Journal of Research in Biology Volume 4 Issue 3 by Journal of Research in Biology

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CHANDRAMOHAN [Biochemist] College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University.

Dr. Pankaj Sah [Environmental Science, Plant Ecology] Higher College of Technology (HCT), Al-Khuwair.

B.C. Behera [Natural product and their Bioprospecting] Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, INDIA.

Dr. Erkan Kalipci [Environmental Engineering] Selcuk University, Turkey.

Kuvalekar Aniket Arun [Biotechnology] Lecturer, Pune.

Dr Gajendra Pandurang Jagtap [Plant Pathology] College of Agriculture, India.

Mohd. Kamil Usmani [Entomology, Insect taxonomy] Aligarh Muslim university, Aligarh, india.

Dr. Arun M. Chilke [Biochemistry, Enzymology, Histochemistry] Shree Shivaji Arts, Commerce & Science College, India.

Dr. Lachhman Das Singla [Veterinary Parasitology] Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.

Dr. AC. Tangavelou [Biodiversity, Plant Taxonomy] Bio-Science Research Foundation, India.

Vaclav Vetvicka [Immunomodulators and Breast Cancer] University of Louisville, Kentucky.

Nasroallah Moradi Kor [Animal Science] Razi University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran

José F. González-Maya [Conservation Biology] Laboratorio de ecología y conservación de fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ecología, UNAM, México.

T. Badal Singh [plant tissue culture] Panjab University, India

Dr. Kalyan Chakraborti [Agriculture, Pomology, horticulture] AICRP on Sub-Tropical Fruits, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India. Dr. Monanjali Bandyopadhyay [Farmlore, Traditional and indigenous practices, Ethno botany] V. C., Vidyasagar University, Midnapore. M.Sugumaran [Phytochemistry] Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Melmaruvathur, Kancheepuram District. Prashanth N S [Public health, Medicine] Institute of Public Health, Bangalore. Tariq Aftab Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. Manzoor Ahmad Shah Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. Syampungani Stephen School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia. Iheanyi Omezuruike OKONKO Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria. Sharangouda Patil Toxicology Laboratory, Bioenergetics & Environmental Sciences Division, National Institue of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP, ICAR), Adugodi, Bangalore. Jayapal Nandyal, Kurnool, Andrapradesh, India. T.S. Pathan [Aquatic toxicology and Fish biology] Department of Zoology, Kalikadevi Senior College, Shirur, India. Aparna Sarkar [Physiology and biochemistry] Amity Institute of Physiotherapy, Amity campus, Noida, INDIA. Dr. Amit Bandyopadhyay [Sports & Exercise Physiology] Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, INDIA . Maruthi [Plant Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. Veeranna [Biotechnology] Dept of Biotechnology, SDM College (Autonomous), Ujire Dakshina Kannada, India. RAVI [Biotechnology & Bioinformatics] Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Coimbatore, India. Sadanand Mallappa Yamakanamardi [Zoology] Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Anoop Das [Ornithologist] Research Department of Zoology, MES Mampad College, Kerala, India.

Dr. Satish Ambadas Bhalerao [Environmental Botany] Wilson College, Mumbai Rafael Gomez Kosky [Plant Biotechnology] Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central de Las Villas Eudriano Costa [Aquatic Bioecology] IOUSP - Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil M. Bubesh Guptha [Wildlife Biologist] Wildlife Management Circle (WLMC), India Rajib Roychowdhury [Plant science] Centre for biotechnology visva-bharati, India. Dr. S.M.Gopinath [Environmental Biotechnology] Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore. Dr. U.S. Mahadeva Rao [Bio Chemistry] Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia. Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado [Pharmacist] Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil Mandava Venkata Basaveswara Rao [Chemistry] Krishna University, India. Dr. Mostafa Mohamed Rady [Agricultural Sciences] Fayoum University, Egypt. Dr. Hazim Jabbar Shah Ali [Poultry Science] College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad , Iraq. Danial Kahrizi [Plant Biotechnology, Plant Breeding,Genetics] Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., Razi University, Iran Dr. Houhun LI [Systematics of Microlepidoptera, Zoogeography, Coevolution, Forest protection] College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China. María de la Concepción García Aguilar [Biology] Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, B. C., Mexico Fernando Reboredo [Archaeobotany, Forestry, Ecophysiology] New University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal Dr. Pritam Chattopadhyay [Agricultural Biotech, Food Biotech, Plant Biotech] Visva-Bharati (a Central University), India

Table of Contents (Volume 4 - Issue 3) Serial No

Accession No

RA0428

Title of the article

A review on the distribution of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock

Page No

1301-1310

hoolock) in Northeast India. Pallab Deb, Prabhat Kumar Rai and Parimal C. Bhattacharjee.

RA0352

Meiosis and Chromosome Complement of Atractomorpha lata (=A.

1311-1316

bedeli) (Mochulsky, 1866) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Collected in Cameroon. Seino Richard Akwanjoh, Dongmo Tonleu Ingrid, Dongmo Alain and Manjeli Yacouba.

RA0432

Diversity, distribution, threats and conservation action of fish fauna in

1317-1327

Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. Manickam Raja, Rajendiran Ramkumar and Pachiappan Perumal.

RA0389

New locality record of yellow collared wolf snake Lycodon flavicollis mukherjee and bhupathy, 2007 from seshachalam biosphere reserve, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India. Bubesh Guptha M, Thulasaiah T and Sivaram Prasad NV.

1328-1331

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No: Print: 2231 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

A review on the distribution of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Northeast India Authors: ABSTRACT: Pallab Deb1*, Prabhat Kumar Rai1 and The Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) occurs in the forests of Parimal C. Bhattacharjee2. Northeastern India, found in the following states : Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura, Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram. In this article, we discuss the published information on distribution of Hoolock gibbons in Assam and other areas of Northeast. Institution: Several studies were carried out on the presence or absence from the protected areas 1. Department of Environmental Science, but Hoolock gibbons are also present outside the protected areas particularly in Mizoram University, Reserve Forest (RF), Private Forest (PF) and Community Forest (CF) and Village Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Reserve Forest (VRF). The distribution status of Hoolock gibbon in Northeast India is still not conclusively known. In the presence of above facts, this paper briefly reviews 2. Former Professor, the studies on Western hoolock gibbon across its distribution range in Northeast India Department of Zoology, because it is essential to understand the population status and distribution of any Gauhati University, Assam, endangered species like Hoolock gibbon for formulating action plan for their India. conservation. Corresponding author: Pallab Deb.

Keywords: Western hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, Northeast India, southern Assam, distribution, conservation.

Email Id:

Article Citation: Pallab Deb, Prabhat Kumar Rai and Parimal C. Bhattacharjee. A review on the distribution of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Northeast India. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

Web Address:

Dates: Received: 04 Mar 2014

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0428.pdf.

Accepted: 22 Mar 2014

Published: 03 Jun 2014

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

1301-1310 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 3

www.jresearchbiology.com

Deb et al., 2014 After McCann‟s (1933) two months study on the

INTRODUCTION Hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) a tree

behavior of the Hoolock in the Naga Hills in 1930,

dwelling ape, characterized by its white brows, also

followed by an exploratory study conducted by Tilson

known as “White Browed Gibbon” is the only ape found

(1979) in the Hollangapar Reserve Forest in upper

in the Indian Subcontinent (Figure 1 and 2). In 2005,

Assam. Since 1980‟s , there has been a keen interest in

Mootnick and Groves described Hoolock as two distinct

primate studies in Northeast. Several studies on the

species, the Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock)

Western hoolock gibbon‟s population and distribution

and the Eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys).

status in Northeastern India were carried out by several

The Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) occurs

workers. In Assam (Tilson, 1979; Choudhury, 1990,

in the forests of Northeastern India, found in the

1996a, 1996b, 2000, 2001, 2009a, 2009b; Das et al.,

following states : Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Tripura,

2003a, 2003b, 2004, 2005, 2009; Kakati, 2004, 2006;

Meghalaya, Manipur, Nagaland and Mizoram. Where as

Kakati et al., 2009), Tripura (Mukherjee, 1982; Gupta,

the Eastern hoolock gibbon (H. leuconedys) found only

2001; Gupta and Dasgupta, 2005), Meghalaya (Alfred

in the state of Arunachal Pradesh and certain places of

and Sati, 1986, 1990; Choudhury, 1998, 2006; Gupta and

Assam (Chetry and Chetry, 2011). There has been a

Sharma, 2005a; Sati, 2011), Mizoram (Misra et al., 1994;

gradual decline by more than 90% in the population of

Gupta and Sharma, 2005b; Choudhury, 2006), Nagaland

Hoolock gibbon in the wild because of several kinds of

(McCann,

human actions or human activities (Walker et al., 2007).

