Journal of Research in Biology
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
Journal of Research in Biology
Diversity and use pattern of ethno-medicinal plants of Kumaun Himalaya Authors: Deepika Bhatt1, Joshi GC1, Tewari LM2 and Ravi Kumar1
ABSTRACT: Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of Institution: the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%, 1. Regional Research trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in Institute of Himalayan Flora, formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark(CCRAS) Tarikhet, 7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and Ranikhet -263 663, inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments. Uttarakhand. 2. Department of Botany, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital Corresponding author: Deepika Bhatt
Email Id:
Keywords: Kumaun Himalaya, Biodiversity, Correlation, Ethno-medicinal plants, Traditional medicinal system, Vaidyas.
Article Citation: Deepika Bhatt, Joshi GC, Tewari LM and Ravi Kumar Diversity and use pattern of ethno-medicinal plants of Kumaun Himalaya Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 Dates: Received: 08 Feb 2017
Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/RA0418.pdf Journal of Research in Biology An International Scientific Research Journal
Accepted: 13 March 2017
Published: 15 April 2017
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2205-2230 | JRB | 2017 | Vol 7 | No 3
www.jresearchbiology.com
Bhatt et al., 2017 individuals are quickly prompting agricultural land and
INTRODUCTION All people are reliant on plants keeping in mind
urbanization in the previous jungle. As the consequence
the end goal to meet different necessities for survival
of the prevalence of therapeutic plants and their related
(Phillips and Meillleur, 1998). Man has been utilizing
indigenous knowledge, the quantity of people and
plants as medicines, edible/food, fodder, fuel, timber,
national and universal institutions looking for data on
farming tools and different purposes (Samant and Dhar,
these plants is expanding quickly; so that there is an
1997; Samant et al., 1996a, 1998b). Internationally,
earnest need to merge and arrange all accessible data on
around 85% of the customary medicines utilized for
therapeutic plants of the area.
primary human health are obtained from plants
The Kumaun Himalaya, lying between 28044 N
(Fransworth, 1988). People have knowledge of utilizing
and 78045’ - 8101’E, harbors a rich diversity of ethno-
available plants to treat various illnesses. Distinctive
botanical species, which generate considerable benefits
kinds of illness are pervasive in various cultural groups
from social and economic perspectives. The region is
and ethnic groups spread throughout the world (Charles,
well known for various forms of non- formal (traditional)
1968). As such, variations exist in traditional systems of
medical treatments (Figure 1). Among the different
health care among different geographical regions.
ancestral ethnic groups of the district, the Tharu, Buxas,
The importance of plants used in therapy can be
Rajis and Bhotiyas to a great extent rely on wild assets
evaluated by the estimation of the World Health
(Farooquee, 1994; Maikhuri et al., 2000; Nautiyal et al.,
Organization (WHO) that the present demand for
2000).
medicinal plants is about US$14 billion a year, and that
conditions, tribal groups are subject to collection and
the demand for medicinal plant-based raw materials is
exchange of medicinal plants, and they have step by step
growing at the rate of 15–25% annually. Accordingly,
gotten familiar with the healing properties of the
there is a developing risk on the utilization of therapeutic
accessible plants. This has resulted in a traditional
plants, their products and the indigenous medicinal
system of cure, which has remained non formal and
practice as the deforestation and encroachment of
undocumented. A consolidated account and analysis of
Because
of
the
outrageous
inhospitable
Figure 1. Kumaun Himalaya: Location Map 2206
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017
Figure 2. Top eight families supporting TMS in Kumaun
Figure 3. Habit of plants used in TMS in Kumaun
Figure 4. Plant parts used in preparing medicines the total use pattern with regard to ailments and
occurring important plant species (ii) document some of
traditional treatments is not available. Therefore, this
the major plant species with their use in various therapies
study aims to (i) prepare an inventory of locally Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
2207
Bhatt et al., 2017
Figure 5. Categories of prevalent diseases in Kumaun (iii) to access the population structure of threatened
medications additionally were classified into these
plants.
twelve classes of illnesses. The data were measured by checking the quantity of species and the quantity of natural medical formulations utilized as a part of curing
MATERIALS AND METHODS To document the ethno-medicinal plants used in TMS in Kumaun thorough literature survey was done. To assess
the
distribution
range,
use
pattern
the different ailments falling in every wide class of disorder.
and
formulations general interviews and gatherings were
RESULTS
carried out in remote places of study area. To distinguish
The compiled inventory documents uses of 256
the plants, field trips made with professionals, herbarium
medicinal plant species (Table 1), which belong to 96
specimens was additionally prepared. To evaluate the
families out of which 8 major families (Asteraceae- 23%,
collected information for the quantity of illness treated
Lamiaceae- 14%, Fabaceae- 12%,
by each particular plant species, the medicinal plants
Ranunculaceae- 11%, Rosaceae- 11%, Apiaceae-10%,
were classified into fourteen wide classes of diseases:
Euphorbiaceae- 8%) are shown in the Figure 2. It is the
dermatological
disorders,
aftereffect of an efficient treatment of the recorded taxa
Generalized Body Ache (GBA), respiratory disorders,
and presents the legitimate scientific and vernacular
venereal and urinogenetial disorders, reproductive issues,
classification, related authorship and synonymous,
liver and billiary disorders, nervous disorders, cardio-
distributional range, plant habits (Pteridophytes- 1%,
vascular disorders, metabolic disorders, bone/muscles/
Tree-18%, Shrub- 25%, Herb- 52%), plant parts used in
joints disorders, anti-toxic substance/antidote, physical
formulations (Underground part- 33%, Leaves- 24%,
irritant, etc. Different specialists and Mandi proprietors
Whole plant- 11%, Bark- 7%, Seeds- 7%, Resin/Latex/
were likewise counseled to analyze the data. Medicinal
Oil- 4%, Stem/ Shoot/ Wood- 4%, Flowers and
practitioners were counseled in characterizing all the
Inflorescences- 5%, Fruits and Nuts- 5%) (Figures 3 and
documented 108 types of ailments into these expansive
4).
fourteen 2208
classes.
disorders,
The
256
digestive
recorded
Liliaceae- 11%,
therapeutic Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
300-1600
200-2000
vasica Nees Adhatoda (Justicia adhatoda L.)
Barleria cristata L.
Altitudinal Range (m.)
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
3500-4500
1000-2000
3000-3700
2500-3200
Family-Alliaceae 8 Allium stracheyi Baker
Family- Anacardiaceae 9 Rhus parviflora Roxb.
Family-Apiaceae 10 Angelica glauca Edgew.
persi-
Bunium cum B.Fedtsch.
1000-2300
Family- Amaranthaceae 7 Amaranthus caudatus L.
11
Rambansh
500-1800
Bhotia- jeera
Gandhrayan
Samak Dana
Jambu
Kedari chua
Hansraj
Sh
Sh
H
H
Pt
H
Apamarga
1800-2600
H
H
Sh
H
H
Life Form
Kuthi
Kala-bansa
Vasa
Local Name
Family-Adiantaceae lunula5 Adiantum tum Houtt. philippense L.) Family-Agavaceae 6 Agave americana L.
3
bupleuroid- 500-2000 Dicliptera es Nees Family-Achyranthaceae bi- 1000-2200 4 Achyranthes dentata Blume
2.
1
S. Taxa No Family- Acanthaceae
Digestive System Antidote (anti rabies), Others
Tablets are made from the leaf paste of A. bidentata Bl. and jiggery. It is given during dog bite for three days. Root paste is applied on mouth blisters.
Lf, Rt
Sd
Rt
Br, Lf, St
Lf
system, Reproductive digestive system
Seeds are chewed to increase the lactation among women. Same formulation is also given to cure abdominal pain, loss of appetite and liver problems.
24736
25088
25151
24971
25885
940
14314
25904
2542
2524
2537
Accession No.
Continued‌
Digestive system
Digestive system dental pathology
Dermatological system, digestive system
Dermatological system
Roots were boiled with water on moderate flame for up to 15min and left to cool. The liquid is drunk to cure vomiting and indigestion, dysentery, gastric complaints, stomach disorders Roots dried in shady place are chewed directly to cure dyspepsia.
Decoction of bark and leaves is given at intervals during cholera and stomach ache. Twig of stem is used to brush teeth.
A clean cloth dipped in the decoction of leaf is applied on wounds. Leaf decoction is given to cure diarrhea and gastric trouble.
Seeds are grounded and applied on abscess to get relief from pain.
