Journal of Research in Biology Volume 4 Issue 4 by Journal of Research in Biology

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List of Editors of Editors in the Journal of Research in Biology Managing and Executive Editor: Abiya Chelliah [Molecular Biology] Publisher, Journal of Research in Biology. Editorial Board Members: Ciccarese [Molecular Biology] Universita di Bari, Italy. Sathishkumar [Plant Biotechnologist] Bharathiar University. SUGANTHY [Entomologist] TNAU, Coimbatore. Elanchezhyan [Agriculture, Entomology] TNAU, Tirunelveli. Syed Mohsen Hosseini [Forestry & Ecology] Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Iran. Dr. Ramesh. C. K [Plant Tissue Culture] Sahyadri Science College, Karnataka. Kamal Prasad Acharya [Conservation Biology] Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Dr. Ajay Singh [Zoology] Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur Dr. T. P. Mall [Ethnobotany and Plant pathoilogy] Kisan PG College, BAHRAICH Ramesh Chandra [Hydrobiology, Zoology] S.S.(P.G.)College, Shahjahanpur, India. Adarsh Pandey [Mycology and Plant Pathology] SS P.G.College, Shahjahanpur, India Hanan El-Sayed Mohamed Abd El-All Osman [Plant Ecology] Al-Azhar university, Egypt Ganga suresh [Microbiology] Sri Ram Nallamani Yadava College of Arts & Sciences, Tenkasi, India. T.P. Mall [Ethnobotany, Plant pathology] Kisan PG College,BAHRAICH, India. Mirza Hasanuzzaman [Agronomy, Weeds, Plant] Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh Mukesh Kumar Chaubey [Immunology, Zoology] Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate College, Gorakhpur, India. N.K. Patel [Plant physiology & Ethno Botany] Sheth M.N.Science College, Patan, India. Kumudben Babulal Patel [Bird, Ecology] Gujarat, India.

Dr. Afreenish Hassan [Microbiology] Department of Pathology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Gurjit Singh [Soil Science] Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Dr. Marcela Pagano [Mycology] Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Brazil. Dr.Amit Baran Sharangi [Horticulture] BCKV (Agri University), West Bengal, INDIA. Dr. Bhargava [Melittopalynology] School of Chemical & Biotechnology, Sastra University, Tamilnadu, INDIA. Dr. Sri Lakshmi Sunitha Merla [Plant Biotechnology] Jawaharlal Technological University, Hyderabad. Dr. Mrs. Kaiser Jamil [Biotechnology] Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, India. Ahmed Mohammed El Naim [Agronomy] University of Kordofan, Elobeid-SUDAN. Dr. Zohair Rahemo [Parasitology] University of Mosul, Mosul,Iraq. Dr. Birendra Kumar [Breeding and Genetic improvement] Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India. Dr. Sanjay M. Dave [Ornithology and Ecology] Hem. North Gujarat University, Patan. Dr. Nand Lal [Micropropagation Technology Development] C.S.J.M. University, India. Fábio M. da Costa [Biotechnology: Integrated pest control, genetics] Federal University of Rondônia, Brazil. Marcel Avramiuc [Biologist] Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Romania. Dr. Meera Srivastava [Hematology , Entomology] Govt. Dungar College, Bikaner. P. Gurusaravanan [Plant Biology ,Plant Biotechnology and Plant Science] School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, India. Dr. Mrs Kavita Sharma [Botany] Arts and commerce girl’s college Raipur (C.G.), India. Suwattana Pruksasri [Enzyme technology, Biochemical Engineering] Silpakorn University, Thailand. Dr.Vishwas Balasaheb Sakhare [Reservoir Fisheries] Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai, India.

CHANDRAMOHAN [Biochemist] College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University.

Dr. Pankaj Sah [Environmental Science, Plant Ecology] Higher College of Technology (HCT), Al-Khuwair.

B.C. Behera [Natural product and their Bioprospecting] Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, INDIA.

Dr. Erkan Kalipci [Environmental Engineering] Selcuk University, Turkey.

Kuvalekar Aniket Arun [Biotechnology] Lecturer, Pune.

Dr Gajendra Pandurang Jagtap [Plant Pathology] College of Agriculture, India.

Mohd. Kamil Usmani [Entomology, Insect taxonomy] Aligarh Muslim university, Aligarh, india.

Dr. Arun M. Chilke [Biochemistry, Enzymology, Histochemistry] Shree Shivaji Arts, Commerce & Science College, India.

Dr. Lachhman Das Singla [Veterinary Parasitology] Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.

Dr. AC. Tangavelou [Biodiversity, Plant Taxonomy] Bio-Science Research Foundation, India.

Vaclav Vetvicka [Immunomodulators and Breast Cancer] University of Louisville, Kentucky.

Nasroallah Moradi Kor [Animal Science] Razi University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

José F. González-Maya [Conservation Biology] Laboratorio de ecología y conservación de fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México.

T. Badal Singh [plant tissue culture] Panjab University, India

Dr. Kalyan Chakraborti [Agriculture, Pomology, horticulture] AICRP on Sub-Tropical Fruits, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Dr. Monanjali Bandyopadhyay [Farmlore, Traditional and indigenous practices, Ethno botany] V. C., Vidyasagar University, Midnapore. M.Sugumaran [Phytochemistry] Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur, Kancheepuram District. Prashanth N S [Public health, Medicine] Institute of Public Health, Bangalore. Tariq Aftab Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Manzoor Ahmad Shah Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Syampungani Stephen School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia. Iheanyi Omezuruike OKONKO Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria. Sharangouda Patil Toxicology Laboratory, Bioenergetics & Environmental Sciences Division, National Institue of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP, ICAR), Adugodi, Bangalore. Jayapal Nandyal, Kurnool, Andrapradesh, India. T.S. Pathan [Aquatic toxicology and Fish biology] Department of Zoology, Kalikadevi Senior College, Shirur, India. Aparna Sarkar [Physiology and biochemistry] Amity Institute of Physiotherapy, Amity campus, Noida, INDIA. Dr. Amit Bandyopadhyay [Sports & Exercise Physiology] Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, INDIA . Maruthi [Plant Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. Veeranna [Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. RAVI [Biotechnology & Bioinformatics] Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India. Sadanand Mallappa Yamakanamardi [Zoology] Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Anoop Das [Ornithologist] Research Department of Zoology, MES Mampad College, Kerala, India.

Dr. Satish Ambadas Bhalerao [Environmental Botany] Wilson College, Mumbai Rafael Gomez Kosky [Plant Biotechnology] Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central de Las Villas Eudriano Costa [Aquatic Bioecology] IOUSP - Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil M. Bubesh Guptha [Wildlife Biologist] Wildlife Management Circle (WLMC), India Rajib Roychowdhury [Plant science] Centre for biotechnology visva-bharati, India. Dr. S.M.Gopinath [Environmental Biotechnology] Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore. Dr. U.S. Mahadeva Rao [Bio Chemistry] Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia. Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado [Pharmacist] Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil Mandava Venkata Basaveswara Rao [Chemistry] Krishna University, India. Dr. Mostafa Mohamed Rady [Agricultural Sciences] Fayoum University, Egypt. Dr. Hazim Jabbar Shah Ali [Poultry Science] College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Iraq. Danial Kahrizi [Plant Biotechnology, Plant Breeding,Genetics] Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., Razi University, Iran Dr. Houhun LI [Systematics of Microlepidoptera, Zoogeography, Coevolution, Forest protection] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China. María de la Concepción García Aguilar [Biology] Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, B. C., Mexico Fernando Reboredo [Archaeobotany, Forestry, Ecophysiology] New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal Dr. Pritam Chattopadhyay [Agricultural Biotech, Food Biotech, Plant Biotech] Visva-Bharati (a Central University), India

Table of Contents (Volume 4 - Issue 4) Serial No

Accession No

RA0446

Title of the article

Laboratory evaluation and comparative study of herbal mosquito coils

Page No

1332-1337

against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Susheela P and Radha R.

RA0447

Daily Activity Budget of Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca

1338-1347

fascicularis umbrosa) in Great Nicobar Island, India.. Rajeshkumar S, Raghunathan C, Kailash Chandra and Venkataraman K.

RA0454

Analysis on protein fingerprint, RAPD and fruit quality of tomato

1348-1356

mutants by ion beam implantation. Duan HY, Wang CF, Yu YA, Li XW and Zhou YQ.

RA0452

The leaping behavior of the sally lightfoot crab Grapsus grapsus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) at an oceanic archipelago. Marina de Sá Leitão Câmara de Araújo.

