Journal of Research in Biology Volume 3 Issue 2 by Journal of Research in Biology

The new horizon of spreading research

An International Research Journal for Biology May 2013

Volume 3 Issue 2

http://www.jresearchbiology.com

Aim and Scope Journal of Research in Biology is an international scientific journal committed to the development and spread of research in Biological sciences. It accepts research articles with affiliation to biological science from all around the globe and publishes them in the journal. The submitted articles are peer-reviewed by experts in the field and editorial board members. Make the most of your research by publishing articles in Journal of Research in Biology. Journal of Research in Biology works as a portal for biological scientific research publication. It works to promote the use of biological sciences knowledge in the world public policy, and to develop and advance science policy that serves the needs of scientific research and education communities, particularly the biological sciences. The journal has been uniquely positioned to help members of the scientific community; become effective advocates for their science and to be better known for the public that relate to or impact the biological sciences. Call for Papers

Journal of Research in Biology seeks Research Articles, Short Communications and Mini reviews. The Journal will accept and review submissions in English from any author, in any global locality. A body of international peers will review all submissions with potential author revisions as recommended by reviewers, with the intent to achieve published papers that: Relate to the field of Biology Represent new, previously unpublished work Advance the state of knowledge of the field Conform to a high standard of presentation.

Disclaimer: Journal of Research in Biology is not responsible for the content of individual manuscripts. Manuscripts available in this journal were peer reviewed. Manuscripts accepted in the issues conform to the editorial policies. But more details regarding the nature of their research, conflicts in their workplace, plagiarisms, stealing of others property, manipulation of data, illegal formulation of a paper from other allied papers etc., were all not known to us. Any details, queries regarding the manuscripts should be only dealt with the authors and not with the publisher. The concept of peer review can only limit the plagiarism to a small extent where as it is the work of the public and the individuals to identify and stop the illegal formulation of new articles from the other. The publisher invites all details regarding the plagiarism of an article published in the journal provided with the original data and supplementary files for confirmation. On identifying plagiarism issues in an article, the article published will be removed from the journal website and further on the citation of the same will be debarred. Provided the author of the manuscript will be prohibite d to publish his/her other studies in our journal or throughout the journals under our portal.

List of Editors of Editors in the Journal of Research in Biology Managing and Executive Editor: Abiya Chelliah [Molecular Biology] Publisher, Journal of Research in Biology. Editorial Board Members: Ciccarese [Molecular Biology] Universita di Bari, Italy. Sathishkumar [Plant Biotechnologist] Bharathiar University. SUGANTHY [Entomologist] TNAU, Coimbatore. Elanchezhyan [Agriculture, Entomology] TNAU, Tirunelveli. Syed Mohsen Hosseini [Forestry & Ecology] Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran. Dr. Ramesh. C. K [Plant Tissue Culture] Sahyadri Science College, Karnataka. Kamal Prasad Acharya [Conservation Biology] Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Dr. Ajay Singh [Zoology] Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur Dr. T. P. Mall [Ethnobotany and Plant pathoilogy] Kisan PG College, BAHRAICH Ramesh Chandra [Hydrobiology, Zoology] S.S.(P.G.)College, Shahjahanpur, India. Adarsh Pandey [Mycology and Plant Pathology] SS P.G.College, Shahjahanpur, India Hanan El-Sayed Mohamed Abd El-All Osman [Plant Ecology] Al-Azhar university, Egypt Ganga suresh [Microbiology] Sri Ram Nallamani Yadava College of Arts & Sciences, Tenkasi, India. T.P. Mall [Ethnobotany, Plant pathology] Kisan PG College,BAHRAICH, India. Mirza Hasanuzzaman [Agronomy, Weeds, Plant] Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh Mukesh Kumar Chaubey [Immunology, Zoology] Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur, India. N.K. Patel [Plant physiology & Ethno Botany] Sheth M.N.Science College, Patan, India. Kumudben Babulal Patel [Bird, Ecology] Gujarat, India.

Dr. Afreenish Hassan [Microbiology] Department of Pathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Gurjit Singh [Soil Science] Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Dr. Marcela Pagano [Mycology] Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Brazil. Dr.Amit Baran Sharangi [Horticulture] BCKV (Agri University), West Bengal, INDIA. Dr. Bhargava [Melittopalynology] School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Sastra University, Tamilnadu, INDIA. Dr. Sri Lakshmi Sunitha Merla [Plant Biotechnology] Jawaharlal Technological University, Hyderabad. Dr. Mrs. Kaiser Jamil [Biotechnology] Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India. Ahmed Mohammed El Naim [Agronomy] University of Kordofan, Elobeid-SUDAN. Dr. Zohair Rahemo [Parasitology] University of Mosul, Mosul,Iraq. Dr. Birendra Kumar [Breeding and Genetic improvement] Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India. Dr. Sanjay M. Dave [Ornithology and Ecology] Hem. North Gujarat University, Patan. Dr. Nand Lal [Micropropagation Technology Development] C.S.J.M. University, India. Fábio M. da Costa [Biotechnology: Integrated pest control, genetics] Federal University of Rondônia, Brazil. Marcel Avramiuc [Biologist] Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. Dr. Meera Srivastava [Hematology , Entomology] Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner. P. Gurusaravanan [Plant Biology ,Plant Biotechnology and Plant Science] School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, India. Dr. Mrs Kavita Sharma [Botany] Arts and commerce girl’s college Raipur (C.G.), India. Suwattana Pruksasri [Enzyme technology, Biochemical Engineering] Silpakorn University, Thailand. Dr.Vishwas Balasaheb Sakhare [Reservoir Fisheries] Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai, India.

CHANDRAMOHAN [Biochemist] College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University.

Dr. Pankaj Sah [Environmental Science, Plant Ecology] Higher College of Technology (HCT), Al-Khuwair.

B.C. Behera [Natural product and their Bioprospecting] Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, INDIA.

Dr. Erkan Kalipci [Environmental Engineering] Selcuk University, Turkey.

Kuvalekar Aniket Arun [Biotechnology] Lecturer, Pune.

Dr Gajendra Pandurang Jagtap [Plant Pathology] College of Agriculture, India.

Mohd. Kamil Usmani [Entomology, Insect taxonomy] Aligarh Muslim university, Aligarh, india.

Dr. Arun M. Chilke [Biochemistry, Enzymology, Histochemistry] Shree Shivaji Arts, Commerce & Science College, India.

Dr. Lachhman Das Singla [Veterinary Parasitology] Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.

Dr. AC. Tangavelou [Biodiversity, Plant Taxonomy] Bio-Science Research Foundation, India.

Vaclav Vetvicka [Immunomodulators and Breast Cancer] University of Louisville, Kentucky.

Nasroallah Moradi Kor [Animal Science] Razi University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

José F. González-Maya [Conservation Biology] Laboratorio de ecología y conservación de fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México.

T. Badal Singh [plant tissue culture] Panjab University, India

Dr. Kalyan Chakraborti [Agriculture, Pomology, horticulture] AICRP on Sub-Tropical Fruits, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Dr. Monanjali Bandyopadhyay [Farmlore, Traditional and indigenous practices, Ethno botany] V. C., Vidyasagar University, Midnapore. M.Sugumaran [Phytochemistry] Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur, Kancheepuram District. Prashanth N S [Public health, Medicine] Institute of Public Health, Bangalore. Tariq Aftab Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Manzoor Ahmad Shah Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Syampungani Stephen School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia. Iheanyi Omezuruike OKONKO Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria. Sharangouda Patil Toxicology Laboratory, Bioenergetics & Environmental Sciences Division, National Institue of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP, ICAR), Adugodi, Bangalore. Jayapal Nandyal, Kurnool, Andrapradesh, India. T.S. Pathan [Aquatic toxicology and Fish biology] Department of Zoology, Kalikadevi Senior College, Shirur, India. Aparna Sarkar [Physiology and biochemistry] Amity Institute of Physiotherapy, Amity campus, Noida, INDIA. Dr. Amit Bandyopadhyay [Sports & Exercise Physiology] Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, INDIA . Maruthi [Plant Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. Veeranna [Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. RAVI [Biotechnology & Bioinformatics] Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India. Sadanand Mallappa Yamakanamardi [Zoology] Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Anoop Das [Ornithologist] Research Department of Zoology, MES Mampad College, Kerala, India.

Dr. Satish Ambadas Bhalerao [Environmental Botany] Wilson College, Mumbai Rafael Gomez Kosky [Plant Biotechnology] Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central de Las Villas Eudriano Costa [Aquatic Bioecology] IOUSP - Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil M. Bubesh Guptha [Wildlife Biologist] Wildlife Management Circle (WLMC), India Rajib Roychowdhury [Plant science] Centre for biotechnology visva-bharati, India. Dr. S.M.Gopinath [Environmental Biotechnology] Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore. Dr. U.S. Mahadeva Rao [Bio Chemistry] Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia. Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado [Pharmacist] Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil Mandava Venkata Basaveswara Rao [Chemistry] Krishna University, India. Dr. Mostafa Mohamed Rady [Agricultural Sciences] Fayoum University, Egypt. Dr. Hazim Jabbar Shah Ali [Poultry Science] College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Iraq. Danial Kahrizi [Plant Biotechnology, Plant Breeding,Genetics] Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., Razi University, Iran Dr. Houhun LI [Systematics of Microlepidoptera, Zoogeography, Coevolution, Forest protection] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China. María de la Concepción García Aguilar [Biology] Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, B. C., Mexico Fernando Reboredo [Archaeobotany, Forestry, Ecophysiology] New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal Dr. Pritam Chattopadhyay [Agricultural Biotech, Food Biotech, Plant Biotech] Visva-Bharati (a Central University), India

Table of Contents (Volume 3 - Issue 2)

Serial No

Accession No

RA0335

Title of the article Checklist of land birds in Tenkasi and Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District: at the Foot Hills of Southern Western Ghats.

Page No 797-808

Sudhakaran MR, Valliselvam K, Esakkiammal M and Jayanthi A.

RA0298

Heavy metal accumulation by Amaranthus hybridus L . Grown on waste dumpsites in South-Eastern Nigeria.

809-817

Uka UN, Chukwuka KS and Okorie N.

RA0322

Treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle with herbal folk-medicines: A preliminary study in Ganjam District.

818-827

Dibakar Mishra.

RA0330

An assessment of Floristic Diversity of Daroji Sloth bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India.

828-839

Harisha MN and Hosetti BB.

5 RA0331

Butterfly fauna of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India.

840-846

Harisha MN and Hosetti BB.

RA0334

Toxicity of copper to tropical freshwater snail (Pila ovata). Ariole CN and Anokwuru B.

847-851

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Checklist of land birds in Tenkasi and Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District: at the Foot Hills of Southern Western Ghats Authors: Sudhakaran MR, Valliselvam K, Esakkiammal M and Jayanthi A.

ABSTRACT:

Corresponding author: Sudhakaran MR.

Keywords: Land birds, ambasamudram, diversity.

Email: sudhakaranmr@gmail.com

Article Citation: Sudhakaran MR, Valliselvam K, Esakkiammal M and Jayanthi A. Checklist of land birds in Tenkasi and Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District: at the Foot Hills of Southern Western Ghats. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Web Address:

Dates: Received: 07 Feb 2013

Birds present everywhere and are important ecological indicators. The study area Tenkasi (8.97°N 77.3°E) and Ambasumudram (8.7°N 77.47°E) region of Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu state is at the foothills of Southern Western Ghats. Studies on distribution of birds in this part have been recorded from the yester years but due to various reasons it had been confine towards aquatic ecosystem. To fulfill this lacuna, present study was carried out. A total of 100 species of land birds were documented that belongs to 36 orders and 48 families. Study on nesting pattern, breeding pattern Institution: was also carried out. 30% of the birds had their breeding periods during rainy season Department of Zoology, Sri Paramakalyani College, and 50% of the birds had their breeding periods during harvesting time. Insectivores Alwarkurichi 627 412 India. breeds during rainy season and granivores breeds during harvest season which supports ‘food availability-breeding time’ hypothesis.

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0335.pdf.

Accepted: 14 Feb 2013

Published: 22 Feb 2013

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

797-808 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 2

www.jresearchbiology.com

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 area, an extensive survey was made to document the land

INTRODUCTION Diversity studies have assumed a greater

bird distribution with a note on their habitat and breeding

urgency, partially as a result of incorporating habitat and

in Ambasumudram and Tenkasi Taluk of Southern

demographic information towards conservation. Birds

Tamilnadu.

use diverse habitat and select their own habitat for successful living. Out of more than 9,000 bird species of

MATERIALS AND METHODS

the world, Indian subcontinent contains 1,300 species or

Study Area

over 13% of the world’s bird species (Grimmet et al.,

Tenkasi (8.97°N 77.3°E; Elevation 554 feet) and

1999). The study area Tenkasi and Ambasamudram

Ambasumuram (8.7°N 77.47°E; Elevation 229 feet)

region of Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu state is at the

taluk are regions of Tirunelveli district of Tamilnadu

foothill of Southern Western Ghats. This area has part of

(map) described as a microcosm of the state, owing to its

Kalakad Mundunthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) and

mosaic and diverse geographical and physical features

Courtallam hills, got a rich amount of flora and fauna

such as lofty mountains and low plains, thorn scrub

and a good vegetation that give food and nest resources

jungles, rivers and cascades, thick inland forest, sandy

for birds. Nearly 160 species of birds were observed to

soils and fertile alluvium, a variety of flora, fauna, and

present in KMTR (Joshua and Johnsingh, 1988). An

protected

annotated check list of the birds of Tamilnadu is not

temperature is 32.1ºC. The weather is quite hot in

available, but more than 450 species are likely to occur

May and June and the maximum temperature some

(Rathinam, 2002). Studies on distribution of birds in this

times

part have been recorded from early 1945 (Webb-Pelope,

(December to March), Summer (April-June), Southwest

1945), but the studies had limited towards wet-land

monsoon (June to September and North east monsoon

birds. It is mainly due to the climatic condition prevails

(October to November). The month of November is

in this area. This region enjoys both the north east and

generally with maximum rainfall. The average rainfall in

south west monsoon, with good wetland ecosystem that

the district is 814.8 mm per annum.

wild

reaches

life.

43ºC.

The

This

mean

region

daily

maximum

enjoys

winter

provides habitat for aquatic birds. Koonthankulam bird sanctuary is present in this region that inhabits more than 100 species of wetland birds. Hence most of the studies on

birds

(Johnson,1971;

Wilkinson,

1961;

Subramaninan, 2003; Johnsingh, 2001) were restricted towards wetland birds and their conservation. As birds are observed to be an ideal bioindicator and a useful tool for studying a variety of environmental problems, the habitat ecology of bird community should be evaluated for their conservation (Kattan and Franco, 2004). The Indian bird population has been declining due to habitat loss, fragmentation, anthropogenic disturbances that

necessitates

documentation,

monitoring

and

conservation.

Map: Study Area

In order to bring forth the avian diversity in this 798

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Survey

RESULT AND DISCUSION This study on survey of land bird was conducted

A total of 100 species of birds that belongs to

from January 2012 to December 2012 for a period of one

16 orders and 36 families were recorded during the

year. Weekly field observations were made throughout

study, of which order Passeriformes was observed to

the study period, a total of 52 observations were done

have 19 families with 48 species (Table 1). Family

during the study and birds in the study area

Sylviinae of order Passeriformes have a maximum

were documented. Survey was done in the nesting sites,

number of 8 species of total 100 species observed.

and information were gathered from local peoples and

Passeriformies are group of birds that inhabit in a

villagers. With high precise birds were monitored during

vegetative rich area, that provide nesting and feeding

morning

evening

areas (Balachandran et al., 2005). Study area was

(15 00 to 18 30 hrs). Binoculars and monoculars were

observed to provide a good resource for the bird

used for observation. Nest sites were surveyed there by

community. Of the 100 species observed, 75 were

getting information from local villagers. Birds were

observed to be residents and 16 were observed to

identified using key reference books of birds of India

migrants, and 9 were both resident and migrant. Migrants

(Salim Ali, 2002) and Tamilnadu (Rathinam, 2002).

were observed to be from the western ghats region.

(06

hrs)

and

Study

Diveristy Indices Species richness was calculated by using

Passeriformes

species

shows

(Dmg:

higher 1.598)

revealed

species Pirnia

that

richness.

Margalefâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s index and species dominance was calculated

Passer

by using Berger-Parker index. They were calculated by

(Dmg: 1.497), Acrocephalus agricola (Dmg: 1.401),

using the formulae given below,

Orthotomus subtorius (Dmg: 1.401), Corvus splendens

Margalefâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s index

(Dmg: 1.400), Dendrocitta vagabunda (Dmg: 1.399),

Species richness measures provide an instantly

domesticus

richness

socialis

Corvus macrorhynchos (Dmg: 1.387), Ardeola grayii

comprehensible expression of diversity. It is calculated

(Dmg:

1.350),

Egretta

grazetta

(Dmg:

1.351),

using the formula,

Cosmerodius albus (Dmg: 1.320) were observed to have

Dmg = (S â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1)/ In N

a higher species richness. Species richness depends on

Where,

the habitat, climatic condition, food resource and

S = Number of species present in each taluk

evolutionary history of the area (Jayson, 1994). On

N = Number of individuals

estimating the dominance of species Corvus splendons

Berger-Parker diversity index

(d=0.393), Acridotherse tristis (d=0.390) had a greater

Berger-Parker index is employed to determine

dominance. Dominance and richness of the species

whether there is any change in the dominance of species

depends mostly on the resource availability (Recher and

in each taluk. It expresses the proportional importance to

Davis, 2002).

the most abundant species. The formula for calculating

Considering the feeding habit of bats 37 were

the Berger-Parker index is

insectivorous, 22 were omnivores, 13 were granivore,

d = N max/N

4 were piscivores, 4 were frugivores, 7 were carnivores,

Where,

3 were predators, 1 was nectarivore, 3 were insectivore

N = the total number of individuals

and piscivore, 2 were insectivore and frugivore, 1 was

Nmax = Number of individuals in the most abundant

carnivore and frugivore, 1 was predator and insectivore,

species.

and 2 were insectivore and nectarivore. Insectivore and

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

799

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Table 1. Check list of birds in the study area S.NO

COMMON NAME

Order:Ciconiiformes Family:Ardeidae 1 Indian pond-heron 2 Little egret 3 Large egret

SCIENTIFIC NAME

VERNACULAR NAME

FEEDING HABIT

STATUS

Ardeola grayii Egretta garzetta Casmerodius albus

Curuttu kokku Chinna kokku Paria kokku

IN, P IN, P IN, P

R R RM

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Kampul koli

Milvus migrans Haliastur indus Circus macrourus Ictinaetus malayensis Accipiter badius

Kalla parunthu Semparunthu Punai parunthu Karumparunthu Valluru

C C C C PR

R R M R R

Cowthari

Katai Nila myil

GR OM

Pterocles exustus

Kalcowthari

Francolinus pictus Coracias benghalensis

Varna Kowthari Panagkatai

GR IN

Vanellus indicus

Chivappumuku alkatti

Columba livia Streptopelia chinensis Streptopelia tranquebarica

Madapura Pullipura

GR GR

Thavittupura

Treron phoenicoptera

Pachaipura

Streptopelia decaocto

Kallipura

Psittacula krameri

Senthar pynkili

Hierococcyx varius Cuculus micropterus Surniculus lugubris Eudynamys scolopaceus Centropus sinensis

