their family members own private property housings, which set potential obstacle to residential shifts.

According to the statistics below, after suburbanization of firms, there are 29% of senior employees who choose to move in order to live near their working places.

Most of them lack the basic ability to move.

III. The Location of Residence

3-6 Relevance between educational background and residence selection

3.1 The Characteristics of Residences 3.1.1 The Form of Property Ownership: Private Mainly

3-7 Reasons for the hardship of moving

3-1 Sources of houses

3.1.2 Residential Forms: Staying with Core Family Members Mainly

IV. Analysis of Existing Commuting Line

4.1 Commuting Characteristics 4.1.1 Long Commuting Distance Apart from employees who live in the Jiangning District, the commuting distance of most staff is above 15km, the commuting distance is relatively long.

3.2.1 Before Suburbanization: Living around Companies Before suburbanization of enterprises, there are mainly two kinds of living pattern: 1. Living around the company’s dormitory; 2. When there is no dormitory, employees choose to live sporadically around the company. (3-3) These two kinds of employees who live near the company share a more convenient transportation system.

4.1.2 Long Commuting Time

3.2.2 After Suburbanization: More Than Half are Far Away From Companies

According to investigations, the communing time of 39% employees are under 30 minutes, with 45% employees from 30 minutes to 1 hour and 16% over 1 hour(42). Compared with the average commuting time of Nanjing, the commuting time for these employees are relatively too long.

After suburbanization of enterprises, the employees are mainly distributed in Jiangning district (40%) and downtowns (57%), among these who live in Jiangning district, 50% of them live near their working places. To the contrast, those who live in downtowns are mostly distributed in Gulou and Baixia district, which are far away from Jiangning district. The deduction could be made that more than half of the employees are in status of home-work separation.

Commuting time is an important index in measuring employees’ home-work separation degree. The average commuting time in Nanjing is 37 minutes.

3-3 Two forms of residence before enterprises suburbanization

3.3.1 Choosing of Residence: Mainly Concerned about Living Near Workplace

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ct ffe Commuting a means re fle ct re str ict Commuting determine Home-work space distance distrabution ict str re ct fle re Commuting expanses

4-1 Relationships between commuting indexes and home-work space distribution

4.1.3 Commuting Means: Shuttle Buses

3.3 Analysis of Residential Selection

The primary factors for employees to choose residence is that the distance between home and work is close (occupied 29%). Besides, factors of the house price occupies 22%, while factors of the commuting system occupies 19% (3-4)

Commuting time

restrict

3-2 Forms of residence

ict

str

re

reflect

Commuting line is the link between employee’s work place and residence. The distance, means, time and expense of commuting is the index of commuter quality.

restrict

34% of the employees choose to live alone or share apartment with others, while 66% of the employees choose to live with their family members (3-2). The latter ones should consider the commuting and educational problems of other family members. As a result, they have more limitation in making change of their residential places compared with the former ones.

3.2 Dispersion of Residential Space

3-8 Income patterns of employees who changed their residence and who did not

affect

Within the six categories of housing sources, 32% of which are from renting and dormitory, classified as non-private property; 68% of which are commercial housing, affordable housing, real estate reform housing and housing inherited from parents, these are classified as private property(3-1).

It is more expensive to shift private property housing so that the possibility of changes is lower. House for rent, on the other hand, are more convenient to be changed with low costs, employees could change residential place more easily in order to cut commuting costs.

3-4 Factors of residence selection

Most of employees communed by shuttle buses, occupying 34%. The figure of employees communed by non-petrol vehicles accounts for 28% while the figure of employees who commute by cars and public transportations are 22% and 14% relatively.(4-3) Most of employees who travel to work by non-petrol vehicles live in the Jiangning District and people who travel by shuttle bus and private car live in the city center.

The shuttle buses are provided by the firms to solve the problem of home-work separation. According to the living pattern of employees (compact and scattered), there are two modes of the shuttle buses’ routes (point to point and point to line).

The public transportation in the Jiangning District still need to be improve due to the existing problem of traffic congestion, limited bus routes and low utilization rate.

4-2 Commuting time

4-3 Commuting means

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4.1.4 Commuting Expanses: Under Average 2.

Before removal, most of employees live near their workplace. However, after removal, most of they have the problem of home-work separation. Employees’ preference of residence is primarily due to the location of their workplace, and according to the analysis of the relevance between employees’ characteristics and their educational background, their educational background chooses their flexibility of residence selection. After moving to the Jiangning District, the higherincome staff moved to the Jiangning District to solve the home-work separation problem while most of the staff stayed in their previous residence due to their limited flexibility of residence selection.

There are 60% who employees spend less than 100 RMB while there are 14% employees who spend 300-500 RMB on it.(4-4) After removal, although the commuting line is prolonged and the commuting time is increased, the overall expense on commuting remains at an average level overall.

According to interviewing to employees, it is primarily because staffs who live in the city center choose to take a free shuttle bus and staff who live in the Jiangning District choose the economical non-petrol vehicles.

4.2 Synthesis of Commuting Conditions

4-4 Commuting expenses

3.

Home-work separation deteriorates employees’ commuting condition. The index for measuring the commuting quality includes distance, time, expense and means. After removal, the prolonged commuting time and distance and slightly added expense are contradictory to employees’ expectations and the degree of satisfaction is relatively low. Moreover, home-work separation also has negatively affected the employee’s life, enterprises’ regular cost and the city.