Venereal and urinogenital, reproductive system
Warm leaf poultice is applied on syphilis to control further infection. Seeds are used as abortifacient.
Lf, Sd
Sd
Dermatological system, antipyretic
Root paste mixed with mustered oil is applied externally on skin patches and eczema. Whole plant is powdered and taken orally during old fever.
Rt, WP
Leaf paste is applied externally on cuts and wounds for healing purpose. Decoction of leaves is given once a day to alleviate headache Seeds or whole plant decoction is useful in dysentery.
Lf
Lf, Fl
Sd, WP
System witch effected Respiratory system (URTI-Upper respiratory tract infection) Dermatological system, GBA
Ethno-medicinal Uses Decoction of flowers and leaves are given for treating coryza, cough and fever
Plant Parts Used
Bhatt et al., 2017
2209
2210
Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC.
Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.
Pleurospermum angelicoides (Wall.ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada and H.O. Saxena
14
15
16
600-1200
1000-1400
Nerium indicum Mill.
Plumeria acutifolia Poir.
Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex. Kurz.
21
22
23
25
Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott
2400-3800
1400-2300
600-1200
Holarrhena antidysenterica (L.) Wall. ex A. DC.
20
Family-Araceae 24 Acorus calamus L.
Upto-1500
Catharanthus G. Don
150-1500
Upto-1200
3000-3800
3100-3700
2200-3800
19
roseus (L.)
Family-Apocynaceae 18 Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines
17
Upto-2100
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.
13
2100-3500
2500-5100
Carum carvi L.
12
Bang
Vach
Sarpgandha
Akhia
Kaner
Dhodhi
Sadabahar
Jangli- Karonda
Bhutkesi
Chippi
Gandhraj
Ginjari
Mandook-parni
Thoya
H
H
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
H
H
H
H
H
H
Digestive system Bone, muscles and joints
Decoction of root is given in dyspepsia, ascariasis, dysentery and gastric trouble. Roots are burnt with ghee and fumes work as insecticide. Root extract is applied on skin to get relief from ,muscle pain and swelling.
Rh
Lf, Fl, Rt
Rt
Br, Ltx
Lf
Ltx, St
WP
Fr
Rt
Rt
Continued‌
1485 6
24919
Dermatological system. Antidote (against snake bite)
Digestive system, Cardio-vascular system, Nervous system
Powdered root is given internally for three days to cure ulcers. Decoction of root is given in malarial fever and to decrease the high blood pressure. Also used as antidote.
20649
23539
Dental pathology
Decoction of bark or latex is used as gargle to reduce the dental pain.
23887
22622
25584
25490
24080
23230
23533
21840
21873
24654
Respiratory system, Digestive system
Dermatological system
A decoction of the leaves has been applied externally in the treatment of scabies and to reduce swellings.
Leaves and flower decoction juice is given for treating Cough, Fever, Coryza. Root powder is used to cure worm infestation among children. Wounds are washed with decoction of rhizomes. Rhizome paste with water is applied on the body part stung by Snake or Scorpion.
Dermatological system Digestive system
Latex of plant is applied on Urticaria and Ring worm. Stem bark is chewed in stomachache and burning sensation.
Metabolic disorder
Reproductive system, nervous system, digestive system, dermatological system
Fruits are used as aphrodisiac and nerve tonic, and for intestinal parasites. Root paste is applied on eczema, ring worm infection, leucoderma.
Fr, Rt
Juice of whole plant is given to the patients of Diabetes.
Dermatological system
Root paste is applied on cuts and wounds.
Rt
Liver and biliary system
Nervous system, physical irritant
Leaf juice is administrated orally to treat in mental disorders. Root are ground and given to patient suffering from heat stroke.
Lf, Rt
Roots of Raphanus sativus L. and Carissa opaca Stapf ex Haines are taken in raw form, taken orally to cure Jaundice.
Bone, muscles and joints
Seeds are boiled with the roots of Berginia strcheyi (HK.f. and Th) Engler, and the decoction is given to cure Rickets.
Sd
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 800-3200 3000-4000
Anaphalis adnata DC.
Artemisia maritima L.
34
35
3700-4900 ---------1000-2000 200-1200 800-3000 Upto-2500 3400-4500 3000-4000
Artemisia Clarke) Pamp.
Aster asteroides (DC.) Kuntze
Aster thomsonii C.B. Clarke
Bidens bipinnata L.
Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.
Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.
Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss.
Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Upto-1800
200-2000
Ageratum conyzoides L.
33
nilagirica (C.B.
1800-3600
1200-1800
Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
31
Family- Asteraceae 32 Achillea millefolium L.
1800-3000
Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.
1000-2200
30
Family- Asparagaceae 29 Asparagus adscendens Roxb
500-1400
300-1000
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br.
27
28
Upto-800
Calotropis procera (Aiton) R. Br.
26
Kuth
Dhooppjhar
Pushkarmool
Khursani
Bhringraj
Arka-jhar
--------
---------
Pati
Pati
Poth
------
Gandan
Shatavar
Shata-var
Kairuwa
Anantmool
Gurmar
Aak
H
H
Sh
H
H
H
H
H
Sh
H
H
H
H
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
Rt
Lf
Rt
Lf
Lf
Lf
Lf
Rt
Rt, Lf
Rt
WP
Lf
Fl
Rt
Rt
Rt
GBA reproductive system
Root juice is given to cure fever. Root is tied on the naval region to facilitate the delivery.
23997
25663 25529
Dermatological system Dermatological system Dermatological system Digestive system Blood disease Digestive system Dermatological system Dermatological system GBA Dermatological system GBA Dermatological System, digestive system
Juice of the leaves are applied on cuts to avoid bleeding and pus formation. Whole plant is pasted and applied on cut and wounds. Fresh root juice is applied externally on skin to cure boils. Fresh and washed roots/leaf are dipped overnight in cold water and drunk for 5-6 days before meal to cure intestinal worm. Roots are given to check hemorrhage. Leaves are chewed during indigestion. Leaves crushed and juice rubbed on itching feet during rainy season. Paste of leaves are applied on wounds. 2-3 drops of leaf juice is dropped in Earache. Decoction of root is taken orally to cure boils. Root paste is applied externally on skin to the cure same disease. Leaf paste is taken orally as antiseptic, also to cure Fever. Root paste is used for 10-12 days to cure leprosy. Root paste directly applied on skin to cure boils. Powdered root taken with water against Dysentery.
Continued‌
25097
23779
23456
14447
25642
17003
24767
23793
24431
Venereal and urogenital system, reproductive system
Tea of flowers is given to treat urinary infection, menstrual regularization.
16883
24198
23013
Liver and biliary system
22373
25155
Physical irritant, GBA
Root of plant and Cumin seeds are grounded in equal quantities; sugar is mixed and given internally to reduce body heat. Leaf juice mixed with water is given to cure fever.
Rt, Lf
14205
Ophthalmic disease
Metabolic disorder
Leaf powder is given for treating Diabetes Mellitus patients.
Lf
25586
To cure redness in eyes, root is crushed slightly and used as eye pencil thrice a day. Root paste of A.curillus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. and Coleus barbatus (Andr.)Benth. are given to infant babies to cure jaundice.
Nervous system, reproductive system
Powder of dried leaves mixed with gur given orally before Sunrises for 5 days to cure migraine. Juice of the whole plant is administrated orally, it acts as Abortifacient.
Lf, WP
Bhatt et al., 2017
2211
2212 Guggul Dudhi Lalpatti
1000-2400 300-4500 1800-4000 600-2800
2000-3000 1600-3000
Tagetes minuta L.
tomentosum Tanacetum DC. 50 Taraxacum officinale Weber. Family- Begoniaceae 51 Begonia picta Sm.
Family- Berberiadaceae 52 Berberis aristata DC.
Berberis lycium Royle
48
59
zeylanCynoglossum icum (Vahl ex Hornem.) Thunb. ex Lehm.
Family-Boraginaceae 58 Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst. all. ex G. Don) I.M. Johnst. Syn. (Macrotomia benthamii ) (Wall. ex D. Don) A. DC.
Family-Bombacaceae 57 Bombex cieba L.
1000-4100
2800-3800
200-1600
400-1500
indicum (L.)
Oroxylum Kurz
-----------
Family- Bignoniaceae 55 Kigelia pinnata (Jacq.) DC.
56
2700-4300
Family- Betulaceae 54 Betula utilis D. Don
53
49
1000-2000
Tagetes errecta L.