Akka Kuyil Kuyil Karisaan Kuyil Kokilum Senbagam

IN IN IN,FR CR,FR PR

R R R R R

Order:Gruiformes Family:Rallidae 4

White-breasted waterhen

Order:Falconiformes Family:Accipitridae 5 6 7 8 9

Black kite Brahminy kite Pallied harrier Black eagle Shikra

Order:Galliformes Family:Phasianidae 10

Grey francolin

11 12

Common quail Indian pea fowl Chesnut-bellied sand grouse Painted francolin Indian Roller

13 14 15

Francolinus pondicerianus Coturnix coturnix Pavo cristatus

R R R R R R

Order:Charadriiformes Family:Charadriidae 16

Red-wattled lapuing

Order:Columbiformes Family:Columbidae 17 18

Blue-rock pigeon Spotted dove

Red collared dove

20 21

YellowLegged GreenPigeon Eurasian collared Dove

R R R R

Order:Psittaciformes Family:Psittacidae 22

Rose-ringed parakeet

Order:Cuculiformes Family:Cuculidae 23 24 25 26 27 800

Brainfever bird Indian cuckoo Drongo cuckoo Asian koel Greater coucal

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Order:Strigiformes Family:Strigidae 28 Eurasian eagle owl 29 Motted wood owl 30 Spotted owlet Family:Tytonidae 31 Barn owl

Bubo bubo Strix ocellata Athene brama

Compan anthai Poripulli owl Pulli anthai

CR PR OM

R R R

Tyto alba

Cukai anthai

Collocalia unicolor Apus affinis Cypsiurus balasiensis

China ulavaran Nattu ulavaran Panai ulavaran

IN IN IN

R RM R

Hemiprocne coronata

Kontai ulavaran

Alcedo atthis Ceyx erithaca Halcyon smyrnensis Jeannine miesle

Ciral menkoththi Ciru menkoththi Wenmarbu menkoththi Menkoththi

P P P P

RM R R M

Merops orientalis Merops philippinus Merops leschenaulti

Chinna panchurutan Nilaval panchurutan Chanthalai pancurutan

IN IN IN

R M R

Upupa epops

Saval kuruvi

IN,PR

R R

Order:Apodiformes Family:Apodidae 32 Indian edible-nest swiftlet 33 House-swift 34 Asian plam swift Family:Hemiprocnidae 35 Creasted tree swift Order:Coraciiformes Family:Alcedinidae 36 Small blue kingfisher 37 Oriental dwarf kingfisher 38 White-breasted kingfisher 39 Wood lane Family:Meropidae 40 Small bee-eater 41 Blue tailed bee-eater 42 Chesnut-heated bee-eater Family:Upupidae 43 Hoopoe Order:Piciformes Family:Capitonidae 44

White-checked barbet

Megalaima viridis

China kukkuruvan

Brown-headed barbet

Megalaimia zeylanica

Kattu pachai Kukkuruvan

Picus chlorolophus

Marangkothi

IN,FR

Dinopium javanense

Marangkothi

Chrysocolaptes lucidus

Marangkothi

Family:Picidae 46 47 48

Small yellow-napal woodpecker Golden backed woodpecker Greater golden-backed woodpecker

R R R R M

Heart-spotted woodpecker

Hemicircus canente

Marangkothi

Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker

Dendrocopos nanus

Marangkothi

Pitta brachyura

Arumani kuruvi

Hirundo rustica Hirundo smithii

Thagaivilan Kampi-valThagaivilan

IN IN

RM RM

Order:Passeriformes Family:Pittidae 51 Indian pitta Family:Hirundinidae 52 Common swallow 53 Wire-tailed swallow

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

801

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Family:Motacillidae 54

Large-pied wagtail

Motacilla maderaspatensis

Karuppuvalati

Grey wagtail

Motacilla cinerea

Karum sampal valati

R M

Family:Campephagidae 56

Large cuckoo-Shrike

Coracina macei

Kuyil kisaan

Common-woodshrike

Tephrodornis pondiorianus

Kassappakaram

Family:Pycnonotidae 58

Red-whiskered bulbul

Pycnonotus jocosus

Chivappu mesai cinnan

Red-vented bulbul

Pycnonotus cafer

Kondai kuruvi

Black-crested bulbul

Pycnonotus melanicterus

Karungontai cinnan

Black bulbul

Hypsipetes leucocephalus

Karun cinnan

Family:Irenidae 62

Gold-fronted chloropsis

Chloropsis aurifrons

Pachai cittu

Asianfairy-bluebird

Irena puella

Vannachittu

Family:Turdinae 64

Malabar whisting-thrush

Myiophonus horsfieldii

Pung kuruvi

White-rumbed shama

Copsychus malabaricus

Shama

Indian robin

Saxicoloides fulicata

Carkuruvi

Pied bushchat

Saxicola caprata

kathirkuruvi

Family:Timaliidae 68

Large gray babbler

Turdoides malcolmi

Chilampan

Jungle babbler

Turdoides striatus

Chilampan

White-heated babbler

Turdoides affinis

Chilampan

Family:Sylviinae 71

Jungle prinia

Prinia sylvatica

Kattukathir kuruvi

Ashy prinia

Prinia socialis

Sampal kathirkuruvi

Plain prinia

Prinia inornata

kathirkuruvi

Paddyfied warbler

Acrocephalus agricola

vayelKathirkuruvi

Indian greatreed warbler

Acrocephalus stentoreus

Nanal kathir kuruvi

Common tailer bird

Orthotomus sutorius

Thyal cittu

Red-throated flycatcher

Ficedula parva

Epedippan

Nilgiri flycatcher

Eumyias albicaudatus

Epedippan

Terpsiphone paradisi

Arasaval kuruvi

Ficedula subrubra

Epedippan

Family:Monarchinae 79

Asian paradise-flycatcher

Family:Muscicapidae 80 802

Kashmir flycatcher

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Family:Dicaeidae 81

Tickell’s flower pecker

Dicaeum erythrorhynchos

Pakku chittu

Family:Nectariniidae 82

Purple-rumbed sunbird

Nectarinia zeylonica

Manjal thenchittu

Small sunbird

Nectarinia minima

China thencittu

IN,NR

Purple sunbird

Nectarinia asiatica

Uthathenchittu

Family:Estrildidae 85

White-throated munia

Lonchura malabarica

Thiinai kuruvi

Black-headed munia

Lonchura malacca

Thinaii kuruvi

Passer domesticus

Chittu kuruvi

Ploceus philippinus

thuknanagkuruvi

Family:Passerinae 87

House sparrow

Family: ploceinae 88

Baya weaver

Family:Sturnidae 89

Grey-headed starling

Sturnus malabaricus

Sampal thalai myna

Commom myna

Acridotheres tristis

Narathan kuruvi

Oriolus xanthornus

Mangkuyil

Family:Oriolidae 91

Black-headed oriole

Family:Dicruridae 92

Black Drongo

Dicrurus macrocercus

Karuvatuvalli

Ashy Drongo

Dicrurus leucophaeus

Karisaan

White-bellied Drongo

Dicrurus caerulescens

Vellai-vaittu Karisaan

Spangled Drongo

Dicrurus hottentottus

Kontai karisaan

IN,NR

Bronzed Drongo

Dicrurus aeneus

Karumpachai karichan

Family:Corvidae 97

Indian treepie

Dendrocitta vagabunda

Valkakkai

White-bellied treepie

Dendrocitta leucogastra

White valaivaettukakai

House crow

Corvus splendens

Manikagam

100

Jungle crow

Corvus macrorhynchos

Andakagam

IN-Insetivore, P-Piscivore, CR-Carnivore, GR-Granivore, OM-Omnivore, FR-Frugivore, PR-Predators, NR-Nectarivore. ; R – Resident; M – Migrant.

granivore was observed to be greater in number in this area due to the availability of food resources.

Study on breeding period of avifauna in the study area revealed that 28 bird species had their breeding

Study on nesting pattern of birds showed that

period during June to November, 24 birds had their

they were found to have a various pattern of nest. Birds

breeding periods during December to March, and 17

build cup nest (25 species), hole nest (24 species),

birds had their breeding periods during April to June, and

platform nest (15 species), pendent nest (5 species), bell

6 birds had breeding period without any specificity

shaped nest (3 species), ground nests (2 species) and

depending only on food and climatic conditions. 30% of

oyster shaped nest (1 species). Birds were observed to

birds had their breeding periods during the rainy season

use variety of materials for nest construction (Table 2).

and 50% of birds had their breeding periods during

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

803

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Table 2. Nesting details of birds in the study area COMMON NAME AND SCIENTIFIC NAME

NEST SITE

NEST TYPE

NEST MATERIALS

BREEDING TIME

Egretta garzetta Little Egret

Trees around lake area

Platform nest

Twigs

Nov-Feb

Casmerodius albus Large egret

Trees around lake area

Platform nest

Twigs

Nov-Feb

Ardeola grayii Indian Pond-Heron

Trees around lake area

Platform nest

Twigs, small stems

Nov-Apr

Milvus migrans Black kite

Tree canopy

Platform nest

Twigs, cloth, paper

Sep-Apr

Haliastur indus Brahminy kite

Trees in water area

Platform nest

Twigs, cloth, jute, coir

Dec-Apr

Ictinaetus malayensis Black eagle

Trees in hilly area

Platform nest

Twigs, stems, Rootlets

Nov-Mar

Francolinus pictus Painted francolin

Ground

Cup nest

Dry Grass, leaves

Jun-Sep

Coturnix coturnix Common Quail

Ground

Cup nest

Dry Grass, twigs

Mar-Jul

Pavo cristatus Indian Peafowl

Bushes

Platform nest

Grass, twigs

Jan-May

Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted water hen

Bushes

Cup nest

Twigs, leaves, small stems

Apr-Oct

Vanellus indicus Red-wattled Lapwing

Ground

Ground nest

Mud, twigs, grass

Mar-Sep

Pterocles exustus Chestnut-bellied sand grouse

Ground

Ground nest

Mud, twigs, grass

Jan-Apr

Columba livia Blue Rock pigeon

Temple towers/ stone buidings

Platform nest

Small sticks, fibres

Annual

Streptopelia tranquebarica Red collared-Dove

Bushes,Small trees

Platform nest

Twigs, small sticks

Annual

Treron phoenicoptera Yellow-legged Green-pigeon

Bushes,small trees

Platform nest

Twigs, Small stems

Mar-Jun

Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed parakeet

Tree holes

Hole nest

Jan-Apr

Tyto alba Barn Owl

Temple towers/ Tree holes

Hole nest

Annual

Bubo bubo Eurasian Eagle Owl

Sandy riverbanks

Hole nest

Nov-May

Strix ocellata Mottled Wood-Owl

Tree holes/ Cavities

Hole nest

Twigs, feathers

Jan-Mar

Athene brama Spotted Owlet

Tree holes/ Cavities

Hole nest

Fibrers

Nov-Mar

804

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Collocalia unicolor Indian Edible-nest Swiftlet

Building towers

(Sirpi) shape

Saliva, grass, fibres, alga

Mar-Jun

Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian Palm Swift

Trees (Palm trees)

Cup nest

Soft flower, feathers

Annual Not in winter

Apus affinis House Swift

Temple towers/ Bridges

Cup nest

Alcedo atthis Small Blue kingfisher

Sandy river banks

Hole nest

Feb-Sep

Ceyx erithaca Oriental Dwarf kingfisher

Sandy river banks

Hole nest

July-Sep

Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted kingfisher

Sandy river banks

Hole nest

Jan-Jul

Nyctyornis athertoni Blue-beared Bee-eater

River banks

Hole nest

Feb-Aug

Merops orientalis Small Bee-eater

Sandy road side

Hole nest

Feb-Jun

Merops leschenaulti Chestnut-headed Bee-eater

Sandy river banks

Hole nest

Feb-Jun

Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller

Tree holes

Hole nest

Upupa epops Hoo poe

Tree holes, cavities, building towers

Hole nest

Jan-Apr

Megalaima zeylanica Brown-headed barbet

Tree holes

Hole nest

Feb-May

Megalaima viridis White-checked Barbet

Tree holes

Hole nest

Dec-Jun

Dendrocopos nanus Brown-capped pygmy Woodpecker

Tree holes

Hole nest

Feb-Jul

Picus chlorolophus Small yellow-naped Woodpecker

Tree holes

Hole nest

Jan-May

Hole nest

Feb-Jul

Dinopium javanense Golenden backed Wood Pecker

Tree holes

Feathers, paddy leaves

Grasses, straw, cloth

Annual Not in winter

Jan-Apr

Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Golden-backed Wood pecker

Tree holes

Hole nest

Dec-Mar

Hemicircus canente Heart-Spotted Wood pecker

Tree holes

Hole nest

Nov-Apr

Motacilla maderaspatensis Large Pied Wagtail

Water source Near

Cup nest

Root, grasses, threads, jute

Dec-Jun

Tephrodornis pondicerianus Common Wood Shrike

Trees

Cup nest

Barks, fibres

Feb-Jul

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

805

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-crested Bulbul

Small trees

Cup nest

Grasses, Twigs, spider threads, leaves

Jan-Aug

Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskkered Bulbul

Bushes, house roof

Cup nest

Twigs,leaves,spider threads, root lets

Dec-Jun

Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented Bulbul

Trees

Cup nest

Fibres, twigs

Feb-Nov

Hypsipetes leucocephalus Balck Bulbul

Trees

Cup nest

Grasses, dry leaves, wood Alga, wood mushrooms

Mar-Jun

Chloropsis aurifrons Gold-fronted cholropsis

Tree canopy

Cup nest

Fibres

Jan-Feb

Irena puella Asian Fairy-Blue bird

Forest-trees

Platform nest

Twigs, stems

Jan-Jun

Myiophonus horsfieldii Malabar whistling-thrush

Opportunistic

Cup nest

None

Apr-Sep

Hole nest

None

Apr-Jun

Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped Shama

Tree holes

Saxicoloides fulicata Indian Robin

Cavities, wall tree Holes

Hole nest

Grasses, feathers, straw

Feb-Jul

Saxicola caprata Pied bushchat

Bushes, wall, tree holes

Hole nest

Grasses feathers ,straw

Feb-May

Turdoides malcolmi Large Gray Babbbler

Bushes, small trees

Cup nest

Grasses, fibres, rootlets, twigs

Mar-Sep

Turdoides striatus Jungle Babbbler

Bushes, small trees

Cup nest

Grasses, roots, twigs

Mar-Oct

Turdoides affinis White-headed Babbler

Bushes, small trees

Cup nest

Grasses, roots, twigs

Mar-Oct

Prinia sylvatica Jungle prinia

Bushes

Ball shapped Nest

Grasses

Mar-Oct

Prinia Socialis Ashy prinia

Bushes

Cup nest

Fibres, small sticks

Apr-Aug

Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailor bird

Trees

Cup nest

Fibres, leaves, cotton wool

Apr-Dec

Eumyias albicaudata Nilgiri Flycatcher

Tree holes

Cup nest

Green treeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alga, Rootlets

Feb-Jun

Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-Flycatch

Trees

Cup nest

Fibres, twigs, rootlets, leaves

May-Jul

Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Tickellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Flower pecker

Trees

Pendant nest

Fibres, grasses, rootlets, Spider thread

Jan-Jun

Nectarinia zcylonica Purple-rumped sunbird

Bushes, small trees

Pendant nest

Grasses, fibres, spider Threads

Feb-Apr

Nectarinia minima Small sunbird

Small trees

Pendant nest

Grasses, papers, spider Threads, fibres

Dec-Apr

806

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 Nectarinia asiatica Purple Sunbird

Small trees

Pendant nest

Grasses, leaves, fibres, Spiderthread

Jan-Jun

Lonchura malabarica White-throated Munia

Bushes, small trees

Ball shaped nest

Feathers, cotton wool

Dec-May

Lonchura Malacca Black-headed Munia

Small trees

Ball shaped

Grasses, fibres, straw

Oct-May

Passer domesticus House sparrow

Building roof, Holes, avities

Cup nest

Grasses, straw, cotton, many waste material

Annual

Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver

Trees

Pendant nest

Paddy leaves, grasses

Depending Rainy season

Sturnus malabaricus Grey-headed starling

Tree holes

Hole nest

Acridotheres trists Common Myna

Treeholes, Building cavities

Cup nest

Twigs, roots, leaves, Polythene, feathers

Mar-Sep

Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo

Trees

Cup nest

Fibres, twigs

Mar-Jul

Dicrurus caerulescens White-bellied Drongo

Trees

Cup nest

Twigs, fibres

Mar-Jun

Dicrurus hottentottus Spangled Drongo

Trees

Paltform nest

Twigs, grasses, rootlets

Mar-Apr

Dendrocitta vaga bunda Indian Treepie

Trees

Platform nest

Twigs, fibres, coir, fine cloth

Mar-May

Dendrocitta leucogastra White-bellied Treepie

Trees

Cup nest

Leaves, twigs, rootlets

Feb-Apr

Corvus splendens House Crow

Trees, lamp post, House towers

Platform nest

Twigs, fine cloth, coir, fibres

Mar-Aug

Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle Crow

Trees

Platform nest

Leaves, twigs, fine cloth, coir, fibres

Feb-May

Apr-Jul

harvesting periods. Two harvesting season prevails in the

sumptuous amount of food, similarly birds that breed

study area, first during the month of February to March

during harvesting season were granivores, where they

and second during the month of November. 24 birds had

got food at a greater amount to feed their young ones.

their breeding during first harvesting season and another

Food is believed to be one of the most critical resources

24 during the second harvesting season. An interesting

for the survival and reproduction of animals. A

fact was observed that the bird species which had their

wellknown theory in ecology known as the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;food

breeding periods during rainy season were observed to

availability-breeding timeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, most birds breed at the time

be insectivores and omnivores, and bird species that had

when plenty of food is available for their chicks. Habitat

their breeding period during harvesting periods were

selection in birds is an account for their reproductive

insectivores, granivores and omnivores. They had their

success (Danchin et al., 1998).

chance of survival to a maximum by adapting a successful feeding strategy. During the rainy season insect population will be more, hence insectivore breeds during this time and they can feed their young one with Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

CONCLUSION Due

habitat

loss,

fragmentation

and

urbanization a vast land area that provide roost resource 807

Sudhakaran et al., 2013 for birds starts depleting at a greater rate. Hence study on

Joshua J and Johnsingh AJT. 1988. Observations on

the diversity and habitat is a need of the hour in order to

birds on Mundanthurai Plateau, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay

make conservation priorities. This study generated a base

Nat. Hist.Soc. 85:565-577.

line data on the avifauna of this region, which may enlighten for further studies.

Kattan GH and Franco P. 2004. Bird diversity along elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: Area and mass effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We acknowledge Dr. A. J. A. Ranjit singh, Dr.

13:451-458.

K. R. Narayanan, and Mr. P.Parvathiraj., Department of

Rathinam K. 2002. Birds of Tamilnadu. (Tamilnattu

Zoology, Sri Paramakalyani College, for their help in

Paravaigal in Tamil) Meiappan pathipagam.

identification of bird species.