(Choudhury, 2006) and Arunachal Pradesh (Chetry et al.,

The species is threatened by habitat loss, shifting

2003 and Kumar et al., 2009 and Das et al., 2009).

1933;

Choudhury,

2006),

Manipur

agriculture, expansion of tea gardens and coffee estates,

The presence of Hoolock gibbon in Manipur was

various kinds of developmental projects, monoculture

reported by Choudhury (2006). Hoolock gibbons were

tree plantations, hunting for food and traditional

located in the wildlife sanctuaries of Bunning, Jiri-

medicine. (Choudhury, 1990, 1991, 1996a; Srivastava,

Makru,

1999; Ahmed 2001; Malone et al., 2002; Solanki and

According to Choudhury (2006) Hoolock gibbons are

Chutia, 2004, Das et al., 2006; Walker et al., 2007). In

also found in the Shiroi and Anko (Anggo Ching) ranges,

this article, we discuss the published information on

but the declining trend continues everywhere in Manipur.

distribution of hoolock gibbons in Assam and other areas

Hoolock gibbons are still found in the jungle of Manipur

of Northeast.

but it is very sad to learn that poaching is a serious threat

Hoolock Gibbon in Northeast India

to this endangered species whose number is declining

The Northeastern region of India is most significant as it represents the confluence of the IndoMalayan, Indo-Chinese and Indian

Kailam,Yangoupokpi-Lokchao

and

Zeilad.

day by day. Hoolock gibbons are also present in Meghalaya.

biogeographical

Survey on Hoolock gibbon in Jaintia Hills was carried

realms. The Northeastern region is unique in providing a

out by Gupta and Sharma during the month of May 2003.

profusion of habitats of various primates (Srivastava,

They carried out the survey in Narpuh Block-I RF and

2006). The Hoolock gibbon was first described by

Narpuh Block-II RF and the corridor area joining the

Harlan and Burrough (1834) and assigned to the genus

Narpuh RF ( Block-II ) with the Saipung Reserve Forest.

Hylobates by Blanford (1888-1891). Most of the earlier

A total area of about 36.44 km2 was surveyed in the

descriptions of the Hoolock are of taxonomic interest or

Jaintia Hills and 17 groups of gibbons were located

natural history observations (Alfred and Sati, 1986).

(Gupta and Sharma, 2005a). In Nongkhyllum wild life

1302

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

Deb et al., 2014

Figure 1. Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), Adult male. Photo: ÂŠ Pallab Deb

Figure 2. Western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), Adult female. Photo: ÂŠ Pallab Deb

sanctuary 15 groups of Hoolock gibbon located in this

located in West Garo Hills (Sati, 2011). According to

sanctuary, ten were located inside the sanctuary, four

Sati (2011) the diminishing trend of Hoolock gibbon

groups in Reserve Forests and only one group was

population is 26.2% in West Garo Hills District of

located in a private forest at Umla (Gupta and Sharma,

Meghalaya.

2005a). A total of 39 groups of gibbon were located in

In Nagaland Gibbons have been recorded in all

West Garo Hills including Nokrek National Park and

the districts (Choudhury, 2006). They occur in Intanki

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve. The Balpakram National

National Park and Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary and

Park (200km ) lies in the West Garo Hills and West

Singphan Reserved Forest. But according to Choudhury

Khasi Hills districts of southern Meghalaya. A total of

(2006) gibbon has disappeared from Pulie Badge and

three groups were located in Balpakram National Park

Rangapahar Wildlife Sanctuaries.

(Gupta and Sharma, 2005a). Four groups in Siju wild life

Gupta and Sharma (2005b) estimated the

sanctuary and adjacent areas in South Garo Hills. They

population of gibbons in all the existing protected areas

also surveyed Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary and

and the Reserved Forests of Mizoram. And they reported

Reserve Forest and found that five groups of Hoolock

72 groups of gibbons, only 3 (4.2%) groups were

gibbon are living inside the Baghmara Reserve Forests.

actually sighted of the remaining groups, 20 groups

A total of 83 gibbon groups were recorded in this study.

(27.8%) were located based on the songs heard during

Choudhury (2006) also reported the presence of Hoolock

the surveys and the presence of remaining 49 groups

gibbon in Balpakram and Nokrek national parks and in

(68%) were based on the secondary information (Gupta

the wild life sanctuaries of Nongkhyllum and Siju.

and Sharma, 2005b). Hoolock gibbons are also present in

During a long-term study on the Hoolock gibbon in West

all the districts of Mizoram (Choudhury, 2006). Hoolock

Garo Hills District, a detailed survey was made by

gibbon present in all the wildlife sanctuaries and

Alfred and Sati and a total of 42 family groups and four

National Parks of Mizoram. According to Choudhury

solitary individuals of gibbons were recorded (Alfred and

(2006) the existence of Hoolock Gibbon in Tawi

Sati, 1990). J.P. Sati again conducted a survey on

Wildlife Sanctuary is doubtful.

Hoolock gibbon in West Garo Hills District in the year

In Tripura, the presence of Hoolock gibbon was

2007. A total of 25 family groups of gibbons were

reported by Mukherjee (1982). Gupta (2001) confirmed

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

1303

Deb et al., 2014 the presence of Hoolock Gibbon in Trishna and Gumti

was done by Kakati (2004, 2006). Kakati et al., (2009)

Wildlife Sanctuaries. In 2005 Gupta and Dasgupta

again carried out a survey in fragmented forests of

recorded a total of 39 groups over an area of 53km ;

eastern Assam. The survey was conducted in Dibrugarh,

personal

Digboi, Doom-Dooma and Tinsukia Forest Divisions in

communications with the local people and forest staff.

2002. They found the encounter rates for Gibbon groups

Songs were heard from 15 groups and only eight groups

were lowest in the small forest fragments and increasing

were actually sighted.

as the forest size increased . They recorded similar trends

groups

were

confirmed

through

In Arunachal Pradesh very few studies were

with group sizes. Das et al., (2003a) recorded 80 areas as

conducted on Gibbons till 2003. Chetry et al., (2003)

Hoolock gibbon habitat in Northeastern India and a total

conducted a quantitative study in Namdapha National

of 379 Gibbons were recorded and the number varied

Park on the population status of gibbons. And they

from 1 to 25 among these areas. Das et al., (2009)

recorded ten groups with a total population of 33.

estimated the population of Hoolock gibbons in Assam

Another study on the distribution and population status

to be around 4,500-5,500 individuals (excluding solitary

of Western hoolock gibbons in Namdapha National Park

individuals), and the total area of Gibbon habitat as

was done by Kumar et al., (2009). They recorded a total

7,369km2. Today, most of the forest patches in Assam

of twenty groups with a total population of 50. Eleven

are small and isolated. Such small size and scattered

groups (55%) were recorded by indirect observations

forest fragments unable to support above 300 gibbon

where as nine groups (45%) were observed directly. Das

population and some scattered forest fragments contain

et al., (2009) reported a total of 46 groups of Hoolock

one pair of gibbon (Das et al., 2009). Das et al., (2011)

gibbons in Arunachal Pradesh during their surveys in

identified ten priority â&#x20AC;&#x17E;conservation areasâ&#x20AC;&#x; for long term

2005-2006 with an average group size of 3.1 individuals.