47
Chitkuri
Balchar
Semal
Balamkheera Pharkat
Bhojpatra
Rasaut
Kilmora
Hajari
Genda
Rasdhaur
-------------
Senecio nudicaulis Buch.Ham. ex D. Don
46
Brham-kamal
3800-4600
Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.
45
H
H
T
T
T
T
Sh
Sh
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
WP
Rt
Rt, Br
Br, Rt
Fr
Rs , Bk
Rt
Rt
WP
Inf, Ltx
WP
Lf
Lf
Rt
Sd, Fl
Reproductive system Dermatological system
Decoction of whole plant is given before 5 days of the starting of menstruation to regulate it. Decoction of inflorescence is taken orally to cure blisters. Latex is applied externally during skin irruption.
Dermatological system
Whole plant is grounded and make into paste to heal the wounds.
25176
15461
25408
23903
24315
25093
22818
24881
25187
19610
1296
Continued…
Bone, muscles and joints, dermatological system
Reproductive system bone, joints and muscles
Venereal and urinogenital system Digestive system, Nervous system
Dry roots are soaked in mustard oil for more than one week and the warm oil is massaged on the affected part(s) at bedtime to cure Arthritis. The dry roots are soaked in mustard oil for more than one week till its color changes to reddish pink. The oil is massaged on scalp act as hair tonic.
Root decoction prepared from Bombax ceiba Linn. and Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. are filtered and preparation is given to the patient twice a day to a period of 10 -15 days for cure Leucorrhoea. Poultice made through bark is plastered on fractured bones.
Water extract of stem bark is given during stomachache. Root juice is given at intervals of 30 minutes until the patient regains consciousness.
Fruits in pieces are eaten to remove the Kidney stones.
Reproductive system
Metabolic disorder
Roots are dipped in water for overnight and drunk early in the morning to cure Diabetes. Resin and seed kernels of Prunus persica (L.) B. utilis are ground into paste and mixed with milk. It is drunk to conceive and for internal strength.
Ophthalmic disease
Root juice mixed with water is dropped in eyes to cure redness and infection.
Digestive system
21368
Dermatological system
Leaf paste is applied on wounds to check bleeding
Decoction of whole plant is taken in times of dyspepsia.
1214
Dermatological system
Leaf paste is applied on the wounds to check bleeding.
23261
25091
Nervous system
Liver and biliary system, reproductive system
Seeds of plants are placed into a bowl made of bronze for overnight, and given to patient for 7 days to cure Jaundice. Paste of flowers given with milk is said to cure “Dhatu Rog”. Root is grounded with black Pepper and given during Epilepsy.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
400-1300
Upto-1400
Cassia tora L.
Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde
63
64
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth.
900-2400
500-2000
Family-Convolvulaceae 71 Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth.
72
150-1500
chebu-
70
Terminalia la Retz.
300-1300
belliriTerminalia ca (Gaertn.) Roxb.
Upto-800
400-1000
1000-2000
69
Family-Comberataceae arju68 Terminalia na (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight and Arn.
Family-Clusiaceae 67 Mesua ferrea L.
Family-Celastraceae panicula66 Celastrus tus Willd.
Upto-3000
Upto-1500
Cassia fistula L.
62
Family- Cannabaceae 65 Cannabis sativa L.
Kachnar
Upto-1900
-------
Bharar
Harar
Bahera
Arjun
Nagkesar
Jyotismati
Bhang
Ashok
Banar
Amaltas
Malu
200-1300
Family- Caesalpiniaceae 60 Bauhinia vahlii Wight and Arnott 61 Bauhinia variegata L.
H
Sh
T
T
T
T
Sh
H
T
H
T
T
Sh
WP
Sd
Fr
Fr
Br
Rt, Fl, Sd
Fr
Sd, Lf
Br
Lf, Br, Rt
St, Br
Br
Br
Digestive system
Dermatological system, digestive system Cardio-vascular system, reproductive system
Fresh stem bark is warmed on gentle fire and juice extracted from it is given in stomachache due to worms. Leaves, barks and roots are applied externally on skin diseases such as ring worms and leprosy. Leaves are eaten raw to expel intestinal worm. Decoction of bark is used as cardio tonic. To regulate menstruation and uterus problems this decoction is also used.
25523
8903
20030
25575
11759
248
22150
25601
23575
24638
24812
25989
25351
Continued‌
Venereal and urogenital system
Whole plant is grounded and poultice is applied on venereal infection called syphilis.
Respiratory system
Fruits, Piper nigrum L. and Zingiber officinale Rosc. are taken in equal quantity, powdered and given with honey in asthma.
Reproductive system
Respiratory system
Powdered fruits of Terminalia bellirica (Gartn.) Roxb and Terminalia chebula Retz are mixed in equal amount and taken with ghee in cough.
Crushed seeds are considered as abortifacient when taken in heavy doses.
Cardio-vascular reproductive System, system
Poisoning reproductive system, dermatological system, Infection bone, joints and muscles
Dermatological system, bone, muscles and joints
Spermatorrhea is relieved with the decoction of bark of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex. DC) Wt. This decoction is also given as heart tonic as it works as heart stimulant.
Root paste is given orally as antidote against snake bite. Stamens of flowers are given before five days of menstruation to control Menorrhagia. The seed oil is considered for healing purpose as in sores, wounds and rheumatism.
Oil extracted from seed are applied to skin to get rid of itching locally called Kandu. Fruits are boiled and this decoction is applied on Rheumatoid arthritis
Nervous system Bone, joints and muscles digestive system
Digestive system
Fresh stem bark is warmed on fire and the juice extracted is given in Stomachache due to worms.
Oil extracted from dry seeds are applied to cure paralysis and joint pain. It is also applied to cure fever caused by severe cold. Concentrated and dried sap extracted from the leaves are mixed with mustard oil and applied internally, as well as externally to cure piles.
Dermatological system
Stem bark is pasted and applied on skin irruption.
Bhatt et al., 2017
2213
2214
Kalanchoe integra (Medik.) Kuntze (K.spanthulata DC)
300-2400
Family- Cyperaceae 80 Cyperus rotundus L.
Dioscorea bulbifera L.
Shorea robusta Gaertn.
Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf.
Family- Equisetaceae 85 Equisetum arvensis L.
84
Family- Ephederaceae
83
82
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb. Family- Dipterocarpaceae
81
Upto-1800
2500-3900
Upto-1500
1500-3000
150-2100
Up to-2000
Family- Cuscutaceae 79 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.
Family- Dioscoreaceae
3000-3800
Upo-1200
1000-1800
----------
Somlata
Sal
Tarur
Gethi
Motha
Akasbel
Dhoop
Indrayan
Boi
Bishkapru
Keva
800-1500
-------------
Bhotiyabadam
2400-2800
Family- Cupressaceae 78 Juniperus communis L.
Family- Cucurbitaceae 77 Trichosanthes bracteata (Lam.) Voigt
76
Family- Crassulaceae 75 Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken
Corylus jacquemontii Decne. Family- Costaceae 74 Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm.
73
Family- Corylaceae
Pterdophyte
Sh
T
H
H
H
H
Sh
H
H
H
H
T
WP, Lf
Rt, Lf
Rs
Rh
Rh
Rt
WP
St, Oil
Rt, Fr
Rt
WP
Rh
Fr
Paste of whole plant is applied as plaster on fractured bone. Juice of leaves are taken and used to cure Diuretic.
Dried twigs are chewed to cure asthma, hey fever. Roots and leaves with leaves of Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don are made into decoction is used in Hydrosele, weakness and cardio tonic.
23870
23993
20754
20617
24963
17444
25622
24815
23909
20115
20473
25180
2807
Continued‌
Bone, muscles and joints, venereal and urogenetial system
Cardio-vascular system, GBA
GBA, digestive system
Powdered resin of plant with cow milk is given twice a daily during chest pain and indigestion.
Dry rhizome paste is applied on cuts, boils and pimples.
Cardio vascular system Dermatological system
Digestive system
Dermatological system
Dermatological system
Tubers are roasted in hot ash and given with salt to cure old cough.
Tuber is made into paste and given for treating Stomachache.
Fresh whole plant paste is applied on eczema thrice a day.
Smoke of green wood is inhaled to cure vomiting. The heartwood oil is used regularly to cure boils, skin irruption and itching.
GBA
Dermatological system
Root paste is applied in deep septic wounds to remove the poisonous material.
Decoction of roots are administrated orally in Fever. Rind of dried fruit pounded with water are applied on swollen neck glands.