Recher HF and Davis WE. 2002. Foraging profile of a Salmon Gum woodland avifana in western Australia.

REFERENCE Balachandran S, Rahmani AR, Ezhilarasi N, Babu S, Chakravarthy JPP and Ramesh T. 2005. Revaluation

Jour.

Royal

society

western

Australia.

85(2):103-111.

of bird community structure of Palni Hills with special

Salim Ali. 2002. The book of Indian birds, Thirteenth

reference to threatened and endemic species. Final

Revised Edition, Bombay Natural History Society

Report. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 105.

Oxford University Press, Mumbai.

Danchin E, Boulinier T and

Subramaninan KS. 2003. Koonthakulam.Swagat 21

Massot M. 1998.

Conspecific reproductive success and breeding habitat selection: Implications for the study of coloniality. Ecology 79:2415-2428.

(3):50-51. Webb-Pelope CG. 1945. Notes on a few birds from south of the Tinnevelly district. J.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.

Grimmet R, Carol I, Tim I. 1999. A pictorial guide to the birds of the indian subcontinent. Oxford university press, Mumbai.

45:425-426. Wilkinson ME. 1961. Pelicanry at Kundakulam, Tirunelveli district. J.Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 58(2):514-

Jayson EA. 1994. Synecology and behavioural studies

515.

on the forest birds of Kerala. PhD Thesis, University of Calicut, Calicut. 314. Johnsingh AJT. 2001. The Kalakad-Mundanthurai

Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com

Tiger

Advantages

Reserve:

A global

heritage

of biological

diversity. Current Science.; 80 (3): 378-388. Johnson JM. 1971. The heronry at Koonthakulam, Tirunelveli

district,

Birdwatchers 11(8):1-4.

Tamilnadu.

Newsletter

for

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright submit@jresearchbiology.com www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

808

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 797-808

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Heavy metal accumulation by Amaranthus hybridus L. grown on waste dumpsites in South-Eastern Nigeria. Authors: ABSTRACT: Uka UN1, Chukwuka KS2, 3 and Okorie N1. The accumulation of some heavy metals by Amaranthus hybridus grown on two waste dump sites within Abakaliki metropolis, South-Eastern Nigeria was studied using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results indicate that Cd, Cu and Pb Institution: in the two dump sites were above the stipulated standard, while Zn was 1.Department of Applied within the stipulated standard in the soil. The two dumpsites had high level of Pb in Biology, Ebonyi State the plant leaves; in Site 2, Cu and Zn showed the highest value while Zn in site 2 University, Abakalikihas the lowest value. Although all the values obtained in the leaves of Nigeria. Amaranthus hybridus were within recommended limits, but it may be dangerous to consume Amaranthus hybridus grown on dump sites since it can accumulate most of 2. Department of Botany, these toxic metals. The BCF value was >2 for Pb and Cd in site 1 while in site 2 the BCF University of Ibadan, value was >2 for Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd, showing that Amaranthus hybridus can tolerate Ibadan-Nigeria. and sequester these metals from soil and translocate them to the shoots. The TLF in Amaranthus hybridus indicate the following: in Iyiudele stream (Site 1) the rate of Cd 3. Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, and Zn in Amaranthus hybridus up take is >1 and in site 2 the rate of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Abia State University, Zn up take in Amaranthus hybridus were >1. The results obtained from this study Uturu-Nigeria. showed that heavy metals in soils at the waste dump sites ended up in the studied plant, Amaranthus hybridus, cultivated on such land. Therefore farmers should be discouraged from cultivating their crops on these waste dump sites.

Corresponding author: Chukwuka KS.

Keywords: Heavy metal, Amaranthus hybridus, accumulation, pollution, Safety risk.

Email:

Article Citation: Uka UN, Chukwuka KS and Okorie N. Heavy metal accumulation by Amaranthus hybridus L . grown on Waste dumpsites in South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

kanayodrchukwuka97@gmail.com

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0298.pdf.

Dates: Received: 31 Oct 2012

Accepted: 14 Nov 2012

Published: 22 Feb 2013

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

809-817 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 2

www.jresearchbiology.com

Uka et al., 2013 sites and analyzed for the concentrations of the

INTRODUCTION Vegetables constitute important functional food

two

metals

using

Atomic

Absorption

components by contributing protein, vitamins, iron and

Spectrophotometer. The results showed that levels

calcium which have marked health effects in all

of Lead and Copper in the two vegetables were found to

organisms (Arai, 2002). Vegetables, especially leafy

be below the maximum permissible levels recommended

vegetables, grown in heavy metal contaminated soils,

by FAO/WHO for the two metals in the vegetables.

accumulate higher amounts of metals than those grown

In Abakaliki, South-eastern Nigeria, there is an

in uncontaminated soils (Al Jassir et al., 2005). Heavy

indiscriminate and inappropriate waste disposal. This

metals are important contaminants and are found in the

implies that the concentration of heavy metals in both

surface and tissues of vegetables in environments with

plant and soil is expected to be high. In this study,

such contaminants. The quest for urbanisation and

Amaranthus hybridus was chosen for phytoremediation

industrialization has resulted to the contamination of soil

study as well as heavy metal contamination because

and metal accumulation in soils and crops, resulting to

it is a vegetable crop, rich in proteins, vitamins and

metal

maximum

minerals. Its yield, ability to grow in hot weather

permissible level. Plant species have a variety of

conditions, high nutritive value and their pleasant taste

capacities in removing and accumulating heavy metals,

and the fact that they grow all year round, makes it a

so there are reports indicating that some species may

popular vegetable. (Grubben, 1976). This study was

accumulate specific heavy metals, causing serious health

undertaken to determine:

contamination

exceeding

the

risk to human health when plant based food stuff are

the status of heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd)

consumed (Wenzel and Jackwer, 1999).

contamination in the selected waste dump soil in

Odai et al., (2008) studied the concentration

Abakaliki Urban.

levels of heavy metals in vegetables grown on urban

heavy metal concentrations in Amaranthus hybridus

waste dump sites. This study was carried out on three

from these waste dump sites and compare the levels

waste dump sites in Kumasi where vegetables cultivation

with WHO/FAO permissible levels.

(cabbage, lettuce and spring onions) are practiced. Crops

the extent of heavy metal uptake from these sites

and soil samples were collected and analyzed for the

using transfer factor

presence of four heavy metals: Cadmium, lead, copper and zinc. The levels of the two most toxic heavy metals

MATERIALS AND METHODS

were far higher in the vegetables than the WHO/FAO

The study was carried out during the month of

recommended values and the transfer factors of these

October, 2011 which is part of the rainy season

two metals were also the highest suggesting that

consumption of vegetables grown on such sites could

Amaranthus hybridus and soils were collected from 2

al.,

dump sites located at Iyiudele street and Abakaliki-

(2006) carried out a study to determine the levels of

Enugu Expressway located within Abakaliki Urban,

two heavy metals, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu), in two

Ebonyi State. Ebonyi State lies within the Cross River

popular leafy vegetables grown around Morogoro

plain, approximately between 7°30’ N and 8°30’ N

Municipality in Tanzania.

latitude

dangerous

to human

health.

Chove

Vegetable

samples

the

area

and

under

5°40’E

investigation.

and

Samples

6°45’E

longitude

Pumpkin leaves (Cucurbita moschata) and Chinese

(Nnamani et al, 2009). A total of 12 plants and soil

cabbage (Brassica chinensis) were collected from three

samples were collected from the two dump sites (six per

810

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

Uka et al., 2013 Table 1 Heavy metal variations (Mg/g) in soil sample from some waste dumpsites in Abakaliki Urban. Sample Location Site 1 Site 2

Pb 0.12±0.01 0.07±0.01

Cu 0.24±0.01 0.06±0.01

Zn 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.00

Cd 0.05±0.01 0.08±0.01

dump site). The plants were washed with tap water to

were absorbed by the plant from the soil (Ghosh and

remove sand from the leaves, stem and roots. The plants

Singh, 2005a) and is calculated using the formula:

were put into separate polythene bags, labelled and taken to the laboratory. In the laboratory the plants were

BCF =

Metal Concentration in whole plant

further washed with distilled water.

Concentration of metal in soil To

Identification of plants

evaluate

the

potential

plants

for

The selected plant was collected in triplicate.

phytoextraction the translocation factor (TF) was used,

The identification and taxonomic characterization was

according to Marchiol et al., (2000) and is calculated as

performed at the herbarium facility of the Ebonyi State

follows:

University, Abakaliki through botanical keys where the vouchers were deposited.

TF = Metal Concentration (Stem + leaves) Metal concentration (roots)

Sample preparation and analysis The plants were separated into leaves, stem and root and air dried for 21 days to remove moisture. Soil

RESULTS

samples were air dried for 21 days, then sieved through

The mean concentration of the four heavy metals

2 mm mesh. 0.5 g dried, grinded and sieved plant and

(Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd) in soil samples from the waste dump

soil samples were analysed according to methods of

sites in Abakaliki Urban are presented in Table 1. The

Umoren and Onianwa (2005). Concentrations of Pb, Cu,

mean concentration of Pb ranged from 0.07±0.01 in site

Zn and Cd were determined using atomic absorption

2 to 0.12±0.01 Mg/g in site 1 (Table 1and Fig 1). Mean

spectrophotometer model sp-9 (Pye Unicam). The mean

concentration of Cu ranged from 0.06± 0.01 Mg/g in site

values of three determinations per composite sample

2 to 0.24±0.01 Mg/g in site 1. These differences were

were recorded.

significant (P<0.05). The mean concentration of Zn (0.01±0.00) in both sites were similar, while the highest

was used to determine the quantity of heavy metals that

mean concentration of Cd (0.08±0.01) was found in

Concentration Mg/Kg

The Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of metals

Site 2 Site 1 Figure 1 Concentration of metals in soil samples from the waste dump soil samples Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

811

Uka et al., 2013 Table 2 Heavy metal contamination of Amaranthus hybridus (Plant parts) (Mg/kg) at waste dumpsites in Abakaliki Urban. Site 1 Site 2 *WHO/FAO Root Stem Leaf Root Stem Leaf Metal/Plant Part Pb 0.01±0.00 0.33±0.08 0.5±0.11 0.2±0.06 0.04±0.01 0.6± 0.12 0.30 Cu 0.12±0.01 0.07±0.01 ND 0.08±0.01 0.05±0.01 0.08±0.02 73.30 Zn ND ND 0.01±0.00 0.03±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.09±0.01 99.40 Cd 0.02±0.01 0.43±0.01 ND 0.05±0.01 0.38±0.01 0.15±0.01 0.20 WHO/FAO = Guideline for heavy metal concentration in leafy vegetables site 2 compared to ‘site 1’ (0.05± 0.01). However, the

Table 2). The concentration of Pb in leaf and stem in site

differences were not significant (P >0.05).

1 were above the WHO/FAO limit for vegetables, while

The comparison of the maximum levels of the

Cu and Zn were within the acceptable standard. Cd

various heavy metals in the dump site soil from site 1

concentration in stem was also above WHO/FAO Limit.

and site 2 to acceptable standards is as shown in Table 2.

Amaranthus hybridus from old Kpirikpiri ranged

Cd, Cu and Pb were above the stipulated standard. Zn

as follows: Pb-0.2 mg/g for root,0.04 for stem and

was within the acceptable standard.

0.6 mg/g for leaf. Cu ranged from 0.08 mg/g-root,

The

accumulation

metals

the

0.05 mg/g-stem, 0.08 mg/g for leaf. Zn ranging from

Amaranthus hybridus parts from Iyiudele stream were

0.03 mg/g-root, 0.04 mg/g-stem and 0.09mg/g leaf and

varied with Pb ranging from 0.01 mg/g- root, 0.33 mg/g-

Cd ranging from 0.05 mg/g- root, 0.38 mg/g- stem and

stem and 0.5 mg/g leaf, Cu ranged from 0.12 mg/g-

0.15 mg/g - leaf (Figure 1, Table 2). Pb concentration in

root,0.07 mg/g stem and leaf (not detected); Zn ranging

leaf at site 2 was above the recommended dietary

from 0.01 mg/g for leaf, while it was detected in root and

allowance. The concentration of Cd in stem was above

stem. Cd ranged from 0.02 mg/g for root, 0.43 mg/g

the WHO/FAO allowance.

Cu Concentration Mg/Kg Cd Concentration Mg/Kg

Zn Concentration Mg/Kg

Pb Concentration Mg/Kg

for stem, while in leaf it was not detected (Figure 1,

Figure 2 Comparison of metal content in soil from the study sites 812

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

Uka et al., 2013 Table 2 Mean concentration (Mg/g) found in the dumpsite soil and maximum permissible metal content in soil This Study Maximum Standards Pb 0.13 0.0066 Cu 0.26 0.0066 Zn 0.02 0.05 Cd 0.08 0.07 Source: Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 1992;

from the studied sites were above the stipulated standard,

Determination of the movement of metals from soil to

and a clean environment. Al Jassir et al., (2005) reported

plant

that

while zinc was within the acceptable standard (Table 2). The high levels of heavy metals in the dump site could be attributed to huge amount of waste products disposed of at the dump site (Ebong et al., 2007). The high levels of these metals present the sites as potentially hazardous and highly inimical to the food chain and biological life leafy

vegetables

grown

heavy

metals

The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) represented

contaminated soils, accumulate higher amount of metals

in Table 4 showed the ability of Amarathus hybridus to

than those grown in uncontaminated soils because of the

extract heavy metals from the soil. BCF Value at the site

fact that they absorb these metals through their leaves.

1 was highest for Cd followed by Pb, Zn and Cu. At site

Pb is a chemical pollutant in the environment and

2, the BCF index was highest for Zn followed by Pb, Cd

an element that is toxic to plants. (Sasmaz et al., 2008).

and Cu.

Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (2001) reported that

Translocation Factor

Pb contents of plants grown in uncontaminated areas

Metals that are accumulated by plants and mostly

varied between 0.05 and 3.0 mg/kg. Carranza- Alvarez et

stored in the roots of plants are indicated by TF values

al., (2008) also reported that Pb concentration ranged

<1. Values >1 indicate translocation to the aerial parts of

from 10 to 25 Mg/kg. In this study, Pb accumulation was

plant. These are represented in Table 5. Values <1 were

higher in the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus in the two

found for Cu and Zn in site 1, while values >1 were

sites. According to Zurera-Cosano et al., (1989),

found for Pb and Cd in site 1. TF values were >1 in

vegetables take up metals by absorbing them from

site 2.

contaminated as well as from deposits on different parts of vegetables exposed to the air from polluted

DISCUSSIONS

environment.

naturally growing Amaranthus hybridus from selected

in both dump sites are lower than 11.50Âą2.16, 2.50,

waste dump sites in Abakaliki urban was carried out. The

0.923 mg kg-1 as reported in different types of vegetables

results show that Cd, Cu and Pb concentration in the soil

by Farooq et al., (2008). In site 1 there was no trace of

Concentration Mg/Kg

The ranges of Cu obtained in all the plant parts

Concentration Mg/Kg

A study of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in soils and

Figure 3 Heavy metal content (Pb,Cu, Zn and Cd ) of Amaranthus hybridus at the study sites Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

813

Cu Concentration in root, stem and leaf Mg/Kg

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Cd Concentration in root, stem and leaf Mg/Kg

Zn Concentration in root, stem and leaf Mg/Kg

Pb Concentration in root, stem and leaf Mg/Kg

Uka et al., 2013

Figure 4 Mean concentration of Pb,Cu,Zn and Cd in roots, stem and leaf of Amaranthus hybridus from the two respective sites Cu in the leaf of Amaranthus hybridus, it could be that

0.43Âą0.01 and leaf was below detection limit. Cd in the

the metal is within the root and stem, thus it has not been

stem of Amaranthus hybridus in site 1 was higher when

translocated to the leaf. Despites the presence of Cu in

compared to the ranges of Cd obtained

the other parts of Amaranthus hybridus, it was within the

vegetables as reported by Maleki and Zarasvard (2008)

recommended limit.

but lower than 0.667-0.933 as reported in other

In site 1 there were no trace of Zn in the root and stem but present in the leaf with low value, the absence

from other

vegetables (Abdullahi et al., 2009). However, the level of Cd in the stem is within the recommended limit.

of Zn in the root and stem of Amaranthus hybridus in

Comparing the two dump sites, stem had a higher

site 1 may be that it has been volatilized or that it is not

heavy metal, it could be that Amaranthus hybridus had

essential for plant growth, the presence of Zn in the leaf

taken these metals up and stored mostly in the stem. The

may be due to emissions from the environment. In site 2,

BCF signifies the amount of heavy metals in the soil that

there were presence of Zn in the root, stem and leaf of

ended up in the vegetable crop. The BCF values were >2

Amaranthus hybridus although the leaf had higher heavy

for Pb and Cd at site 1 whereas in site 2 BCF values was

metal but they were all within recommended standard.

>2 for Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd. This implies that the degree of

However, since the leaf of this vegetable is the edible

transportability of these metals is site dependent and

part, continuous intake of this vegetable from the dump

could be due to different forms in which these metal ions

sites may be toxic and lethal to the health of the

are available at these sites. These results enable us to

consumers.

conclude that Amaranthus hybridus can tolerate and

The

fr om

sequester these metals from the soil and translocate it to

Amaranthus hybridus in Site 1 are, root 0.02Âą0.01, stem,

the shoots, thus making Amaranthus hybridus cultivated

814

ranges

obtained

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

Uka et al., 2013 Table 5 Translocation factor of the studied heavy metals at the dumpsite soil in Abakaliki Urban Translocation Factor Site 1 Site 2 Pb 83* 3.20* Cu 0.53 1.63* Zn 0.01 4.33* Cd 21.50 10.60* Values > 1 are regarded as high values Table 4 Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of each metal at the dumpsite soil in Abakaliki Urban

Pb Cu Zn Cd

Bioconcentration Factor Site 1 Site 2 7 12 0.8 3.5 1 16 9 7.3

metals

the

action

phytochelatins

and

metallothioneins, forming complexes with heavy metals and translocate them into vacuoles (Suresh and Ravishankar, 2004). The results obtained from this study have shown that heavy metals in soils at the waste dump sites ended up in the studied plant, Amaranthus hybridus, cultivated on such land. The Four heavy metals Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc were present in the studied sites. The concentration of lead and Cadmium that ended up in this vegetable

far

exceeded

the

WHO/FAO

dietary

allowance. Therefore farmers should be discouraged from cultivating their crops on these waste dump sites.

BCF values > 2 will be regarded as high values REFERENCES on these waste dump sites unfit for human consumption. The translocation factor can be used to estimate

Abdullahi MSA, Uzairu and Okunota OJ. 2009. Quantitative

determination

Heavy

metal

plants potential for phytoremediation purposes. Metals

concentrations in onion leaves. Int. J. Environ. Res.,

that are accumulated by plants and mostly stored in the

3:271-274.

roots of plants are indicated by TLF values greater than 1. The translocation ability of Amaranthus hybridus for these heavy metals were in these order Pb (83) >Cd (21.50), while in site 2, Cd (10.60) >Zn (4.33) >Pb (3.20) >Cu (1.63). This is an indication of efficient way of

Al-Jassir MSA Shaker and Khaliq MA. 2005. Depositin of heavy metals on green leafy vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 75:1020-1027.

transportation of these metals from root and its

Arai S. 2002. Global view on functional foods: Asian

accumulation in shoot. Baker (1981) and Zu et al.,

Perspectives. Brit J.Nutr.88: S139 - S143.