1357-1364

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No: Print: 2231 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Laboratory evaluation and comparative study of herbal mosquito coils against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Authors: ABSTRACT: Susheela P* and Radha R. Synthetic insecticides employed for the control of insect pests are toxic to man and livestock acting as pollutants to the environment, killing all beneficial insects thereby causing a disturbance to the ecosystem. The use of natural products such as plant essential oils has assumed significance as an important component of insect pest management because of their financial viability and eco-friendly nature. They hold Institution: promise as alternatives to chemical insecticides to reduce pesticide load in the Department of Zoology, PSGR Krishnammal College environment. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the efficacy of three essential oils -eucalyptus oil, lemon grass oil and thyme oil for the repellent for Women Coimbatore, activity against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Among the essential oils, Tamilnadu, India. Lemon grass oil showed good repellency property when compared to the other two plant oils. Hence, the results of the investigation would indicate a significant potential for lemon grass oil as a possible source of natural products that could be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides. Corresponding author: Susheela P.

Keywords: Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, repellency, Plant essential oil.

Web Address:

Article Citation: Susheela P and Radha R. Laboratory evaluation and comparative study of herbal mosquito coils against the filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1332-1337

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0446.pdf.

Dates: Received: 01 April 2014

Accepted: 31 May 2014

Published: 20 Jun 2014

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

1332-1337 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 4

www.jresearchbiology.com

Susheela and Radha, 2014 contain active materials that are potential enough to

INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are considered as an important insect

control the mosquito population. (Sutthanont et al.,

pests that affect the health and well being of human

2010). In recent times, plant products are used as novel

beings and other animals worldwide.

Mosquitoes are

chemo therapeutants in pest management in different

cosmopolitan in distribution and have occupied many

parts of the world, because of their biodegradable nature.

niches including higher altitudes. Mosquitoes are always

(Hardin and Jackson, 2009).Therefore, the present study

considered as a nuisance because they consume blood

was aimed to investigate the mosquito repellent nature of

from living

beings

three essential oils: Eucalyptus tereticornis (Eucalyptus),

(Bernhard et al., 2003). In India, annually around 40

Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Thymus vulgaris

million people suffer from mosquito borne diseases. The

(thyme) against C. quinquefasciatus.

vertebrates,

including

human

extensive use of mosquito repellents and insecticides in public health programmes has caused extensive level of

MATERIAL AND METHODS

environmental pollution and serious health hazards.

Plant Oils:

Many of them are alarmingly toxic to human beings and also other non-target organisms.

The plant oils were purchased from the Aromatic Oil Stores, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu and formulated for

Controlling the mosquitoes in an effective manner is

the experiment. A stock solution at 1000 ppm is prepared

often complex and expensive task which requires support

by dissolving the essential oils in distilled water using

from communities and also from different groups such as

2 ml of 100% acetone respectively. The serial dilutions

industry, agriculture, state and local governments

of essential oils at the concentration of 5%, 15% and

(Joseph et al., 2004). The harmful effect of the pesticides

25% and three replicate of each concentration were

on the environment, animals, plants and human beings is

made.

an issue of great concern. As far as India is concerned,

Preparation of herbal mosquito coils:

many

the

are

Mosquito coils were prepared using cow dung,

commercialized in the form of dust, powder or sprays

sawdust, neem leaves, flower waste and tulsi leaves.

that

Then the essential oils, Thymus vulgaris, Lemon grass,

contain

insecticides

chemicals

organophosphates

such synthetic

larvicides

organochlorine, Yet

and Eucalyptus oils were sprayed (w/w) on top of the

mosquitoes, due to a prolonged use of these insecticides

coil by using a hand spray pump in different

become resistant and thus it becomes a difficult task to

concentration of 5%, 15% and 25 % separately and they

eradicate them totally (Prajapati et al., 2005). They also

were used for its efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus

pose a threat to the human population by carrying vector

mosquito. The coil was dried in the oven at 70Â°C for

borne diseases and sometimes out break as epidemics.

6 hours was dried for half an hour at room temperature.

Hence to control the vector mosquitoes, efforts are

These coils were then packed in suitable air tight plastic

being taken to look for an alternate solution which

folders and kept for 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3 days for even spread of the

will

essential herbals on the coil.

ultimately

and

minimize

the

pyrethroid.

use

of synthetic

insecticides.

Test Organisms

The development of eco-friendly insecticides will

The test organism, C. quinquefasciatus, was reared in

serve its purpose as a new alternate to substitute the

the laboratory in the Department of Zoology, PSGR

synthetic insecticides essentially cutting down the

Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore, Tamil

chemical pollution. The pyrethrum flower extracts

Nadu. Dog biscuits and yeast powder in a ratio of 3:1

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Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1332-1337

Susheela and Radha, 2014

Concentration of lemon grass oil Figure-1 Repellency of lemon grass oil against C. quinquefasciatus were given as feed for the mosquito larvae. On the other

coil was put in the middle of one side of the room. For

hand, adult mosquitoes were fed with a 10% sucrose

control, 50 female unfed, 5 days old mosquitoes were

solution and a 1 week-old chick. Mosquitoes were kept

released in the centre of the room. Then the number of

at relative humidity of 28-30Â°C, 75 Âą 5%, with 14-h light

landing mosquitoes on the bare legs of the human

and 10-h dark, photo period ( Kitzmiller et al., 1954).

volunteers was counted for a period of 2 min. For testing,

Bioassays

the mosquito coil was ignited, then counting of the

Repellency Test

number of landing mosquitoes on the bare legs of the

The experiment was conducted in a closed room,

human volunteers began and was recorded at periodic

with a volume of 92.8 m3 in the Department of Zoology,

intervals. Three replications were done by changing the

PSGR Krishnammal College for Women, Coimbatore,

positions of the human volunteers, and then repeating the

Tamil Nadu. The human volunteers sat at 1 m, 2 m, 4 m,

procedure the next day.

and 8 m from the herbal mosquito coil. The mosquito

Concentration of eucalyptus oil Figure-2 Repellency of eucalypus oil against C. quinquefasciatus Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1332-1337

1334

Susheela and Radha, 2014

Concentration of thyme oil Figure-3 Repellency of thyme oil against C. quinquefasciatus A number of studies have been focused on lemon

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of repellency test of thyme oil against

grass oil for controlling mosquitoes as a larvicide and a

C. quinquefasciatus (Say) after one hour of treatment are

repellent with varied results. Hanifah et al., (2011)

presented in Figure-3. The results clearly indicated that

demonstrated C. citratus extract has more acaricidal

the highest repellency was reported at 25% concentration

activity

of thyme oil when compared to 5% concentration and

D. pteronyssinus than Azadirachta indica at 50%

10% concentration. As the concentration of the plant oil

concentra-tion.

formulation

Cymbopogon citratus in controlling the insect pests.

C. quinquefasciatus also gets increased. Figure-2

Oyedele et al., (2002) evaluated the ointment and cream

revealed

against

formulations of lemon grass oil in different classes of

C. quinquefasciatus. The lowest repellency was observed

base and the oil in liquid paraffin solution for mosquito

at 5% concentration of eucalypus oil and the highest

repellency in a topical application. Cilek et al., (2011)

repellency was observed at 25% concentration. But the

studied the efficacy of several commercially formulated

essential oil, eucalypus oil is more effective than thyme

essential oils against caged female Aedes albopictus and

oil. Increase in the concentration of the plant oil

Culex quinquefasciatus. Mgbemena (2010) found that

formulation was found to increase the total repellency of

the essential oil O. gratissimium had a greater larvicidal

Culex quinquefasciatus. The different concentrations of

activity than C. citratus. Purwal et al., (2010) tested the

the

against

activity of C. citratus and Mentha piperita essential oils

Culex quinquefasciatus in Figure-1. The percentage of

in a combination against Pe-diculus humanus and found

repellency was found to be high in 25 % concentration

a mean time to death of 60 minutes. Therefore the

than 5 % concentration of the plant oil. The results of

essential oils can be used as an alternative to synthetic

this study clearly indicated that lemon grass oil had high

insecticides for vector control programmes.

the

lemon

increases efficacy

grass

the of

oil

total

mortality

eucalyptus

was

oil

recorded

repellency potential to control the mosquitoes than the other two essential oils.

against

Der-matophagoides This

proves

the

farina efficiency

and of

The essential oils (EO) eucalyptus oil, lemon grass oil, thyme oil were evaluated for repellent activity against the Culex quinquefasciatus. Essential oils of

1335

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1332-1337

Susheela and Radha, 2014 many plants were observed to have mosquito larvicidal

Hanifah AL, Awang SH, Ming HT, Abidin SZ and

property and have received attention as potentially

Omar MH. 2011. Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon

controlling vectors of mosquito borne disease (Zhu et al.,

citratus and Azadirachta indica against house dust mites.

2006). Therefore, the use of lemon grass oils in insect/

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed., 1(5):365-369.

mosquito control is an alternative pest control method for minimizing the harmful effects of pesticidal compounds on the environment. The present study has identified more plant oils showing larvicidal activity against

Hardin JA and Jackson FLC. 2009. Applications of natu-ral products in the control of mosquito-transmitted diseases. Afr J Biotechnol., 8(25): 7373-8.