Dermatological system
Bone, joints and muscles reproductive system, digestive system
Blood diseases
Juice of whole plant is used over cuts.
Roasted roots are grounded and mixed with Piper nigrum L., made into tablets and taken orally to cure arthritis. Fried rhizome is administrated orally with gur and are said to work as abortifacient. Rhizome is made into paste and eaten in anorexia due to intestinal worm.
Fruit nuts are eaten as tonic to get rid of weakness.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Ratpa Janglijamalghota, Dantimool Dudhi
2800-4400 300-1000
Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don Family- Euphorbiaceae monta90 Baliospermum num (Willd.) Müll. Arg.
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 700-1200 200-1500
Upto-1800
Euphorbia thymifolia L.
Emblica officinalis Gaertn.
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll. Arg. Ricinus communis L.
93
94
95
Chun-chuni
Upto-400 200-1400
Crotalaria spectabilis Roth
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.
100
101
Sisam
Dhak
Upto-1200
Butea Taub.
99
monosperma (Lam.)
Atyloisia Benth.
--------
Ratti
Arandi
Ruain
Amla
Choti-dudhi
Syon
98
400-1200
300-1200
scarabaeoides
Family- Fabaceae 97 Abrus precatorius L.
Upto-2500
Upto-1800
Euphorbia ligularia Roxb.
92
96
Upto-2000
Euphorbia hirta L.
91
89
Burash
T
H
T
H
Sh
Sh
T
T
H
Sh
H
Sh
Sh
T
Sh
Bhotia chai
1500-3300
3000-4000
Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
87
T
Anyar
88
1300-330
ovalifolia (Wall.) Lyonia Drude Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don
86
Family- Ericaceae
25332
Nervous system Venereal and urogenetial system, bone, muscles and joints Dental pathology GBA Digestive system Venereal and urogenetial system, digestive system, liver and biliary system
Leaf powder is used to cure migraine and headache. Decoction of seeds are given to Ascites patients. Root is boiled with water and given to cure Arthritis. Latex of plant is dropped on the root of the tooth during toothache. Lukewarm latex is dropped in ear during Ear ache. Whole plant is crushed with water and taken in times of diarrhoea and cholera. Fruit juice is given to increase the flow of urine and acts as diuretic, also given in diarrhea, dysentery and to cure jaundice.
Lf Sd, Rt
Lf, Fl
Lf
Fl
Lf
Rt, Sd
Lf, Sd
Fr
Fr
WP
Ltx
Ltx
Digestive system Liver and biliary system
Juice extracted is given orally to check dysentery. Leaf and flower extract is given in jaundice and liver disorders.
25664
25344
25583
24152
Continued…
Nervous system, venereal and urogenetial system
Flowers are soaked in water; this water is applied on soles and palms to cure Insomenia. Paste is made from the flowers of Butea monosperma (Lamk.) Taub, Syzgygium aromaticum (L.) Merr., leaves of Urtica parviflora Roxb, and applied externally as poultice to cure Hernia.
Leaves are crushed/ rubbed at painful part due to sciatica. Leaves are chewed to cure Tonsils.
24910
12433
Reproductive system, bones, muscles and joints
Venereal and urogenetial system, liver and biliary system Reproduction system Bones, muscles and joints, GBA
20786
13033
25783
23714
21894
22226
Digestive system
Roots are crushed with water and used for treating gonorrhea and jaundice. Seeds are used as abortifacient.
Reddish powder of ripe fruits mixed with rice water is given for the expulsion of round worms. Leaf is warmed on fire and tied over Mammary gland to dissolve the hardness. Oil extracted from seeds is massaged on painful joints.
25745
Ophthalmic diseases
Juice of calyx is dropped in eyes for treating cataract.
Fl
20120
Reproductive systems
Br
Honey is mixed in the decoction of bark of Rhododendron anthopogon Don and drunk orally to facilitate easy delivery.
21160
Dermatological system
The extract of leaves are rubbed on itching area.
Lf
Bhatt et al., 2017
2215
2216
Fumaria indica Pugsley
114
Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook.
Family- Hippocastanaceae 1500-2500
Upto-600
1500-2500
Family-Helminthostachyaceae 113 Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.
chirayata Fleming)
500-2500
Swertia (Roxb.ex. Karsten
600-2600
Upto-1500
Family- Gesneriaceae 112 Didymocarpus pedicellatus R. Br.
111
Family- Gentianaceae 110 Swertia angustifolia Buch. -Ham. ex D. Don
109
Tipatiya
Pagar
Sansari/ Kamraj
Ekpatta
Chirayata
Chirayata
Pitta-papar
Bhutkesi
1500-2500
Trifolium repens L.
106
Latahai bel
3000-4800
1500-2500
Indigofera linnaei Ali
105
Salparni
Chimi
Banj
300-2300
Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br.
104
Sansarbhed
140-2400
--------
Dolichos lablab L.
103
Family- Fagaceae 107 Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus Family-Fumariaceae 108 Corydalis govaniana Wall.
Upto-1200
laburnifoliDesmodium um (Poir.) DC.
102
T
Pteridophyte
H
H
H
H
H
T
H
H
H
H
Sh
Fr
Rh
Rt
WP, Rt
WP, Rt
WP
Rh
Fr
WP
WP, Lf
Rt
Lf
Rt
Warm paste of fruit is applied on the joints during Rheumatic pain.
Rhizome of the plant is cleaned thoroughly with water, crushed and deeply boiled along with cow’s milk and decoction given with black pepper (Piper nigrum) to the patients for two months. The decoction of the rhizome is used for curing impotency.
22221
12038
25099
25156
25110
Continued‌
Bone, muscles and joints
Reproductive system
Venereal and urogenetial system reproductive system
Cardio-vascular system, digestive system, liver and biliary system, respiratory system, GBA bone, muscles and joints dermatological system
The wholeplant is dipped in water overnight and the bitter juice is taken the next morning to cure malarial fever. Decoction of the plant is used as tonic that influence on the digestive organs and also used as anthelmintic, especially for children. Juice of the root is taken to cure liver diseases; paste of the plant is also used in common ailments like cough, cold, asthma, headache and fever. Root, crush and paste are rubbed over joints for quick relief from pain; leaves warmed and paste prepared with mustard oil are applied over boils and scabies. Root extract is given to cure kidney stones. Decoction of roots mixed with Bans Mishri is given in leucorrhoea.
GBA Respiratory system
9737
Dermatological system
Decoction of whole plant / cold infusion is used orally to cure fever. Root juice is taken to give relief from cold and cough.
23692
22432
24589
24771
Bones, muscles and joints
Digestive system Dermatological system Dermatological system
Juice of whole plant is given in times of diarrhea. Fresh leaf juice is applied on scalp to remove dandruff. Plant paste is applied as poultice on cuts and wounds.
25270
25364
Rhizome is heated with mustered oil and massaged on painful joints to cure arthritis. The whole plant is boiled in water and is used in itching, pimples and boils of skin.
Respiratory system
Powder or decoction of root is administrated orally to cure asthma.
Venereal and urogenetial system
GBA
Fresh juice is dropped in ear to get rid of ear ache.
25011
Fruits are used as diuretic.
system Dermatological and digestive system
Paste of root together with fruits of Dhatura metel L. is applied on the Cyst. Root of plant ground into paste, mixed in some water is given in diarrhoea.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
Juglans regia L.
2300-3600 400-1000 2600-3300 --------------1200-3700 1000-1600
Ocimum sanctum L.
Origanum vulgare L.
Pogostemone plactenthroides (Burm. f.) Kuntze Roylea cinerea (D. Don) Baill.
Salvia mukherjeea Bennet and Raizada repens Buch.Scutellaria Ham. ex D. Don Thymus linearis Benth.
122
123
124
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
126
131
Leea alata Edgew.
Family-Leeaceae
Family- Lauraceae 129 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.Ham.) T. Nees and Nees 130 Litsea chinensis Lam.
128
127
125
121
120
-----------
Meda-lakri
10002000
Upto-500
Dalchini
Van-Ajwain
Kurkum
Ghaniya
Kaural
Masu-Peera
Van-Tulsi
Tulsi
-------
----------
Pasan-bhed
Bursong
Neelkanth
Akhrot
Kali-musli
400-2000
2400-3300
700-2400
300-2000
1000-2500
250-1700
oppositifoColebrookea lia Sm. forskohlii (Willd.) Coleus Briq. ciliata (Thunb.) Elsholtzia Hyl. Nepeta ciliaris L.