(2005) reported that TLFs higher than 1.0 were determined in metal accumulator species, whereas TLFs was typically lower than 1.0 in metal excluder species. The TLFs higher than 1.0 indicated an efficient ability to

Baker AJM. 1981. Accumulators and Excluders strategies in the response of plants to heavy metals. Journal of Plant Nutrition 3:643-654.

transport metal from root to leaf, most likely due to

Carranza-Alvarez C, Alonso-Castro AJ, Alfaro-De

efficient metal transporter system of plants (Zhao et al.,

La Torre, MC, Gareia-De La Cruz RF. 2008.

2002), and probably sequestration of metals in leaf

Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in

vacuoles and apoplast (Lasat et al., 2002). The vacuole is

Scirpus americanus and Typha latifolia from an artificial

generally considered to be the main storage site for

lagoon in San Luis Potos, Mexico.Water Air Soil

metals in yeast and plant cells, and there is evidence that

Pollution 188:279-309.

phytochelatin-metal complexes are pumped into the vacuole (Gratﾄバ et al., 2005). It was reported that plants also have the ability to hyperaccumulate various heavy Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

Chove BE, Ballegu WR and Chove LM. 2006. Copper and lead levels in two popular leafy vegetables grown 815

Uka et al., 2013 around Morogoro municipality, Tanzania. Tanzania

Marchiol L, Assolari S, Sacco P and Zerbi G.

Health Res. Bull., 8:37-40.

2004. Phytoextraction of heavy metals by canola

Ebong GA, Udoessien EI and Ita BN. 2004. Seasonal Variations of Heavy metal concentration in Qua Iboe River, Estuary, Nigeria. Global J. Pure Applied sic., 1: 247-256.

Heavy metals grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. Pak. J. Bot., 40:2099-2106. Ghosh M and Singh SP. 2005a. A comparative study of cadmium phytoextraction by accumulator and weed species. Environmental Pollution, 133:365-371.

132:21-27.

Assessment of nutritional values of three underutilized indigenous leafy vegetables of Ebonyi State,Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 8(9):2321-2324. Odai SNE, Mensah D. Sipitey, Ryo S and Awuah E. 2008. Heavy metals uptake by vegetables cultivated on urban waste dumpsites. Case study of Kumasi, Ghana. Res. J. Environ. Toxicol., 2:92-99.

Gratao PL, Prasad MNV, Cardoso PF, Lea PJ and Azevedo RA. 2005. Phytoremediaion: green technology for the clean up of toxic metals in the environment. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17:53-64.

Sasmaza A, Obekb E and Hasarb H. 2008. The accumulation of heavymetals in Typha latifolia L. grown in a stream carrying secondary efďŹ&#x201A;uent. Ecological engineering 33: 278-284.

Grubben GJH. 1976. The cultivation of amaranth as a tropical leaf vegetable with special reference to South Dahomey. IN RESEARCH, C. D. O. A. (Ed.). Amsterdam, Royal Tropical Institute.

Suresh

and

Ravishankar

Ph yt or em edi a ti on -A approach

for

n ovel

GA.

and

2004.

pr om i sing

en vir onmental

clean

up. Crit Rev Biotechnol., 24:97-124.

Kabata-Pendias A and Pendias A. 2001. Trace Elements in plants and Soils. CRC Press Inc Boca Raton Florida, 337.

Umoren IU and Onianwa PC. 2005. Concentration and distribution of some heavy in urban soils of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pak. J. Ind. Res., 48: 397-401.

Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias H. 2001. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Washington, D.C.

biological

mechanism.

Journal

Environmental Quality 31:109-120. Maleki A and Zarasvand MA. 2008. Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intak in Sanandaj, Iran. South East Asian. J. Trop Med. Public Health. 39:335-340.

Wenzel W and Jackwer F. 1999. Accumulation of heavy metals in plants grown on mineralized solids of

Lasat MM. 2002. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a of

on multicontaminated soil. Environmental Pollution,

Nnamani CV, Oselebe HO and Agbatutu A. 2009.

Farooq M, Anwar F and Rashid U. 2008. Appraisal of

review

(Brassica napus) and radish (Raphanus sativus) grown

the Austrian Alps. Environ. Poll., 104:145-155. WHO. 1996. trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. World Health Organization, Geneva. Zhao FJ, Hamon RE, Lombi E, McLaughlin MJ and McGrath SP. 2002. Characteristics of cadmium uptake in two contrasting ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Journal of Experimental Botany 53:535-543.

816

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

Uka et al., 2013 Zu YQ, Li Y, Chen JJ, Chen HY, Qin L and Schvartz C. 2005. Hyperaccumulation of Pb,Zn and Cd in Herbaceous grown on Lead and Zinc Mining area in Yuman, China. Environmental International 31:755-762 Zurera-Cosano G, Moreno-Rojas R, SamlmeronEgea J and lora RP. 1989. Heavy metal uptake from greenhouse border soils for edible vegetables. J. Sci. Food Agric., 49:307-314.

Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright submit@jresearchbiology.com www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 809-817

817

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle with herbal folk-medicines: A preliminary study in Ganjam District. Authors: Dibakar Mishra

Institution: Department of Zoology, Polasara Science College, Polasara, District: Ganjam, Odisha, 761 105 India.

Corresponding author: Dibakar Mishra.

Email: drdkm@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT: Use of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle has originated long back in the history. An attempt was made to list out different successful preparations used by rural traditional healers and farmers to cure the common digestive tract ailments of the domestic cattle, mainly cows and buffaloes. Personal interviews with pre-structured questionnaire, observation of preparation of herbal medicines and their administration, results attained etc. were made to make a preliminary study of the traditional method of treatment. Collection of sample plant species and their identification, refinements of the methods adopted for preparation of these herbal medicines were done with the help of the local people especially the village heads and older persons. A total of 66 plant species of 40 families distributed in 61 genera was recorded. Efficacy of these preparations was examined in the subsequent visits. Problems identified by the farmers include: lack of support for validation of these herbal medicines and less availability of some medicinal plants due to their seasonal nature. Such traditional/folk medicines used against digestive tract ailments of domestic cattle, continuing with the rural folk of the study area, still remained unnoticed and undocumented.

Keywords: Ethno-veterinary, folk medicine, Ganjam, traditional healers, traditional knowledge. Abbreviations : g = Gram ; ml = milliliter ; Km = Kilometer ; sq = Square .

Tel: (+91)9778098432

Article Citation: Dibakar Mishra. Treatment of digestive tract ailments in cattle with herbal folk-medicines: A preliminary study in Ganjam District. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Web Address:

Dates: Received: 11 Jan 2013

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0322.pdf.

Accepted: 10 Feb 2013

Published: 07 Mar 2013

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

818-827 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 2

www.jresearchbiology.com

Mishra,2013 the study area. Apart from different cattle ailments,

INTRODUCTION India has a vast knowledge of herbal preparations

digestive disorders were observed frequently which

for treatment of different ailments both of human and of

make the animals sick, thus affecting the economy of the

animals. Major part of this art of healing has either been

owners and thus it was selected for the present study.

vanished or been ignored. Still it is found with some people living in the remote corners, who are either

MATERIALS AND METHODS

farmers or animal owners. Their system of treatment

The study area, Ganjam district extends between o

varies greatly either due to geographical gap or due to

19.4 N to 20.17oN latitude and 84.7oE to 85.12oE

climatic differences. It has also been observed that these

longitude and occupies an area of 8070.6 Km2 with a

preparations show wonderful results, without any

population density of 385/Km2. It has 22 blocks and 18

side-effects in comparison to their modern counterparts,

urban local bodies. There are 3212 villages constituting

the allopathic medicines. (Vijai et al., 2009).

475 gram panchayats. Forest area recorded is about

This traditional science of healing is purely based

58136sq Kms. Agriculture and animal husbandry being

on trial and error by the aboriginal people and was

the most important economic sectors of the district and

transmitted through words of mouth from generation to

the inhabitants chiefly live in rural and semi-urban areas.

generations. Further as plants are inseparable from

(Dist. Stat. Handbook Ganjam, 2007). Diseases of the

human life, their uses cannot be ignored. While plants

domestic animals mostly affect the socio-economic

fulfill the basic requirements of human civilization like

status of the inhabitants and usually depend upon their

food, shelter and clothing, it also is used for their better

own traditional method of herbal treatment.

health. India and Indian culture have exploited about

During 2008 to 2011 the work was scheduled

more than 2500 plants for medicinal purpose and this art

with the aim to record all the available EVM in the

of treatment has become a part of folklore medicines.

district. Extensive survey was conducted throughout the

Such medicines are at present practiced by a small

district to identify the traditional healers or locally called

segment of our society who has a separate identity as

the pashu vaidya and persons with this knowledge.

“Pasu vaidya” or the animal doctors or more commonly

Data collection was done by interviews, pre-

the traditional healers. (Chendel et al., 1996; Sankar

structured questions, group discussions with the local

Ganesh et al., 2007). Since no written records of such

people within the age group of thirty to seventy including

drugs are available, it is possible that this invaluable

both the sexes. Livestock owners, traditional Healers

knowledge of our farmers would get lost in history.

(THs), veterinarians, farmers, and housewives were

The

traditional

folk-medicines

that

are

inseparable from the rural life of India are better known

contacted for collection of data. During subsequent

visits data

verification,

as “Ethnoveterinary Medicines” (EVM) which can better

identification of plants used, methods of drug preparation

be defined as the result of a long term practice of herbal

and modes of drug administration were recorded. Most

treatment of animals which has been deeply integrated

of the THs were illiterate and some were only able to

with the custom and tradition of Indian life. (Mathius-

read and write while few attended primary schooling.

Mundy and McCorkle, 1989).

Sample specimens of each medicinal plant

By this time steps are being taken to establish

species were collected during the field visits and allotted

this traditional heritage of folk medicinal science and

collection numbers. The collected specimens were then

the present work is the first step in this regard in 819

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Mishra, 2013

Figure 1. study Area-Ganjam district. dried, identified through Flora of Orissa. (Saxena and

RESULTS

Brahmam, 1994-1996).

During the course of the present work significant

During the following seasons, preparations were

information regarding treatment of some common

examined on-field to get concurrent result. Case history

digestive tract ailments were observed and recorded. The

of common digestive ailments of cattle, response of

preparations those are frequently used with remarkable

the cattle owners to the disease, prescriptions of the THs

results are described under.

and farmers, dose and administration of the herbal

Anorexia

preparations, effectiveness of EVM were recorded.

10 to 12 Leaves of Cymbopogon citratus D.C. Stapf.

Standardization of the quantity of herbal materials taken

(Poaceae), black salt-10 g ground together with rice

by the THs was also done to get accurate results. The

water to make a volume of 500 ml. The liquid is

specific and reliable information was cross checked with

drenched to the infected animal.

at least 50% of the informants were incorporated. Out of

Apium

graveolens

(Apiaceae)

different cattle diseases only seven common intestinal

Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae) 15 g, Myristica fragrans

ailments were selected for the present study.

Houtt. (Myristicaceae) 5 g, dry ginger 30 g,

Details of medicinal plants used in this study are

Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) 25 to 30 pieces, and

presented with botanical name followed by family in

fried Ferula assafoetida L. (Apiaceae) 10 g are dry

italics within parentheses.

ground and mixed together. Half teaspoonful of this powder mixed with 200 ml pre-boiled and cooled

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-027

820

Mishra,2013

water to prepare the tonic. It is drenched to the

ground together in water and administered orally

animal once a day for 7 days. (Mishra, 2010)

twice daily.

A. graveolens, C. carvi and dry ginger in a ratio of

orally for five to seven times daily yields a very

teaspoonful of this powder is mixed with 1

good result.

once a day for seven days. (Mishra, 2010)

(Bromeliaceae) and C. carvi seed with black salt are

Dry ginger 25 g and common salt 1/2 teaspoonful

ground together with water and drenched to the

with a little water is ground to make a paste. It is fed

animal. 4.

c on t a i n i n g

powder is the best worm killer. 5.

Juglans cinerea L. (Juglandaceae) extracts in water

appetizer especially during fever.

administered orally once daily for seven days

Five to seven unseeded fruits of Terminalia chebula

eliminates worms in intestine. 6.

The root of Mucuna prurita Hook. (Fabaceae) is

little black salt and jaggery for oral administration as

administered orally with straw to kill and remove

a paste to increase digestive power.

intestinal worms of cattle.

Whole plant extract of Mormodica charantia L.

20 g of adventitious roots of Ficus benghalensis L.

(Cucurbitaceae) is prepared in cold water and bottle-

(Moraceae) is crushed and mixed in 100 ml of water.

fed to the animal to increase its appetite.

Mixture is fed to the animal twice in a day treat

chebula,

Terminalia

bellerica

Roxb.

worms. Animal is completely relieved in 2 days.

(Combretaceae) and Embelica officinalis Gaertn.

Coccidiosis

(Euphorbiaceae) in equal amount are pulverized. 15

Freshly prepared rice with A. indica A. Juss. (neem)

to 20 g. of this powder with cold water is drenched

leaves mixed with a little of P. nigrum L. (black

to the cattle as an appetizer. Commonly this powder

pepper) powder is fed to the animal. 2.

Flowers of Musa paradisiaca L. are ground with

Seedless T. belerica 25 g is ground with a little of

water mixed with leaf extracts of Feronia limonia L.

black salt and water, and fed to the ailing animals

Sw. administered orally. 3.

10. 8-10 plants of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) are crushed to extract juice. Juice is fed with salt in the

Young leaf extract of M. charantia, C. citratus, mixed with fresh Curcuma longa L. in equal proportions are administered orally as a liquid food

Ascariasis Black

Young leaf extract of Sesbania sesban L. is given as drink to the young calf.

mornings and evenings. salt,

carvi,

Solanum

nigrum

(Solanaceae) or Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) DC. (Myesinaceae) in equal proportions are

821

s up pl em en ts

Schult.

ground to paste and mixed with a bit of P. nigrum

twice daily for seven days.

l ea f

sativus

Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae) leaf

is called as â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Trifalaâ&#x20AC;&#x;. 9.

Cattle

Ananas

2-3 fruits of Citrus aurantifolia L. (Rutaceae) are

Retz. (Combretaceae) powdered and mixed with a

Fresh young leaf juice of Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. (Arecaceae),

powder and black salt. This is administered orally as 6.

fed to the animal as such or rubbed with its tongue

to the animal once daily. 5.

C. carvi 15 g. is ground with water and administered

1:1:2 are dry ground to make a powder. 1 teaspoonful of jaggery to prepare a paste which is

gives best result. 5.

Brassica campestris L. (mustard) seeds (100-150 g) are ground with a little water to make a paste and are

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Mishra,2013

given daily once for one week to control intestinal

is added to water to make a volume of 250 ml. The

parasites in cattle.

mixture is drenched to the cattle twice daily for 3-4

Leaves of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. are good

days.

to expel worms in calves.

20 leaves of C. citratus and one teaspoonful of black

Coli-Bacilosis / Septisemic Coli-Bacilosis

salt is ground together with 200 ml. water and given

to the cattle twice daily.

Dry ginger (Sonth) 50 g, Cuminum cyminum L. (cumin) seeds 25 g, salt as per requirement are

are ground together with water and administered

(about 100-150 ml.). It is given to the animal to

orally to the animal. 4.

leaves of Cassia angustifolia Vahl., 20g of black

interval of 4 - 6 hours.

salt are ground together to powder. 10-15g of this

C. ciratus leaves 10-12 g ground with rice-water and

powder mixed with 50 g old jaggery mixed together

salt are given to the infected calf thrice daily for 2 -

to make a bolus which is fed to the animal once

3 days.

daily for 4-5 days.

50 g C. longa (turmeric) powder 200 g jaggery, given to the animal as feed. If the calf is unable to

5. 6.

Two teaspoonful of Triphala powder is given to the

eat then the same may be ground in water and

animal with warm water (300 - 500ml) once daily

administered orally twice daily.

for 5 days.

Rice water, salt, and C. cyminum L. (cumin) seeds twice daily for 3-5 days.

Solanum viarum Dunal whole plant extract with a bit of black salt is given to the animal for relief.

75 g rhizome of Z. officinale, a little amount of

Farmers use a powder crushed separately with few

Aloe vera L., 400g of table salt, 200 g of molasses

leaves of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) 50 g,

made from Saccharum officinarum L. is mixed with

Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke (pearl millet)

100 ml warm water, thoroughly mixed and fed to

50 g, fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds

cattle while still warm.

50 g, Brassica campestris L. (mustard) 25 g, ajmoda

(Trachyspermum ammi) and 50g of black pepper

400 ml coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water is slightly warmed and given to cattle.

(Piper nigrum). It is mixed together and soaked in

10. 250 g whole plant of Boerhavia repens L. is crushed

one litre water for 12 hours. The water is boiled,

thoroughly to extract juice and the juice fed with

filtered and stored in a clean glass bottle. This

table salt at eight hour intervals.

solution (100 ml) is given to the affected calf before

Diarrhoea

it is allowed to suck. Within two days the calves

excrete dead worms. 25 leaves of C. citratus, 100 g of ginger, Zingiber officinale Rosc. and 25 g of common salt

One flower of Musa paradisiaca L. ground to paste with 10-15 black pepper (P. nigrum L.) is given to the animal once daily for 4-5 days.

Constipation 1.

Root juice of Ruta graveolens L. is given to the animal once daily for 4 -5days.

25 g are ground finely and given to the calf as syrup 5.

T. chebula 2-3 pieces, C. carvi 50 g, 10-15 dry

or thrice as per the condition of the calf with an

100 g fresh soft C. dactylon are mixed together and

Sonth 50 g, T. chebula 3-4 pieces and common salt

ground together and mixed with luke warm water drink or given with the help of a pipe or bottle twice

One

flower

each

paradisiaca

and

Feronia limonia L. Sw. are ground together with

are ground together with water to make a paste. This Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

822

Mishra, 2013 water and drenched to the animal once daily for 5 3. 4.

days.

pulverized and mixed with 250 ml of buttermilk,

One handful young leaves of Sesbania sesban L. is

then filtrate of this is taken and mixed with goat

fed to the animal twice daily for 3 days.

faeces and to be fed 3-4 times.

Leaf extract of M. charantia, fresh C. domestica,

14. Leaves of Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. are mixed

C. citratus in equal proportions mixed with sonth

with soda and fed to the cattle 50 ml daily for 2-3

(Z. officinale) powder is drenched to the animal

days. This is very effective in blood diarrhoea.

twice daily for 5 days. In case of calves up to 2 years 5.

15. Sap of 250 ml M. paradisiaca leaves and 100 ml.

the dose is reduced to half.

sap of Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. are

Root bark of Calotropis procera R.Br. 20 g ground

mixed with 250 g of sugar and fed to the cattle for 2-

with 10 gms of C. carvi to make a paste. With

3 days.

freshly prepared rice this paste is fed to the animal 6.

