We’re Running Out of
WATER!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.WATER & THE DROUGHT 2.AN AGRICULTURAL MESS 3.AN URBAN CONCERN 4.NATURE AS A FOOTPRINT 5.WHAT IFS?
WATER &
THE DROUGHT
WATER STRESS BY COUNTRY IN 2040 Ratio of withdrawals to supply: High (>40%) Medium to High (20-40%) Low (<10%)
World Resources Institute
BY 2030, 50% OF THE WORLDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S POPULATION WILL BE LIVING IN AREAS OF HIGH WATER STRESS
Wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Have Water 50%
Will Have Water 50% un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity
GLOBAL PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH UNTIL 2050
Population (billions) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1950
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
U.S. Census Bureau
With an increase in
population & water scarcity,
our use and perception of water must change drastically!
THE DROUGHT
IN CALIFORNIA
DROUGHT INTENSITY IN CALIFORNIA
Intensity: Exceptional Drought Extreme Drought Severe Drought Moderate Drought
drought.gov/drought/area/ca
DROUGHT % AREA OF CALIFORNIA
Moderate Drought 12%
Severe Drought 19%
Extreme Exceptional
Drought
Drought
26%
43% drought.gov/drought/area/ca
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WATER SOURCES (2014 DATA)
Groundwater Basins 60%
Surface Water (Basins & Rivers) 15%
Rain & Snow 25% water.ca.gov/waterconditions
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S MEAN TEMPERATURE RISE IN THE LAST CENTURY
degrees (F)
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
2010
water.ca.gov/waterconditions
CALIFORNIA & THE DROUGHT
2013 DRYEST YEAR ON RECORD FOR CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S BIGGEST CITIES OF LA, SF & SACARMENTO water.ca.gov/waterconditions
CALIFORNIA & THE DROUGHT
2012-14 ARE CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S DRIEST THREE CONSECTUIVE YEARS ON RECORD, IN TERMS OF PRECIPITATION water.ca.gov/waterconditions
CALIFORNIA & THE DROUGHT
2014 YEAR IN WHICH THE FEDERAL CENTRAL VALLEY PROJECT (CVP) & STATE WATER PROJECT (SWP) ALLOCATION WERE AT RECORD LOWS water.ca.gov/waterconditions
CALIFORNIA & THE DROUGHT
$687.4M AMOUNT OF MONEY PROVIDED TO CALIFONIA FOR DROUGHT RELIEF water.ca.gov/waterconditions
CALIFORNIA & THE DROUGHT
25% STATE-WIDE MANDATORY CUTBACK IN URBAN WATER USE IN 2015
Los Angeles Time
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S EXPONENTIAL POPULATION GROWTH
Population (millions) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1990
1930
1960
1990
2010
2040
California Department of Finance Estimates
HOW WATER IS USED IN CALIFORNIA (2006 DATA)
Agricultural 31% Urban 9% Managed Wetlands 2%
Required Instream Flow 8% Wild & Scenic Rivers 41%
Required Delta Outflow 9% ca.gov/drought
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HUMAN WATER USE (2014 DATA)
Households, Non-farm Businesses, & Transportation 20%
Agricultural Sector 80% Public Policy Insitute of California (PPIC)
While mandatory cutbacks in
urban water use are a step forward,
we must change our
agricultural practices as well!
AN AGRICULTURAL MESS
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
80% OF CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WATER USE GOES TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
U.S. Department of Agriculture
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IS ONLY
2%
OF GDP
Government
Agriculture
12%
2% Construction 4%
Education & Health 18%
Trade & Transportation 16%
Manufacture 10% Information 6% Finance & Professional & Technical Services 9%
Insurance Real Estate
6%
17% Bureau of Economic Analysis
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S AGRICULTURAL WATER USE (2014 DATA)
Truck Farming & Horticulture 9%
Irrigated Pasture
Fruits &
11%
Nuts 31%
Rice 9% Corn 8%
Alfalfa Other Field
Cotton
Crops 10%
4%
18%
PPIC
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
$45.8B YEARLY NET WORTH OF CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
U.S. Department of Agriculture
DROUGHTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ECONOMIC IMPACT IN 2015
$2.74B ESTIMATED TOTAL IMPACT TO ALL ECONOMIC SECTORS IN CALIFORNIA IN 2015 California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
DROUGHTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ECONOMIC IMPACT IN 2015
$1.84B ESTIMATED TOTAL IMPACT TO THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF CALIFORNIA California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
DROUGHTâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S ECONOMIC IMPACT IN 2015
10,100 JOBS LOST IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN CALIFORNIA
California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
3.50 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
ONE HEAD OF LETTUCE California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
5.40 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
ONE HEAD OF BROCCOLI California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
425 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
4oz OF BEEF California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
700 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
