J 111
G.P -S. 003-0296
DEKBLAD VIR APPELSAKE COVERING SHEET FOR APPEAL CASES ,~,
Aan
die Griffiar:
HOOGGEREGSHOF
To the Registrar:
PRNAA TSAK X9020 KAAPSTAD
tk5f~ GEORGE
Van die Court: From die theKlerk Clerkvan of the Trial Cenlre: Verhoorsetel:
I
GEORGE
'Case No . Saak No.
.,v~ GSH 2a"'~
Appeal.No. Appitl No.
"Setel van Streeklanddros:
"App81No..
GEORGE
, Seat of Regional Magistrate:
Appeal No.
Date of sentence:.
NEE
Is 'n Regtersartiflkaat toegestaan? Has a Judges' certificalebeen granted?
tVerskyn Ct Maak 'n X in toepaslike
(t Indicate applicable
blok)
"
block with an X)
.
Naam van appetlant(e)
tin
in persoon
hegtenis
Appears
·'In·
~BA .."Qff.N..$.rQ.N1=.""""""""""""h""''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Fine
On'
Ander
paid
bail
Other
~
X
'
)(
X
.
:
,
:
4
,
,..............•........•.........................
L
. ,
, .......•....................................................
~
(2} .....................................................................•........................•...............•.......•..•.......... (3) ....................................................•.............•...•.•..•....••.........••. (4) ..............•. ,.......•.. ,..........................•........
:
:............••...•........••...•..•....•.....•....•.••.•..•..•.
6530
(3) •........................•.............•.................•.......•....•.••.....•.•..•....• (4) ....................•....•.•...........•.....•.....................•.•....•.•..•.
PRIVAATSA
Dales amp
~n;.~-
l~,:,~i _.~•
~ .
, , OfE' HOF_:-tI ...•... _
'.,
GECf/"
,q·ll RK ~
GEOH"'~"" 0: _ •...""('DATE
--_
.
.J
..•
Copy for your information.
2. Een gewaarmerlcte afskrif van ~ie notule is aangeh
L AND
Q!! 0 S
PRIVAATSAKlPRIVATE I One certified copy of the rD'W •.•. .
'
KLE,,!K VAN DIE HOF PRIV.4,AT~~::'-;:-:-
1
',."
2005 - 0 f -
.
.-::..:-::
~URGE
BAG X6537 ;' .... Le::RK OF ("
19
65030
THE
III N
2004
(.
CO'"":·QJ·f..I ..·.•.•........•.•................................', SA f.:.2~ ......•..•.•....... 11=
nie by verhoorsetel
~estasioneer a trial centre.
MAGISTRATE
Klerk van die Hof
Clerk of the Court
Comp ~te if Regional GEdRGE: Maaistrate 6'530" is nol stationed
• Voltoo indien Streeklanddros
.
X6537
-
_ Q
.
K~'kvandieHof ,ClerkoftheCourt
..• ne: (.;OU~T-. ,., I .
Oat mstempel Da e stamp
,,£~
-
f-
1. Afskrif vir u inligting.
.
; ; .
.
.. " •.••...•.......•
\Gl 66J()
Die Hoofklerk v 1- .••• ,- ..JV' ,. • eraal The Chief Clerk to the Altamey.G~~ral._
.1"B.II!.JI!!.!$.!!/5){I!.QP.L .. ~.~.~~.:.~.~'..~~~~
,;
G X653 7
2005 -01- 1 9 _
,.•.....•................................
:
..
!.-:::-~
. .
IfJt>,••. ",..",'\1 --
re.enclo.
3.
.•
~..•.......• ~.•.•.....•............•....•........................•......•.....•....•..........•...
:
:.•.••. K·•..
J'
- 9 JUN 2004
Oatums ~mpel
.
,•.•..•..•......... ,....•..•.........•..•..•....•. ,.....•.....•.....................•
Dieao~spronklikenotuleen ". i ;-The anginal r ~~ ..••....A .. -I\o.~.f:).R .. ~K.iPRIVATe BAG X6 T 7 !- '"" 1'1 'i7>J
O.
,
~
,............................•................
,,-~
.
,•..••.•.•........•.•..•..•.•.••.....•......•..•....................•..•.......•.•..•............•...............•..•...............