13. Six pieces of Bombax insigne L. seeds are

16. Bark and fruit of T. bellerica are pulverised and

twice daily for 5days.

mixed with water and boiled. 50 ml of this

Bark of Strychnos asper Lour. is boiled with water

preparation is drenched everyday for 4 - 5 days.

to prepare a tincture. One tablespoon of Sonth

17. 50 ml. sap of leaves of T. indica and Cassia fistula

(Z. officinale) powder is mixed with one glass of the

L. are mixed with the powder of 30 pieces black

tincture and drenched to the animal twice daily.

pepper (P. nigrum) and administered orally once a

Leaf extract of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr., F.

day for 3-4 days.

limonia, extract of Z. officinale Rosc., common salt

18. 100 ml. extract of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.

and sonth powder mixed together and drenched

ex A. DC. leaves are to be fed to the cattle for 2-3

twice or thrice daily for 3 days.

days.

Pulp of 10 g of ripened Tamarindus indica L. is fed

19. 50

to the animal for 2-3 days. 9.

50 ml sap of Psidium guajava L. leaves is fed twice

ml.

juice

obtained

from

the

bark

Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. is drenched to the animal. 20. 50-60 ml of tincture of stem bark of A. catechu is

daily. (In case of goats this is much effective).

given to the animal twice daily for 2-3 days.

10. Roots of Mimosa pudica L., Achyranthes aspera L.,

21. Barks and leaves of A. catechu (L. f.) Willd. are

Cassia occidentalis L., bark of Yucca gloriosa L. are

crushed, boiled in water and the water fed to cows,

to be mixed and grounded. 100 pieces of P. nigrum

buffaloes or goats every morning and evening.

and 2 teaspoons of ghee are added to it. In case of

22. T. indica L. leaves 25 g are mixed with 15 g of

calf 40 pieces of black pepper are to be added. The

mustard (Brassica campestris L.) seeds and fed in

preparation is given 100g daily.

the morning for 3 days. Alternately, leaves are

11. Leaf Juice of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. is mixed

boiled in water and fed to cattle.

with water and drenched 100ml. once daily for 2-3

Dysentery

days.

12. Neem (A. indica A. Juss.) leaves and bark of

are ground and juice is extracted and mixed with

Coriandrum sativum L. are mixed and juice is extracted from the mixture and then 100ml of it is drenched everyday for 3-4days.

823

100-150 g of stems & leaves of Hemidesmus indicus honey and is fed to the animal.

3 pieces of black pepper (P. nigrum), 2 teaspoonful ghee and 50 g smashed Glycyrrhiza glabra are

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Mishra,2013

mixed with 250 ml cold water and drenched to the

medicines. Plants used were described with their

cattle.

botanical names followed by the common methods of

100 ml sap extracted from Centella asiatica,

their preparations using different parts and ingredients,

Coleus aromaticus Benth. and Cyanodon dactylon

dose and methods of their administration.

are drenched to the cattle for 2 - 3 days. 4.

6. 7.

A total of 66 ethno-medicinal plant species

50 ml extract of Tagetes erecta shoot mixed with 50

belonging to 40 families distributed in 61 genera have

ml extract of Cyanodon dactylon are drenched to the

been recorded. The most dominant families in this study

animal for 3 - 4 days.

are Apiaceae (6), Poaceae (5), Caesalpiniaceae and

3 pieces of black pepper (P. nigrum) , 5 g C. carvi

Rutaceae (4 each), Fabaceae and Mimosaceae (3 each),

and 5 g of Swertia angustifolia are grounded and fed

Apocynaceae, Arecaceae, Combretaceae, Lamiaceae,

to the animal for 3 - 4 days.

Meliaceae, Solanaceae and Zingiberaceae (2 each) and

100 g bark of Bombax insigne is boiled in 500 ml of

the remaining families like Acanthaceae, Agavaceae,

water and then drenched to the animal.

Amaranthaceae,

Latex of Alstonia scholaris is mixed with black

Bom ba ca c ea e,

Br a ssi ca cea e,

Br om el ia cea e,

pepper (P. nigrum) in the ratio of 3:2 and given to

Chenopodiaceae,

Cucurbitaceae,

Dipterocarpaceae,

the animal.

Euphorbiacea e,

Bark of Butea monosperma is boiled with 250 ml of

Leguminosae,

water and filtered after cooling. The extract is

Myrsinaceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae,

drenched to the cattle.

Nymphaeaceae, Periploaceae, Piperaceae, Punicaceae,

200 g leaves of Andrographis paniculata and 100 g

Strychnaceae were represented with one species each.

leaves Centella asiatica are ground to paste and fed to the animal. 10. 100 ml extract of Holarhena antidysenterica leaves is drenched to the animal for 2-3 days. 11. Decoction of Acacia arabica root is mixed with

Asclepiadaceae,

Gentianaceae, Liliaceae,

Asteraceae,

Juglandaceae,

Moraceae,

Musaceae,

36 remedies use single plants and the rest 37 use more than one plant. Local population of the district use 22 preparations for diarrhoea followed by 12 for dysentery, 11 for constipation, 10 for Anorexia, 7 for Ascariasis, 6 for Coccidiosis and 5 for Coli-baciliosis

mustard Brassica campestris L. oil in the ratio of 1:3 and to be drenched to the animal. 12. 8-10 plants of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) are crushed to extract juice. 25 ml of juice is fed with salt in the mornings and evenings. DISCUSSION Traditional knowledge of rural communities of Ganjam has high ethnoveterinary importance. They utilize numerous plants and their various parts viz., roots, leaves, stems, barks, flowers, fruits and rhizome etc for various ethnoveterinary practices. In the present study seven common digestive tract ailments of domestic cattle are discussed in detail with the common herbal folkJournal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Figure 2. No. of plants and preparations used. 824

Mishra,2013 which are plotted in figure-2. All these remedies are

can be used in an integrated way to get better results. The

prepared with ingredients like water, common salt, black

traditional knowledge of medicine (folk-medicines)

salt, rice water, butter milk, jaggery, and ghee.

needs to be properly documented and validated. To

Similarly the methods of preparation of the

achieve this necessary awareness regarding their

above remedies fall into 9 categories such as solutions

applications, effectiveness, farming, conservation are

(23), paste (20), decoctions (7), solid (5), juice (3), bolus

absolutely required at the first hand.

(1), powder (1) and tincture (1) as presented in figure-3 . With regards to the prescriptions C. carvi is used

CONCLUSION

in 7 preparations for 6 diseases while P. nigrum in 9

Traditional herbal medicines are in use by most

preparations for 5 diseases. In the top of the list of plants

of the communities worldwide mainly among people of

that are used in preparations and for different diseases

the developing countries because they are cheaper, more

are Zingiber Officinale Rosc. 8 and 4, C citratus 6 and 5,

sustainable, readily available, and reliable as they are in

Brassica campestris L. var 4 and 4, respectively.

use traditionally, and frequent alternatives to modern

The THs and animal owners use different parts

veterinary medicines. The advantages of such medicines

of plants. Among these, leaves are most frequently used

are many and they are found to be time tested, socio-

(34) followed by seeds (28), whole plant (13), fruit and

economically related. Hence there is a growing need to

rhizome (10 each), bark and root (8 each), flower (4),

sum them up for any type of scientific validation.

latex and stem (2 each).(Figure-4)

(Varshneya, 2006)

During the course of study, the common experience

gained

regarding

the

Throughout the globe where traditional herbal

ethno-veterinary

treatment is in use it is found that the traditional healers

practices in the district are that, the modern veterinary

have their own way of identification and classification of

medicines (MVM) are beyond the reach of the natives

animal diseases as well as medicinal herbs, drug

due to their poor economic conditions. They frequently

preparation, dose and administration. It has almost

adopt EVM as the most appropriate method of treatment

become the first choice of the THs and animal owners

of many, if not all animal diseases. While for immediate

mostly due to their economic status and also easy

relief MVM is the best choice, but both EVM and MVM

accessibility of the herbs.

Figure 3. Categories of Preparations 825

Figure 4. Plant part used Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Mishra,2013 Local knowledge is at the local level and

Reports

regarding

the

require

present

sufficient

ethnoveterinary

investments should be concentrated in improving a range

preparations

of practices that are appropriate and sustainable.

pharmacognosical validation to provide wide-spread

(Caleb A. Cudi, 2003) EVM is the first choice of the

application

common people in the developing countries as MVM is

treatments to the economically poor farmers and animal

beyond the reach of the rural folk. It plays an important

keepers. (Mishra, 2011)

providing

much

biochemical cheaper

and

alternative

role in the day to day life of a common man which has strong background of belief, religion, and ancestral time-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

tested medicinal system. Plant preparations by the THs

The author is thankful to the informants and

and animal owners cost them much less than MVM and

traditional

healers

who

shared

their

traditional

they can prepare their own crude herbal medicines which

knowledge on medicinal uses in the field and Prof.

are safe and tested with the long trial and error based

Bhaskar Padhy (Retd.), Berhampur University for his

examinations. In this context Charaka can rightly be

guidance.

quoted here: “Yogadapi visham tikshnamuttamam bheshajam bhavet,

REFERENCES

Bheshajam chapi duryuktam tikshnam sampadhyte

Caleb A. Cudi. 2003. Ethno-Veterinary, complementary

visham.

and low cost treatment and management of working

Tasmannabhishaja yuktam yuktibahyen bheshajam,

animals, TAWS Workshop, Sisoe Research Institute,

Dhimta kinchidadeyam jivitarogyakankshina.” (Charak Samhita, 1(1):127 & 128) which says: “even venomous poison when administered properly can be used as medicines but when medicine is used improperly it becomes poison. Thus it is important for those who love life and good

UK. 1-10. http://www.taws.org. Chandel, KPS, Shukla G and Neelam S. 1996. Biodiversity in medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Conservation and utilization. NBPGR, New Delhi. 1239.

health not to take medicines from such vaidyas who are

District

not up to the mark in their medical profession.”

Directorate

Taking the above points into consideration, there is no doubt that among the large numbers of herbal preparations used by the indigenous practitioners during the past several centuries, there are many that deserve the reputation they have proved to be effective. Such preparations need to be investigated with modern technologies for their successful implementation in the practice of good health.

Statistical

Handbook

of Economics

and

Ganjam. Statistics,

2007. Orissa,

Bhubaneswar. Ganesh KS, Sundaramoorthy P, Chidambaram AA, Baskaran L. 2007. Folklore Value of weeds grown in the wastelands of Vedharanyam and Kodiakarai, Nagapattinam District of Tamilnadu. Ad. Plant Sci., 20 (2):551-553. Mathius-Mundy

and

McCorkle

CM.

1989.

Although the information gathered from the local

Ethnoveterinary medicine: An annotated bibliography.

traditional healers, in clinical terms, have tested the

Bibliographies in Technology and Social Change, No. 6.

medicinal value of these plant species for ages, yet their

Technology and Social Change Program, Iowa State

confidence regarding the medicinal value of these plant

University, Ames, Iowa, USA. 199.

species was not sufficient to validate their claims. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

826

Mishra,2013 McCorkle CM and Green EC. 1998. Intersectoral health care delivery. Agric. Hum., 15(2):105-114. Mishra D. 2010. Ethno Veterinary practices among the rural people of Ganjam District (Orissa) India: A Case Study

some

Common

Veterinary

Ailments,

Webindia123 ). http://www. webindia123.com/health/article.asp? a_no=242&article=Ethno+Veterinary+practices+ among+the+rural+people+of+Ganjam+District+(Orissa) +India3A+A+Case+Study+On+some+Common+Veterin ary+Ailments Mishra D. 2011. Identification of some ethnoveterinary practices for treatment of foot and mouth disease in Polasara block, Ganjam District, Odisha, India. Journal of research in Biology, 1(7): 543-549 Saxena HO and Brahmam M. 1994-1996. The Flora of Orissa. Orissa Forest Development Corporation Ltd., Bhubaneswar. 1-4. Varshneya C. 2006. Ethno veterinary practices of India with particular reference to use of plant bio resources in animal health care. http://hillagric.ernet.in/edu/covas/ vph a r m a / wi n t er %20 s ch ool / l e ct ur es/ 33%20 Ethnoveterinary%20practices%20of%20India.pdf. Vijai DK. Sankar Ganesh P, Sundaramoorthy. 2009. Ethnobotanical Survey Of Plants Used For Respiratory Diseases, Recent Research in Science and Technology 1 (1):023-025. Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright submit@jresearchbiology.com www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

827

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 818-827

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

An assessment of Floristic Diversity of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India Authors: Harisha MN and Hosetti BB* . Institution: 1. Department of Post Graduate studies and research in Wildlife Management, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta- 577451, Shimoga, Karnataka.

ABSTRACT:

The plant resources of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary of Bellary district was studied and analyzed to decipher the information on the diversity, which revealed a total of 98 species of plants belonging to 85 genera and 37 families. The data collected was analyzed to determine important value index (IVI), Shannon Weinerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Index, Indices of species richness (R) and evenness (e). The objective of this work is to help foresters and ecologists by giving an account of floral status of the study area. The biodiversity of this area is threatened by cattle (livestock) grazing, water scarcity, mining and related problems. Hence, it is suggested to adopt strict control measures to protect and maintain the biodiversity in the Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, which will help to sustain the wild herbivore at sanctuary.

*Department of Post Graduate studies and research in Applied Zoology, Kuvempu University, Jnana Keywords: Sahyadri, ShankaraghattaMelursus ursinus, Flora, Cassia fistula, Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Deccan 577451, Shimoga, plateau. Karnataka.

Corresponding author: Hosetti BB.

Email: hosetti57@gmail.com

Article Citation: Harisha MN and Hosetti BB. An assessment of Floristic Diversity of Daroji Sloth bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Research in Biology (2013)3(2): 828-839 Dates: Received: 02 Feb 2013

Accepted: 09 Feb 2013

Published: 02 Apr 2013

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0330.pdf.

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

828-839 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 2

www.jresearchbiology.com

Harisha and Hosetti,2013 INTRODUCTION

STUDY AREA

The forest types in India ranged from thorny

The unique Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet,

scrubby jungle to moist evergreen forest along with

in Bellary district is the only sanctuary located in North

moist grasslands and characteristic shola vegetation. In

Karnataka, situated between 15o 14' to 15o 17' N latitude

each of different types of forest, very diverse plants and

and 76o 31' to 76o 40' E longitude. It belongs to Deccan

faunal species are found growing naturally. Identification

Plateau scrub jungle with granite boulder outcrops.

of species and their diversity is a mammoth task and is

Renowned world heritage centre - Hampi is situated only

virtually impossible to have a complete inventory of

Indian biodiversity (Harisha et al., 2008). Due to

Government of Karnataka, in October 1994, declared

geographical variation, deccan plateau region of India

5,587.30 hectares of Bilikallu reserve forest as Daroji

possess great diversity in agricultural as well as wild

Bear Sanctuary. Since it has a suitable habitat for the

floral and faunal diversity (Khan, 2011). The Deccan

Indian Sloth Bears due to the rock-strewn hillocks, and

plateau region of Bellary in particular is highly over

characterized by vast stretches of undulating plains with

exploited by several anthropogenic activities, including

intermittent parallel chains of hills. The sanctuary lies at

different types of mining. The study site is naturally

an elevation of 647 m above mean sea level. The area

spread with hillocks, boulders, undulated terrain with

experienced high temperature with a maximum 43°C

sloppy lands covered with natural jungle scrub with

during January to May.

kilometers

away

from

this

sanctuary.

The

native herbs, shrubs, climbers and tree species. The main aim of sanctuary is to conserve and maintain the

MATERIALS AND METHODS

rich flora and fauna with reference to sloth bear,

Field data were collected in different seasons

Melursus ursinus and its food web present in Deccan

during January 2009- December 2011 in the study area

plateau region of Bellary.

stretching up to 4 km radius. The area is a long narrow

Since the Deccan plateau region is rich in

strip of hills with sandy and clay loams with rocky

biodiversity, highly exploited for the natural resources

mountain. The vegetation was analyzed by means of

resulting in threat to diversity and gene pool, nearly

10×10 m quadrates by random sampling to give most

600 tree species found in this region are facing threat of

representative composition of forestlands. Plant species

extinction (Khan, 2011). Studies of plant and avifaunal

collected in each quadrates were identified by consulting

diversity can be used to interpret the well being of forest

the Flora of Madras Presidency (Gamble, 1935).

ecosystem and also as an indicator of disturbance if any

DATA ANALYSIS

in the system. Long term management plan of forest

The data was analyzed for measuring the

ecosystem should incorporate the diversification of

Important Value Index (IVI), Shannon-Weiner Index

vegetation by using diversity indices. In order to

(H), Species richness Index (R), Species Evenness Index

understand the importance of a site it is necessary to

(E) and the Index of Dominance (ID). The values of

examine the significance in terms of the presence and

relative

abundance of species (Bruford, 2002). The present study

abundance were calculated following the methods of

attempts to understand the impact of changes in the

Shukla and Chandel (1980). The Shannon-Wiener Index

forest cover of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary due to

was calculated according to Michael (1990) as follows.

human activities.

Shannon Weiner’s Index

density,

relative

frequency

and

relative

(H') = ∑Pi ln Pi 829

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839 Alangiaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Aristolochiaceae Asclepiadaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Asclepiadaceae Liliaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Capparaceae Cactaceae Celastraceae Fabaceae

Alangium salviifolium (L. f.) Wangerin, *

Amaranthus viridis L.*

Achyranthes aspera L. *

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. *

Pupalia lappacea (L.) Juss.

Aristolochia indica L. *

Calotropis gigantea (L.) W. T. Aiton *

Carissa carandas L. *

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) W. T. Aiton *

Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R. Br. *

Cryptolepis buchananii Roem. & Schult. *

Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov. *

Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. M

Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. *

Asparagus racemosus Willd. *

Ageratum conyzoides L. *

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Tridax procumbens L. *

Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H. Rob. *

Capparis divaricata Lam.

Capparis horrid

Capparis zeylanica L. *

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw.

Gymnosporia montana (Roth) Bemth.

Cassia tora L. *

Fabaceae

Acanthaceae

Lepidagathis cuspidata

Cassia absus L.

Acanthaceae

Barleria sp.

Family

Scientific Names

Sl.No

0.42

0.08

0.50

2.67

0.33

1.33

0.33

0.08

0.25

0.17

0.67

0.50

0.75

0.17

3.08

0.92

0.08

0.17

0.08

0.25

0.83

0.25

0.08

0.17

0.25

0.17

0.25

0.17

0.50

0.33

0.08

0.17

884.0

294.7

88.4

294.7

884.0

442.0

294.7

442.0

294.7

442.0

147.3

221.0

884.0

442.0

Table.1. Species composition and Importance Value in Daroji Sloth bear Sanctuary.