ONE GALLON OF MILK California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S TOP CROPS WATER USE (2015 DATA)
400
800
1,200
1,600
Alfalfa Almonds & Pistachios Rice Orchards Corn Grapes Cotton *MEASURED IN BILLIONS OF GALLONS
California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NUT CROPS WATER USE & ECONOMIC IMPACT (2015 DATA)
$8.2B ESTIMATED YEARLY TOTAL WORTH OF CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NUT CROPS California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
4.90 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
ONE WALNUT California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
0.75 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
ONE PISTACHIO California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
1.00 GALLONS OF WATER NEEDED TO GROW
ONE ALMOND California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
+
2.32 BILLIONS OF CUBIC METERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE THE ALMONDS EXPORTED OVERSEAS EVERY YEAR California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
Lancaster Palmdale
Pasadena DTLA Malibu Santa Monica
Rancho Palos Verdes
Los Angeles County
0.77 BILLIONS OF CUBIC METERS ARE USED TO PROVIDE WATER TO LOS ANGELES COUNTY EVERY YEAR California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
+
3 YEARS WORTH OF WATER FOR THE LOS ANGELES COUNTY POPULATION ARE BEING USED YEARLY TO PRODUCE EXPORTED ALMONDS California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
+
1.1 TRILLION GALLONS OF WATER ARE USED EACH YEAR FOR ALMOND FARMING California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
+
10% 1.1 TRILLION GALLONS OF WATER EQUALS TO 10% OF CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S AGRICULTURAL WATER SUPPLY IN A YEAR California Department of Food & Agriculture (cdfa.ca.gov)
CALIFORNIA PRODUCES 82% OF ALL ALMONDS WORLDWIDE
Turkey Australia
2%
5%
Others 5%
EU 6%
California 82%
Almond Board of California
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S INCREASED HARVESTED ACREAGE OF ALMOND CROPS
Acreage (in thousands) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1995
2000
2005
2010
California Department of Food & Agriculture
Why is California
increasing almond plantation,
when the state is
experiencing extreme drought?
AN URBAN CONCERN
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S URBAN WATER USE (2014 DATA)
Commercial Outdoors Residential Outdoors 33%
16%
Commercial Indoors 9% Industrial 6%
Energy Production 2%
Residential Indoors 34% PPIC
400,000 GALLONS OF WATER ARE USED AT A SKI RESORT
TO MAKE
ONE DAY OF SNOW California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
18,000 GALLONS OF WATER ARE NEEDED TO FILL AN AVERAGE
L.A. POOL California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
361 GALLONS OF WATER ARE NEEDED DAILY TO SUPPLY AN AVERAGE LOS ANGELES
HOME California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
40 GALLONS OF WATER USED TO DO A LOAD OF
LAUNDRY California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
24 GALLONS OF WATER USED TO TAKE A 10 MINUTE
SHOWER California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
8 GALLONS OF WATER USED EVERYTIME YOU FLUSH A
TOILET California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
800,000 GALLONS OF WATER ARE USED DAILY TO WATER
ONE GOLF COURSE California Department of Water Resources, 2010.
16.7B GALLONS OF WATER ARE USED YEARLY TO WATER COACHELLA VALLEYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S 124
GOLF COURSES kcet.org/drought
23% OF THE WATER USED TO MANTAIN COACHELLA VALLEYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S GOLF COURSES IS
RECYCLED kcet.org/drought
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S NON-AGRICULTURAL NON-RESIDENTIAL WATER USE
0
100
200
300
400
Golf Courses Offices School Restaurants Retail Oil Refinery High Tech *MEASURED IN BILLIONS OF GALLONS
California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RESIDENTIAL WATER USE (2015 DATA)
100
200
300
400
Lawns & Pools Toilets Showers Faucets Washing M. Leaks Dish Washer *MEASURED IN BILLIONS OF GALLONS
California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study
CALIFORNIA’S RESIDENCES’ INDOOR WATER USE (2015 DATA)
Bath Leak
Other
17%
2%
3% Dish Washer 1%
Toilet 21% Faucet 19%
Washing Machine Shower
17%
20% California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RESIDENTIAL WATER USE (2015 DATA)
Indoor Water Use 34%
Outdoor Water Use 66%
California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study
NORTHERN CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RESIDENTIAL WATER USE (2015 DATA)
Indoor Water Use 43%
Outdoor Water Use 57%
California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study
CALIFORNIAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S RESIDENTIAL WATER USE (2015 DATA)
Household gallons per day (gphd) 550 500
Outdoor Water Consumption
450
Indoor Water Consumption
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Southern California
Northhern California California Single Family Water Use Efficiency Study
CISTERNS & (RAIN) WATER STORAGE & TREATMENT
CISTERNS WHAT ARE THEY?
What are cisterns? They are large tanks that store rainwater collected from rooftops & other surfaces for consumption
CISTERNS WHY USE THEM?