118
119
1200-5100
ex
Ajuga Benth.
1000-3000
Upto-1800
117
bracteosa Wall.
Family-Lamiaceae
116
Family-Juglandaceae
115
Family- Hypoxidaceae
H
T
T
H
H
H
Sh
H
H
H
H
H
H
Sh
H
T
H
Rt
Fl, Lf
Lf
Fl, WP
WP
Lf
Lf, Br
Lf
WP
Lf
Lf, WP
Fl
Rt
Lf
Lf
St
Rt
Venereal and urogenetial system Venereal and urogenetial system Cardio vascular system Venereal and urogenetial system GBA, respiratory system
Root decoction is used to increase to crush the Kidney stone and to increase urine flow. Decoction/Infusion is given as diuretic.
25435
Respiratory system, GBA, digestive system
Roasted roots are powdered and administrated orally in constipation. Oil prepared from root is applied locally in boils.
Leaves are chewed; pills made from powdered leaves are taken for 4 days to cure cough and cold. (a) Paste of flowers along with juice of leaves boiled in water is taken to cure burning sensation during Urination. (b) To increase physical strength and to avoid constipation the leaves are boiled in water and the extracted juice is taken.
20501
Digestive system
Whole plant decoction in water given with honey thrice a day to cure hyper acidity. Infusion of flowers with water is given in whooping cough, bronchitis and congested lungs, as a gargle for throat and mouth infections, and to help settling indigestion and flatulence.
Continued‌
10825
24221
Venereal and urogenetial system, GBA, digestive system
Digestive system, dermatological system
25579
Respiratory system
20517
Nervous system
Leaf poultice is applied on forehead to cure migraine.
25517
GBA, digestive system
25400
22971
18679
25178
1891
24499
24944
25711
21948
25350
Infusion of leaves is given in throat diseases. Decoction of bark is given in times of Stomach ache and dysentery.
Leaf paste is heated with ghee and applied on wounds.
Venereal and urogenetial system Dermatological system
Respiratory system
Leaf is chewed and juice is swallowed in cough.
Decoction of dried leaves is mixed with 2-3 spoonfuls of honey to cure tuberculosis. Whole plant decoction is acts as diuretic, given to cure painful urination. Juice of leaves with some piper powder is given in chronic fever, cold and cough. Decoction of whole plant is given orally in urinary disorders.
Reproductive system, GBA
Dermatological system, venereal and urogenetial system
Antidote, digestive system, GBA
The decoction of leaves is given to regulate menstrual cycle Leaf juice is given to infants during high fever.
Stem bark is rubbed and paste is applied on herpes, eczema, scrofula and syphilis.
Root is made into paste and applied externally as an antidote against snake bite. Root powder/ paste is administrated orally for Worm infestation. Root is boiled with milk and given in general debility.
Bhatt et al., 2017
2217
2218
3000-4000
400-2200
1500-2200
Gloriosa superba L.
Lilium polyphyllum D. Don Paris polyphylla Sm.
Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All.
136
137
139
Woodfordia cosa (L.) Kurz
fruti-
Uto-800
200-1400
Sida rhombifolia L.
Urena lobata L.
148
Upto-1500 400-1200
Van Pyaz
Atibala
Kapas Bala
Dhaul
Bariyari
Upto-1200
200-1800
---------
Pyoli
Mahameda
Meda
SwetVach
---------
Langli
Kakoli
------------
Safedmusali
Patkwar
Upto-1200
30-2300
1500-3500
1700-3500
147
Family- Malvaceae 145 Gossypium arboreum L. 146 Sida cordifolia L.
144
142
Dendrophthoe falcata L. f. Family- Lygodiaceae 143 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Family- Lythraceae
Reinwardtia ca Dumort. Family-Loranthaceae
141
Family- Linaceae
140
138
indi-
1200-2400
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop Fritillaria roylei Hook.
134
1500-2400
800-1300
tuChlorophytum berosum (Roxb.) Baker
133
135
Upto-1800
Aloe barbadensis Mill.
132
Family- Liliaceae
Sh
Sh
Sh Sh
Sh
Pteridophyte
Sh
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Bb
Sd Rt, St Rt
Lf
Rh
Lf
WP
Rt
Rt
Rt
Rt
Rt
Bb
Bb
Tb
Lf
Bone, muscles and joints
Paste of the root is applied externally on joints to cure Rheumatoid arthritis. Decoction of Root is administrated orally as tonic in general debility.
GBA, venereal and urogenetial system, reproductive system GBA
Decoction of roots with ginger is given in intermittent fever. The powdered root bark is administered with milk and sugar as treatment for urinary trouble and leucorrhoea. Paste of whole plant is administrated orally with milk as tonic and to cure body ache.
24947
25197
23234 20326
22997
24344
23852
25772
24320
24319
25461
29454
20825
21921
15562
24148
15539
Continued‌
Bone, muscles and joints GBA
Seeds are pasted and applied on fractured bone for bone setting. Stem bark or root powder is given in general debility.
Digestive system
Venereal and urogenetial system
Paste of rhizome mixed with sugar is given to cure gonorrhoea.
Juice is good for treating dysentery.
Dermatological system
Dermatological system
Respiratory system, reproductive system
GBA
Dermatological system , antidote digestive system
GBA
Leaf paste is applied on Itching.
Whole plant paste is applied on wounds.
Powder of bulbs is taken orally with honey in tuberculosis. When bulbs are taken with milk, acts as tonic. Root powder is mixed with one glassful of water to cure Leucorrhoea.
1. Tuberous roots in the form of paste or poultice are used externally in skin diseases, cuts and wounds and in any poisonous bite. 2. Powder or infusion of root is taken orally to treat diarrhea and dysentery. Bulbs are eaten orally with milk to cure general debility.
Respiratory system
Bulbs are crushed and given with honey to cure asthma and bronchitis.
GBA, reproductive system Antidote
Bone, muscles and joints digestive system
Leaf is heated on low flame and tied over the affected part to cure rheumatic arthritis and gout. Leaf juice is given in constipation and diarrhoea. Fleshy bulbs are eaten with Ghee as tonic. Grounded bulbs mixed with Piper longum L. is given to cure leucorrhoea. Juice of bulbs are given to induce vomiting to expel the poison.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
200-2200
Family-Menispermiaceae 152 Cissampelos pareira L.
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
166
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.
cumini (L.) Syzygium Skeels Family- Nyctaginaceae dif164 Boerhaavia fusa var. hirsuta Kuntze 165 Mirabilis jalapa L.
163
Parijat
Gulbans
Upto-2000 ------------
Punernava
600-1400
Myrsine indica
Family- Myrtaceae
Bividang -------
300-1200
400-1500
Family- Myrsinaceae 161 Embelia ribes Burm. f.
Peepal
Jamun
Upto-1600
Ficus religiosa L.
160
Bar, Bargad Beru
Aal
Siris
Khair Babool
Gurj
Patha
Meetha Neem Toon
Neem
300-1500
600-2300
Ficus palmata Forssk.
159
162
300-1400
300-1900
Mimosa himalayana Gamble
157
Family- Moraceae 158 Ficus benghalensis L.
250-1000
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.
200-1400 200-1100
156
Family- Mimosaceae 154 Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. 155 Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile
200-1200
200-1700
Toona ciliata M. Roem.
151
cordifoTinospora lia (Willd.) Miers
600-1400
Melia azedarach L.
150
153
Upto-1000
Family- Meliaceae 149 Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Sh
Sh
T
T
T
Sh
T
T T
H
H
T
T
T
Sh
H
H
T
Fr
Sd
Br
Ltx
Rt
Lf
Br
Lf
Lf, Br
Lf
Sd
Br St, Br, Rs
St
WP, Rt
Br
Lf
Lf
25039
Ophthalmic diseases Digestive system Liver and biliary system Dermatological system Respiratory system
Leaf juice of plant mixed with goat’s milk is dropped in eyes to cure cataract problem. The Leaf juice mixed with water cures jaundice, dysentery, diarrhoea and dyspepsia. Bark is rubbed on burn scars. Young leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. and Zingiber officinale are taken together in equal quantities, boiled with water and taken twice a day for three days to cure cold and Cough.
Continued‌
24967
25532
Digestive system metabolic disorders
15770
23547
1338
12946
2147
18571
Seed powder/ decoction is given for treating diarrhea, dysentery and diabetes patients.
Digestive system
Fruit powder is given to children to kill worms.
Dermatological system
Bark grounded with turmeric powder is applied externally on cuts, wounds and skin diseases.