0.57

0.11

0.68

3.62

0.45

1.81

0.45

0.11

0.34

0.23

0.90

0.68

1.02

0.23

4.19

1.24

0.11

0.23

1.39

4.17

13.89

4.17

1.39

2.78

4.17

2.78

4.17

2.78

8.33

5.56

1.39

2.78

1.95

1.50

4.85

17.51

4.62

3.20

1.84

1.50

1.73

3.00

5.07

3.46

5.18

3.00

12.52

6.80

1.50

3.00

IVI

Harisha and Hosetti,2013

830

831

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex Guill. & Perr. Commelina benghalensis L. Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) Schult. & Schultz.f. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. * Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. * Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f.) Trichosanthes sp. Diospyros paniculata Dalz. Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Baill.) * Euphorbia tirucalli L. * Abrus precatorius L. * Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. * Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile) Acacia sinuata auct.) Albizia amara (Roxb.) Boivin, * Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Benth. Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Cassia auriculata L. * Cassia fistula L. * Crotalaria pallida Aiton Dalbergia lanceolaria L. f. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Indigofera tinctoria L. Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. * Mimosa pudica L. * Parkinsonia digitata Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link * Leucas stricta Benth. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Ocimum americanum L. * Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Grewia hirsuta Vahl, Grewia damine Gaertn. Grewia tiliifolia Vahl. Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae Ebenaceae Phyllanthaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Malvaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae Tiliaceae

Combretaceae 10 27 2 1 50 1 2 11 49 9 27 5 4 6 4 1 1 1 12 17 19 19 2 15 12 17 52 3 64 60 10

3 5 2 1 11 1 2 3 10 2 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 6 5 9 2 4 6 3 2 2 10 9 2

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

0.83 2.25 0.17 0.08 4.17 0.08 0.17 0.92 4.08 0.75 2.25 0.42 0.33 0.50 0.33 0.08 0.08 0.08 1.00 1.42 1.58 1.58 0.17 1.25 1.00 1.42 4.33 0.25 5.33 5.00 0.83

0.25 0.42 0.17 0.08 0.92 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.83 0.17 0.50 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.50 0.42 0.75 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.25 0.17 0.17 0.83 0.75 0.17

294.7 176.8 442.0 884.0 80.4 884.0 442.0 294.7 88.4 442.0 147.3 442.0 442.0 442.0 442.0 884.0 884.0 884.0 294.7 147.3 176.8 98.2 442.0 221.0 147.3 294.7 442.0 442.0 88.4 98.2 442.0

1.13 3.05 0.23 0.11 5.66 0.11 0.23 1.24 5.54 1.02 3.05 0.57 0.45 0.68 0.45 0.11 0.11 0.11 1.36 1.92 2.15 2.15 0.23 1.70 1.36 1.92 5.88 0.34 7.24 6.79 1.13

4.17 6.94 2.78 1.39 15.28 1.39 2.78 4.17 13.89 2.78 8.33 2.78 2.78 2.78 2.78 1.39 1.39 1.39 4.17 8.33 6.94 12.50 2.78 5.56 8.33 4.17 2.78 2.78 13.89 12.50 2.78

5.30 10.00 3.00 1.50 20.93 1.50 3.00 5.41 19.43 3.80 11.39 3.34 3.23 3.46 3.23 1.50 1.50 1.50 5.52 10.26 9.09 14.65 3.00 7.25 9.69 6.09 8.66 3.12 21.13 19.29 3.91

Harisha and Hosetti,2013

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze Sida cordata (Burm. f.) Borss. Waalk. Sida cordifolia L. * Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. * Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels* Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers * Melia dubia * Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. Ficus benghalensis L. * Ficus racemosa L. * Ficus tomentosa Roxb. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels * Boerhavia diffusa L. * Ximenia sp. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. * Ziziphus jujuba Mill. * Borreria hispida (Linn.) K. Schum. Borreria stricta (L. f.) G. Mey. * Canthium parviflorum Lam. * Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Morinda tinctoria Roxb. maddi, ET * Morinda tomentosa B.Heyne ex Roth Pavetta indica L. Randia uliginosa (Retz.) Poir. Ixora brachiata Roxb. ex DC Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. * Ziziphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. * Sapindus trifoliatus L. * Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal * Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. * Tribulus terrestris L. * Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Malvaceae Apiaceae Menispermaceae Menispermaceae Meliaceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Moraceae Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae Olacaceae Phyllanthaceae Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rubiaceae Rhamnaceae Rhamnaceae Sapindaceae Sapindaceae Solanaceae Ulmaceae Zygophyllaceae

1 1 2 6 1 6 4 1 1 3 1 4 8 3 2 5 4 3 1 1 2

1 2 4 15 1 14 7 2 1 5 20 28 42 11 20 22 13 5 1 1 3 884

12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 1.08 0.42 0.08 0.08 0.25

0.08 0.17 0.33 1.25 0.08 1.17 0.58 0.17 0.08 0.42 1.67 2.33 3.50 0.92 1.67 1.83 0.33 0.25 0.08 0.08 0.17

0.08 0.08 0.17 0.50 0.08 0.50 0.33 0.08 0.08 0.25 0.08 0.33 0.67 0.25 0.17 0.42 221.0 294.7 884.0 884.0 442.0

884.0 884.0 442.0 147.3 884.0 147.3 221.0 884.0 884.0 294.7 884.0 221.0 110.5 294.7 442.0 176.8 1.47 0.57 0.11 0.11 0.34

0.11 0.23 0.45 1.70 0.11 1.58 0.79 0.23 0.11 0.57 2.26 3.17 4.75 1.24 2.26 2.49 -

*=Medicinal plants, N-no of individuals, TO-transect occurred, TT=Total transect, D=Density, F=Frequency, A=Abundance, RD=Relative density RF=Relative frequency, IVI=Important value index; -tv =outside the quadrates .

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 5.56 4.17 1.39 1.39 2.78

1.39 1.39 2.78 8.33 1.39 8.33 5.56 1.39 1.39 4.17 1.39 5.56 11.11 4.17 2.78 6.94 7.03 4.73 1.50 1.50 3.12

1.50 1.62 3.23 10.03 1.50 9.92 6.35 1.62 1.50 4.73 3.65 8.72 15.86 5.41 5.04 9.43 -

Harisha and Hosetti,2013

832

Harisha and Hosetti, 2013 Where, Pi = No. of individuals of one species/total no of

(37 individuals), Vernonia cinerea (32 individuals),

individuals in the sample.

Borreria hispida (28 individuals), Acacia nilotica and

The indices of Species Richness (R) and Species

Cyanotis tuberose (27 individuals each) together

Evenness (E) were estimated using the following

accounting for 7% of the plot’s species and 25% of the

formulae.

stand density (226 individuals) represented this group.

R = (S-1)/log N

Fairly Common species (species with 5 to 24

E = (H')/ log S

individuals)

Where,

Thirty

species,

Morinda

tinctoria

(22),

S = Total no. of species,

Oldenlandia corymbosa, Phyllanthus amarus (20 each),

N =Total no. of individuals of all the species,

Indigofera tinctoria, Tephrosia purpurea (19 each),

(H')= Shannon Weiner’s index.

Desmodium trifoliate, Hyptis suaveolens (17 each), Parthenium

hysterophorus

(16),

Leucas

aspera,

RESULTS

Guazuma obscura (15 each), Cocculus hirsutus (14),

Floristic Structure: Species richness and Density

Ziziphus

The census of individuals in the study area

Leucas

maurtiana stricta

(13),

(12

Dalbergia

each),

lanceolaria,

Achyranthes

aspera,

resulted in 98 identified plant species which include 85

Euphorbia tirucalli, Canthium parviflorum (11 each),

genera and 37 families. Based on their density in the

Commelina

quadrate, species were grouped into following five

Carissa

categories:

Wrightia

tinctoria

Predominant species (species with ≥ 50 individuals)

Albizia

odoratissima,

Four species, Grewia hirsute (64 individuals) and

sinensis,

carandas,

Capparis

Grewia Acacia (8),

zeylanica

tiliifolia

leucophloea

Stephania each),

(9 each),

japonica

Hemidesmus

(10 each), (7),

indicus,

Cassia

tora,

Grewia sp. (60 individuals), Ocimum americanum (52)

Acacia sinuate, Ziziphus oenoplia, and Boerhavia diffusa

and Evolvulus alsinoides (50 individuals) belonged to

(5 each), accounting for 30% of total species richness

this category representing 4% of the plot’s species and

and 39% of stand density represented this group and

26% of the plot’s density (242 individuals) (Table 1).

collectively they had 355 stems.

Dominant species (species with 25 to 49 individuals)

Common species (species with 1 to 4 individuals)

Seven species, Acacia catechu (49 individuals), Borreria

stricta

(42

individuals),

An overview of Sanctuary 833

Aerva

lanata

Thirty-one

species,

Ageratum

conyzoides,

Tridax procumbens, Albizzia amara, Bauhinia racemosa,

Sanctuary during summer Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Harisha and Hosetti,2013 Table.2. Family composition and Family Importance Value in Daroji Sloth bear Sanctuary. Sl. No 1

Family Acanthaceae

Alangiaceae

Amaranthaceae

Aristolochiaceae

Apocynaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Asparagaceae

Asteraceae

Capparaceae

Cactaceae

Celastraceae

Cesalpinaceae

Combretaceae

Convolvulaceae

Commelinaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Ebenaceae

Euphorbiaceae

Fabaceae

Lamiaceae

Malvaceae

Mackinlayaceae

Menispermaceae

Meliaceae

Moraceae

Myrtaceae

27 28

Leguminosae Nyctaginaceae

Olacaceae

Phyllanthaceae

Rhamnaceae

Rubiaceae

Rhamnaceae

Sapindaceae

Solanaceae

Ulmaceae

Zygophyllaceae

No. of species 2

No. of trees 3

0.2

1.0

2.8

5.1

7.8

0.8

4.0

4.8

0.1

1.0

1.1

6.2

4.0

10.2

0.9

3.0

3.9

0.1

1.0

1.1

0.1

1.0

1.1

0.7

2.0

2.7

0.1

1.0

1.1

5.8

4.0

9.9

4.1

2.0

6.1

0.1

1.0

1.1

0.1

1.0

1.1

1.4

2.0

3.5

178

19.6

17.2

36.8

10.6

4.0

14.6

160

17.6

9.1

26.7

0.1

1.0

1.1

2.3

2.0

4.3

0.2

1.0

1.2

0.4

4.0

4.5

0.1

1.0

1.1

0.1

1.0

1.1

0.6

1.0

1.6

0.1

1.0

1.1

2.2

1.0

3.2

0.1

1.0

1.1

126

13.9

8.1

21.9

2.0

4.0

0.2

2.0

2.2

0.1

1.0

1.1

0.2

1.0

1.2

0.3

1.0

1.3

909

100.0

200.0

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Relative Density

FIV

0.3

Relative Diversity 2.0

0.1

1.0

1.1

5.4

4.0

9.4 1.2

2.4

834

Harisha and Hosetti ,2013 (10.26). Family Composition Of the 37 families recorded (three unidentified), Fabaceae is the dominant based on the species richness with 17 species, followed by the Malvaceae, Rubiaceae with nine species each, Apocynaceae with five, Amarant haceae,

Asclepiadaceae,

Convolvulaceae, Lamiaceae and

Ast eraceae,

Moraceae with four

species each, following by Capparidaceae with three species, Acanthaceae, Cesalpinaceae, Commelinaceae,

Sloth bear at Sanctuary

Euphorbiaceae, Sida

cordifolia

Leptadenia

reticulata,

each),

Abutilon

Tribulus

terrestris

indicum, (3each),

Menispermaceae,

Rhamnaceae

and

Sapindaceae with two species each, Alangiaceae, Ar ist o lochiaceae,

Asparagaceae,

Cact aceae,

Barleria sp., Aristolochia indica, Calotropis gigantea,

Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae,

Daemia extensa, Kirganelia reticulata, Mimosa pudica,

Mackinlayaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Olacaceae,

Melia dubia, Ipomoea obscura, Sida cordata (2 each),

Phyllanthaceae, Rhamnaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae,

Cassia auriculata, Cassia fistula, Crotalaria pallida,

Zygophyllaceae and Meliaceae with one species each

Hibiscus lobatus, Centella asiatica, Syzygium cumini,

were recorded.

Sapi ndus

t rif oli at us,

somnif era,

Based on density, the top order of families were

Amaranthes viridis, Tylophora indica, Opuntia stricta,

Fabaceae (178 individuals), Malvaceae (160 individuals),

Gymnosporia

Rubiaceae (126 individuals), Lamiaceae (96 individuals),

montana,

Wi thania Cuscuta

reflexa

and

Trichosanthes sp. (1 each), accounting for 32% of total

Asteraceae

species richness and 7% of stand density represented this

individuals),

group and collectively they had 61 stems.

Commelinaceae (37 individuals), UK (26 individuals),

Rare species (species with â&#x2030;¤1)

Apocynaceae (25 individuals), Menispermaceae (21

Twenty-seven species making up 27% of the

(56

individuals),

Convolvulaceae

Amaranthaceae

individuals),

Phyllanthaceae

individuals),

Rhamnaceae

group.

individuals),

Capparidaceae

Asclepiadaceae

Nyctaginaceae

Di ospyros

latifolia,

pani culata,

Merremia Abrus

tridentate,

precatorius,

individuals),

(20

individuals),

total plotâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s species and 3% of stand density formed this Anogeissus

(18

(49

individuals),

(53

Euphorbiaceae

(13

individuals), (5

Parkinsonia digitata, Grewia damine, Ficus arnottiana,

individuals) and Moraceae (4 individuals), Two families

Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Ficus tomentosa

were represented by three species such as Acanthaceae

individuals.

and Zygophyllaceae, four families were represented by

Based

Value,

two species such as Meliaceae, Aristolochiaceae,

Grewia hirsute figured on the top of top ten SIV

Sapindaceae and Ulmaceae, thirteen families were

hierarchy (21.13), followed by the Evolvulus alsinoides

represented by only one species, such as Asparagaceae,

(20. 93), Acacia catechu (19.43), Grewia sp. (19.29),

Cactaceae, Celastraceae, Combretaceae, Alangiaceae,

Vernonia cinerea (17.51), Borreria stricta (15.86),

C u c u r b it a c e a e ,

Tephrosia purpurea (14.65), Aerva lantana (12.52),

Mackinlayaceae, Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Solanaceae and

Acacia nilotica (11.39) and Desmodium trifoliate

Rhamnaceae were recorded.

835

Species

Importance

E be na c e a e ,

L e g u m i no s a e ,

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Harisha and Hosetti, 2013 Based on FIV, Fabaceae (36.8) ranked highest among

families

followed

Malvaceae

(26.7),

64 plant species were enumerated, but in present study 98 plant species have been recorded. The study revealed

Rubiaceae (21.9) and Lamiaceae (14.6) (Table 2).

that the species composition and diversity of this

Diversity Indices

sanctuary can be compared with that of many other dry

The Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index was found be

forests

3.909 for the entire study area, and the Species Richness

(Krishnamurthy et al., 2010), Savanadurga State Forest,

index and Species Evenness index were found to be

Karnataka (Murali et al., 2003). Species richness of the

26.26, 2.03, respectively.

present study (99 species for individuals ≥ 1 cm) is

such

Bhadra

Wildlife

Sanctuary

closer to the species richness of the dry forests in Puerto Rico (50 species, Murphy and Lugo, 1986), but far less

DISCUSSION The study on the floristic diversity is one of the important factor to be analyzed to assess the diversity of

to the 133 species of Savanadurga State Forests of Karnataka (Murali et al., 2003).

a particular area as well as the diversity of the nation.

The Importance Value Index revealed that this

The assessment of diversity is also important during this

forest is dominated by relatively few species. The seven

period where the lot of plants and animals are in threats

species listed in top ten SIV hierarchy (Table 1)

due to the fragmentation of habitats and decline in

comprise about 33 % of the importance values, which

habitat quality (Kumar et al., 2000). The decline of

was 62 % in Bhadra Wildlife sanctuary followed by the

quality of habitat and fragmentation are mainly due to

dry forests in Puerto Rico (Murphy and Lugo, 1986) and

the anthropogenic activities including the conversion of

St. Lucia (Gonzalez and Zak, 1996) also recorded the

forest into agriculture land, developmental activities,

same observation with the seven most common species

mining etc. which affects on the landscapes and species

dominating the forests by comprising about 55% and

composition (Jerath et al., 2007).

67% of the total importance values, respectively.

Assessment

biodiversity

will

help

The Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index for the

understanding the inter-linkages between biological

area as a whole was found to be 3.909, the Species

resources and human being and which help in taking the

Richness index and Species Evenness index was found to

best decisions in conservation of natural resource and

be 26.26, 2.03, respectively. Rahlan et al. (1982) stated

development through sustainable utilization (Jerath et al.,

that higher the value of diversity, greater will be the plant

2007). This could be achieved only when the

community. So it can be stated that the vegetation in

quantification of existing resource is known and the

Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary is stable accordingly to the

requirements estimated. This is also true in case of wild

figures obtained after the data analysis (Table 1).

animals where the availability of food source is

The species rarity of the present study is 27%,

dependent on the population of those animals in the

which is very close to tree diversity of Little Andaman

forest. The existence of the diversity in particular area

Island with 34% (Rasingam and Parathasarathy, 2009),

also depicts the wild animals to be found in that

also close to the forests of Kuzhanthaikuppam of

particular forest area. In view of the above, the present

Coromandel Coast (31%, Parthasarathy and Karthikeyan,

study was investigated to know the floral diversity of the

1997), Malaysia (38%, Poore, 1968) and Barro Colorado

Daroji Sloth bear sanctuary.

island of Panama (40%, Thorington et al., 1982); but less

Previous studies conducted in this sanctuary by

than those of tropical dry deciduous forests of Bhadra

Neginhal et al. (2003) and Madhav Gadgil et al. (2011)

Wildlife Sanctuary (54.3%, Krishnamurthy et al., 2010).

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

836

Harisha and Hosetti, 2013 In tropical forests, the abundance and species richness

regions, or otherwise this may leads to the habitat

depend mostly on the soil type, moisture and distribution

fragmentation and destruction.

of rainfall (Durigon and Waechter, 2011). The present

Based on the present study there is a need to

study also revealed that the soil type and rainfall pattern

undertake

some

special

ecological

developmental

of the study area promotes the rich floral diversity

projects in the area which include water harvesting

indices (Shanon, 3.90). The plants enumerated during the

through assured tanks so that water would be available to

study also revealed that the diversity present in this area

wildlife during hot summer. Construction of boundary

greatly supports the food habitat of sloth bears and the

wall or fence around the protected area will reduce

vegetation pattern and geographical location also helps

poaching of wildlife, entry of domestic cattle for grazing

the sloth bears to live comfortably in this forest region.

and deforestation in the area.