conservation of Hoolock gibbon in Assam. Each priority

The distribution status of Hoolock gibbon in

conservation area include a cluster of wild life

Assam was described by various researchers. Tilson

sanctuaries, reserved forests and proposed reserved

(1979) observed the behaviour of Hoolock gibbon in the

forests. These conservation areas or forest complexes

different seasons in Assam and he reported the group

have the greatest potential for long term conservation of

size of 3.2 individuals for 25 groups and 3.4 for 7

Western hoolock gibbon in Assam. Of these ten priority

groups. Choudhury (1990) studied the population

conservation areas of Assam, Karbi Anglong district of

dynamics of Hoolock gibbon at 8 different groups in

central Assam, comprises five priority conservation

Assam. Choudhury (2009a) has given a rough population

areas, two priority conservation areas are in Southern

estimate of Karbi Anglong district of Assam indicates

part of Assam. One priority conservation areas is in

that the total numbers of Hoolock gibbons today could be

Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts and Kamrup and

between 2,400 and 3,200. This number can be compared

Nawgaon

to an estimate in 1991-1992 of 3,500-4,800. The

conservation areas or forest complexes out of these ten

distribution and status of Hoolock gibbon in Tinsukia

have been identified from Karbi Anglong. Of these five

and Dibrugarh district was described by Choudhury

priority complexes, the Langlakso-Mikir Hills-Kalyoni

(2009b). According to him the Gibbon number was near

complex and Borjuri-Jungthung-Western Mikir Hills

about 1,700 in 1995-1996 but recently their number may

forest complex are two important forest complexes of

be fewer than 1,300 individuals. Study on impact of

Karbi Anglong district, prioritized for long term

forest fragmentation on the Hoolock gibbon in Assam

conservation of western Hoolock gibbon in the state

1304

districts

has

one

each.

Five

priority

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

Deb et al., 2014 (Biswas et al., 2013). Biswas et al., (2013) has

of Barail WLS-North Cacher Complex. Hoolock gibbons

undertaken a survey of these two priority complexes to

are also found in several tea estates of Barak Valley. Deb

know the habitat quality and status of the western

et al., (2010-11) reported the existence of Hoolock

Hoolock gibbon. They recorded a total of 80 individuals

gibbons in Rosekandy and Silcoorie tea estates. Islam

with 27 family groups of Hoolock gibbon during the

et al., (2013) reported the presence of 10 family groups

survey. From Langlakso-Mikir Hills-Kalyoni forest

of Hoolock gibbons with a total population of 33 in

complex they recorded 61 individuals in 20 family

Innerline Reserved Forest of Barak Valley.

groups and from Borjuri-Jungthung-Western Mikir Hills

Hoolock gibbon habitat is usually the closed

forest complex they recorded 19 individuals in seven

canopy of tropical evergreen forests, tropical wet

family groups and the overall family groups ranging

evergreen forests, tropical semi-evergreen, tropical moist

from two to five individuals (Biswas et al., 2013). They

deciduous and subtropical hill forests in India (Srivastava

estimated the population of Hoolock gibbon in

1999; Molur et al., 2005). The species is threatened by

Langlakso-Mikir Hills-Kalyoni forest complex between

anthropogenic activity such as fuelwood collection, use

682 to 871 groups and 2015 to 2578 individuals with the

of forest resources and forest land, extracting medicinal

mean number predicted at approximately 2296. Similarly

plants and wild vegetables and mainly because of

the population of Hoolock gibbon in Borjuri-Jungthung-

agricultural activities. Such kind of anthropogenic

West Mikir Hills forest complex between 157 to 193

activity leads fragmentation of habitat (Kumar et al.,

groups and 465 to 571 individuals with the mean number

2009). Habitat fragmentation restricts the movement of

predicted as approximately 518.

Hoolock gibbon through the canopy in search of food.

Hoolock Gibbon in Southern part of Assam

Hoolock gibbon generally eat fruits, leaves and flowers.

Southern region of Assam is known as “Barak

When their preferable food is insufficient gibbon also

Valley”. The region is named after its main river

consume bamboo shoots (Kumar et al., 2013). Hoolock

“Barak”. Hoolock gibbons are found in the various parts

gibbon is mostly frugivorous but during winter season

of Barak Valley in Assam (Choudhury, 2004; Dattagupta

the choice shifted from fruit to leaves (Kakati, 2006).

et al., 2010; Das et al., 2003a; Das et al., 2011; Deb

The distribution status of Hoolock gibbon in Northeast

et al., 2010-11; Islam et al., 2013). In the Southern part

India is still not conclusively known. Several studies

of Assam, Hoolock Gibbons are found in Barail

were carried out on the presence or absence from the

Protected Reserve Forest, North Cachar Hills Reserve

protected areas but Hoolock gibbon also present in

Forest, Innerline Reserve Forest, Barail Reserve Forest,

outside protected areas particularly in Reserve Forest

Katakhal Reserve Forest, Longai Reserve Forest, Singla

(RF), Private Forest (PF), Community Forests (CF) and

Reserve Forest and Patharia Reserve Forest (Das et al.,

Village Reserve Forest (VRF).

2003a). When identifying ten priority forest complexes

Conservation

Das et al., (2011) emphasized on two basic criteria,

Tropical and subtropical forest of Northeast India

habitat integrity and biological importance for long-term

is the habitat of

conservation of Hoolock gibbon in Assam. Out of ten

declining trend of Hoolock gibbon population continues

priority forest complexes in Assam two priority forest

in its entire distributional range (Kumar et al., 2013).

complexes are in Barak Valley viz. Innerline-Kathakhal-

Hoolock gibbons are protected by law in India. But it is

Singhla-Barak complex and Barail Wildlife Sanctuary-

unfortunate that their conservation has not been taken up

Barail protected Reserve Forest-Unclassified forest north

seriously till date. The communities living in or near the

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

Hoolock gibbon in India. But the

1305

Deb et al., 2014 Hoolock gibbon habitat depends on forest resources and

male Hoolock gibbon in Aizawl Zoological Park is not

bad economic conditions along with population influx

clear. For successful captive breeding of Hoolock gibbon

play devastating role in respect of survival parameters of

Central Zoo Authority of India can adopt co-operative

this species. Hoolock hoolock is listed by the IUCN Red

breeding programme with other zoos in North East India

List of Threatened Species as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Endangeredâ&#x20AC;?. The species

by transferring animals and sharing their off-springs. For

was listed on Schedule-I, the highest schedule on the

conservation of Hoolock gibbon in the wild need a

Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act in 1972 and also in

detailed strategy action plan for the future conservation.

Appendix-I of CITES. Western hoolock gibbon is also

Das et al., (2011) already identified ten priority

included

in the list of 25 most endangered primate

conservation areas or forest complexes which have the

species of world (Walker et al., 2009). There are various

greatest potential for long term conservation of western

conservation efforts for Hoolock gibbon but the species

Hoolock gibbon in Assam. Similar identification of

is still not out of danger. The Government of India is not

priority forest complexes are required in other North

serious enough about the conservation issues affecting

Eastern states. All the states of North East India have a

the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x;s only ape species (Chetry and Chetry,

huge

2011). Immediate step for conservation of Hoolock

conservation scope Hoolock gibbon is facing enormous

gibbon is to initiate baseline research both in captivity

anthropogenic pressure ranging from habitat loss,

and in the wild. The species is distributed across nine

encroachment, fragmentation and hunting throughout the

zoos in India with a total of 40 numbers (Srivastav and

entire distribution range making the species extremely

Nigam, 2009). The species has a poor breeding history in

vulnerable. The primates and the local people directly

captivity in Indian zoos. However, the species has a

dependent on the same forest resource for their basic

number of animals which have the potential to contribute

requirements is the main cause for concern (Kumar et al.,

their genes to the captive population (Srivastav and

2009). Most local people are unaware about the legal

Nigam, 2009). To create environment of ex-situ

status of Hoolock gibbon and lack of trust towards forest

conservation awareness and to initiate captive breeding

department are big conservation problem (Biswas et al.,

programme for selected endangered species of the

2013).

region,

Aizawl

Zoological

Park,

Mizoram

conservation

scope

but

despite of having

was

established in 2002. Every effort has been made to

CONCLUSION

provide required housing, feed and health care to all the

For conservation of this species the government

animals in the zoo as per Central Zoo Authority of India

should start a Hoolock gibbon project through out the

technical guidance and financial support. According to

entire distribution range of the species to determine the

annual inventory of Aizawl Zoological Park 2007-2008,

present distribution, population status and evaluate

of mammals, the opening stock of Hoolock gibbon as on

different kinds of threats. It will give a baseline

01.04.2007 was one male and four female, a total of five

information to formulate area specific action plan. We

individuals and closing stock as on 31.03.2008 was a

need to provide alternative livelihood to the people

total of seven individuals with two male and five female

settling in and around the Protected Areas, Reserve

gibbons because of acquisition of one male and one

Forest, Protected Forest etc. Community education

female gibbon. No news of captive breeding of Hoolock

program for local people could encourage the local

gibbon during that period of time (Mizoram State

community to participate in the management process.