Digestive system antidote
Dermatological system
Milky Latex is applied on boils, cuts and wounds.
Seeds are used in round worms as an antidote to snake bite.
Reproductive system
23010
20579
Digestive system Dermatological system
20742 25352
23915
12062
20738
22039
24117
Digestive system Dental pathology and reproductive system
Cardio-vascular system, respiratory system
Root crushed and mixed with Bans Mishri is given to cure metrorrhagia.
Paste of leaves is applied on skin irruption.
The bark of the tree is used in chronic diarrhea. The twig of the plant is used as natural tooth brush. The extract of fresh bark is used as tonic. Gum is used as a powerful tonic after delivery if given with milk. Fresh Bark decoction is used three times daily in times of stomach troubles and dysentery.
Whole plant is grounded and administrated orally during hyper acidity. same application is given in diarrhoea, dysentery. Roots are chewed during stomachache. Decoction of stem is given orally during heart diseases. Juice of Stem is administrated orally with honey to cure the acute attacks of asthma.
Digestive system
Venereal and urogenetial System Metabolic disorders, Digestive system
Leaf decoction is drunk, it acts as diuretic. Bark is boiled with water and water extract is drunk to cure diabetes, fever and dysentery and gastric problems.
Dermatological system
Leaf paste with some salt is applied on abscess as dressing; it bursts with in 5-6 hours thereby reliving pain.
Bhatt et al., 2017
2219
2220 1600-3600 1400-2000
Satyrium nepalense D. Don
171
Oxalis corniculata L.
Papaver somniferum L.
Piper longum L.
180
Plantago major L.
Family- Plantaginaceae
179
1200-2600
200-1000
2400-4400
Abies pindrow Spach.
178
Family- Piperaceae
1100-2100
Pinus rouxburghii Sarg.
1200-1500
Isabgol
Peepli
Talish-patra
Chir
Agnibai
Post
Satyanasi
200-1500
500-1800
Chandrain
Chalmora
Salam-misri
Jeevak
Ridhi
Salam-panja
Harjojan
2000-2500
177
Family-Pinaceae
Family- Pittosporeaceae 176 Pittosporium erocarpum Royle
175
Family- Paeoniaceae 173 Paeonia emodi Wall. ex Royle Family- Papaveraceae 174 Argemone mexicana L.
172
Family- Oxalidaceae 300-2900
1500-2500
Habenaria intermedia D. Don Malaxis acuminata D. Don
169
170
3200-3750
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) SoĂł
100-1800
168
Family- Orchidaceae 167 Coelogyne cristata Lindl.
H
H
T
T
T
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Sd
Rt, Fr
Lf
Rs
Br
Sd
WP, Lf, Sd
Lf
Lf
Tb
Tb
Tb
Tb
Bb
GBA Cardio-vascular system, reproductive system Reproductive system
Used as a tonic and to cure tuberculosis; slightly fried tubers are given to enhance sperm production. Decoction of the tubers mixed with milk and one tablespoon of honey was drunk to check the excessive bleeding during child birth and also acts as a tonic.
The husk of the Seeds yields colloidal mucilage, used to cure gastric complaints, burning sensation in stomach and dysentery.
Digestive system
25556
21113
25782
23528
5796
13953
10742
21918
25696
29084
24597
24504
25087
23895
Continued‌
GBA Respiratory systems
GBA
Juice of fresh leaves is administrated orally to cure fever.
Root powder of Piper longum L. mixed with honey is taken during throat infection. Powder or decoction of Fruit is administrated orally to cure cough.
Dermatological system
Used as poultice on suppurated boils.
Dermatological system
Dermatological systems, cardio- vascular system, liver and biliary system, antidote Bone, joints and muscles
Whole plant paste is applied on the affected part to cure Leprosy. The Leaf decoction is given in ulcers and malarial fever. Seeds are useful in dropsy and jaundice. Yellow juice of plant is applied on the scorpion sting. Decoction of Seeds is given in gout to reduce the frequency of pain.
Young stem bark is pasted and applied gently on and around boils twice a day for one week to get complete cure.
Digestive system
The leaves are eaten raw or as vegetable to cure dysentery and diarrhoea.
Ophthalmic diseases
Reproduction system, dermatological system
Fresh Roots are crushed in cold water and filtered and drunk to regularize menstruation cycle for 15 days twice in a day. Dried and powdered tubers are mixed with two tablespoon mustard oil and paste rubbed externally on the effected part to check the bleeding. Tubers are used as a general tonic.
Decoction of leaves is used as eye drops in cataract treatment.
Bone, muscles and joints
Bulbs are crushed and plastered on fractured bone for bone setting.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Plumbago zeylanica L.
200-1800 900-2300
Saccharum spontaneum L.
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.
185
186
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
3000-4000 3600-4800 1000-2600 1200-2500
Rheum australe D. Don
Rheum webbianum Royle
Rumex hastatus D. Don
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.
190
191
192
193
194
Aconitum ferox Wall. ex Ser. 3100-3600
1200-4100
Polygonum nepalense Meisn.
189
Family- Ranunculaceae
1600-4800
Polygonum affine D. Don
188
Family- Polygoniaceae
187
2800-4200
200-2200
Paspalum scrobiculatum L. .
184
Family- Podophyllaceae
Upto-800
Desmostachys bipinnata (L.) Stapf
Upto-3000
Upto-1400
183
Family- Poaceae 182 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
181
Family- Plumbaginaceae
Meethavish
Jangli Palak
Bhilmora
Tartri
Dolu
--------
Inni
Bankakri
Kauni
Munja
Paplya
Kush
Doob
Chitrak
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Rt
Lf
Lf
Lf, Rt
Rt
Lf
Rt
Rt
Sd
Lf
Rt
Rt
W P
Rt
Venereal and urogenetial systems Dermatological system Dermatological system
Root extract mixed with water seems to be diuretic on drinking this water, patient gets relief from painful urination. Leaf paste is applied on cuts and wounds to cure pus formation. Seeds are cooked with water and given to patients suffering from chicken pox. Seeds are also used as mattresses to cure same disease.
The Root are chewed twice a day to control abdominal pain and Vomiting. Also used in Fever, Body ache, and as an Aphrodisiac tonic.
Young leaves are crushed and applied on nettle stung portion for immediate relief.
Roots heated mildly and plastered on fractured part covered with a bandage which reduces swelling, pain and fracture. A paste is made by the leaves and eaten to cure anorexia. The dry root is powdered and mixed with water; a thick paste is applied externally on the affected part to cure swelling. Leaves are rubbed by the local against stings by insects.
Roots astringent, refrigerant and their extract is used for washing ulcers, Seed are purgative, emetic, and tonic also given in times of colic pain. Leaves are chewed during Indigestion.
Digestive systems
Antidote
Continued‌
25092
25244
19943
16867
Digestive system, bones, joints and muscles Antidote
25094
13690
16480
24380
7389
25184
23281
7219
25974
21930
Bones, joints and muscles
Digestive systems
Digestive systems
Dermatological system
Bone, joints and muscles, dermatological system
Its root paste is used along with milk against Rheumatism. Poultice made of Roots is applied on carbuncle.
The root paste is applied on ulcers, cuts and wounds. It is also used as purgative, for curing skin diseases and arresting tumors growth.
GBA
GBA, reproductive systems
Entire above ground parts are crushed with water. Two to three drops of this extract are poured in the nostril to cure nasal bleeding.
Powdered root is given with milk to cure backache. Decoction of root if administrated orally, acts as abortifacient.
Bhatt et al., 2017
2221
2222 2300-4200 3000-4000 1500-3300 3000-4000
1500-1800
1300-3400
Anemone obtusiloba D. Don
Anemone rivularis Buch.Ham.
Clematis orientalis L.
Delphinium cashmerianum Royle
Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex Royle
Thalictrum foliolosum DC.
197
198
199
200
201
202
Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.
2000-5400 3400-4200 1600-4800 ------------
1200-2500
Cotoneaster sp.
Geum elatum Wall. ex G. Don
Potentilla fulgens Wall. ex Hook.
Prinsepia utilis Royle
Prunus cerasoides Buch.Ham. ex D. Don
204
205
206
207
208
Family- Rosaceae
203
200-1200
2500-3700
Actaea spicata L.