Culex mosquito. The results obtained suggest that the

Joseph CC, Ndoile MM, Malima RC and Nkuniya

plant

MH.

oils

are

promising

larvicides

against

2004. Larvicidal and mosquitocidal extracts, a

Culex mosquito. The present study also suggests the use

coumrin,

isoflavonoids

and

pterocarpans

from

of Lemon grass oil as the most effective alternative in

Neorautanenia mitis. T Roy Soc Trop Med H., 98(8):

controlling mosquitoes.

451-455. Kitzmiller JB and Micks DW. 1954. Techniques for

CONCLUSION The results of the present investigation proved that the all essential oils at higher concentration are

rearing Culex mosquitoes. Am. Midland Nat., 52(1): 253 -256.

effective but lemongrass oil exhibit a significant knock

Mgbemena IC. 2010. Comparative evaluation of

down activity at higher concentration when compared to

larvicidal potentials of three plant extracts on Aedes

the other oils. For the commercialization of these herbal

aegypti. J Am Sci., 6: 435-40.

mosquito coils, further simulated and actual field trials are required. Hence, Lemongrass essential oil, alone or in combinations with those obtained from other mosquito repellent plant species, could be potentially used for the preparation of mosquito repellent products.

Oyedele AO, Gbolade AA, Sosan MB, Adewoyin FB, Soyelu OL and Orafidiya O. 2002, Formulation of an Effective Mosquito-repellent Topical Product from Lemongrass Oil, Phytomedicine. 9(3):259-262. Prajapati V, Tripathi AK, Aggarwal KK and

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1337

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1332-1337

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No: Print: 2231 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Daily Activity Budget of Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa) in Great Nicobar Island, India Authors: Rajeshkumar S1*, Raghunathan C1, Kailash Chandra2 and Venkataraman K2.

ABSTRACT:

Corresponding author: Rajeshkumar S.

Keywords: Macaca fascicularis umbrosa, Daily activity budget, Great Nicobar Island

Email Id:

Article Citation: Rajeshkumar S, Raghunathan C, Kailash Chandra and Venkataraman K. Daily Activity Budget of Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa) in Great Nicobar Island, India. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

Web Address:

Dates: Received: 01 Apr 2014

Nicobar long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa Miller, 1902) are distributed in three Islands of Nicobar namely Great Nicobar, Little Nicobar and Katchal. Their insular population requires special attention from research and management perspectives. Daily activity budget of M.f. umbrosa in the Great Nicobar Island was studied from October 2011 to September 2013 by intensive direct Institution: 1. Zoological Survey of observation method. Study revealed that Nicobar long-tailed macaque, undergoes India, Andaman and Nicobar most of the time for Locomotion (36.07%), followed by feeding (22.35%), resting or Regional Centre, Port Blair- being inactive (15.74%), grooming (11.14%), vocalization (7.03%), playing (5.64%), 744 102, Andaman and sexual arousal (1.46%) and agonistic (0.56%). All daily activities have significant Nicobar Islands, India. difference (Ď&#x2021;2 = 1156.22; df = 7, P = 0.05). Chi-square test demonstrated that the daily activity budget differed significantly among the behaviours. Qualitative results found 2. Zoological Survey of that the interaction within the group was fighting and grabbing food. The significant India, M-Block, New observation of disability in their legs was noticed in Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque. The Alipore, Kolkatta-700 053, relation between their behaviour and disability is also discussed. India.

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0447.pdf.

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

Accepted: 30 May 2014

Published: 24 Jun 2014

1338-1347 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 4

www.jresearchbiology.com

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 Veira, 2002; Hamada et al., 2008). Previous researches

INTRODUCTION Primates

are

maintaining

the

sustainable

in Nicobar subspecies are available for population status

ecosystem and play as indicator for ecosystem health;

and distribution profiling (Umapathy et al., 2003;

hence, they help in making of conservation and

Sivakumar, 2010; Narasimmarajan and Raghunathan,

management plans. Non-human primates of undisturbed

2012) Study on ecology and behaviour are also focused

areas are having great behavioural variation (Thomas,

in the other subspecies of Long-tailed Macaque in South

1991) which are closely related to human beings such as

East Asian countries. Reports are available on the

eating, playing, fighting, keeping young ones etc. (Rod

aggressive and social behaviour of M. fascicularis

and Preston-Mafham, 1992). The daily activities and

(Nordin and Jasmi, 1981; Zamzarina, 2003; Brent and

behaviour of primates differ between residential, non-

Veira, 2002; Khor, 2003; Md-Zain et al., 2003; Siti,

residential and undisturbed areas (Krebs and Davies,

2003). The present study is focused on the daily activity

1993). Large group size, poor habitat quality, seasonal

budgets of M f. umbrosa in Great Nicobar Island.

variation in food availability may affect their daily activity budget (Peres, 1993; Passamani, 1998). The

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa

Study Area

Miller, 1902) are the only non-human primates found on

The Great Nicobar Island is about 1045.1 sq km

Nicobar Islands (Umapathy et al., 2003). Other

comprises of Campbell bay National Park and Galathea

subspecies

occur

Laos,

National Park (Fig. 1). These two National Parks

Vietnam,

Thailand,

the

embrace Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (GNBR). The

Philippines (Rodman, 1991; Tikader and Das, 1985).

study site covers about 3 km2 and is composed of low

This

social

hills near dense semi evergreen forest, Maggar Nallah

organisations, habitat consumption, morphology and

river and human Settlements at Govind Nagar (06째

genetic variation due to wide distribution (Brent and

59.985' N 093째 54.459' E) and it is 6 km away from

species

varies

Myanmar, Malaysia, in

their

Cambodia, Indonesia

and

behaviour,

Campbell Bay (Fig. 1). GNBR has richest faunal and

Fig 1. Study area and Study site. 1339

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 floral communities. Great Nicobar is the home for plants

grooming, vocalization, playing, sexual arousal and

like Albizia chinensis, Albizia lebbeck, Artocarpus

agonistic were collected during the study. Chi-square test

chaplasha, Calophyllum soulattri, Dipterocarpus sp.,

was applied to analyse the behaviour data set obtained.

Pterocarpus sp., and Sterculia campanulatum. In fauna,

The nonparametric Ď&#x2021;2 test was used to analyze the

other than the long-tailed macaques, the endemic

significance of activity budgets.

mammals recorded are Nicobar wild boar (Sus scrofa nicobaricus), Nicobar Tree shrew (Tupaia nicobarica),

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Nicobar shrew (Crocidura nicobarica) and Nicobar

Result on the percentage of eight daily activities

Flying fox (Pteropus faunulus).

of Nicobar long-tailed macaques monitored is given in

Behaviour Sampling Method

Table 2. Chi-square analysis upon the present study

Following the methods of Hambali et al., (2012);

indicated that all the eight behavioural observation shows

Md-Zain et al., (2008b) and Brent and Veira (2002) daily

significant differences (Table 2). Jaman and Huffman

activity observations of macaque were made during 2 to

(2008) observed that, activities of Japanese macaque

3 days in a week at 0500 hours until 1630 hours for 78

(M. fuscata) in captivity varied between age-sex classes.

days from October 2011 to September 2013 to determine

Similarly

the behaviour categories. A study group categories and

individual with different age-sex observed in the present

its composition of the three consecutive years are given

study. The most observed daily activity for all the age

in Table. 1. The total number of individuals in study

group was locomotion. The locomotion is the highest

group increased year by year i:e from 37 to 51

portion of daily activity in long-tailed macaques

individuals. Every year the numbers of females were

compared to other activities (Hambali et al., 2012; Md-

more than that of males. This group was marked by their

Zain et al., 2010; Sia, 2004; Suhailan, 2004). This is

dominant male who had a distinctive large and elongated

because of diurnal in nature as they are very active

white area between the eyes and white eyelids compared

during the day as they use their maximum time in

to the other groups. Focal animal sampling method was

searching for food.

adopted to collect the quantitative data at ten minutes

Locomotion

interval

(Altmann,

1974;

Lehner,

1979).

the

behavioural

variation

occurred

During

According to Menard (2004) and Wheatley

torrential rain and adverse weather condition, the

(1980) Long-tailed Macaques are the primates spending

observation was discontinued until the weather resumes

most of their time for moving as they are mainly

normally, because the animals were partially obscured or

frugivorous and occupy more space. It was also observed

moved completely from the observation sites. The data

that the study groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s moving choice is varied day by

on the observations of locomotion, feeding, resting,

day to different location and range. When they move out

Table 1. Year wise group composition and total number of Individuals in the study group. Group categories Year

Adult (Mature)

Immature

Total No. of Individual

Male

Female

Total

Sub Adult

Juvenile

Infant

2011 (October)

2012 (March)

2013 (August)

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

1340

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 Table 2. Percentage and Chi-square value of Nicobar long-tailed macaque’s daily activity. Observation

Percentage (%)

Expected frequency

χ2 = (O-E)2/E

Locomotion

518

36.07

179.5

638.34*

Feeding

321

22.35

179.5

111.54*

Resting

226

15.74

179.5

12.04*

Grooming

160

11.14

179.5

2.12*

Vocalization

101

7.03

179.5

34.33*

Playing

5.64

179.5

54.05*

Sexual

1.46

179.5

139.95*

Agonistic

0.56

179.5

163.85*

1436

100

1436

1156.25

Activity

Total

* Showing significant differences (p<0.05), by using the chi-square test (χ2). Degrees of freedom (df) = 7, O-Observation, E-Expected frequency. of their home range, there was a shortage of food sources

highest proportion of time in resting rather than feeding

and availability of fruits. According to O’Brien and

depending on the food and weather factor. An increase in

Kinnaird (1997), availability of food source significantly

one activity may pose some influence on other activities

affects their locomotion in daily activity pattern.