Pollution Control Board, 2009). But the present status of

We hope that Hoolock gibbon shall continue their loud

1306

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

Deb et al., 2014 songs in the jungle of North East India in the coming

Chetry D and Chetry R. 2011. Hoolock gibbon

years without any disturbances.

conservation in India. Gibbon Journal. Nr.6 :7-12.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We dedicate this study to all the primatologists for providing valuable literatures on Western Hoolock gibbon. First author would like to thank Dr. Jayanta Das

Chetry D, Medhi R, Biswas J, Das D and Bhattacharjee PC. 2003. Non-human Primates in the Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India. International Journal of Primatology. 24(2): 383-388.

(Wildlife Areas Development & Welfare Trust, Assam)

Choudhury

for his guidance. First author is also thankful to Dr.

Conservation of Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in

Mrinal Kanti Bhattacharya (Department of Botany &

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Srivastava A. 1999. Primates of Northeast India. Megadiversity Press, Bikaner, 208p. Srivastava A. 2006. Conservation of threatened primates of Northeast India. Primate Conservation. 20:107-113. Srivastav A and Nigam P. 2009. National Studbook of Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock). Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun and Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi. 1-24. Tilson RL. 1979. Behaviour of Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) during different seasons in Assam,

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1310

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1301-1310

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Meiosis and Chromosome Complement of Atractomorpha lata (=A. bedeli) (Mochulsky, 1866) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Collected in Cameroon. Authors: Seino Richard Akwanjoh1, 4, Dongmo Tonleu Ingrid1, Dongmo Alain2 and Manjeli Yacouba3. Institution: 1. Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 353 Dschang, Cameroon. 2. Laboratoire de Biologie et de Physiologie des Organismes Animaux, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Douala, Cameroon. 3. Department of Biotechnology and Animal Production, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222 Dschang, Cameroon. 4. Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39 Bamenda, Cameroon

ABSTRACT:

This article presents detailed information on the meiotic process and karyotype of Atractomorpha lata (=A. bedeli), a Pyrgomorphidae grasshopper endemic to the West and North-West Regions of Cameroon. It includes chromosome number, morphology and chromosome lengths. The meiotic process in the species was normal and chiasmate with a mean chiasma frequency of 12.874 ±0.29. The percent rod shaped bivalents present was significantly higher (P<0.05) than percent ring shaped bivalents. Percent bivalents with 1, 2 and 3 chiasmata were in the series: 1 chiasmata > 2 chiasmata > 3 chiasmata. The X chromosome revealed the reversal type of heteropycnosis. The detailed karyotype of A. lata from Cameroon (Africa) is here described for the first time. The species has a diploid karyotype of 23 and the sex mechanism is XX –XO. Short chromosome arms were visible in mitotic Metaphase chromosomes hence the chromosomes in the species were acrocentric. The karyotype revealed three large, five medium and one small chromosomes (3LL – 5MM – 1SS). Chromosome lengths varied from 8.40 to 2.10μm and the haploid set was 56.39μm long. The X chromosome was 5.6μm and medium in size.

Keywords: Atractomorpha lata, Pyrgomorphidae, karyotype, meiosis.

Corresponding author: Seino Richard Akwanjoh.

Article Citation: Seino Richard Akwanjoh, Dongmo Tonleu Ingrid, Dongmo Alain and Manjeli Yacouba. Meiosis and Chromosome Complement of Atractomorpha lata (=A. bedeli) (Mochulsky, 1866) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Collected in Cameroon. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1311-1316

Email Id:

Dates: Received: 16 Apr 2013

Accepted: 23 May 2013

Published: 03 Jun 2014

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0352.pdf.

Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal

1311-1316 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 3

www.jresearchbiology.com

Seino et al., 2014 Propionic Orcein squash technique of Seino et al.,

INTRODUCTION Atractomorpha lata (=A. bedeli) is a common

(2012a). Testes fixed in 3:1 Ethanol: Acetic acid were

grasshopper found in the West and North-West Regions

squashed on clean microscope glass slides and stained

of Cameroon. Though this species has been reportedly a

with 2% lactic – propionic orcien.

pest of rice and Medicinal plants on the Asian continent

The

meiotic

process

was

assessed

(Anonymous, 1972; Kobayashi et al., 1972; Lee et al.,

examination of stages and substages present. Chiasma

2007), it is yet to be implicated with pest activities in

frequencies were counted from ten cells in Diplotene/

Cameroon or on the African continent.

Diakenesis in ten individuals. Mitotic Metaphase

Karyotype is an important asset of a species and

chromosomes were measured directly from the Lietz

can serve for identification purposes (Channaveerappa

photomicroscope with the help of the ocular and stage

and Ranganath, 1997). It is also a useful tool in

micrometres. Chromosome morphology was determined

cytotaxonomic, evolutionary and phylogenetic studies

from the presence of minute short arms and confirmed

(Verma and Agarwal, 2005). A review of Sannomiya

using the shapes of the chromosomes in first meiotic

(1973), John and King, (1983) and Yao et al., (2004),

anaphases

revealed

anaphases. Chromosome size groups were determined

that

some

Atractomorpha

species

have

and

second

meiotic

Chromosome

metaphases

Lengths

(RCL)

and

karyotypes with chromosome numbers that vary from

from Relative

and

2n = 19 to 38 acro-telocentric chromosomes. This

separated using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test

variation in chromosome number is due principally due

(DMRT).

to the presence of supernumerary chromosomes. Up to 19 B, chromosomes have been reported in some

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

populations of Atractomorpha species.

Meiotic process

There is a paupacy in literature of cytogenetic

The meiotic stages observed in this species are

information for Cameroonian (African) Atractomorpha

Prophase -1 (Zygotene, Pachytene, and Diplotene),

species. This report is therefore a first description of the

Metaphase -1, Anaphase -1, Telophase-1, Metaphase- 2

karyotype and meiotic process in the African A. lata

and Anaphase -2 (Figure.1). In Diplotene (Figure. 1d),

(=bedeli) collected from Cameroon.

chiasmata were present. There was no precocious movement of chromosomes in Anaphase- 1(Figure. 1f). As per the criteria of Verma and Agarwal, (2005), the

MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten male individuals used for this study were

meiotic process in this species was judged as normal and

collected on the Campus of the University of Dschang,

chiasmate. This type of meiotic process is reportedly

Cameroon. Two of the insects were pre-treated with

ancestral and characteristic for the Orthoptera (White,

colchicine to ensure that mitotic chromosomes were

1973; Hewitt, 1979). Chiasma frequency per cell varied

obtained while the others were not so treated in order to

from 11 – 16 with a mode of 13 and a mean of

easily obtain meiotic chromosomes (Tepperberg et al.,

12.84±0.29. A perusal of Table 1 revealed the mean

1997).

percent rod shaped bivalents (69.2%) to be significantly Mitotic

were

higher (P<0.05) than the mean percent ring shaped

respectively obtained from individuals treated with 1%

bivalents (32.9%). Also the mean percent bivalents with

colchicine and untreated individuals of A. lata.