196
Family-Rhamnaceae
3000-3700
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle
195
Padam
Bhekol
Bajradanti
------------
---------
Ber
Mamira
Ainuwa
Nirbishi
---------
Kanchphool Daiipha
Mamira
Ateesh
T
Sh
H
H
Sh
T
H
H
H
Sh
H
H
H
H
Br
Rt
Rt, Lf
WP
Rt
Fr
Rt
Lf, St
Rt, Fl
Lf, WP
Rh
Sd
Rt
Rt
Bones, joints and muscles and dental pathology Respiratory systems Nervous system, dermatological system Blood diseases cardiovascular systems respiratory systems antidote (against snake bite) ophthalmic diseases Dermatological system
Dermatological systems and nervous systems
Seeds are emetic and oil from the seeds are given in rheumatism. The decoction of the root bark is used for sores in the mouth. Decoction / powder is prepared from rhizomes to cure Bronchitis. 1-2 drops of leaf juice is dropped into the ear to check migraine. Whole plant paste is used for scabies and eczema. Root decoction is given for purification of blood, heart problems, cough, typhoid, malaria and pneumonia fever, also applied on the place bitten by snake. Flower extract is used for eye redness and glaucoma and particularly for infections of eyes. Leaf and stem paste is externally applied to cure boils.
Roots are grounded and applied on wounds, swellings. Decoction of root is taken to cure uterine tumors, paralysis and nervous disorders.
Digestive systems Dental pathology Antidote (against poison), dermatological systems Bone, muscles and joints
Whole plant juice is given is taken during diarrhoea. Root and leaf decoction is useful in teeth cleaning, toothache and pyorrhea. Root extract is taken orally as an antidote to neutralize the effect of poison intake. Root paste after heating at low temperature in an earthen pot is applied on wounds. Decoction of bark is given to decrease the muscular pain and Swelling.
23524
23553
25734
25149
24890
25405
25101
25648
2533
14911
21654
25984
20489
23941
Continued‌
Dermatological system
Root decoction is made and drunk to treat scrofula.
Digestive system
Respiratory system, nervous system, bones, joints and muscles
Roots are chewed to cure asthma, nerves disorders, rheumatism and paralysis
Fruit juice is given in diarrhoea.
Digestive systems, GBA
Paste of dried root with water and sugar are taken orally and used to treat diarrhoea, fever, body ache, and as an aphrodisiac tonic.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
1600-2900
Rubus paniculatus Sm.
211
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230 2400-3200
1100-2500
Skimmia laureola (DC.) Siebold and Zucc. ex Walp.
Zanthoxylum armatum DC.
218
219
1600-3200 3600-4200 3000-4000
Berginia ligulata Engl.
Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. and Thomson) Engl.
Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. ex Ser.
221
222
223
Family- Saxifragaceae
800-1500
200-1000
Glycosmis arborea (Roxb.) DC.
217
Family- Sapindaceae 220 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
600-3300
Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.)Meisn.
216
600-1100
1200-2200
Rubia cordifolia L. .
214
Family-Rutaceae 215 Aegle marmelos (L.) CorrĂŞa
1800-3500
Leptodermis lanceolata Wall.
213
2000-4200
1100-2400
Rubus ellipticus Sm.
210
Family- Rubiaceae 212 Gallium aparine L.
2100-3800
Rosa macrophylla Lindl.
209
Silyans
Siilphari, Silphora
Silphora
Reetha
Timoor
Ner-Pati
Ban Nimbu, Makranda
Pissumar
Bel
Manjith
Chirar
Kuri
Kala Hisalu
Hisalu
Jangli Gulab
H
H
H
T
T
Sh
T
H
T
H
Sh
H
Sh
Sh
Sh
Rt
Rh
Rh
Fr
St
Rt, Lf
Br, Rt
Lf, Rt
Lf, Fr
WP
Lf, Fl
Lf, WP
Rt
Rt
Fl
Antidote (against snake bite), GBA Dental pathology
Paste of root is used as antidote against snake and scorpion sting. Dried leaves are burnt and inhaled to cure sinus under nasal tract. Stem twig is used to brush the teeth to check bad breath and pyorrhea.
Digestive system
Root decoction is used as vermifuge.
Fresh rhizome are removed and washed thoroughly, cut in to pieces and chewed like candy to cure urinary and kidney trouble.
Venereal and urogenital system Venereal and urogenital system
Rhizome powder or decoction is given orally to cure Kidney stones.
27841
22861
24860
20607
25174
24999
4445
25204
25402
25428
25201
25514
25630
24623
20498
Continued‌
Dental pathology and GBA
Root bark is boiled with salt and decoction is given to the patient suffering from pyorrhea. Powder of root is administrated orally with sugar to cure fever.
Nervous system
Dermatological system
Poultice of leaf and red soil (Geru) is applied on burn scars to check the sensation.
Fruit powder is given at intervals to regain the consciousness.
Metabolic disorders, physical irritants, digestive system
Dermatological system
Whole plant pulp rubbed with honey is recommended as a cure for acne and dark spots on face. Leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr, Azadirachta indica Juss. and powder of Piper nigrum L.is given to the patient of diabetes. Fruit juice is given to get rid from heat strokes and constipation.
GBA
Leaves and flowers are boiled with water and filtered water is drunk to cure fever.
Digestive system
Root is grounded with water and given to control dysentery. Dermatological system and digestive system
Digestive system
Root of R. ellipticus Sm. with powder of pepper nigrum L. is given to cure stomachache.
Dried leaves are powdered and applied on scars to remove it. whole plant is grinded in water and this preparation is used in worm infestation.
Digestive system
Petals are chewed during diarrhoea.
Bhatt et al., 2017
2223
2224 300-2600 3300-4800
1000-4000
Lindenbergia indica Vatke
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.
Verbascum thapsus L.
226
227
228
237
Taxus baccata subsp. wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilg.
Family-Taxaceae
Family-Sterculiaceae 236 Helicteres isora L.
1800-3400
Upto-1000
800-1400
-----
Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. and H. Wendl. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
234
235
800-3000
-----------
Solanum anguivi L.
232
Solanum nigrum L.
200-2200
Datura stramonium L.
231
233
300-1200
Datura metel L.
230
Family- Solanaceae
1200-2600
1000-1800
Digitalis purpurea L.
225
Family- Smilaceae 229 Smilax aspera L.
600-1000
Family- Scrophulariaceae 224 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell.
Thuner
Bendu, Marorphali
Aswagandha
Kant-Kari
Gewain, Makoi
Baigan Bhatta
Krishna- Datura
Datura
----------
Aklbeer
Kutki
Makari-Jhar
Tilpushpi
Brahmi
T
Sh
Sh
H
H
Sh
H
H
Sh
H
H
H
H
H
St, Lf
Rt
Lf, Rt
Sd
WP
Rt
Fl, Sd
WP
Rt
Fl, Lf
Rh
Rt
Lf
WP
GBA GBA and digestive system
Dermatological system and ophthalmic diseases
Root is grounded and given to infant babies to cure throat problems. Rhizome decoction boiled mildly for 5-10min and flavored with honey is given to cure stomach ache. Rhizome powder and black pepper mixed with honey is given orally to cure high fever. Powder of flowers are mixed with mustered oil is applied on boils. leaf juice is dropped in eyes to cure cataract.
Respiratory system Digestive system, bones, muscles and joints
Juice of whole plant is administrated orally during intermittent fever. Juice of whole plant is given to cure Jaundice. Fumes of seeds are inhaled to check attacks of asthma. Decoction of the leaves is taken as remedy for worm infestation. The root powder mixed with black pepper used in rheumatic swellings.
Decoction of stem bark is administrated orally to cure cough.
Respiratory system
24870
18292
24970
25530
24283
14158
23834
25236
23516
25167
25001
21380
25577
24577
Continued‌
Venereal and urogenital system GBA and liver and biliary system
Root is tied as belt around back to cure hernia.
Reproductive system, digestive system
GBA and dermatological system (Infection)
Juice of flower is dropped in ear during earache. The paste prepared of roasted seeds of drug in mustered oil is applied locally on ring worm.
Roots of Helicteres isora L. together with Flowers of Punica granatum L. and black piper is given to facilitate the delivery. Root is crushed with water, one spoon of sugar is added and taken orally in diarrhoea.
GBA and dermatological system
Decoction of whole plant is given to cure fever. Warm leaves are tied over affected part to cure boils.
Digestive system
Cardio-vascular system
Leaf juice/decoction is used as cardio tonic.
Root paste is given orally with water to get rid from diarrhoea.
Nervous system Ophthalmic diseases
Juice of whole plant is given in mental illness. 2.-3 drops are dropped in eyes to cure conjunctivitis.