The plant species like Grewia hirsute, Grewia hirsuta, Grewia damine, Ziziphus mauritiana, Grewia tiliifolia,

CONCLUSION

Syzygium cumini, Cassia fistula, Carissa carandas,

The study on the floral diversity of Daroji Sloth

Ziziphus oenoplia showed the density of 5.33., 5.00.,

Bear Sanctuary of Bellary district concludes that the

1.08., 0.83., 0.08., 0.08., 0.75 and 0.42 respectively.

richness and diversity in the area is mainly due to the

Some Ficus sp. also serves as the food for sloth bears.

climatological conditions prevailing there. The hard dry

The Shannon diversity indices of Western Ghats

condition and scarce rainfall have favored mainly thorny

(at different altitudes) according to Pascal is measured to

and shrubby plants to adopt and grow in such harsh

be in the range of 3.6-4.3 and the index is measured

terrain conditions and trees resulting in stunted growth.

about 2.01-3.7 in the wet evergreen forest of Coorg

The fruits, seeds and leaves are consumed by a variety of

district (Swamy et al., 2010). In the present study, the

birds and animals and thus are easily dispersed. The

Shannon diversity index is calculated to be 3.90, which

present study will provide the basic information on the

indicated that even though the forest type falls under the

present status and composition of tree species in a

dry deciduous forest, the diversity index can be largely

limited area.

compared to that of the evergreen forest. The present study signifies the long term monitoring of the

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

vegetation as well as the population of sloth bears in

Authors are thankful to Kiran, M.N, ACF,

accordance with the availability of food source and good

Ravindranath, I.R, RFO and forest watchers of Daroji

habitat. This type of studies greatly impact on the

Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka and all those who have

ecological balance between the vegetation pattern and

shared their information on the study area during the

the animal populations.

study period. M.N, Harisha is thankful to UGC, New

The floral diversity of the present study area also

Delhi for sanctioning fellowship (RGNF), to all

comprises as many as 65 species of medicinal plants

researchers from Panchavati Research Academy for

(Table.1). There is an urgent need to protect these

Nature (PRANA) Trust, Linganamakki, Sagara (TQ),

medicinal plants from grazing animals (sheep, goat),

Shivamogga and also to Kuvempu University for support

which are being forcibly invaded into the sanctuary by

and facilities.

the surrounding villagers. The vegetation and the wealth of this sanctuary need to be protected also from the

REFERENCES

mining (quarrying) which are being run nearby hillock

Bruford MW. 2002. Biodiversity-Evolution. Species,

837

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Harisha and Hosetti, 2013 Genes. Cited in; Conserving birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biodiversity: General

Prema Iyer, Ramachandra TV, Yogesh Gokhale.

Principles and their Application. Cambridge University

2011. Checklist of Flowering Plants of Daroji Bear

press U.K. 1-19.

Sanctuary, Karnataka. Status of Karnataka Biodiversity.

Durigon

and

Waechter

JL.

2011.

Floristic

composition and biogeographic relations of a subtropical assemblage

climbing

plants.

Biodiversity

Conservation. 20(5):1027-1044. Gamble JS. 1935. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. (Vol1-4) Adlard and Son Limited 21, Hart Street. W.O. Gonzalez OJ and Zak DR. 1996. Tropical dry forest of St. Lucia, West Indies. Biotropica. 28: 618-626.

SAHYADRI E-NEWS: Issue XI. Sahyadri: Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System ENVIS @CES, Indian

Institute

Science,

Bangalore.

http://

www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/ newsletter/issue11/hotspot/index.htm. Michael P. 1990. Ecological methods for field and laboratory investigations. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi. Murali KS, Kavitha A and Harish RP. 2003. Spatial

Harisha MN, Ajay GA, Kumar MD. 2008. Floristic

Patterns of trees and shrub species diversity in

and avifaunal diversity of Jogimatti state forest,

Savanadurga State Forest, Karnataka. Current Science.84

Chitradurga, Karnataka. My forest. 44 (3): 225-235.

(6): 808-813.

Jerath N, Singh G, Singh CK and Alkesh S. 2007.

Murphy PG and Lugo AE. 1986. Structure and

Biological Diversity: The Very Stuff of Life. Punjab

biomass of subtropical dry forest in Puerto Rico.

Biodiversity Board, Punjab state council for science and

Biotropica. 18(2): 89-96.

technology, Chandigarh and UNESCO, New Delhi.

Neginhal SG, Harish R Bhat, Pramod S and Karthik

Khan MA. 2011. Promotion and conservation of native

G. 2003. Biodiversity Hotspot Report for Daroji Bear

flora and fauna in newly established agro-biodiversity

Sanctuary.

park in Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University,

sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue11/hotspot/hotspots/

Hyderabad. International Journal of Farm Sciences. 1

Daroji.htm.

(2): 150-157.

http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/

Parthasarathy

and

Karthikeyan

1997a.

Krishnamurthy YL, Prakasha HM, Nanda A,

Biodiversity and population density of woody species in

Krishnappa M, Dattaraja, HS and Suresh HS. 2010.

a tropical evergreen forest in Courtallum reserve forest,

Vegetation structure and floristic composition of a

Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology. 38: 297-306.

tropical dry deciduous forest in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, India. Tropical Ecology. 51(2): 235-246. Kumar A, Walker S and Molar S. 2000. Prioritisation of Endangered species. Setting Biodiversity conservation Priorities for India. Singh S, Sastry ARK, Mehta R and Uppal V. New Delhi, WWF-India. 2:341-425.

Parthasarathy N and Karthikeyan R. 1997b. Plant biodiversity inventory and conservation of two tropical dry evergreen forest on the Coromandel Coast, Southern India. Biodiversity and Conservation. 6: 1063-1083. Poore, MED. 1968. Studies in Malaysian rainforest. The forest on Triassic sediments in Jengka forest reserve. Journal of Ecology. 56: 143-196.

Madhav Gadgil, Geetha Gadagkar, Harish R Bhat, Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

838

Harisha and Hosetti, 2013 Rahlan PK, Saxena AK and Singh JS. 1982. Analysis of vegetation at and around Nainital Kumaun Himalaya. Proc. Indian Nat. Sci. Acad. B. 48B:121-137. Rasingam L and Parathasarathy N. 2009. Tree species diversity and population structure across major forest formations and disturbance categories in Little Andaman Island, India. Tropical Ecology. 50(1): 89-102. Shukla, RS and Chandel PS. 1980. Plant Ecology. S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi. 197. Swamy SL, Dutt CBS, Murthy MSR, Alka Mishra and Bargali SS. 2010. Floristics and dry matter dynamics of tropical wet evergreen forests of Western Ghats, India. Current Science. 99(3,10) : 353-364. Thorington Jr, Tannenbaum RWB, Tarak A and Rudran R. 1982. Distribution of trees on Barro Colorado Island: A five hectare sample. pp. 83-94. In: E.G. Leigh Jr., A.S. Rand & D.M. Windsor (eds.) The Ecology of a Tropical Forest-Seasonal Rhythms and Long-term

Changes.

Smithsonian

Institute

Press.

Washington, DC.

Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright submit@jresearchbiology.com www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

839

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 828-839

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Butterfly fauna of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India Authors: Harisha MN and Hosetti BB*. Institution: 1. Department of Post Graduate studies and research in Wildlife Management, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta- 577451, Shimoga, Karnataka.

ABSTRACT: Butterflies were enumerated during February 2010 to January 2012 using pollard walk method to assess the species diversity in the tropical thorn dry deciduous (Deccan Plateau) scrub jungle with granite boulder outcrop habitats of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Bellary District, Karnataka. This area, a total of 5,587.30 hectares is being proposed for the conservation of threatened species of Indian subcontinent the Sloth bear, Melursus ursinus and announded as a Sanctuary. A total of 41 butterfly species belonging to Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae families were recorded. Two species of butterflies recorded from this region have a protected status under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Habitat destruction in terms of mining activity can be a potential threat to this area and is suggested to be the reason for the reduction of species richness and abundance of butterflies in impacted areas of the study site. This study provides support for long-term conservation of these fragmented scrub forest to ensure biodiversity protection.

* Department of Post Graduate studies and research in Applied Zoology, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, ShankaraghattaKeywords: 577451, Shimoga, Deccan Plateau, Hypolimnas misippus, Pachliopta hector, Karnataka. Lampides boeticus, Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary.

Corresponding author: Hosetti BB.

Email: hosetti57@gmail.com

Article Citation: Harisha MN and Hosetti BB. Butterfly fauna of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India. Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846 Dates: Received: 02 Feb 2013

Accepted: 09 Feb 2013

Published: 02 Apr 2013

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0331.pdf.

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

840-846 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 2

www.jresearchbiology.com

Harisha and Hosetti., 2013 INTRODUCTION

The sanctuary located between 15°14' to 15°17' N

More than half of earth’s diversity comprises the

latitude and 76°31' to 76°40' E longitude at an elevation

insects. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) plays an

of 647 m above mean sea level with the temperature

important role in both ecological and economical

ranged between 20°-43°C. The sanctuary is close to the

benefits to human beings. They increase aesthetic value

Hampi a renowned world heritage site in Bellary district.

and actively involved in pollination thus help in seed

Sanctuary area belongs to Deccan Plateau scrub jungle

setting of plants. Butterflies enhance earth’s beauty due

characterized by vast stretches of undulating plains with

to their diverse colors on their wings (May, 1992). Due

intermittent parallel chains of hills, mostly bare and

to their beauty and ecological significance butterflies are

stony, granite boulder outcrops. This habitat makes the

the well studied group throughout the world (Ghazoul,

sloth bears to live comfortably in unique geographical

2002). The habitat of butterflies is very specific and their

location.

occurrence is seasonal (Kunte, 1997). They are also considered as the good indicators of habitat quality

MATERIAL AND METHODS

including anthropogenic disturbances (Kocher and

A study of butterfly diversity was conducted

Williams, 2000). Butterflies always attracted the

from February 2010 to January 2012 to compare with

attention of researchers, ecologists and conservationist

earlier reports and to record their status and abundance.

by their community assemblage and the influencing

The survey was conducted to once in a month for a

factors.

period of two years from February 2010 to January 2012. Butterflies are broadly considered as potent

Butterflies were recorded by direct visual observation

ecological indicators (Erhardt, 1985; Brown, 1991;

and identified by using various field guides (Gay et al.,

Kremen, 1992) and are sensitive to the temperature,

1992; Antram, 2002; Wynter-Blynth, 1957, Kunte, 2000;

humidity, and light levels and also to the habitat

Sharma et al., 2005).

disturbance (Balmer and Erhardt, 2000). The relationship

The line transect method developed by the

between plants and butterflies is highly complex and

Institution of Terrestrial Ecology (Pollard, 1979) was

co-evolved (Ehrlich and Raven, 1964), since the

followed to monitor the diversity. The butterflies were

butterflies depend on plants for the food and completion

encountered along a fixed transect route of 2 km and

of their life cycle, contrary to this many of the

recorded regularly at an interval of every 15 day per

economically important plant species are pollinated by

month in the study period. Based on the visual

butterflies (Borges et al., 2003). In view of the above,

observation i.e., presence-absence scoring method

there is a need to conserve butterflies. Even though the

made during the entire study period. On the basis of

tropic is abund with diverse fauna including insects, the

percentage of occurrence the status of butterflies was

data on the diversity of insects both in natural and man

determined and categorized into three groups such 1-6%

made habitats still lacking. This situation prompted us to

as rare (R), 7-18% as Common (C) and >18% as very

document the butterfly diversity in Daroji Sloth Bear

common (VC).

Sanctuary India. STUDY AREA

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary (5,587.30 hectares)

The study revealed the presence of 41 species of

is unique sanctuary in Karnataka, and is the only

butterflies, belonging to five families. The family

sanctuary for sloth bear situated in North Karnataka.

Papilionidae is represented by 6 species; Lycaenidae 7

841

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846

Harisha and Hosetti., 2013

Common Silverline Butterfly

Lemon Pansy Butterfly

species; Nymphalidae 15 species; Pieridae 12 species;

fragmentation, grazing pressure and change in land use

and Hesperidae by single species. The checklists of all

pattern are mainly responsible for diversity loss of both

the species observed with their status are given in

butterflies and plants. Along with the above, mining

Table 1. Out of 41 species recorded during the present

activity can also be treated as potential threat to

investigation, 28 species have already been reported by

biodiversity loss in this area. Lycaenidae family

Neginhal et al., (2003); Madhav Gadgil et al., (2011) and

members are largely affected both in terms of abundance

found during present study period. It is likely that many

and diversity since they feed on grasses, which is lost

more species could be added to the list on further

due to grazing.

exploration of this area. Analysis on the status of

Apart

from

butterflies,

other

threatened

butterflies shows that 15 were rare, 12 were common and

wildlife recorded in the study area during the present

14 were very common, similar pattern was reported in

survey

the Tiger-Lion Safari, Thyavarekoppa of Shimoga,

(Vulnerable; Garshelis et al., 2008), Indian Python,

Karnatka (Pramod et al., 2007).

Python molurus molurus and Jackal, Canis aureus and

were,

Sloth

Bear,

Melursus

ursinus

Butterflies are sensitive to changes in the habitat

Yellow-throated Bulbul, Pycnonotus xantholaemus a

and climate, which influence their distribution and

globally threatened species and restricted to the southern

abundance (Wynter-Blyth, 1957). Two specie viz,-

Deccan plateau (BirdLife International, 2001), Leopard

Pachliopta hector L and Hypolimnas misippus L

Panthera pardus listed as a "Near Threatened" species

recorded in this region have a protected status under the

on the IUCN Red List (Henschel et al., 2008). Indian

schedule I part IV of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (Arora, 2003) and Lampides boeticus under Schedule IV (Gupta et al., 2005). Similar pattern has been reported from Melghat region of Maharashtra and

Ankua

Reserve

Forest

Jharkhand

(Mamata Chandraker et al., 2007) and Jogimatti state forest of Chitradurga (Harish et al., 2009). The

conservation

activities

such

the

monitoring and mapping of biodiversity played a key role in determining the status of the diversity (Margules

and

Pressey,

2000).

The

habitat

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846

Peacock Pansy, Butterfly 842

Harisha and Hosetti., 2013

Sl.No

Table 1. List of butterflies along with their status in the Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Bellary. Status Common name Scientific name

Family: Papilionidae R Common Blue Bottle Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus) VC Crimson Rose* Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus) R Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius) C Tailed Jay Graphium Agamemnon (Linnaeus) R Blue Mormon** Papilio polymnestor (Cramer) C Common Mormon Papilio polytes (Linnaeus) Family: Lycaenidae R 7 Common Silverline Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius) VC 8 Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon (Fabricius) VC 9 Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer) C 10 Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus (Stoll) VC 11 Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria karsandra (Moore) C 12 Pea Blue Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus) C 13 Grass Jewel Freyeria trochylus (Kollar) Family: Nymphalidae R 14 Common Castor Ariadne merione (Cramer) VC 15 Tawny Coaster Acraea violae (Fabricius) VC 16 Blue Tiger Tirumala linniace (Cramer) R 17 Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) C 18 Striped Tiger Danaus genutia (Cramer) VC 19 Indian Common Crow Euploea core (Cramer) C 20 Danaid Eggfly** Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus) VC 21 Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus) C 22 Peacock Pansy Junonia almana (Linnaeus) C 23 Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta (Fabricius) C 24 Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita (Cramer) R 25 Grey Pansy Junonia atlites (Linnaeus) VC 26 Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda (Linnaeus) VC 27 Common Sailor Neptis hylas (Moore) VC 28 Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha (Drury) VC 29 Common Four Ring Ypthima baldus (Fabricius) Family: Pieridae C 30 Indian Cabbage White Pieris canidia (Linnaeus) R 31 Crimson Tip Colotis danae (Linnaeus) VC 32 Pioneer Anaphaeis aurota (Fabricius) C 33 Common Emigrant Catopsilia Pomona (Fabricius) R 34 Common Jezebel** Delias eucharis (Drury) VC 35 Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus) R 36 Great Orange Tip Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus) R 37 White Orange Tip Ixias Marianne (Cramer) R 38 Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus) R 39 Large Salmon Arab Colotis fausta (Olivier) R 40 Small Salmon Arab Colotis amata (Fabricius) C 41 Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria (Joicey & Talbot) Family: Hesperiidae R 42 Indian Skipper Spialia galba (Fabricius) VC-Very common; C-Common; R-Rare, *-Endemic to Western Ghats; **-Endemic to Peninsular India and Sri Lanka 1 2 3 4 5 6

843

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846

Harisha and Hosetti., 2013 Chameleon, Chamaeleo zeylanicus is listed in Schedule

New Delhi, 85pp.

II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Balmer O and Erhardt A. 2000. Consequences of succession on extensively grazed grassland for central

CONCLUSION The presence of all these species indicates that

European

butterfly

communities:

Rethinking

this forest is rich and unique habitat that hold animal

conservation practices. Conservation Biology 14: 746-

diversity that is typical of ‘undisturbed tropical dry

757.

deciduous scrub forests’. Disturbances in the form of anthropogenic activities such as open cast mining,

Birdlife International. 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia.

construction of roads, movement of heavy vehicles,

BirdLife

firewood

International, Cambridge, U. K.: Birdlife International.

collection,

fragmentation,

etc.

can

result

population

loss

and

habitat

cause

International

Red

Data

Book.

Birdlife

local

extinctions that would seriously affect the distribution of

Borges RM, Gowda V and Zacharias M. 2003.

forest butterflies. Based on the results of this study, it is

Butterfly pollination and highcontrast visual signals in a

recommended that long-term conservation of these

low-density distylous plant. Oecologia. 136, 571-573.

fragmenting tropical Deccan scrub forest habitats in Bellary Forest Division is to protect the biodiversity

Brown KS. 1991. The conservation of insects and their

which can be achieved through ‘good mining practices’

habitats, pp. 350-403. In: Conservation of Neotropical

and strict vigilance.

Environments: Insects as Indicators. 15th Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to ACF and RFO of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Bellary Forest Division who have

Ehrlich PR and Raven PH. 1964. Butterflies and plants: a study in co-evolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.

encouraged and directed this work from the beginning. I also thank the two forest watchers Putteshi and

Erhardt A. 1985. Diurnal Lepidoptera: Sensitive

Anjinappa for their support and assistance in the field.

indicators of cultivated and abandoned grassland.

MNH is thankful to UGC, New Delhi for sanctioning

Journal of Applied Ecology. 22: 849-861.

(RGNF) Fellowship, to research team of Panchavati Research

Academy for

Nature

(PRANA)

Trust,

Garshelis DL, Ratnayeke S and Chauhan NPS. 2008.

Linganamakki, Sagar (Tq), Shivamogga for support and

Melursus ursinus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List

also to Kuvempu University for facilities.

Thr eat en ed

Speci es.

Ver si on

2010. 2.

<www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 August REFERENCES

2010.

Antram CB. 2002. Butterflies of India. A Mittal Publication, New Delhi. 226pp.

Ghazoul J. 2002. Impact of logging on the richness and diversity of forest butterflies in a tropical dry forest in

Arora K. 2003. Forest Laws. The Wildlife Protection

Thailand. Biodivers Conserv. 11: 521-541.

Act, 1972 as amended by the Wild (Protection) Amendment Act, 2002. Professional Book Publishers, Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846

844

Harisha and Hosetti., 2013 Gay TI, Kehimkar D and Punitha JC. 1992. Common

Karnataka.

Status

Karnataka

Biodiversity.

Butterflies of India. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

SAHYADRI E-NEWS: Issue XI. Sahyadri: Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System ENVIS @CES,

Gupta I J. and Mondal DK. 2005. Red Data Book, Part

Indian

Institute

Science,

Bangalore.

http://

II: Butterflies of India. Zoological Society of India,

www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/

Kolkata.

newsletter/issue11/hotspot/index.htm.

Harish MN, Hosetti BB and Shahnawax A. 2009.

Mamata Chandraker, Sachin Palekar and Sangita

A checklist of Butterfly from Jogimatti State Forest,

Chandrakar. 2007. Butterfly Fauna of Melghat Region,

Chitradurga, Karnataka. Journal of Insect environment.

Maharashtra. Zoos’ Print Journal. 22(7): 2762-2764.