(Jaman and Huffman, 2008). The main food sources are

Sometimes these animals visit human settlement areas

fruits, flowers, tender leaves, insects, crabs, beetles,

and raids crop land, coconuts farms and banana farms

butterflies, some spiders, grasshopper etc. Usually

which lead to their destruction. The result indicates that

macaque feed insects in afternoon period between resting

the macaque spent most of the time in moving due to the

and grooming. When the food sources are less long-

insufficient food sources in their habitat. Likewise this

tailed macaque usually rest.

study group also spend most of their time to visit

Resting

different localities because of their diminishing natural

Resting is the third most activity observed in our

food sources.

study (Fig. 2 B). The result of the study revealed that

Feeding

prolonged feeding activity considerably reduced the

Besides locomotion, feeding was observed as one

resting behaviour during the observation from macaque

of the major activities of macaque during the study (Fig.

in Great Nicobar as noticed by Hambali et al., (2012) in

2 A). It resembles with the other subspecies studied by

Malayan long-tailed macaque and Kurup and Kumar

Hambali et al., (2012), Md-Zain et al., (2010), Suhailan

(1993) in lion-tailed macaque. Resting includes activities

(2004) and Tuan-Zaubidah (2003) who all found that

like sleeping, lying down and to sit idle. Macaques were

feeding is the second most occurrence activity compared

observed resting on tree branches, dead woods, bushes,

to other. However this finding was contradict with other

rocks and sometimes resting on the roads. Also they use

macaque species. For example Southern India wild lion-

to take a few minutes rest after walking continuously.

tailed macaque (Kurup and Kumar, 1993) and captive

Rainy season and unusual climate directly affect their

Japanese macaque (Jaman and Huffman, 2008) spend the

feeding and moving activities and increase their resting

1341

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 activity. During night time, macaques sleep on the top of

than social grooming. Social grooming highly noticed

tree branches. This behaviour indicates that the macaque

between the adult female and adult male. Observations

protect themselves from the predators. The only known

on grooming between the adult female with infants were

predator

(Broghammerus

least due to the presence of only few infant in the group.

reticulatus) as no other higher predators are found in

There was a least observation on grooming between

Great Nicobar Island, but the anthropogenic activity and

adult female and juveniles as well as sub adults. Self-

domestic predators like dogs also affects their normal

grooming was also often observed in sub adults and

activity.

secluded male at the time of resting. In addition, after

Grooming

mating, the dominant male is groomed by female.

reticulated

python

Grooming is the fourth highest activity observed

According to Lazaro-perea et al., (2004) this behaviour

after resting (Fig. 2 C). This result is similar with M.

can be a way to get protection from others while fighting

fascicularis found in Kuala Selangor Nature Park,

and also for sharing of food.

Malaysia (Hambali et al., 2012). Most of their grooming

Vocalization

activity occurs at the time of resting period. It was

Vocalization is the fifth behaviour that has been

predominantly observed at late afternoon when the

observed. When the agonistic interaction occurs between

macaques return to the home range. At the time of

the group individuals, dominant adult male produce loud

grooming one monkey picks up lice from otherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body.

calls and all the other individuals sound continuously. In

Most of the individuals often prefer to self-groom rather

general, macaque produces loud calls especially for

Fig 2. Various activities of Long-tailed Macaque in Great Nicobar Island A. Feeding, B. Resting, C. Grooming, D. Playing, E. Mating, F. Agonistic. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

1342

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 grabbing and snatching food item and fighting with their

categories observed during the study. It was also

group member. In addition during agonistic interaction

observed that these animals prefer playing on the

within the group or entrance of predatory animals such as

selected trees like Casuarinas, Pandanus, Guava and

dogs in their territory, macaque used to make

Coconut. In the evening, all the group member moves

vocalization. Normally vocalization can be treated as a

near sleeping site and while moving many were found

warning signal to protect themselves from predators as

collecting and eating some insects in the bushy area.

observed by Md-Zain et al., (2010). Due to the

Sexual Arousal

observerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s or the humanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activity in their range,

Sexual behaviour like mating, mount, inspect

macaque produce different sounds and mainly the sub

copulation are the categories were observed as the

adults seem to be most active as they used to climb very

seventh activity (Fig. 2 E). In our study period dominant

quickly and keep other individuals alert. Members of the

males were actively involved in mating with adult

group after hearing the vocal call warning used to climb

females as this may help females in giving birth to

to higher ground to escape or hide in bushes. We

healthy generation. Females use to live with multimale

observed a least number of calls produced by macaques

group, focused in copulating with dominant males as

while playing activity. Kipper and Todt (2002) and Md-

observed by Hambali et al., (2012), Lawler et al., (1995),

Zain et al., (2010) also found that the vocal call was

Md-zain et al., (2010) and Van Noordwijk and Van

produced by macaques while playing. In the present

Schaik (1999). Sexual behaviour observed is only a small

study the male long-tailed macaques were found to

portion of daily activity in long-tailed macaque.

produce vocal calls while grooming after mating. No

Normally the adult male was found to smell or observe

females were observed producing vocals during mating.

the adult female genitalia first to make sure that the

On the other hand observation made by Md-Zain et al.,

females are ready to mate or not which is in corroborated

(2010) showed that females were found to produce vocal

with the report of Brent and Veira (2002), Md Zain et al.,

during and after mating. The possible reason for this

(2010) and Hambali et al., (2012). The long-tailed

behaviour can be a hormonal effect (Engelhardt et al.,

macaque takes a few seconds for mating activity.

2005).

Agonistic Activity

Playing

The least observed activity is the agonistic

Playing activity is the sixth behaviour that has

behaviour (Fig. 2 F). During our study chase, grab, hit,

been observed during the study period (Fig. 2 D). We

bite and fight are the categories of agonistic behaviour

found predictable differences in playing activity in the

observed as the eighth activity. Though these behaviours

juveniles and sub adults. Juveniles were found to play

are supported by Hambali et al., (2012), Md-Zain et al.,

more than sub adults. Adult macaques were not involved

(2010), Suhailan (2004) and Tuan-Zaubidah (2003) they

in playing activity. The playing behaviour may form a

found that mating is the least observed activity. Fighting

social competition and juveniles in their active age

behaviour occurred while gaining foods and mates.

period will learn on social relations (Kipper and Todt,

Hambali et al., (2012) found that Malay wild long-tailed

2002). Usually, playing behaviour was observed in the

macaque has a hierarchy in the group, so that they have

late afternoon, when adult long-tailed macaques are

their own way to avoid fight when looking for food

inactive. Wrestling, chasing, tickling, swinging on the

together. Chasing and biting occur sometime between the

tree branches, pulling their tails to play with one another

males and sub adults. Adult male were more aggressive

and invert hanging and jumping were the playing

when their food was grabbed by other males, this shows

1343

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 that the aggression appeared in males higher than

activities, etc. The relation between disability and

females which is agreed with the Brent and Veira (2002)

behaviour is also reported in Japanese macaques

from macaque observed at Indo-China population.

(Macaca fuscata) by Turner et al., (2012). The possible

Significantly we observed few aggressive activities in the

causes of disabilities are congenital defects, dog chasing

Nicobar long-tailed macaque against human beings

and anthropogenic activities. However, exact cause of

especially women and children during the study period.

disability

Disability and Behaviour

observation may throw some light on the threats and

During our study period several disabled

was

not

known.