1, 2 and 3 chiasmata were in the series: 1 – chiasmata

Chromosome smears were prepared with the Lactic

(67.1%) > 2 – chiasmata (23.1%) > 3 – chiasmata

1312

and

meiotic

chromosomes

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1311-1316

Seino et al., 2014

Figure 1: Meiotic stages in Atractomorpha lata: a) Leptotene; b) Zygotene; c) Pachytene; d) Diplotene; e) Metaphase- 1; f) Anaphase -1; g) Early Telophase -1; h) Anaphase -2; i) Telophase -2; Arrow = X- chromosome; ch = chiasma; ct = centromere (9.7%). Similar observations have been reported for

the diploid chromosome number for A. lata was 19

Taphronota thaelephora and Dictyophorus griseus

(2n=19) with the XX♀ – XO♂ sex determining

(Seino et al., 2012 a and b). The X chromosome stained

mechanism. This is another example of the characteristic

darker than the autosomes in Prophase-1 but stained

Pyrgomorphidae

karyotype

since

lighter than the autosomes in

species

karyotype

uniformity

Metaphase-1 and

show

Pyrgomorphidae with

Anaphase-1, therefore exhibiting the reversal type of

chromosomes (White, 1973; Hewitt, 1979; Seino et al.,

heteropycnosis.

been

2012 a & b). The chromosome number recorded for

considered characteristic of the Orthoptera grasshoppers

A. lata in this study is in agreement with that recorded

(White, 1973; Hewitt, 1979).

for A bedeli (Sannomiya; 1973; 1978) and seven

Karyotype

Atractomorpha

Reversal

heteropycnosis

has

species

(A.

sinensis,

burri,

Few karyotype studies have been done on

A. yunnanensis, A. peregrina, A. sagittaris, A. psittacina

African Pyrgomorphidae in general and of species from

and A. lata) in Guizhou (Yao et al., 2004). However

Cameroon in particular. Mitotic Metaphase chromosome

presence of B chromosomes (varying from 1 – 7) in the

counts revealed 19 chromosomes in males (Figure. 2).

Tofuwato – Japan population of A. Bedeli (=lata)

There were also 9 bivalents and one univalent X

reported by Sannomiya (1973) is not found in this

chromosome in Diplotene and Metaphase -1. Therefore

Cameroonian population.

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1311-1316

1313

Seino et al., 2014

Relative Chromosome Length (RCL)

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1

Chromosome pair

Figure. 3: Idiogram of karyotype of A. lata. The chromosomes occur in size groups of long, medium and short (3LL: 5MM: 1SS). The X chromosome is medium.

Figure. 2: Mitotic Metaphase chromosomes in A. lata. Short chromosome arms (arrowed) are visible in most of the chromosomes The

chromosomes

lata

were

all

The

individual

chromosomes

were

also

characterised by being a simple rod type with a near

characterised by length. A perusal of Table 2 revealed

terminal attachment at the tapering ends.

that chromosomes in A. lata ranged from 7.52 to 3.42μm

Short

chromosome arms were present in most of the

and

the

total haploid

length

(including

the

chromosomes (Figure.2). Centromeres were therefore in

chromosome) was 56.39 μm. The X chromosome was

the near terminal regions of the chromosomes. As per the

5.6μm long. The chromosomes were occurred in three

criteria of Levan et al., (1964), the chromosomes in

sizes; long, medium and short (Figure. 3) (Table 3).

A. lata collected in Cameroon were therefore acrocentric

There were 3 long, 5 medium and 1 short chromosome

in morphology. The acrocentric nature of these

pairs (3LL: 5MM: 1SS). The X- chromosome was

chromosomes was confirmed by the V-shaped nature of

medium (Table 3). Chromosomes in most Orthoptera

the chromosomes in Anaphase -1 (Figure1 f) and the

grasshoppers occur in size groups of long, medium and

I -shaped nature of the chromosomes in Anaphase- 2

short (White, 1973; Seino et al., 2012 a and b). This

(Figure. 1i) (William and Ogunbiyi, 1995). No secondary

report is in agreement with the report of Yao et al.,

constrictions were observed.

(2004) who also observed the chromosomes of seven

Table 1: Mean chiasma frequency per cell, percent rod and ring shaped bivalents and percent bivalents with 1-, 2- and 3- chiasmata determined from ten cells in Diplotene of Atractomorpha lata. Mean Cell Chiasma Frequency

A.lata

12.84±0.29

Rod shaped bivalents

Ring shaped bivalents

Bivalents with 1- chiasma

Bivalents with 2 -chiasmata

Bivalents with 3 -chiasmata

X 0.692

X 0.329

X 0.671

X 0.231

X 0.097

% 69.2

% 32.9

% 67.1

% 23.1

% 9.7

Table 2: Mitotic Metaphase chromosome lengths (µm) and long: short arm ratio in Atractomorpha lata

Total length Long arm Short arm Long arm: short arm ratio 1314

1μm 7.52 6.49 1.03 6.60

2μm 6.93 5.91 1.02 5.79

3μm 6.91 5.92 0.99 5.98

4μm 5.65 5.04 0.61 8.26

chromosome 5μm 6μm 5.18 5.08 4.22 4.20 0.96 0.88 4.40 4.77

7μm 5.04 4.03 1.01 3.99

8μm 5.03 4.22 0.81 5.21

9μm 3.42 2.8 0.62 4.52

10μm 6.1 5.3 0.8 6.63

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1311-1316

Seino et al., 2014 Medium

Size of X chromosome

Atractomorpha species collected in Guizhou to occur in the X chromosome in this study was medium in size while in the Guizhou species of Atractomorpha the X

5.63 μm

Length (μm ) of X chromosome

chromosome was the longest chromosome in the genome. The apparent absence of B chromosomes in this study does not dismiss the existence of supernumeraries

Morphology of chromosomes

All Acrocentric

in Cameroonian populations of A. lata (= bedeli). The presence of B chromosomes are known to vary with population (Camacho et al., 2000). During this study no meiotic and karyotype aberrations were detected.

56.39 μm

Total chromosome length (μm) (Haploid set)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are deeply indebted to Mr Akongte Peter, MSc student in the Department of Animal Biology of the University of Dschang, Cameroon, who collected the specimens used for this study. Our sincere thanks go to

Short

Professor Mpoame Mbida, Head of the Applied Ecology Number of chromosome per size group

Laboratory (LABEA), Department of Animal Biology in

Medium

the University of Dschang, Cameroon, for laboratory facilities.

Long

REFERENCES Anonymous. 1972. A list of plant diseases, insect pests

XX-XO

♀-♂

Sex determining mechanism

and weeds in Korea; Seoul, Korean Society of Plant Protection, 424. Camacho JPM, Sharbel TF and Beukeboom LW. 2000. B-chromosome Evolution. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 355(1394): 163 – 178. Channaveerappa

and

Ranganath

1997.

Karyology of a few species of South Indian acridids. II. Male germ line karyotypic instability in Gastrimaargus. Journal of Biosciences, 22(3): 367 – 374. John B and King M. 1983. Population cytogenetics of A. lata

Species

Total number of chromosomes per cell in the male

Table 3: Morphometric characters of the karyotype of A. lata collected from Cameroon

three size groups of long medium and short. However,

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Atractomorpha similes I. C-band variation. Chromosoma 88(1): 57 -68. 1315

Seino et al., 2014 Hewitt GM. 1979. Grasshoppers and Crickets. Animal

damaged spermatocytes and a possible checkpoint at

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Pachytene. Chromosoma, 106(3): 183 – 192.

Borntraeger Ed. Berlin Stuttgart.

Verma PS and Agarwal VK. 2005. Cell Biology,

Kobayashi T, Hasegawa T and Kegasawa K. 1972.

Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology. Chand &

Major insect pests of leguminous crops in Japan. Trop.

Company Ltd. Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055.

Agric. Res. Ser., Japan, 6: 109 – 126.

White MJD. 1973. Animal cytology and Evolution. 3rd

Lee DW, Park JC, Kim DS, Kim CS and Choo HY. 2007. Kinds and occurring time of insect pests in medicinal plant Garden. Http://agris.fao.org/aos/records/ KR2008003318.

William GO and

Ogunbiyi BI. 1995. Chromosome

morphology and meiosis in Zonocerus variegatus L. (Orthoptera, Pyrgomorphidae). Cytologia, 60(2):111-

Levan A, Fredga K and Sondberg AA. 1964. Nomenclature for centric position of chromosomes. Hereditas, 52(2): 201 - 220. Sannomiya

edition. Cambridge University Press. 961.