4.2.1 Degree of Satisfaction As we can see from the pie chart 4-5, only 24% employees are satisfied with the current condition of commuting. Moreover, 11% employees feel their current condition of commuting is intolerable and it is mainly due to the long commuting time and distance.

4.2.2 Comparison of Commuting Conditions Before and After Relocation

5.2 Suggestions

4-5 Degree of satisfaction

Before removal, the means of transportation of most employees are non-petrol vehicles, occupying 62% while 24% commuted by public transportation. The commuting time for 64% employees are under 30 while 20% under one hour. But the expenditure after removal does not change much. In summary, after removal, shuttle bus has played an important part in commuting while the commuting distance and time increase. (4-6, 4-7, 4-8)

For Home-work Separation 1.

The home-work combination should be highlighted in urban planning, especially for firms that moved out of the city center. Affordable houses for employees should be taken into consideration as well.

2.

In terms of the existing industrial parks, it is important to add residential area or employee dormitory to solve the home-work separation problem.

3.

Improve the public service and other facilities in the new town and make it a multi-functional area rather than an industrial area for employees to live.

4.2.3 Expectation on Commuting According to investigations, 45% employees prefer non-petrol vehicles while the figure of employees who prefer private cars and shuttle bus is less than its current number. In terms of time and expense, approximately half of the employees hope their commuting time could be under 10 minutes and 75% of employees hope the expense per month could be less than 100 RMB.

For Upgrading Commuting Line 4-6 Comparison of commuting time

Compared to employees’ expectation and their current situation, the problems of long commuting time and distance are contradictory means of transportation.

4.3 Home-work Separation and Commuting Problems Before removal, the employees lived near their workplace. Both their workplace and their residences are around the city center so that it is convenient for their commuting. After removal, the problem of home-work separation exists, the commuting line has been prolonged and this has posed negative effects on both the employees and their firms.

In order to solve the problems listed above, it is important to realize home-work combination and optimize commuting line.

This is hard to fulfill by the employees or enterprises alone and the cooperation between government and enterprises is strongly suggsted.

1.

Improve the public transportation in the new town and control the volume of private car , thereby solving employees’ commuting problem through the efficient, economical and eco-friendly public transportation 2.

Improve the transportation between city center and the new town through optimizing the management and construction of the transportation system.

3.

Adjust the commuter time to avoid the rush hours.

4.

Appropriate allowance on using public transportation could encourage employees to use metro and buses. And free shuttle bus offered by firms could employees’ commuter pressure.

4-7 Comparison of commuting means

Firstly, to the employees, it has posed a heavy burden on their economic situation and the increase of commuting time and distance is an extra workload for employee’s life.

Secondly, for firms, the free shuttle bus has increased their prime cost of production.

According to investigations, after removal, the cost of purchasing shuttle buses, hiring drivers and maintenance occupying nearly 0.75% of their prime cost.

References 1. Heping Li, Hao Li, theories & methods for social investigation, china building industry press, 2002.

Lastly, the heavy burden of traffic during the commuter time deteriorates the traffic condition to the city. Consequently, the traffic congestion increase the commuting time of the staff and this would have influence on living and working of staffs.

2. Bing Meng Characters of Home-office separation space among Beijing citizens, Acta Geographic 2009.

3. Ka Yang, Research on commuting space in suburb area of metropolis, Urban development research, 2010.

4-8 Comparison of commuting expenses

V.Conclusion and Suggestion 5.1 Conclusions In this report, we analyzed the workplace, residence, commuting condition and home-work separation of employees in firms that moved to the Jiangning District from the city center.

The conclusions are listed below: 1.

The firms that moved to the Jiangning District all meet the requirement of industrial orientation of the Jiangning District. And the scale of the firms is ranging from small to large. Before removal, the enterprises scattered at different districts in the city center. After removal, the enterprises centralized in the same area of the Jiangning District. And the commuting distance has been prolonged. Employee’s choice of workplace the flexibility of their job selection is made according to both the development potentials of the firm and the individuals’ , with the respect to the analysis of relevance between the characteristic of employees and the flexibility of their job selection. At the meantime, their educational background and professions are according to their flexibility of their career choices. After removal, a minority of employees shifted their jobs in order to solve the problem of home-work separation while the rest stayed due to the limitation of their educational background and professions.

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4. Deqi Wang, Feifei Xu, Commuting status of Beijing Citizens based on paper-investigation, Urban development research, 2010.

5. Guo Zhen, The problems and solutions of home-office separation in development zones- take economic development zone in Beijing as an example, Urban problems, 2007(3).

6. Jianhao Zhen, research on development zone and city functional interaction in view of enterprises, [graduate thesis] Nanjing, Department of architecture ,Southeast University 2009.

7. Weiguo Lv, Wen Chen, location of manufactory enterprises and city space reconstruction of Nanjing, Acta Geographic 2009.

8. Tao Xu, Jinping Song, Linna Fang, Ning Zhang, research on home-office separation in Beijing, Acta Geographic 2009.

9. Yanwei Chai, Yan Zhang, Zhiling Liu, research on distinction of home-office separation and the influential factors, Acta Geographic, 2011.66(2).

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Xinqi Wang Major in Urban Planning Southeast University, P.R.China

Malena Course Name:Visual Design BasisIII I would like to thank for the city of Nanjing where I have lived for six years.

Most of my design works have been completed in this ancient city It taught me not only about design the city infills but also about how to respect the city context and add value to the place we make City comes and goes people just passes by but the spirite of city will never die I long to be the guardian who holds the candle of light