But

this

significant

their status of these monkeys.

macaques were spotted (Fig 3). They were not able to move properly due to their disability. These disabilities

CONCLUSIONS

may cause some changes in their daily activities which in

The present study enlightened behavioural and

turn will cause changes in their behaviour like

activity patterns of the long-tailed macaque population

locomotion, disability in finding mates, foraging

living in the Great Nicobar Island. It is revealed that

Fig 3. Disability in Nicobar Long-tailed macaque A. Forearm partially disabled, B. Foreleg disabled, C. Hindleg partially disabled. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

1344

Rajeshkumar et al., 2014 locomotion, feeding and resting were the most common daily activities of these monkeys. Disabled macaques spotted during our study period may give some information on the changes in their behaviour that occur due to disability as well as on the threats they use to encounter. This study also found that the aggressive behaviour against humans may raise the issue of human-

70(12): 1133-1144. Kamarul Hambali, Ahmad Ismail and Badrul Munir Md-Zain. 2012. Daily Activity Budget of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Kuala Selangor Nature Park. Int. J. Basic and Applied Sciences. 12(4): 47-52.

macaque conflict. Further studies on the specific impact

Khor OP. 2003. Kajian kelakuan Macaca fascicularis

of crop raiding and feeding behaviour will derive the

dan interaksi dengan manusia di Taman Belia, Pulau

implication

Pinang. Tesis sarjana muda, Universiti Kebangsaan,

its

conservation

and

management

strategies.

Malaysia. Kipper S and Todt D. 2002. The use of vocal signals in

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the social play of Barbary Macaques. Primates. 43(1): 317.

logistic support provided by Divisional Forest officer,

Krebs JR and Davies NB.1993. An introduction to

Nicobar Division, Campbell Bay is duly acknowledged.

behavioural

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Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1338-1347

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No: Print: 2231 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Analysis on protein fingerprint, RAPD and fruit quality of tomato mutants by ion beam implantation Authors: Duan HY*, Wang CF, Yu YA, Li XW and Zhou YQ.

Institution: College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.

ABSTRACT: In this research, seeds of tomato were irradiated by ion beam or treated with ion beam and soybean DNA, and some tomato mutants with morphological variations were analyzed. Protein analysis in the leaves of mutants showed, changes of protein pattern in mutants were different as compared with the control, the main variation of protein pattern were darkening of bands, increase of protein bands were detected in mutant 12, mutant 14 and mutant 15 and lose of a band in mutant 15. Genomic DNA of mutants were analyzed by RAPD, and total number of amplification bands, number of differential bands and rate of differential bands were studied among mutants. Compared with the control, rate of differential bands was 100.0 % in mutant 9 and 15, also high in mutant 14 and 12, but was 20.0-50.0 % in other mutants except for mutant 3 and 11 without differential bands. In addition, content of vitamin C, soluble saccharide and protein were different, and fruit quality was multifarious in the fruit of mutants compared with the control; mutant 7 has better comprehensive nutritional quality of fruit, whereas mutant 12 and 14 stand second. The above results showed that effects of ion beam or soybean DNA on tomato genomic DNA would lead to the changes in gene expression, protein synthesis and fruit quality, moreover some tomato plants with better fruit quality or special characters were achieved, which would provide basis for the application of ion beam technology in tomato breeding.

Corresponding author: Duan HY.

Keywords: Ion beam, tomato, SDS-PAGE, RAPD, fruit quality.

Email Id:

Article Citation: Duan HY, Wang CF, Yu YA, Li XW and Zhou YQ. Analysis on protein fingerprint, RAPD and fruit quality of tomato mutants by ion beam implantation. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0454.pdf.

Dates: Received: 03 Jun 2014

Accepted: 06 Jun 2014

Published: 26 June 2014

1348-1356 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 4

www.jresearchbiology.com

Duan et al., 2014 INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In recent years, mutation breeding has been a

Plant materials

novel way in plant genetic improvement, especially low

In this study, seeds of tomato (tomato Zhongza

energy ion beam implantation which exhibits many

No. 9) were provided by Vegetable Flower Institute of

advantages, such as low damage, high mutation rate,

Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China, and were

wide mutational spectrum, and so on (Yu, 2000). At

respectively irradiated by N+ or Ar+ ion beam in the 30

present, ion beam mutation breeding technology has

kev energy conditions. Seeds of soybean (soybean

been successfully applied to a lot of crop breeding, such

Zaoshu No. 2) were preserved in our laboratory, soybean

as rice, wheat, tobacco, cotton, soybean, rape and others

seedlings with single-leaf were used to extract genomic

(Zhou, 2009). In addition, the etching and sputtering

DNA with CTAB method, and DNA fragments of

effects of ion beam on cells would be very beneficial to

soybean genomic DNA were obtained by ultrasonication.

foreign DNA entering into the cells (Wang et al., 2009,

Culture of tomato plants

Li and Sun, 2011) and some transgenic plants have been

Tomato seeds implanted with N+ or Ar+ ion beam

achieved by ion beam implantation (Duan et al., 2012),

were treated as described in research (Ji et al., 2001), at

thus the transgenic technology mediated by ion beam is a

first were respectively immersed into 0.1×SSC buffer

simple and feasible transgenic method.

solution or 300 µg ml-1 DNA working solution which

Tomato is one of the most important vegetables

was composed of soybean DNA and 0.1×SSC buffer

and fruits that contain abundant nutrients, such as

solution, and then were separately washed several times

lycopene, vitamin C, trace elements and other nutrients

with sterile water, but the control was only immersed

(Xue et al., 2004, Wang et al., 2010). In order to meet

into sterile water. The above seeds were sowed in the test

the need of people, germplasm resources or genetic

field and cultured under the greenhouse conditions with

improvement breeding of tomato is required to be

20°C light and 10°C dark temperature cycle. Seven days

studied and new cultivar of tomato should be cultivated.

later, seeds germinated, seedlings with two leaves were

In our laboratory, it was found that nitrogen ion (N ) or +

transplanted in nutritive bowl and continued to be

argon ion (Ar ) had obvious influences on cell mitosis

cultured. When cultured for two months, seedlings with

and chromosome structure, and lead to various types of

five or six leaves were transplanted in the test field and

chromosome aberrations (Duan et al., 2013). Thus, dry

cultured at the above culture condition.

seeds of tomato (tomato Zhongza No. 9) were irradiated +

In addition, the variations of morphologic

by N or Ar ion beam and soak into soybean DNA after

characters in tomato plant were found, such as tall plant,

ion beam implantation to obtain a series of new

fat leaves, thick stalk, and so on, moreover protein and

germplasm and cultivars with important application

DNA fingerprint of some tomato mutants were

value, and some tomato mutants with the variations of

respectively analyzed by SDS-PAGE or RAPD, and

morphologic characters were found in M1 present

several indexes of fruit quality were also detected.

generation. In this research, tomato mutants with

SDS-PAGE of protein in leaves

morphologic variations were analyzed by SDS-PAGE

Proteins were extracted from the fresh leaves of

and RAPD, and several indexes of fruit quality were also

tomato plants with morphologic variations as described

detected, which would provide foundation for new

previously (Ji et al., 2001) with modifications. 1.0 g

cultivars of tomato and theoretical basis for ion beam

leaves were mixed together with 1ml sterile water and

mutation breeding of tomato.

grinded in the mortar on ice-bath, and then the

1349

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

Duan et al., 2014 homogenate of leaves were centrifuged for 20 min by

the test tube was sealed with plastic film and put in

12000 rpm at 4°C. The supernatant in the centrifuge tube

boiling water for 30 min to extract soluble saccharide.

was transferred to 5 ml volumetric flask, furthermore, the

The crude extract was filtered into 10 ml volumetric

precipitate in the centrifuge tube was extracted again

flask, simultaneously the text tube and residues were

with sterile water and then the supernatant was also

rinsed repeatedly with sterile water, and then the extract

transferred to the above 5 ml volumetric flask, in which

was diluted with sterile water to constant volume. The

the supernatant was diluted with sterile water to a

content of soluble saccharide was determined with

constant volume, then the solution was mixed and

spectrophotometry at 485 nm, and the standard curve of

preserved at -20°C. The content of soluble protein in the

soluble saccharide was drawn with sucrose. In addition,

above solution was determined by Bradford colorimetric

determination of soluble saccharide content was repeated

method (Bradford, 1976) at 595 nm, and the standard

three times.

curve of soluble protein was drawn with Bovine Serum

Determination of vitamin C and protein in fruit

Albumin (BSA). In this research, SDS-PAGE of protein

Mature fruits of tomato mutants were crushed

was performed under experiment conditions of 3 %

with juicer, 0.5 g tomato juices were diluted with sterile

stacking gel (pH6.8), 12 % separating gel (pH8.8) and

water to 100 ml volumetric flask, then extracted by

Tris-Glycine buffer solution (pH8.3), and Coomassie

vacuum extrusion machine and preserved for the

Brilliant Blue method was used in this research.

determination

RAPD amplification

Determination of fruit protein was performed as

fruit

protein

and

vitamin

In this study, leaves of tomato mutants were used

determination of leaf protein in tomato, content of

to extract DNA by CTAB extraction procedure (Ausubel

vitamin C was assayed by spectrophotometry (Chen

et al., 1987). RAPD amplification was performed as the

et al., 2012) with modification and the standard curve of

method (Kangfu et al., 1994). Reaction system of RAPD

vitamin C was drawn with standard vitamin C.

amplification was 25 μl and composed of 20 ng DNA,

Moreover, determination of vitamin C and protein was

-1

0.2 μmol L primer, 0.2 μmol/L dNTPs, 2.0 mmol L

-1

repeated three times.