15(3):113-116. Margules CR and Pressey RL. 2000. Systematic Henschel P, Hunter L, Breitenmoser U, Purchase N, Packer C, Khorozyan I, Bauer H, Marker L, Sogbohossou E, Breitenmoser-Würsten C. 2008. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.

and species diversity in four tropical habitats in the northern Western Ghats. J. Biosci. 22: 593-603.

Indian

lipid reserves in two nectarivorous butterflies. Ecol.73 (6): 2181-2191.

Academy

G. 2003. Biodiversity Hotspot Report for Daroji Bear Sanctuary.

http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/

sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue11/hotspot/hotspots/ Daroji.htm.

Kunte K. 2000. India-A Life scape Butterflies of India.

May PG. 1992. Flower selection and the dynamics of

Neginhal SG, Harish R Bhat, Pramod S and Karthik

Kunte K. 1997. Seasonal patterns in butterfly abundance

Peninsular

conservation planning. Nature. 405: 243-253.

Sciences,

Bangalore, Universities Press. 270pp. Kocher SD and Williams EH. 2000. The diversity and abundance of North American butterflies, vary with habitat disturbance and geography. J. Biogeogr. 27: 785794. Kremen C. 1992. Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural area monitoring. Ecological Applications 2: 203-217. Madhav Gadgil, Geetha Gadagkar, Harish R Bhat, Prema Iyer, Ramachandra TV, Yogesh Gokhale.

Pramod Kumar MPM, Hosetti BB, Poornesha HC and Raghavendra Gowda HT. 2007. Butterflies of the Tiger-Lion Safari, Thyavarekoppa, Shimoga, Karnataka. Zoos’ print Journal. 22(8):2805. Pollard E. 1979. A national scheme for monitoring the abundance of butterflies. The First Three Years British Entomological and Natural History Society. Proceedings and Transations. 12:77-99. Sharma RM and, Radhakrishna C. 2005. Insecta: Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera and Grypocera) Fauna of Melghat Tiger Reserve Conservation Area Series, 24. Aoological Survey of India, Kolkata. 377-400.

2011. Checklist of Butterflies of Daroji Bear Sanctuary, 845

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846

Harisha and Hosetti., 2013 Wynter-Blynth MA. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian Region, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay-523. 72.

Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright submit@jresearchbiology.com www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 840-846

846

Journal of Research in Biology

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Toxicity of copper to tropical freshwater snail ( Pila ovata) Authors: Ariole CN1 and Anokwuru B2. Institution: 1. Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2. School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT: The potential toxicity of copper to freshwater snail (Pila ovata) was investigated in a static renewal bioassay for 96 hours. Chemically pure salts of copper sulphate (CuSO4. 5H2O) dissolved in distilled water was used as toxicant. Five copper ion concentrations with a control group were prepared. The LC50 at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h was 4.67, 2.12, 1.64 and 0.59 mg/l respectively. The LT50 of copper concentrations of 0.05 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, 1.0 mg/l and 2.0 mg/l were 123.86 h, 97.20 h, 83.33 h, 75.32 h and 60.04 h respectively. No death was recorded in the controls. Survival time decreased with increasing concentrations of copper ion. The results showed that copper is toxic to Pila ovata and could pose serious threat to their survival in natural environment.

Corresponding author: Ariole CN.

Keywords: Copper toxicity, freshwater snail, median lethal concentration, median lethal time.

Email: cnariole@yahoo.com

Article Citation: Ariole CN and Anokwuru B. Toxicity of copper to tropical freshwater snail (Pila ovata) Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851

Web Address:

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0334.pdf.

Dates: Received: 07 Feb 2013

Accepted: 13 Feb 2013

Published: 03 Apr 2013

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

847-851 | JRB | 2013 | Vol 3 | No 2

www.jresearchbiology.com

Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013 ecological importance, availability and ease of handling

INTRODUCTION Freshwater molluscs play an important role in

(Fuller et al., 2004). Although the tests are laboratory

aquatic ecosystems, providing food for many fish species

based, simple, of single variable and do not necessarily

and vertebrates (Maltchik, et al., 2010). Pila ovata, a

simulate the field situations, they nonetheless provide

tropical freshwater snail, is among the molluscan

useful information on the potential of the pollutant to

seafoods that are widely distributed in streams, lakes

harm the biota (Akbari et al., 2004).

and rivers across the southern rain forests in Nigeria

The toxicity of copper to aquatic organisms such

(Ariole and Ezevununwo, 2013). It serves as a major

as tropical freshwater prawn (Kaoud, 2013) and fish

source of protein as well as generating income to the

(Olaifa et al., 2004; Abou El-Naga et al., 2005;

people.

Stasiūnaitė, 2005; Mickėniėnė et al., 2007) have been The contamination of freshwater with a wide

range of pollutants has become a matter of concern over

reported. There is dearth of information on the toxicity of copper to mollusc, Pila ovata.

the last few decades (Vutukuru, 2005). Chemicals

Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate

derived from agricultural operations (pesticides and

the potential toxicity of copper to freshwater snail

herbicides) and industrial effluents, such as metals,

(Pila ovata) so as to ascertain its level of tolerance and

ultimately find their way into a variety of different water

its suitability as bio-indicator in freshwater environment.

bodies and can produce a range of toxic effects in aquatic organisms (Al-Kahtani, 2009). Copper

salts

(copper

MATERIALS AND METHODS hydroxide,

copper

Pila ovata was collected from Okpuhur Creek in

carbonate and copper sulphate) are widely used in

Ahoada, Rivers State, Nigeria. The snails were

agriculture as fungicide, algaecide and nutritional

handpicked and placed in a plastic bucket containing

supplement in fertilizers. They are also used in veterinary

habitat water. On reaching the laboratory, active snails

practices and industrial applications. Copper sulphate is

were selected for acclimatization for 10days at room

released to water as a result of natural weathering of soil

temperature (APHA, 1998) in a vessel containing habitat

and discharge from industries, sewage treatment plants

water.

and agricultural runoff. Copper sulphate is also

Chemically pure copper sulphate (CuSO4 . 5H2O)

intensively introduced in water reservoirs to kill algae.

dissolved in distilled water was used as a stock solution.

Thus, excessive amount of copper accumulates in water

The required concentration was calculated according

bodies and cause toxicity of aquatic fauna and flora

to the amount of copper ions. Five concentrations

(Kaoud, 2013). Copper is essential for the normal growth

(0.0 mg/l), 0.05 mg/l, 0.1 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l, 1.0 mg/l and

and metabolism of nearly all organisms including

2.0 mg/l) were prepared using water from the habitat of

mollusc. However, when biological requirements are

the snail as diluent. The control was dilution water

exceeded, this metal can become harmful to aquatic biota

without toxicant. A preliminary range finding test

(Hall et al., 1997).

(Rahman et al., 2002) was first performed to determine

Acute toxicity bioassay are widely used to assess

the concentrations used in the definitive tests. The 96 h

the effects of pollutants on one or more organisms

acute toxicity bioassay was carried out using the

usually based on the determination of acute lethal

procedure of APHA (1998). Triplicate sets of glass tanks

toxicity and sub-lethal toxicity test using sensitive

(29 x 29 x 30 cm) for each copper concentration were

species or organisms based on their economic and

employed. Ten snails of fairly equal sizes were

848

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851

Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013 handpicked and carefully transferred into each test tanks.

increased. The LT50 for freshwater snail in different

Mortality was recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of

copper ion concentrations are shown in Table 2 and

exposure time as described by Odiete (1999). Dead snails

Figure 2. There is negative correlation between the LT 50

were removed at each observation and the test solution in

values and copper ion concentrations; when the copper

each tank was renewed every 24 h. The test was

ion concentrations levels decrease, LT50 values increased

terminated after 96 h and repeated three times to confirm

(Table 2 and Figure 2). The survival percentages were

the data.

found to be significantly different from each other as

Data analysis

shown in Table 3.

Probit analysis (Sprague, 1973) was used to

The LC50 of copper vary considerably when

transform each test concentration and the corresponding

previous reports on fish species are compared and also

percentage mortality. The method described by Finney

with LC50 values obtained in this study. The 96 hr LC50

(1971) was used to determine the median lethal

values of copper ions for rainbow trout (GĎ&#x2039;ndoÄ&#x;du,

concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50). The

2008), Mugil seheli (Abou El-Naga, 2005) and

number of survivors in different concentrations of copper

Macrobrachium

was tested for significant differences using one way

0.094 mg/l, 1.64 mg/l and 0.35 mg/l respectively. The

analysis of variance (ANOVA).

variation in the LC50 values for the same metal may be

rosenbergii

(Kaoud,

2013)

were

due to species type, chemical structure of metal compound, the conditions of the experiment (water

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The

probit

with

temperature, salinity, oxygen content and pH) and

increasing copper ion concentrations as shown in Figure

geographical regions. That is why the data obtained in

1. No mortality occurred in the control group. The

different countries can hardly be extrapolated to local

relationships between copper concentrations and probit

conditions. Therefore, experimental work is needed to

mortality were analysed. The results in basic correlation

obtain the data corresponding to the conditions of the

analysis

given region.

illustrated

mortality rate

positive

increased

linear

relationship

(Figure 1). The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC50 of copper to

The results of this study indicated that mortality

Pila ovata were 4.67, 2.12, 1.64 and 0.59 respectively

and time were influenced by the concentration levels of

(Table 1). The result showed that the LC50 value of

copper and that copper is toxic to Pila ovata. It has been

copper ion to Pila ovata decreased as the exposure time

reported that Pila ovata is capable of bioaccumulating

Figure 1: Median Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Copper to Pila ovata

Figure 2: Median Lethal Time (LT50) of Copper to Pila ovata

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851

849

Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013 Table 1: Median lethal concentration (LC50) of copper to Pila ovata Time (hr) 24 48 72 96

LC50 (mg/l) 4.67 2.12 1.64 0.59

Table 2: Median lethal time (LT50) of copper to Pila ovata Concentration (mg/l) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0

Time (hr) 123.86 97.20 83.33 75.32 60.04

trace metals (Ezemonye et al., 2006). This poses health

(2):60-71.

issue when consumed by human. Therefore, caution

Akbari S, Law AT and Shariff M. 2004. Toxicity of water soluble fractions of crude oil to fish, Lutjanus argentimaculatus and shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 28:169-175.

should be exercised against water source contamination and exposure to fertilizer and industrial pollution which could pose serious threat to their survival in natural environment.

Al-Kahtani MA. 2009. Accumulation of heavy metals in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus from Al-Khadoud spring, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia, American Journal of Applied sciences 6(12):2024-2029. APHA. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

Figure 3: Minimum lethal concentration and minimum lethal time of copper to Pila ovata Table 3: Survivors of Pila ovata exposed to different concentrations of copper Concentration (mg/l)

Survival (%) (Mean ±S.D)

Control (0) 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0

100a ± 0.00 60b ± 0.67 46.67c ± 0.67 36.67d± 0.67 30e ± 0.67 23.33f ± 0.67

Mean values which do not have the same superscript letter are significantly different (p<0.05) REFERENCES Abou El-Naga EH, El-Moselhy KM and Hamed MA. 2005. Toxicity of cadmium and copper and their effect on some biochemical parameters of marine fish Mugil seheli. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 31 850

Ariole CN and Ezevununwo O. 2013. Acute toxicity of dichlorvos on tropical freshwater snail (Pila ovata). International Journal of Biosciences 3(1):70-75. Ezemonye LIN, Enobakhare V and Ilechie I. 2006. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Fe) in freshwater snail (Pila ovata; Oliver 1804) from Ikpoba River of Southern Nigeria. Journal of Aquatic Sciences 21(1):23-28. Finney DJ. 1971. Probit Analysis. 3rd edition Cambridge University Press, London, 333. Fuller J, Bonner J, Page C, Ernest A, McDonald T and McDonald S. 2004. Comparative toxicity of oil, dispersant and oil-plus-dispersant to several marine species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(12):2941-2949. Gϋndoğdu A. 2008. Acute toxicity of zinc and copper for rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com 2(5):711-721. Hall LW, Scott MC and Killen WD. 1997. Ecological risk assessment of copper and cadmium in the surface waters of Chesapeake Bay watershed. Environmental Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851

Ariole and Anokwuru., 2013 Toxicology and Chemistry 17(6):1172-1189. Kaoud HA. 2013. Effect of copper intoxication on survival and immune response in tropical freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In : Eds. Bhart PK, Chauhan A and Kaoud HA. Aquatic Biodiversity and Pollution. Discovery Publishing House PVT. LTD., New Delhi. 38-48. Maltchik L, Stenert C, Kotzian CB and Pereira D. 2010. Responses of freshwater molluscs to environmental factors in southern Brazil wetland. Brazilian Journal of Biology 70(3):473-482. Mickėniėnė L, Šyvokienė J and Stasiūnaitė P. 2007. The effect of copper ions on the growth and bacterial abundance in the intestinal tract of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae. Acta zoologica Lithuanica 17(1):16-22. Odiete WO. 1999. Environmental Physiology of Animals and Pollution. Diversified Resources, Ltd., Lagos, Nigeria. Olaifa FG, Olaifa AK and Onwude TE. 2004. Lethal and sublethal effects of copper to the African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus). African Journal of Biomedical Research 7:65-70. Rahman MZ, Hossain Z, Mollah MFA and Ahmed GU. 2002. Effect of diazinum60EC on Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Barbodes gonionotus “Naga’’. The ICLARM Quarterly 25:8-12. Sprague JB. 1973. The ABCs of pollutants bioassay using fish. In: Biological methods for assessment of water quality Cairns JJr. and Dickson, KL. (eds.), ASTM Special Tech. Public. 528:6-30. Stasiūnaitė P. 2005. Toxicity of copper to embryonic development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta zoologica Lituanica 15(3):259-265. Vutukuru SS. 2005. Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, hematological parameters and some biochemical profiles of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2(3):456462.

Submit your articles online at www.jresearchbiology.com Advantages

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright submit@jresearchbiology.com www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php.

Journal of Research in Biology (2013) 3(2): 847-851

851

Guidelines for Authors

The article should be addressed to "The Editor". Submission of an article implies that it has never been published in any other journals and if accepted, it will not be publi shed elsewhere. All papers are first reviewed by the editor. Papers found lacking will not be considered. Others will be sent for a detailed peer-review process. Journal Manuscript Format The manuscript should be typed in â&#x20AC;&#x153;Times new Romanâ&#x20AC;? font with font size 11 and 1.5 line spacing. The page size should be strictly A4. All images should be in JPEG format. The article is to be submitted should accompany a covering letter with name and complete address (including Telephone Number and e-mail ID) of the author/s. The completed article should be sent to submit@jresearchbiology.com Title The title should briefly identify the subject and indicate the purpose of the document. The title should supply enough information for the reader to make a reliable decision on probable interest. Do not use all caps; instead use caps only at the first word of the title and/or at scientific names, abbreviations etc., Center the authors' initials and last names directly below the title. Abstract The abstract should include a hypothesis or rationale for the work, a brief description of the methods, a summary of the results, and a conclusion: The abstract should be less than 250 words. Do not include literature citations or references to tables, figures or equations. Keywords A short list of keywords or phrases should be included immediately after the abstract as index words. Choose keywords that reflect the content of your article. Note that words in the title are not searchable as keywords unless they are also included in the keyword list. Body of the Article The introductory section of the text should include a brief statement of why the research was conducted. It should also define the problem and present objectives along with a plan of development of the subject matter. The introductory section also usually includes a brief survey of the relevant literature on the topic. Materials and Methods Provide sufficient detail so that the work may be repeated. Do not give details of methods described in readily available sou rces. Instead, refer to the source and describe any modification. Figures that illustrate test apparatus and tables of treatment parameters or equipment specifications are appropriate here. Results and Discussion This section describes the solution to the problem stated in the introductory section. Use figures and tables to visually supplement the presentation of your results. The text must refer explicitly to all visuals, and you must interpret the visual elements to emphasize the evidence on which your conclusions are based. Do not omit important negative results. In addition, relate your findings to previous findings by identifying how and why there are differences and where there is agreement. Speculation is encouraged, but it must be identified. Conclusion This is a summary of your results. In this section, state any conclusions that can be drawn from your data. You may also include suggestions for future research. The conclusion may be a subsection of the Results and Discussion section, or it may be a separate section. Data or statements cited in your conclusion must have been stated previously in the article. Do not introduce new information in the conclusion. Acknowledgement Acknowledgements are optional. Use them to thank individuals or organizations that provided assistance in materials, expertise, or financing. The acknowledgements will appear at the end of the text and should be limited to one or two sentences. References All sources cited in the text must be listed in the References, and all documents listed in the References must be cited in the text. Accuracy of citation is the author's responsibility.

Reference Style References should be cited in the text in the form (Author et al, 1987) and listed in alphabetical order at the end of the article as follows: Schernewski G, Neumann T. The trophic state of the Baltic Sea a century ago: a model simulation study. J Mar Sys. 2005;53:109–124. Kaufman PD, Cseke LJ, Warber S, Duke JA and Brielman HL. Natural Products from plants. CRC press, Bocaralon, Florida. 1999;15-16. Kala CP. Ecology and Conservation of alphine meadows in the valley of flowers national park, Garhwal Himalaya. Ph.D Thesis, Dehradun: Forest Research Institute, 1998;75-76. http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/pdf/1746-4269-1-11.pdf. Appendix Use an appendix for material that is too long to include in the text of the article. Manuscript Charges Journal of Research in Biology is an International Research Journal. This Journal provides immediate access to all published full-text articles to interested readers from all around the world. The availability of the author’s paper makes the scientific community to understand and develop an impact in the concerned research field. It also increases the chance of more citations of the published work, which in turn can be translated into more recognition of research. This journal also accelerates research and knowledge building worldwide. Publishing an article in Journal of Research in Biology requires payment of the manuscript processing charges, once the manuscript is accepted for publication. The payment is to be made by one of the authors, their university/organization, or funding entity. The manuscript processing charges are fixed so as to allow publishers to recover manuscript processing expenses and the cost of making the full-text available on the Internet to all interested researchers. For Indians The charges for submission of a Research article is Rs 2100, up to 8 pages and for more pages, each page costs Rs 250. For Foreign nationals The charges for submission of a Research article is USD 100, up to 8 pages and for more pages, each page costs 15 USD. Copyright Authors who publish in Journal of Research in Biology retain the copyright of their work which allows the unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of an article in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited. If you have any queries kindly contact us at contact@jresearchbiology.com Hard copy subscription of the Journal is available. Kindly subscribe it for your laboratory. Subscription Rates For India:

Other countries

One Year

: Rs 1000

One Year

: $120

Six Months

: Rs 600

Six Months

: $65

Three Months : Rs 300

Three Months : $35

Eight Issues per year will be produced and sent to your perusal. All overseas address is served by Airmail. Send subscription to: Bioindica and Company, No 4, 108/A, 6th street, Perumalpuram, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India – 627 007. Ph No: 0462-2534033 Payment mode: You can take a Demand Draft/ Cheque in favour of D. Abiya Chelliah Payable at State Bank of India, St. Xavier’s College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India-627002. Kindly inform us through contact@jresearchbiology.com on doing your payment for subscription.