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY They reuse rainwater for flushing toilets, watering gardens or washing cars
CISTERNS WHY USE THEM?
$ COST EFFECTIVE They allow the owner to save money by reducing dependency from the city, and saves the city money by reducing energy costs of transportation
CISTERNS HOW DO THEY WORK?
Water from Roof
Floating Intake Wire Screen
Roof Washer
Entrance
To Pump
Check Valve
Overflow
Angled Drain to Free Outlet
Dump Valve
UNDERGROUND CISTERNS
Filtering Rainwater
To House Plumbing
Retention Tanks
Pump & Pressure Tank Injection Chlorinator
50% OF HOUSEHOLD POTABLE WATER USE CAN BE PROVIDED BY A
CISTERN buildgreen.ufl.edu
5,000 GALLONS OF WATER IS THE AVERAGE CISTERN STORAGE
CAPACITY
720.5B BILLION GALLONS OF WATER COULD BE RECYCLED YEARLY IF EVERY HOME IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY HAD ONE
CISTERN
With golf courses, lawns & pools using the most urban water,
we should use cisterns to provide recycled water to those tasks
NATURE AS A FOOTPRINT
THE BARREL CACTUS & WATER EFFICIENCY
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
Grows towards the sun & South to minimize surface exposure and maximize shaded surface
Oval shape minimizes surface area (less water loss thorugh transpiration) & maximizes volume for water storage
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
Top of cactus is covered with light-reflective fuzz to reduce sun exposure
Needles criss-cross forming a complete barrier protecting the skin.
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
Aereoles are not integrated into structure & help grow flowers or fruits
Needles help protect from sand & catch water from rain & morning dew
Pleated surface & needles create a microclimate that is cool during the day & warm at night
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
Upper Epidermis
Cuticle
Palisade Mesophyll
Lower Epidermis Guard Cells
Spongy Stomata
Mesophyll
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
Stomata stays closed during the day to prevent evotraspiration, it opens up at night when it is cooler and less water escapes
CO2 Enters
O2 Exits
H2O Remains
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
Shallow, extensive root systems spread laterally away from the plant, in brief showers which only wet a few inches of soil, the shallow roots help the plant maximize water intake from a large area.
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
In drought, the rain roots shrivel and fall off and the existing roots dehydrate. The shrinkage of the existing roots creates an air gap that helps to prevent water in the roots from escaping back to the soil
LEARNING FROM THE BARREL CACTUS
After a rainfall, existing dehydrated roots become more water conductive and new rain roots are formed to help soak up water
How can we use and apply the barrel cactusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mechanisms,
to create an architecture that stores water & self supplies?
WHAT IFS?
WHAT IF? We ban all of Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s almond farming and golf courses?
1.15 TRILLION GALLONS OF WATER WOULD BE SAVED, ENOUGH TO PROVIDE WATER TO LA COUNTY FOR 3 YEARS
$12.3B Economic impact the ban would have yearly in California.
However this will also make a lot of people angry, and it probably wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t happen...
WHAT IF? We capture LAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rainfall to increase our dismal 1% recyled water use,
LOS ANGELES COUTNYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WATER SOURCES IN THE LAST 40 YEARS
in acre-feet (thousands)
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
LA Aqueduct Local Groundwater Metropolitan Water District Recycled Water
water.ca.gov/waterconditions
LOS ANGELES COUTNYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S MONTHLY PRECIPITATION RATES
Rainfall in inches 5
4
3
2
1
0 JULY
SEPT
NOV
JAN
MARCH
MAY
Average Rainfall El Nino Added Rainfall La Nina Added Rainfall climatestations.com/losangeles
focusing on the winter-monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rainfall to supply our summer needs?
And apply the cisternâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and the barell cactusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; mechanisms, to create an architecture that sustains our water needs and uses?
With façades that work as the cactusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; stomata, open during winter and closed during the summer,
such faรงades can then also learn from the cisterns to store the water for reuse in dryer months.