Mg2+, 1U Taq DNA polymerase and double distilled water. RAPD amplification was performed as follows:

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

initial denaturalization at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 35

Protein fingerprint in the leaves of tomato mutants

cycles of 94°C for 1 min, 36°C for 1 min and 72°C for

It is well known that, effects of ion beam on

1.5 min, with a final extension cycle of 72°C for 8 min.

plant are very obvious and could cause versatility, such

In addition, 100 primers were screened to obtain primers

as stem diameter, flowering phase, plant height, quality

by which amplification bands are most distinctive,

characteristic, and so on (Phanchaisri et al., 2012). In this

numbers of amplification bands are more and the

research, protein in the leaves of tomato mutants were

repeatability is preferable.

analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Figure 1), and the electro

Determination of soluble saccharide in fruit

photograph was drawn in Figure 2 to more clearly

Assay of soluble saccharide was performed by

observe changes of the protein pattern. As compared

enthrone colorimetric method (Liu et al., 2013) with

with the control, the main variation of protein pattern in

improvement. Mature fruit of tomato mutants was

the mutants were some bands darkening, especially the

crushed with juicer, 0.5 g tomato juices were mixed

band with 0.350 Rf value obviously darkened, however

together with 5 ml sterile water in test tube, subsequently

lose and increase of protein band was less found, only

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

1350

Duan et al., 2014

Figure 1: Protein pattern in the leaves of tomato mutants by SDS-PAGE M: marker, 1: the control, 2-11: tomato mutant induced by ion beam and soybean DNA, 12: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 13: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 14: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017Ar+/cm2 ion beam, 15: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017Ar+/cm2 ion beam.

two bands increased in mutant 12, mutant 14 and mutant

curcas (Pamidimarri et al., 2010), Balsamine (Gao et al.,

15, and the Rf values were 0.05 and 0.083 respectively,

2012), and so on. In this research, genomic DNA of

furthermore mutant 15 lost one band (Rf=0.133) in

tomato mutants was also analyzed with RAPD markers

comparison with the control and other mutants. The

in order to explore changes in the genomic DNA.

above results suggest the effects of ion beam or soybean

100 random primers were used in the RAPD

DNA on leaf protein of tomato mutants were various,

amplification, but only bands amplified by S11 primer

which was same to other researchers (Ji et al., 2001).

(GTAGACCCGT) and S45 primer (TGAGCGGACA)

Owing to the effects of ion beam on chromosome

could be variant between the control and tomato mutants,

structure (Huang et al., 1994), we infer that variation of

and numbers of amplification bands and length of

protein pattern in the leaves of tomato mutants might be

amplification fragment were different in the mutants by

caused by the changes of genomic DNA due to the

different primer (Figure 3). As shown in the Figure 3 (a),

damage of ion beam or integration of soybean DNA.

only one DNA fragment with 550 bp was amplified by

RAPD analysis of genomic DNA in tomato mutants

primer S11 in the control, mutant 3 and mutant 11.

RAPD technology is actually PCR amplification,

Compared with the control, DNA fragment with 850 bp

and any organism could be identified by RAPD markers

increased in mutant 2, mutant 4-8, mutant 10 and mutant

(Williams et al., 1990, Welsh et al., 1991). Hither to,

13, DNA fragment with 550 bp lost in mutant 9, mutant

some plant mutants induced by ion beam implantation

12, mutant 14 and mutant 15, and numbers of

have been already analyzed by RAPD markers, such as

amplification bands and length of amplification fragment

Nicotiana tabacum (Zhang et al., 1998), Cucumis melo

were same in mutant 12 and mutant 14. Furthermore,

(Chen et al., 2002), Arabidopsis thaliana (Chang et al.,

four DNA fragments were amplified in mutant 9, in

2003), Dahlia pinnata Cav. (Yu et al., 2008), Jatropha

which DNA fragment with 700 bp was also amplified in

1351

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

Duan et al., 2014

Figure 2: Protein ideograph in the leaves of tomato mutants 1: the control, 2-11: tomato mutant induced by ion beam and soybean DNA, 12: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 13: tomato mutant induced with 4×10 17N+/cm2 ion beam, 14: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017Ar+/cm2 ion beam, 15: tomato mutant induced with 4×10 17Ar+/cm2 ion beam.

mutant 12 and mutant 14. On the other side, bands

However, rate of differential bands in the mutant 3 and

amplified by S45 primer were shown in Figure 3 (b); two

mutant 11 was 0.0 %, moreover rate of differential bands

bands were amplified from the control, mutant 2-6,

in other mutants was in the scope of 20.0-50.0 %. Further

mutant 11 and mutant 13, one special band was

more, although rate of differential amplification bands

amplified in mutant 8, mutant 10, mutant 12 and mutant

was 100.0 % in mutant 9, some protein bands only

15 compared with the control. Moreover, three bands

darken and number of protein bands did not change in

were amplified in mutant 9, but their lengths were

mutant 9. In addition, the variation of protein pattern in

different from the control and other mutants. Meanwhile,

mutant 12, mutant 14 and mutant 15 were relatively

there were two bands in mutant 14 in which one DNA

large, and rate of differential amplification bands was

fragment with 700 bp was also found in mutant 12 and

respectively 66.7 %, 83.3 % or 100.0 %. Therefore, the

mutant 15, yet other DNA fragment with 500 bp was

differential DNA fragments amplified by RAPD might

only amplified in mutant 14.

be related to the expression of some genes by encoding

In addition, RAPD amplification bands of tomato

some proteins or regulating protein synthesis, but it is not

mutants by S11 and S45 primer were given in Table 1,

clear

whether

differential

DNA

total number of amplification bands, number of

influence fruit quality.

differential bands and rate of differential bands in tomato

Fruit quality of tomato mutants

fragments

could

mutants were found to be different. Compared with the

As everyone knows, tomato is rich in nutrition,

control, rate of differential bands were 100.0 % in mutant

such as saccharide, vitamin C, protein, etc. (Xue et al.,

9 and mutant 15, and number of differential bands were 7

2004, Wang et al., 2010). In this research, fruit quality of

and 3, respectively. Secondly, rate of differential bands

tomato mutants were assayed, content of vitamin C,

in mutant 14 and mutant 12 were also high, the number

soluble saccharide and protein in the fruit of tomato

of differential bands were 5 and 4, respectively.

mutants were respectively listed in Table 2. As compared

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

1352

Duan et al., 2014

Figure 3: Results of RAPD amplification by S11 primer and S45 primer (a) Results of RAPD amplification by S11 primer, (b) Results of RAPD amplification by S45 primer. M: DM2000, M: marker, 1: the control, 2-11: tomato mutant induced by ion beam and soybean DNA, 12: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 13: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 14: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017Ar+/cm2 ion beam, 15: tomato mutant induced with 4×10 17Ar+/cm2 ion beam.

with the control, content of vitamin C in 50 % mutants

(174.49 μg g-1), moreover content of vitamin C was the

was low, such as mutant 2-4, mutant 6, mutant 9, mutant

highest in mutant 11 (242.24 μg g-1). In addition, content

13 and mutant 15, especially lower in mutant 2, mutant 9

of soluble saccharide in 64 % mutants was lower than the

-1

and mutant 4, and was 66.60 μg g , 69.65 μg g and -1

control, but was high in mutant 2, mutant 5, mutant 7,

74.43 μg g , respectively. However, content of vitamin

mutant 9 and mutant 10, particularly higher in mutant 7

C was high in mutant 5, mutant 7, mutant 8, mutant 10-

(58.84 mg g-1) and mutant 2 (46.96 mg g-1). Furthermore,

12 and mutant 14, especially was higher in mutant 8

content of protein was high in 64 % mutants in

-1

(152.03 μg g ), mutant 10 (167.09 μg g ) and mutant 12

comparison with the control, especially was the highest

Table 1: RAPD amplification bands of tomato mutants by S11 and S45 primer Plants

Total number of bands

Number of differential bands

Rate of differential bands (%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

3 4 3 4 5 5 6 4 7 5 3 6 5 6 3

0 1 0 1 2 2 3 2 7 2 0 4 1 5 3

0.0 25.0 0.0 25.0 40.0 40.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 40.0 0.0 66.7 20.0 83.3 100.0

1: the control, 2-11: tomato mutant induced by ion beam and soybean DNA, 12: tomato mutant induced with 2×10 17N+/cm2 ion beam, 13: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 14: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017Ar+/cm2 ion beam, 15: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017Ar+/ cm2 ion beam. 1353