116. YAO Shi-hong XIE Ai-lin and XU Ping-li. 2004. A comparative study on the karyotypes and c-banding of

M. 1973. Cytogenetic studies on normal

populations of grasshoppers with special reference to B-

seven Atractomorpha species in Guizhou. Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Science) 2004 - 2.

chromosomes. I. Atractomorpha bedeli. Chromosoma 44: 99 - 106. Sannomiya M. 1978. Relationship between crossingover

and

chiasma

formation

heterozygote of Atractomorpha

translocation

bedeli (Acrididae,

Orthoptera). Heredity 40(2): 305 - 308. Seino RA, Tongleu ID and Manjeli Y. 2012a. Cyotgenetic characterisation of Taphronota thaelephora Stal.1873.(Orthoptera:

Pyrgo morphidae)

fro m

Cameroon. II. Description of mitotic chromosomes. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(4): 1624 – 1632. Seino RA, Manjeli Y and Dongmo TI. 2012b. Cytogenetic studies in Dictyophorus griseus (Reiche & Faiemaire, 1849)(Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) from Cameroon. II. Karyotype. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 3(7): 292 – 295.

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ISSN No: Print: 2231 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

Diversity, distribution, threats and conservation action of fish fauna in Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu Authors: Manickam Raja, Rajendiran Ramkumar and Pachiappan Perumal.

Institution: 1. Department of Biotechnology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem- 636 011 Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT: The freshwater fish fauna of the Chinnar reservoir/Chinnar River a tributary of the Cauvery River system in the Tamil Nadu at the Eastern part of Ghats was studied. A total of thirty two (32) species of freshwater fish belonging to seven (7) orders, ten (10) families and twenty four (24) genera were recorded. Out of the 32 species, the present study recorded the presence of three (3) threatened, one (1) vulnerable and twenty eight (28) least concerned species. The highest species diversity was recorded in Chinnar Reservoir (n=22) and lowest diversity was found in the Gujjarahalli (n=9). The fish fauna of the Chinnar reservoir is threatened due to anthropogenic activities such as deforestation leading to siltation, sand mining, over fishing by using dynamite, organic and inorganic pollution. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop and implement conservation plans that are needed.

Corresponding author: Manickam Raja.

Keywords: Chinnar reservoir, Eastern Ghats, biodiversity status, sand mining, threats.

Email Id:

Article Citation: Manickam Raja, Rajendiran Ramkumar and Pachiappan Perumal. Diversity, distribution, threats and conservation action of fish fauna in Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

Web Address:

Dates: Received: 11 Mar 2014

http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0432.pdf.

Accepted: 22 Mar 2014

Published: 06 Jun 2014

1317-1327 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 3

www.jresearchbiology.com

Raja et al., 2014 INTRODUCTION

Rema Devi et al., (1999), Easa and Shaji (1997), Rema

The ichthyofauna of Eastern Ghats have not been

Devi and Raghu Nathan (1999), Arunachalam and

thoroughly studied as that of the Western Ghats. Rema

Sankaranarayanan (1999), Rema Devi and Indra (2000),

Devi and Indra (2003) have listed 127 fish species from

Arunachalam and Muralidharan (2007, 2008 and 2009),

Eastern Ghats based on their extensive collections and

Arunachalam et al., (2006, 2013, and 2014), Raja et al.,

the earlier reports beginning with Day (1878). The

(2014). So far, very little scientific studies have been

Eastern Ghats are a series of broken and weathered relict

carried out on the reservoirs of Tamil Nadu.

embodies as a series of isolated hills in the peninsular

The Chinnar River takes its origin from a

plateau (Mani 1974). Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri parts

wetland system called Thali Lake or Thali Big Tank.

of the Eastern Ghats are the discontinuous patches of

Sanathkumar River, the name at its origin from Thali

hills with fragmented dry deciduous forest types by

Lake and the adjoining streams waters from fragmented

which small streams originate. The region is mostly

hilly terrain were regulated with several Anicut/check

covered with agricultural lands (66.5%), the dry

dams, confluences with Chinnar River and regulated as

deciduous and dry deciduous scrub forests constitute

Chinnar Reservoir. The Chinnar Reservoir (Panjapalli

about 6.8%. Evergreen and semi-evergreen forests forms

Dam) is located (12째29'29"N 77째55'26"E) in Panjapalli-

about 0.3% (NRSA, 2007).

village of Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu. The

The reservoirs and lakes were the main assets

reservoir formed by the dam is a lake of 420 acres

exploited due to inland fisheries. The understanding of

impounding 500 mile cubic feet of water at its maximum

fish faunal diversity is a foremost feature for the

level. The reservoir comprises of an earthen dam of 365

exploitation of freshwater reservoirs (Battul et al., 2007).

m length across river Chinnar. The irrigation network

The detailed information of fishery resources, their

consists of one main canal, two distributaries and twelve

availability and distribution in a particular water body is

direct sluices. The reservoir provides irrigation for

essential for proper consumption of its fishery resource

1600.63 ha of land under the old and new commands in

(Pawar et al., 2007). The spatial and temporal patterns of

Palacode and Karimangalam Taluks of Dharmapuri

diversity, distribution and species composition will be

District apart from services by means of groundwater

useful to study the factors influencing the fish

recharge, nutrient supply, water purification, recreation

community structure (Galacatos et al., 2004). Many fish

and habitats for various biota. The Chinnar river

species have become highly endangered by human

confluences with Cauvery river at Hogenakkal, which is

engrossment in the riverine ecosystems as a result of

situated at 61Km from Chinnar reservoir.

habitat loss (Lima-Junior et al., 2006; Mas-Marti et al.,

Chinnar reservoir is one of the important

2010). Freshwater fishes are one of the most threatened

reservoirs in northern part of Tamil Nadu that need

taxonomic groups (Darwall and Vie, 2005) because of

serious attention in its management and conservation of

their high sensitivity to the alteration of aquatic habits

fishery resources. Detailed studies on fish fauna of this

(Laffaille et al., 2005; Sarkar et al., 2008; Kang et al.,

reservoir are still lacking. To fill this gap, the present

2009).

study was carried out in order to examine the diversity, Ichthyofauna diversity on different river systems

of India have been surveyed by Jayaram et al., (1982),

distribution, threats and conservation plan for fish fauna in the different spreads of Chinnar reservoir.

Talwar and Jhingran (1991), Menon (1992) and contemporary works include those of Rema Devi (1992), 1318

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

Raja et al., 2014

Figure 1. Showing the locations/ study sites of upstream/downstream areas of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7% formalin and preserved in 70% alcohol for voucher

The fish survey and collections were done

collection. The collected specimens were transported to

covering in 12 sites upstream/downstream of Chinnar

the Department of Biotechnology Cum Laboratory

reservoir in Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu (Fig. 1)

museum of the Periyar University Museum of Natural

viz; Chinnar Reservoir (S1), Panjapalli (S2), Periyanoor

History (PUMNH- a newly started one in the year 2013),

(S3), Samanur (S4), Marandahalli (S5), Upparahalli (S6),

Salem, Tamil Nadu, India and assigned the specimen

Chikkapavalli (S7), Sukkanahalli (S8), Nallur (S9),

catalogue numbers (Accession number PUMNH 71-102.

Ganganahalli (S10), Chikkamarandahalli (S11) and

The species identification was carried out using Talwar

Gujjarahalli (S12). Fish were collected with the help of

and Jhingran, (1991); Jayaram, (2010) and nomenclatural

gill nets, cast nets and drag nets during January-

names were followed by the catalogue of fishes of the

December, 2013. The sampling was made in 100-200 m

California academy of sciences (Eschmeyer and Fricke,

stretches of each site. Local fisherman was involved in

2011; Pethiyagoda et al., 2012) and fish status was

netting and collection. The specimens were lively

checked in IUCN red list (IUCN, 2013).

photographed with Canon 1100 Digital SLR camera and representative specimens of each species were fixed in Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

1319

Raja et al., 2014

Figure 2. Showing the some of the fish species collected from Chinnar Reservoir.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

and four (4) genera were seen. One species of

The details of fish species recorded from the

Mugiliformes,

present study sites are given in Tables 1 & 2. The

Synbranchiformes

Chinnar reservoir preserves a rich variety of fish species,

Aplocheilus lineatus and Mastacembelus armatus and six

on the basis of studies conducted so far, as it harbour

(6) species of Perciformes belonging to three (3) families

thirty two (32) species of fish species (Fig.2); belonging

and four (4) genera are identified.

to seven (7) orders, ten (10) families and twenty four

In the

Cyprinodontiformes such

upstream/

Xenentodon

and cancila,

downstream of Chinnar

(24) genera. Among those only one species of

reservoir the presence of highest species diversity

Osteoglossiformes- Notopterus notopterus was recorded.