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq.
241
Urtica parviflora Roxb.
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Valeriana wallichii DC.
300-1600
100-1300
Clerodendron serratum (L.) Moon
Vitex negundo L.
248
300-1500
1500-3300
3200-4000
600-3000
3000-4500
500-1500
Nirgundi
Bharangi
Daya
Sameo
Jatamasi
Bichhu
Sisoon
LeswaKura
-----------
Bheemal
150-1800
100-1800
Satpura
1400-2300
247
Family- Verbenaceae 246 Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl
245
Family- Valerianaceae 244 Nardostachys grandiflora DC.
243
Family- Urticaceae 242 Urtica dioica L.
Grevillea robusta Burch.
240
Family- Thymelaeaceae 238 Daphne cannabina Wall. ex Steud Family- Tiliaceae 239 Grewia optiva (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) JR. Drumm. ex Burret.
Sh
Sh
Sh
H
H
Sh
Sh
Sh
T
T
Sh
Lf
Lf, Rt
Lf, Fr
Rt
Rt
Lf
Lf
Lf
Leaf juice is dropped in eyes to cure redness. 2-3 drops are dropped in nose to cure the migraine. Leaves are pounded with rice and water made into a syrup, given to patient suffering from syphilis.
25175
2503
2565
25089
24996
25808
25889
25468
2028
25076
225086
Continued‌
Ophthalmic diseases, nervous system, venereal and urogenital system
Metabolic disorders, cardio-vascular system, respiratory system venereal and urogenital system
Bones, muscles and joints, venereal and urogenital system
Nervous system
Root decoction is given in mental disorders. Roots also act as insecticide. Leaves are heated and tied over affected painful joints and rheumatic pain. Fruits are eaten during urinary trouble. Fruit paste mixed with yoghurt is eaten to cure mouth blisters. Leaves are taken raw or are mixed with vegetable for curing diabetes, high blood pressure and asthma. Leaves are boiled and steam is inhaled to cure gonorrhea.
Nervous system, bones, joints and muscles
Bones, joints and muscles Bones, joints and muscles
Locally roots are used as incense. The smoke is given to the patient of epilepsy at the time of fits. Roots are boiled with ghee and used to cure joint pain.
Flogging of leaf is done during bone fracture.
Flogging of leaf is done during bone fracture.
Leaves are pounded with curd and applied on cuts and wounds for healing purpose.
Leaf paste mixed with mustered oil is applied on burn scars.
Reproductive System, dermatological system Dermatological system Dermatological system
Grounded fruits are given to facilitate delivery. Bark is used as shampoo to remove dandruff.
Fr, Br
Lf
Bones, muscles and joints
Roots are boiled with mustered oil and massaged on painful joints.
Rt
Bhatt et al., 2017
2225
2226 Upto-1100
250
Roscoea purpurea Smith
255
256
Tribulus terrestris L.
Family- Zygophyllaceae
254
Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Roscoea alpina Royle
Upto-600
1500-3000
2000-3500
1000-2000
700-1300
Curcuma amada L.
252
253
800-1300
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.
251
Family- Zingiberaceae
Cissus quadrangula L.
1400-2600
Viola canescens Wall. Family-Vitaceae
249
Family- Violaceae
Gokhru
Kakoli
Kakoli
Sathi
Bayada
Jangli Haldi
Ratgal
Banfsa
H
H
H
H
H
H
Sh
H
Sd
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rh
Rt
WP
Seeds are fried in Ghee and given to the patient suffering from asthma
Reproductive system
Rhizomes grounded with milk are given to the newly formed mother to get rid from weakness. Rhizomes grounded with milk are given to the newly formed mother to get rid from weakness
Respiratory system
Reproductive system
Nervous system
GBA, reproductive system
A gruel of rhizome with milk acts as a fantastic nutrient. Roasted rhizomes taken with Syzigum aromaticum (L.) Merr. is said to cure leucorrhea. Powder of rhizome is used orally in neuro-muscular disorders.
Liver and biliary system
Bone, muscles and joints
Root mixed with Piper nigrum L. is grounded and applied externally to decrease Swelling and inflammation. Fresh and tuberous roots are pounded together with some salt and applied on fractures bone for 1-2 months for bone setting. Decoction of root or roots dipped in water for overnight is taken in jaundice.
Respiratory system
Decoction of whole plant is used during cold, cough and fever.
14087
22112
22083
24059
2825
24573
15577
22600
Bhatt et al., 2017
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
Bhatt et al., 2017 The recorded plant species were used in curing
region. The present study provides comprehensive
about 108 ailments. Most of the plant species were used
database on the diversity, distribution, and utilization
to cure more than one ailment. Since the number of
pattern and plant part used for the medicines in
ailments is quite high, in order to describe and to include
traditional medicinal systems in kumaun. Such baseline
all of them in the analysis, the ailments were categorized
information on the useful species is very much important
and grouped into fourteen broad classes of diseases. The
to access the population in wild and identify their
highest numbers of plant species were documented to
conservation and economic values. This information is
cure dermatological problems (69 species, 18%),
also useful in developing strategies for the conservation
followed by digestive disorders (63 species, 16%),
and management of the species that are under high
generalized body ache (43 species,11%), Reproductive
anthropogenic pressure. Around 90% of the plant species
disorders (35 species, 9%), bone/muscles/joints disorders
utilized as a part of herbal industry and conventional
(32 species, 8%), venereal and urinogenetial disorders
systems of medications are straight forwardly separated
(29 species, 8%), respiratory disorders (25 species 6%),
from wild, majority of which originates from sub-alpine
nervous disorders (18 species, 7%), others (16 species,
zones and alpine zones of the Himalaya (Uniyal et al.,
4%), cardio vascular disorders (14 species, 4%), liver
2002). Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Angelica
and billiary disorders (12 species, 3%), antidotes (12
glauca Edgew, Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G. Don) IM.
species, 3%), metabolic disorders (7 species, 3%),
Jhonston,
physical Irritants (3 species, 1%) (Figure 5). Plants were
Nardostachys grandiflora DC., Picrorhiza kurrooa
the major ingredients in these medical formulations. The
Royle ex Benth., Podophyllum hexandrum Royle, Rheum
common ailments were cough and cold, followed by skin
austral
diseases, dysentery, arthritis and cuts and wounds.
Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don are some of alpine
Dactylorhiza
D.
Don,
hatagirea
Rheum
(D. Don) Soo,
webbianum
Royle,
species which are facing excessive pressure on wild populations due to continuous extraction from wild for
DISCUSSION In spite of the improvement of provincial health
trade. Grazing is another factor that is carrying out
administrations, villagers still utilize medicinal herbs to a
pressure on these species by both migratory animals of
substantial surviving for treatment of basic illness like
transhumance i.e. sheep, horses and goats of the
cough,
ache,
inhabitants of adjacent lower valleys during snow free
constipation, dysentery, cuts, burns, boils, ulcer, skin and
period (Ram and Singh, 1994). It can influence the
respiratory ailments and so forth. The list of plants used
vegetation by altering it’s composition, structure, and
in the treatment of various ailments and the formulations
productivity. These effects are described variously by
made by the vaidyas is diverse. Even within the minor
(Kala et al., 1998; Kala and Rawat, 1999).
cold,
fever,
headache,
and
body
altitudinal variations one can find diversified uses of the
In the tropical and sub-tropical region, Berberis
same plant species. Attempts have been made to explore,
aristata DC., Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.
identify and prepare an inventory of plant resources of
Don, Paris polyphylla Sm., Polygonatum cirrhifolium
this region (Dhar et al., 1997; Pande et al, 1998; Kala,
(Wall.) Royle, Polygonatum verticilatum (L.) All.,
2000; Pande and Joshi, 2001; Tewari and Pande, 2010;
Habinaria intermedia D. Don, Malaxis acuminata
Pant et al., 2009 and 2011; Bhatt et al., 2009, 2010,
Lindl., Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Berginia ligulata
Kumari et al., 2009 and 2011). Such studies give an idea
(Wall.) Engler, Tribulus terrestris L. are the medicinal
about the existing status of plant resources of a particular
plant species which are also facing the threat of habitat
Journal of Research in Biology (2017) 7(3): 2205-2230
2227
Bhatt et al., 2017 degradation and over exploitation. Acorus calamus L.,
giving data about the customary health care systems of
Baliospermum
their community.
monatum
(Willd.)
Muell.-
Arg.,
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Gloriosa superba L., Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R. Br., Cinnamomum tamala
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