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

Duan et al., 2014 Table 2: Content of vitamin C, soluble saccharide and protein in the fruit of tomato Plant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 The average content in mutants

Content of vitamin C (μg/g)

Content of soluble saccharide (mg/g)

Content of protein (mg/g)

111.95 66.60 95.07 74.43 114.28 95.66 116.91 152.03 69.65 167.09 242.24 174.49 92.36 122.95 99.96

19.18 46.96 13.17 17.09 21.37 14.19 58.84 16.35 37.48 40.51 11.06 16.46 13.65 19.12 12.62

18.88 13.98 20.51 26.44 18.48 20.12 29.19 17.45 46.57 6.17 18.58 25.48 21.19 24.86 20.35

119.71

23.87

21.88

1: the control, 2-11: tomato mutant induced by ion beam and soybean DNA, 12: tomato mutant induced with 2×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 13: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017N+/cm2 ion beam, 14: tomato mutant induced with 2×10 17Ar+/cm2 ion beam, 15: tomato mutant induced with 4×1017Ar+/cm2 ion beam. in mutant 9 (46.57 mg g-1), yet content of protein in

quality of mutant 3 and mutant 11 are obviously different

mutant 2, mutant 5, mutant 8, mutant 10 and mutant 11

with the control, but rate of differential amplification

was lower than the control, and only 6.17 mg g-1 protein

bands was 0.0 % in mutant 3 and 11 which were treated

in mutant 10.

with ion beam and soybean DNA, inferring some big

On the other side, content of vitamin C, soluble

insert segment of soybean DNA might be not amplified,

saccharide and protein were different in mutants, and

perhaps there might be a more complicated relationship

fruit quality of mutants was multifarious. As shown in

between nutritional quality of fruit and genomic DNA of

Table 2, compared with the control, content of vitamin

tomato irradiated with ion beam or treated with ion beam

C, soluble saccharide and protein in mutant 7 was all

and soybean DNA, moreover the effect mechanism of

higher, so mutant 7 has better comprehensive quality of

ion beam or foreign DNA was very complex and need to

fruit, secondly were mutant 12 and mutant 14 because

be further studied and explored.

content of vitamin C and protein was both higher. Moreover, content of soluble saccharide and protein in mutant 9 was both higher, especially content of protein -1

CONCLUSION This study shows that ion beam or soybean DNA

was the highest (46.57 mg g ). However content of

could influence leaf protein, genomic DNA and fruit

vitamin C in mutant 11 was the highest (242.24 μg g-1),

quality of tomato mutants, inferring the variation of leaf

and content of soluble saccharide and protein was only

protein and fruit quality in tomato mutants might be

-1

11.06 mg g and 18.58 mg g . In addition, content of

caused by the changes of genomic DNA which would

vitamin C and soluble saccharide was low in mutant 15

happen due to damage of ion beam or integration of

and mutant 3, one other thing to note is that nutritional

soybean DNA. However the effects of ion beam or

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

1354

Duan et al., 2014 soybean DNA were different, and the changes among protein, DNA and fruit quality was not consistent with each other, thus it is necessary to further study effect mechanism of ion beam or foreign DNA, which would contribute to provide foundation for ion beam mutation breeding of tomato.

6(5): 355-358. Duan HY, Yu YA, Li XW and Duan ZQ. 2012. Summary of plant transformation mediated by low energy ion beam. Biology Teaching. 37(1): 12-13. Gao WJ, Su JX, Xie L, Deng CL, Zhang T and Lu LD. 2012. The point mutation induced by the low-energy N+ ion implantation in impatiens balsamine genome.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research was kindly supported by Science Fund from Henan province (122300410025), and the grant of young teachers in Henan province institution of higher learning (2011GGJS-063), in P. R. China.

Russian Journal of Genetics. 48(10): 1009-1014. Huang WC, Fan SJ, Huang JN, Sang JL, Shi YF, Xia ZE, Wu WJ and Yao HL. 1994. Study on mutagenic effect of ion implantation into microorganism. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University. 21(3): 282- 285.

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Seidman JG, Smith JA and Struhl K. 1987. Current

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Chen LZ, Zhai RR and Li J. 2012. Determination of

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Guangzhou Chemical Industry. 40(6): 103-104.

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Chen RL, Song DJ, Li YF, Wu LJ and Yu ZL. 2002.

Pamidimarri DV, Mastan SG, Rahman H and Reddy

Study in mutation of Muskmelon genome DNA due to

MP. 2010. Molecular characterization and genetic

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diversity analysis of Jatropha curcas L. in India using

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RAPD and AFLP analysis. Molecular biology reports. 37

Duan HY, Yu YA, He YL, Zhou YQ and Lu LD.

(5): 2249-2257.

2013. Mutagenic effects of low energy ions on root tip

Phanchaisri B, Samsang N, Yu L, Singkarat S and

cells of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Plant Omics.

Anuntalabhochai S. 2012. Expression of OsSPY and 14

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Wang T, Li W, Chen HW and Yu ZL. 2009. A research of the progress in low-energy ion beam bioengineering and its applications. Journal of Xuzhou Institute of Technology. 24(1): 6-10. Wang XJ, Liang Y, Xu JX, Sun YD and Zuo JM. 2010. Multiple statistics analysis of the quality traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica. 19(9): 103-108. Welsh J, Petersen C and Mcclelland M. 1991. Polymorphisms generated by arbitrarily primed PCR in the mouse application to strain identification and genetic mapping. Nucleic Acids Research. 19(2): 303-306. Williams JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA and Tingey SV. 1990. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Research.18(22): 6531-6535. Xue J, Xia SY, Zhang YW, Jin FM and Liu ZQ. 2004. Study on diversity of quality characteristics in tomato. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica. 19(4): 7-10. Yu LX, Li WJ, Dong XC, Zhou LB and Ma S. 2008. RAPD analysis on dwarf mutant of Dahlia pinnata Cav induced by 80 meV/u12 C6+ ions. Nuclear Techniques. 31(11): 830-833. Yu ZL. (2000). Ion beam application in genetic

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Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1348-1356

1356

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

The leaping behavior of the sally lightfoot crab Grapsus grapsus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) at an oceanic archipelago Authors: Marina de Sá Leitão Câmara de Araújo.

ABSTRACT:

Corresponding author: Marina de Sá Leitão Câmara de Araújo.

Keywords: Crab behavior, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Red rock crab, Semi-terrestrial crab.

Email Id:

Article Citation: Marina de Sá Leitão Câmara de Araújo. The leaping behavior of the sally lightfoot crab Grapsus grapsus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) at an oceanic archipelago. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1357-1364

Web Address:

Dates: Received: 20 May 2014

The genus Grapsus includes a total of nine recognized species of semiterrestrial crabs. Among them, Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) stands popularly known as sally lightfoot crab. It is very abundant in Oceanic Islands, such as the Institution: Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. The present study registered the behavior Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Faculdade of jumping between the rocks by G. grapsus in the supralittoral of Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. Field observations were performed in May 2012, including de Ciência, Educação e Tecnologia de Garanhuns video footage. The crabs, juveniles and adults, males and females, jump from a rock to (FACETEG), Campus another. This can be related to a defense habit, but it seems that the crabs also jump Garanhuns, Universidade de to avoid entering into the sea, or to escape from wave wash. Other registers on crabs Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil. jumping from literature are also discussed. However, more studies on this behavior are still necessary for understanding them completely.

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0452.pdf.

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

Accepted: 30 May 2014

Published: 26 Jun 2014

1357-1364 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 4

www.jresearchbiology.com

Araújo, 2014 and rocks, which is found under jurisdiction of the State

INTRODUCTION The genus Grapsus Lamarck, 1801 (Grapsidae)

of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil. The benthic fauna

includes a total of nine recognized species of semi-

of FNA was studied by Lopes and Alvarenga (1955) and

terrestrial crabs: G. adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765),

Matthews and Kempf (1970) (Mollusca), Pires et al.,

1812,

(1992) (Cnidaria), Mothes and Bastian (1993) and

G. fourmanoiri Crosnier, 1965, G. granulosus H. Milne

Muricy and Moraes (1998) (Porifera), among others.

Edwards,

Several

albolineatus 1853,

Latreille, G.

grapsus

Milbert, (Linnaeus,

1758),

oceanographic

G. huzardi Desmarest, 1825, G. intermedius de Man,

archipelago,

such

1888,

Expedition,

Hartt

longitarsis

Dana,

1851

and

expeditions H.M.S.