(Fig. 3) was recorded in Chinnar reservoir (S1; n=22),

Cypriniformes dominates the catch list with seventeen

followed by the Panjapalli (S2; n=18). The lowest

(17) species belonging to twelve (12) genera also, five

species diversity was recorded in the Gujjarahalli (S12;

(5) species of Siluriformes belonging to two (2) families

n=9) and Nallur (S9; n= 10). The present survey records

1320

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

Raja et al., 2014

Figure 3. Species diversity within the study sites of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu.

the presence of three (3) economically important as well

value due to small size and bright colours can be used as

as near threatened species, Mystus armatus, Ompok

aquarium fishes. The economically important and high

bimaculatus,

(1)

commercial valued fish species such as Notopterus

vulnerable species Cyprinus carpio and twenty eight

notopterus, Gibelion catla, Labeo calbasu, Labeo rohita,

(28) species are in least concerned categories. According

Ompok bimaculatus, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes

to IUCN 'Red list 2013' 3% of the species are in

fossilis, Mastacembelus armatus, Channa marulius, and

vulnerable state, 9% are near threatened and 88% are

Channa punctata were also found in much abundance.

least concerned in Chinnar reservoir (Fig. 4).

Whereas, only one species of hill adapted fish species,

Oreochromis

mossambicus;

one

The fish species such as Devario aequipinnatus,

Garra mullya was recorded.

Rasbora cauverii, Dawkinsia filamentosa, Puntius chola,

The fish fauna of Chinnar River is under threat as

Puntius dorsalis, Pethia ticto, Pethia conchonius,

result

several

anthropogenic

interferences;

Aplocheilus lineatus having the prominent ornamental

deforestation leading to siltation, inorganic pollution of the river, dynamite fishing, and recreational activities are common in most of the stretches of the river. The evidence collected from the local people and local fisherman shown high decline in the fish population in previous decade due to dynamite fishing by nearby black granite quarry mining workers and excessive in stream sand-and-gravel mining of the river belt. The scientific studies on the environmental impact of mining were carried out at different forest regions (Ram Prasad, 1992). During October 10, 2009

Figure 4. Conservation status of fish species collected from different study sites of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu.

the

High court

of Madras,

appointed Professor

M. Arunachalam as an Expert-Commissioner to provide an assessment of sand/gravel mining impact on Chinnar

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

1321

1322

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Sl. No Osteoglossiformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Cypriniformes Siluriformes Siluriformes Siluriformes Siluriformes Siluriformes Mugiliformes Cyprinodontiformes Synbranchiformes Perciformes Perciformes Perciformes Perciformes Perciformes Perciformes

Notopterus notopterus Salmophasia bacaila Salmophasia boopis Barilius gatensis Barilius bendelisis Devario aequipinnatus Rasbora cauverii

Puntius chola Puntius dorsalis Pethia ticto Pethia conchonius Gibelion catla Labeo calbasu Labeo rohita Garra mullya Mystus armatus Mystus cavasius Ompok bimaculatus Clarias batrachus Heteropneustes fossilis Xenentodon cancila Aplocheilus lineatus Mastacembelus armatus Parambassis ranga Etroplus maculatus Etroplus suratensis Oreochromis mossambicus Channa marulius Channa punctata

Amblypharyngodon melettinus Cyprinus carpio Dawkinsia filamentosa

Order

List of Fishes Notopteridae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Cyprinidae Bagridae Bagridae Bagridae Clariidae Clariidae Belonidae Cyprinodontidae Mastacembelidae Centropomidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Cichlidae Channidae Channidae

Family Chottavalai, Chappathi, Chennavalai Valachel, Vellachi- kenda Sampaj Artcandee Vennathi- kendai, Akkili varatankendai Vannathipodi, Selaiparavai Pattakunju, Bhavani kendai Pachathalai kendai Carp Chavalle, Mocha- kendai Putti- kendai, Karoon Sall- kendai, Palpooran, Mookanam- kendai Pulli kendai Valli kendai Katla,Thoppa meen, Koora kendai, Karavai Kakkameen, Karuppusel, Karunchel, Kurrimenu Kennadi- kendai, Rohu Kallu koravai Sonanng keletee Naikeluthi, Vellakelete Savallai, Silaivalai Thal- meen, Thal- kendai Thaylee/ Thailimeen Kokkumeen, Vellai mooral Mundakanni, Manankanni, Vanampartha meen Aarrah Kannadi meen Setha kendai, Bommi Sella- kasu, Puradi, Selladai meen Tilapia, Jilabi-meen Aviri-Puveral, Iru vraal Korava

Vernacular name

Table 1 List of fish species in Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu.

Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Vulnerable Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Near Threatened Least Concern Near Threatened Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Least Concern Near Threatened Least Concern Least Concern

Least Concern

Conservation Status- (IUCN 2013)

Raja et al., 2014

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327

Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Puntius chola (F.Hamilton, 1822) Puntius dorsalis (Jerdon, 1849) Pethia ticto (F.Hamilton, 1822) Pethia conchonius (F.Hamilton, 1822) Gibelion catla (F.Hamilton, 1822) Labeo calbasu (F.Hamilton, 1822) Labeo rohita (F.Hamilton, 1822) Garra mullya (Sykes, 1839) Mystus armatus (Day, 1865) Mystus cavasius (F.Hamilton, 1822) Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794) Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) Xenentodon cancila (F.Hamilton, 1822) Aplocheilus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1846) Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800) Parambassis ranga (F.Hamilton, 1822) Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795) Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) Oreochromis mossambicus (W.K.H Peters, 1852) Channa marulius (F.Hamilton, 1822) Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793)

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Dawkinsia filamentosa (Valenciennes, 1844)

List of Fishes Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769) Salmophasia bacaila (F.Hamilton, 1822) Salmophasia boopis (F.Day, 1874) Barilius gatensis (Valenciennes, 1844) Barilius bendelisis (F.Hamilton, 1807) Devario aequipinnatus (McClelland,1839) Rasbora cauverii (Jerdon, 1849) Amblypharyngodon melettinus (Valenciennes, 1844) S2 + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + -

S1 + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + + + +

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1317-1327 + + + + + -

S3 + + + + + + + + + + + -

S4 + + + + + + + + + + + + +

S5 + + + + + + + + + + +

S6 + + + + + + + + + + + +

S7 + + + + + + + + + + -

S8 + + + + + + + + + + + + -

S9 + + + + + + + + + + -

S10 + + + + + + + + -

Table 2. Fish distribution from upstream/downstream areas of Chinnar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu. (‘+’ = Present; ‘-’ = Absent)

+ + + + + + + -

S11 + + + + + + +

+ -

S12 + + + + + + + --

Raja et al., 2014

1323

Raja et al., 2014 river ecosystem and the land use pattern along the

genetic diversity. The removal of the exotic species,

stretches of river below the reservoir. His report

Oreochromis mossambicus is advantageous to reservoir

concluded that, the river system under assessment needs

fishery. The presence of tilapia decreases the population

at least five years to restore and hence sand/gravel

of other fish species. Thus, it is beneficial to remove this

mining should not be carried out for the next five years

population by selective fishing. In view of the existing

(Arunachalam, 2009).

practices there is an urgent need to take up certain

Instream sand mining resulted in the habitat loss

conservation approach to control the drastic drop down

and channel morphology alteration leads to dreadful

in fish population and to save the vulnerable, threatened

conditions of aquatic biota; this continued mining cause

species from wiping out of the region. Though, there are

the entire stream to excavation (Kondolf et al., 2002) and

certain legal restrictions in few areas, but it remained un-

negative effects on aquatic life (Johnes and O’Sullivan,

productive

1989). An increase in the amount of fine sediments

implementation.

due

lack

uniformity

its

increase the amount of sediment-associated nutrients (especially phosphorus) and contaminants in the river

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

water. This increases the amount of water quality

The corresponding author is grateful to SERB-

degradation caused by excessive nutrients with the

DST (Government of India) - Start up Research Grant for

resulting negative impacts to aquatic life (Owens and

Young Investigators (vide File No. DST No. SB/YS/LS-

Walling, 2002; Correll, 1998). Ecosystem integrity also

36/2013) and also thank Mr. S. Mariappan for line

embodies the degree of self-organization (Muller et al.,

drawing.