SCENARIO: SMALL HOUSEHOLD
4 RESIDENTS 1,600 SF 2 FLOORS
TOILETS galons / flush = 2 flushes / day (assume 2 per person) = 8 daily galons used flushing = 16gal SINKS galons / minute = 2.2 minutes / day (assume 3 per person) = 12 daily galons used by sinks = 26.4gal
LAUNDRY galons / load = 40 loads / day (assume 3 times a week) = .5 daily galons used in laundry = 20gal SHOWER galons / 1 minute of shower = 2.2 minutes / day (assume 1 shower/day/person)= 35 daily galons used in showers = 77gal
SCENARIO SMALL HOUSEHOLD
4 RESIDENTS 1,600 SF 2 FLOORS
HOUSEHOLDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S WATER USE daily use
= = monthly use = = yearly use = =
16gal + 26.4gal + 20gal + 77gal 139.4 gal 139.4 * 30 4,182gal 4,182 * 12 50,184gal
SCENARIO SMALL HOUSEHOLD
4 RESIDENTS 1,600 SF 2 FLOORS
RAINWATER COLLECTION FACADE + ROOF collection rate system efficiency building square footage building sf collection area
= = = = + = los angeles annual rainfall = total collection = =
0.62 100% 1,600 1,600 (16’*4*40) 3,160 15’ .62*1*15*3,160 29,388gal
SCENARIO SMALL HOUSEHOLD
4 RESIDENTS 1,600 SF 2 FLOORS
FACADE EFFICIENCY total yearly collection = 29,388gal total yearly household use = 50,184gal facade efficiency = 58.32%
DESIGN PROCESS
Water storage in buildings is almost without exception in the form of rigid tanks, often built underground with considerable cost and embodied carbon. There could be potential for expandable storage vessels made up of lightweight membranes to be incorporated into walls or landscape features. Opaque or reflective structures that provide shade and could double as water collectors. Increasing shade around such schemes could also help to hold a layer of cooler air at ground level and provide comfortable conditions for people while reducing evaporation from the soil. Looking at the succulentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roots, they expand when water is available, and retract in times of drouhgt. The expansion and flexibility of the roots can be used as a model for the water storage membrane.
The structure is a steel grid which holds the aggregation of bladders, or cushions, in place. The cuchions are composed of a two-layered silicone structure that fills with water. Clamps that fasten the silicon cushions to the structure are made of a thicker, less elastic silicone, thus making the clamps substantially rigid. The cushions themselves can strech and expand according to the quatity of the contained rainwater. The transport mainly happens thriugh a secondary structure of wooven plastic tubes within the cushions. As the water fluctuates the bladders inflate or deflate, forcing the envelope to close or open accordingly. During rainfall, the silicon units fil, get heavier, and start to droop downwards and open up the wass as they tug the clamps holding them in place.
Pillow Tanks / Water Bladders Water bladder tanks are collapsible, flexible storage tanks provide the ideal solution for temporary or long term storage of water and most aqueous solutions. Pillow bladders are fast and easy to install with standard potable and non potable water bladder size capacities available from 100 US Gallons to 150,000 gallon bladders.
PROTOTYPE #1
AXONOMETRIC
TOP PLAN VIEW INFLATED POLYETHYLENE WATER TANK 1’x1’ STEEL TUBE FOLDED METAL PANEL
PANELS ELEVATION
SECTION CUT
PROTOTYPE ELEVATION
WATER TANKS FLEXIBLE GROWTH
PANEL TO TANK DETAIL STRUCTURAL STEEL TUBE
BOLTED & FOLDED METAL PANEL (BLINDER)
POLYETHYLANE TUBING
POLYETHYLANE HOSE
POLYETHYLENE FLEXIBLE WATER TANK (EMPTY)
POLYETHYLENE FLEXIBLE WATER TANK (FULL)
PANEL DIMENSIONS 24.0’
3.2’
3.5”
3.0’
11.2’
3.0’ 3.0’
45˚
45˚
45˚
1.0’ 1.0’ 1.0’
STEEL STRUCTURE
STAND-OFF WELDED CONNECTION
1’x1’ STEEL TUBE
PROTOTYPE AXONOMETRIC
PROTOTYPE #2
GUTTER DETAIL
PANELS ELEVATION
PROTOTYPE LAYERING
PROTOTYPE #3
ELEVATION
PLAN CUT @2â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
STEEL FRAME
FLAT PANEL
WATER COLLECTOR & BLADDER
FOLDED PANELS WITH SCREWS
DETAIL OF PANEL CONNECTION
SECTION
PROTOTYPE COMPONENTS
PROTOTYPE #4 / #5
SLIDING DETAIL
PROTOTYPE COMPONENTS
“DRY” PANELS
SLIDED “WET” PANELS
“DRY” PANELS
HORIZONTAL & TRIANGULAR PANEL FACADE
PANEL SLIDING DETAIL
PROTOTYPE #6
DYNAMIC VERTICAL PANELS
HINGE DETAIL “FLAT”
PANEL GROWTH
HINGE DETAIL “OPEN”
PANEL GROWTH
ELEVATION
PLAN CUT @1’-6”
WALL SECTION
PROTOTYPE COMPONENTS
WATER BLADDER GROWTH & PANEL MOVEMENT
PROTOTYPE #6
MY FACADE / DEVICE WILL COLLECT AND STORE RAINWATER, USING IT TO DYNAMICALLY ALTER THE OVERALL GEOMETRY.
FINAL BOARD
WATER BLADDER EXPANSION
PROTOTYPE COMPONENTS
PROTOTYPE CONCEPT
WALL SECTION
PLAN CUT
AGREGATION
BUILDING FACADE