Expedition,

explored

Beagle

the

Challenger

Branner-Agassiz

G. tenuicrustatus (Herbst, 1783) (WORMS, 2013; Ng

Expedition, Calypso, Canopus and Almirante Saldanha.

et al., 2008). Among these species, G. grapsus, stands

The results of the Crustacea sampled on these

out popularly and are known as red rock crab, sally

expeditions can be found at several publications, such as

lightfoot crab, "aratu" (in Portuguese) and "abuete negro"

Smith (1869), Miers (1886), Henderson (1888), Bate

or "sayapa" (in Spanish). This species is found in the

(1888), Rathbun (1900, 1918, 1925, among others),

Pacific Ocean, from Baja California to Northern Chile,

Forest and de Saint-Laurent (1967) and Coelho et al.,

and Galapagos Islands, and in the Atlantic Ocean, from

(2006, 2007, 2008). Fausto-Filho (1974) presented a list

Bermudas, Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Antilles, Colombia,

of the Decapoda and Stomatopoda collected by himself

and from Venezuela to Brazil. In the Brazilian coast, this

and based on some of the cited publications, which

crab is found from the States of Ceará to Espírito Santo,

resulted in a total of 66 species (3 Stomatopoda and 63

but it is more abundant in the Oceanic islands (Fernando

Decapoda) for FNA. Included, there is G. grapsus. The

de Noronha Archipelago, Rocas Atoll and Saint Peter

species was considered very abundant, being found in all

and Saint Paul Rocks) (Melo, 1996; Freire et al., 2011).

beaches. There is no doubt that the species inhabiting

At Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks, (Ross 1847, apud

FNA is G. grapsus. They are commonly observed in the

Holthuis et al., 1980) cited that this species is a predator

rocky shores of the islands that compose the archipelago,

of the eggs of birds that nest at the area, and Viana et al.,

sharing the habitat with Plagusia depressa (Fabricius,

(2004) cited that this is one of the most abundant animal

1775) (Plagusiidae). The present study aims to describe

species on the rocks. Melo (1996) also signals the

the jumping behavior of Grapsus grapsus at FNA during

occurrence of this species at Trindade, a Brazilian

field observations.

volcanic island distant 1,167 km from the continent, but probably the species inhabiting this island is, in fact,

MATERIAL AND METHODS

G. adscensionis (Hartnoll, 2009). Ratti (2004) believed

The archipelago is distant 545 km from the

that the differences between G. adscensionis and

capital of Pernambuco, the Municipality of Recife,

G. grapsus were not enough to support two different

occupies an area of 26 km² and the main island,

species, but more recently, several authors such as Ng

Fernando de Noronha, has an area of 17 km², being 6

et al., (2008) and Freire et al., (2011), recognized the

miles long and 2 miles wide (Matthews and Kempf,

taxonomic validity of both species.

1970; Fausto-Filho, 1974). In May 2012, during three

Among the oceanic island this species can be

days, field observations and footages of this species were

found, stands out the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago

performed at Sueste Bay, FNA (Figure-1) (3º52'01" S;

(FNA) (3°51′S, 32°25′ W), a complex of volcanic islands

32º25'19" W). At the bay, the Sueste Beach and the

1358

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1357-1364

Araújo, 2014

Figure 1. Brazilian coast with the location of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, FNA (A); FNA with the location of the Sueste Bay (B); Aerial view of the Sueste Bay (C); Rocky shore at Sueste Bay, where the field observations of Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) were perfomed (D). Sueste Mangrove are included, the last one being

behavior of crabs in the literature.

considered the only oceanic mangrove of South Atlantic.

The air temperature and tidal heights for the

In the seawater of the bay, there are several islets, such

dates of study were obtained through the Integrated

as Cabeluda, Chapéu, Ovos and Trinta-Réis.

System of Environmental Data (SINDA).

The individuals of Grapsus grapsus were observed in the rocky shore of the bay. These rocks are

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

mainly distributed in the extremities of the bay, and also

The air temperature for the study period varied

serve as habitat for Plagusia depressa. The water was

from 25.5 to 30ºC (Figure-2), characterizing a tropical

transparent and shallow, with a depth of 1m. The footage

climate. The observations were performed during the dry

was performed with a Panasonic camera, DMC-FT10

period, equatorial summer. According to Ribeiro et al.,

model. After that, a bibliographic research was

(2003, 2005), the FNA climate is of the type Aw of

performed to seek possible registers of the jumping

Köppen's classifications, i.e. tropical with semi-arid

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1357-1364

1359

AraĂşjo, 2014

Figure 2. Air temperature by dates and hour during the study period, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. characteristics, having well defined dry and rainy periods.

The observed population consisted of Grapsus grapsus juveniles and adults of both sexes. They were

The tidal level for the study period varied from

found sharing the habitat with Plagusia depressa.

1.25 to 2.75 m (Figure-3). The tidal regime can be

Besides the size, adults and juveniles are also

characterized as semi-diurnal tide, since there are two

distinguished by the color of the carapace. Juveniles of

high tides in each lunar day (Thurman, 1997). According

G. grapsus are dark green, dark gray or almost black,

to Souza (2011), the maximum height of the tide in FNA

which is important for they camouflage on the

is 2.80 m, and the minimum, 0.0m. Thus, regarding its

black volcanic rocks of oceanic islands, and with light

amplitude, the tide of FNA can be classified as

yellow spots. On the other hand, adults are quite variable

mesotides.

in color; some are dark red or bright red (especially

Figure 3. Tidal level by dates and hour during the study period, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. 1360

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1357-1364

AraĂşjo, 2014 Some other interesting information was found in the literature, regarding the locomotion of crabs. The species Armases roberti (H. Milne Edwards, 1853) (Sesarmidae) is found along river banks between rocks and stones, as well as on the vegetation (Chace and Hobbs, 1969). According to Schubart and Diesel (1998), when these crabs are disturbed, they jump from the trees into the water, and due to this behavior, they are know in the Caribbean as â&#x20AC;&#x153;jumpy crabsâ&#x20AC;?. Thus, this behavior could be related to a defensive attitude. A similar behavior was also registered for Percnon gibbesi (H. Figure 4. Crabs of the species Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the rocky shore at Sueste Bay, Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. males), others are dark green. Some lines and spots can be observed (Fausto-Filho, 1974; Freire et al., 2011) (Figure-4).

Milne-Edwards, 1853) (Percnidae) by Deudero et al., (2005); the specimens, observed in shallow waters, run and jump when threatened, seeking for shelter from predators. The crabs Sesarma trapezoideum H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Sesarmidae) occur preferentially in

During the field observations, an unusual

riverine cliffs near water streams (Jeng et al., 2003).

behavior in Brachyura could be noticed: the sally

According to these authors, these crabs retreat into

lightfoot jumps from a rock to another. Two scenes of

crevices or jump into the water below them when

G. grapsus jumping were recorded (Videos 1, 2 and 3).

disturbed; few minutes after that, they climb back to the

This behavior was observed for both males and

cliff. The species Leptograpsus variegatus (Fabricius,

females, and juveniles and adults. A total of 12

1793) (Grapsidae), a supralittoral crab of rocky shores as

observations were performed. In a first moment, it can be

G. grapsus, jump into tidal pools or into the sea to escape

an useful strategy to prevent predation, as described to

from predation (Greenaway et al., 1992).

the species which will be discussed below. Besides, this type of movement could be important to escape from the

CONCLUSIONS

wave wash (Video 1) or to avoid entering into the water

All these mechanisms described in literature are

(Video 2), instead of walking through the water to reach

related to a fast escape from danger, such as predation,

another point of the rocks. They also seem to jump from

including jumping into the water. But during the field

a lower to a higher rock (Video 3). Kramer (1967) also

observations of G. grapsus, it could be noticed that the

observed this behavior in a population of G. grapsus

specimens also jump from a rock to another, which could

from Galapagos. He noticed that the jumpy crabs had an

be useful to escape from the wave wash or to avoid

average carapace width of 30 cm. The crabs from FNA

entering into the water. They also seem to jump to a

were not measured, but it was clear that they did not

higher rock. However, further studies on this feature are

reach 10 cm CW. Before jumping, the crab aligns the

still necessary. For example, to test if there is difference

body by stretching the front running pairs of legs on

in the jumping frequency between sexes and age classes,

(Kramer, 1967), which was also noticed in the present

as well as or to correlate the distance or amplitude of the

study.

jumps with the body size of the crab.

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(4): 1357-1364

1361

Araújo, 2014 waters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 285: 151-156.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is thankful to Maurício de Sá Leitão Dévé, Silvia de Sá Leitão Dévé e Jean Luc Dévé for aiding in the field work and footage of the species. I also thank

Dr.

Christoph

Schubart

for

bringing

Fausto-Filho

1974. Stomatopod and decapod

crustaceans of the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Northeast Brazil. Arq. Ciênc. Mar., 14(1): 1-35.

informations regarding crabs' behavior, which helped me

Forest J and de Saint Laurent M. 1967. Campagne de

describing the 'jumpy' grapsoids of Fernando de Noronha

la Calypso au large des côtes atlantiques de l´Amérique

Archipelago.

du Sud (1961–1962). 6. Crustacés Décapodes: Pagurides. Ann. l’Inst. Océan. 45: 47-171.

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