2000). Once the system’s reliability is troubled by human actions, the natural patterns of species structure and

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1327

Journal of Research in Biology

ISSN Number: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Journal of Research in Biology

New Locality Record of Yellow Collared Wolf Snake Lycodon flavicollis Mukherjee and Bhupathy, 2007 from Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India Authors: Bubesh Guptha M*, Thulasaiah T and Sivaram Prasad NV.

Institution: Bio - Lab of Seshachalam Hills, Wildlife Management Circle, Kapilatheertham, Tirupati - 517 501, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT:

During field survey, we encounter live specimen of Lycodon flavicollis while it was crossing the path at about 1130 hrs on 20th September 2013. Near a close to the famous temple of Sri Lord Venkateswara (13° 42 N & 79° 20’E). During the time of collection, it was cool and cloudy. Subsequently, the specimen was photographed and released after collection of morphometry measurements. In the present paper, we provide additional and new locality record in Eastern Ghats.

Corresponding author: Bubesh Guptha M.

Keywords: Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve, Lycodon flavicollis, New Locality Record, Andhra Pradesh.

Email Id:

Article Citation: Bubesh Guptha M, Thulasaiah T and Sivaram Prasad NV. New locality record of yellow collared wolf snake Lycodon flavicollis mukherjee and bhupathy, 2007 from seshachalam biosphere reserve, Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1328-1331 Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0389.pdf.

Dates: Received: 19 Oct 2013

Accepted: 02 Dec 2013

Published: 11 Jun 2014

1328-1331 | JRB | 2014 | Vol 4 | No 3

www.jresearchbiology.com

Guptha et al., 2014 INTRODUCTION:

Seshachalam hill ranges. These hill ranges are a part of

Amphibians and reptiles play a major role in

the Eastern Ghats, spread over Chittoor and Kadapah

ecological food wed, as both predators and prey. Herpits

districts of Andhra Pradesh. The predominant vegetation

also provide a significant benefit to agriculture and

type is tropical southern dry mixed deciduous forest

recreational activity as consumers of insects, rodents, and

(Champion and Seth, 1968). The vegetation is a mix of

other pest species Amphibians and reptiles, 2006).

the tropical southern dry mixed deciduous types and

Lycodon, one of the most widespread Asiatic snake taxa,

includes three protected areas, namely Sri Venkateswara

ranges from the Caspian Sea to the Philippines and

Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara National Park and

Indonesia. Over 25 species have been reported to date

Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve. This range is the

(Smith, 1943; Biswas and Sanyal, 1965; Lanza, 1999;

richest floristic hot spot harboring many endemic and

Slowinski et al., 2001; Daltry and Wuster, 2002), and 11

rare plants. The entire sanctuary is an uninhabited large

of them occur within the Indian subcontinent (Mukherjee

chunk of dry deciduous Red Sanders bearing forest

and Bhupathy, 2007). The Eastern Ghats is of broken and

(Bubesh et al., 2013).

isolated hills of the Deccan Plateau, unlike the continuous mountain range of Western Ghats of the

METHODOLOGY:

southwestern India (Chettri and Bhupathy, 2010). The

Totally 53 field days were spent to rapidly assess

collection site of Lycodon flavicollis is located in

the Herpetofauna Since August 2011 onwards, we are

Source: Google Earth. Figure 1: Distribution map for Lycodon flavicollis in India (after Mukherjee and Bhupathy 2007), with an Yellow spot indicating the earlier record from Anaikatti Hills, Tamil Nadu, Western Ghats and Pink spot indicating the new locality record for Seshachalam Hills, Andhra Pradesh, Eastern Ghats. 1329

Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1328-1331

Guptha et al., 2014 carrying out a detailed biodiversity inventory of the Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve in Chittoor and Kadapa districts, Andhra Pradesh. Data collection will be carried

Table 1: Morphometry of Lycodon flavicollis from Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve Particulars

Measurements

out by using Visual Encounter Survey Method. The

Ventral

217

sanctuary area was different and all habitats were

Sub Caudal

randomly explored on the basis of habitat and

Supralabials

availability of the species. All important major and minor

Tail Length

41mm

water

Head Length

8mm

Head Width

5mm

Total Length

280mm

bodies,

including

seasonal

rivulets

were

extensively explored for aquatic species. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Yellow

Collared

Wolf

Snake

Lycodon

During nature trail in Seshachalam Biosphere

flavicollis is a species of non venomous snake, Snout

Reserve we encounter live specimen of Lycodon

broad, much depressed, long, spatulate, with the upper

flavicollis dated 20 September 2013 at 1130 hrs. The

lip swollen. Uniform brownish grey above, with a yellow

specimen was collected from the habitat close to the

collar (Figure- 2 and 3).

famous temple of Sri Lord Venkateswara (13°42’N and

Threats

79°20’E) (Fig-1). Surrounding mixed vegetation forest.

Management

intervention

should

ensure

During the time of collection, it was cool and cloudy.

checking of illegal entry especially red sander smugglers,

Subsequently, the specimen was photographed and

livestock pressure etc. Forest fire is one of the major

released after collection of morphometry measurements.

threats in the Seshachalam hills.

All measurements are in mm (Table-1). So far very little information is available or published about this species,

RECOMMENDATION:

Lycodon flavicollis a new species were described

We recommend that further studies be carried out

recently from Anaikatti Hills, Tamil Nadu, Western

in the Eastern Ghats and its surrounding areas at the

Ghats (Mukherjee and Bhupathy 2007).

earliest possible opportunity to confirm the presence of

Figure 2: Showing head and aspects of dorsal coloration in Lycodon flavicollis Journal of Research in Biology (2014) 4(3): 1328-1331

Figure 3: Showing aspects of head and dorsum of Lycodon flavicollis 1330

Guptha et al., 2014 many such new species. Also everyone should realize

Daltry JC and Wuster W. 2002. A new species of Wolf

that the protection of habitat is an important aspect in

Snake from the Cardamom Mountains, Southwestern

conservation of such species.

Cambodia. Herpetologica. 58(4): 498 – 504. Lanza B. 1999. A new species of Lycodon from

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We are thankful to Sri A.V. Joseph, IFS, PCCF (WL) and CWW, Andhra Pradesh for giving permission

Philippines, with a key to the genus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae). Tropical Zool., 12: 89 – 104.

to carry out field studies in Seshachalam Biosphere

Mukherjee D and Bhupathy S. 2007. A New Species

Reserve. Special thanks to Sri M. Ravi Kumar, IFS,

Of Wolf Snake (Serpentes: Colubridae: Lycodon) From

Conservator of Forests, WLM Circle, Tirupati for

Anaikatti Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India.

encouragement and necessary helps. We also thank Sri

Russian Journal of Herpetology. 14(1): 21 – 26

K. Madhu, Miss K. Rohini Anusha, Sri V. Bhavani Shankar, Sri G. Uma Maheswar and Sri P. Prudhvi Raj from

the

Bio-Lab

Seshachalam

Hills

who

accompanied along with the survey.

Slowinski JB, Pawar S, Win H, Thin T, Gyi SW, Oo SL and Tun H. 2001. A new Lycodon (Serpentes: Colubridae)

from Northeast

India

and

Myanmar

(Burma). Proc. California Acad. Sci., 52(20): 397 – 405.

REFERENCES:

Smith MA. 1943. The Fauna of British India, including

Amphibians and Reptiles. 2006. Wildlife Habitat

Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.

council.

Serpentes, Taylor and Francis, London.

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Number, 35. www.parcplace.org. Biswas S and Sanyal DP. 1965. A new species of Wolf snake of the genus Lycodon Boie (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Proc. Zool. Soc. Calcutta, 18, 137 – 141. Bubesh MG, Chalapathi Rao PV, Sivaram Prasad NV and Madhu Babu P. 2013. New Locality Record of Brown vine snake Ahaetulla pulverulenta (Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854), in Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve,

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Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology. 2(5): 456-457. Champion HG and Seth SK. 1968. A revised survey of the forest types of India. Govt. of India Press, Delhi. Chettri B and Bhupathy S. 2010. Three little known

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reptile species from the Araku Valley, Eastern Ghats

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with notes on their distribution. Journal of Threatened

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Taxa 2(8): 1109-1113. 1331

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