~~~r~: f~~~~~~f~~~s:~~~~).: ~~r::~we.Die"ste Gegrge ,..: ; ,
.
,
~~~:::~~~1~~~~~~&~~~ft~~: ~.~~~
.~
borg
Ja Nee Ja Nee Ja Nee Ja Nee Ves No Yes No Yes No Uitgestel Deferred Yes No
3
~
toP
betaal'
,
2
I
tBoete
inperson custody
Name of appellantCs)
(2)
16/04
'5 ~4"2004
Datum van vonnis:
1
16/04
is nie ..
hepatitis B \'accine were produced by these agencies and then simultaneously tc~ted in New York City on \1av men. Willowbrook Slate School mentally retarded children, on Statcn Island.' :>;)'. -a~d B lacks in Central Africa. The live hepatitis B viruses used to make these vaccines were cxiracted fro'm the contaminated chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. and then administered to these human subjects. along with all the other live viral contaminants these animals were infected with. including, but not limited to the herpes· type \·iruses. including simian .:ytomegalovirus, Epstein·Barr virus, and herpes B virus all scientifically associated with chronic fatigue which, may I remand you, appeared on the planet at precisely the same time as the AIDS epidemic). Other viruses such as foamy retro\'iruse~ containing theAIDS·linked enzyme reverse transcriptase was also present in these animals. Additionally. most of the human subjects who re· ceived these infectious agents. and whose blood was later taken to make the suspected hepatitis B \accines. had. apI'roximately a decade earlier. received Salk or Sabin polio vaccines contaminated with SV JO. and Jpin. other common monkey kidney cell viral contaminants. This. of course. confounds my thesis. bu't significantly increased the like· lihood that HI',' J:'rogenitor ,'iruses cauld ha,'e recombined to form HIV as well as SIV relati\'es-all a direct result of slcJ:'py scientific methods and contaminated live viral vaccines,
"I,
i
I:. '1!
f
;i
I
I,
i,
,I! I ,I
:1 ' ' "
'1
-
C
Q ~
:-'Iy thesis e.xplains the ma.ior scientiiic facts concerning the evolution of HIV i,nclud· ing: I) the earliest con finned isolaticn oi HI\'. contrary to media headlines and popular belief. dates back only to 1976 as reponed by Gerald Myers in Jay Levy's recently published te:uoock ne Re:rol'iridae: 21 by 1968 there were apparently HIV progeni· tors causing AIDS·like illnesses circulating in' the US as reported by Witte, et al.; 3) the closest relati\ e 10 HI\'·! is the Sf\' from the chimpanzee; 4) the SIVs were discov. ered after HIV: 51 SIV from the mac3que monkey. identical to HIV·2 found to be a laboratory contaminanL was not found in wild monkeys. only Senegalese female prostitutes. who because of their high risk trade. likely received contaminated hepatitis B ,'accines during the 1970$. I How. other than through contaminated vaccines, could scores of these women ha\'e picked up a research laboratory monkey virus contami~ 'nan!"?): 61 the e\'olution of se\'eral 5ubtypes of HIV around the planet by 1975, as de· , tailed in :-''''ers' 5 "Bi!! Bang" theof'·. coincides with the 1974 administration of the four subtypes of hepatitis -B \'ac-cine in '\arious pans of the world including New York City and Central Africa by Hilleman's four tearns: 7) the mutational frequency of HIV is consistent with that of a new virus: 3 Ithe fact that HIV is associated with severe immu. nosuppression. and high mortality and morbidity. is also most consistent with a new virus requiring evolution to establish homeostasis in its new human host; 9) the muta· tional frequency range of Hf\'. again according to :-'Iyers (personal communication) e.xceeds that of anything natural. thus strongly suggesting an iatrogenic origin; 10) the unique epidemiology of AIDS in which the highest HIV seroprevalence rates exist in the e.xact regions of the world and populations wherein the hepatitis B vaccine was tested. namely :'\ew York City. CentrJI Africa. and particularly in homosexuai men, intravenous drug users. prisoners. and people of African decent, that is, people com· monly used in vac::ine trials: I I) ~Iaurice Hilleman's 1986 admission that his team at Merck had brought the AIDS virus into :>;01111 America in contaminated African green monkeys. again supplied by Litton: I:: I that the epidemic broke out the decade follow· ing the 19605 wherein major ad\'ances in genetic biotechnology were made and wherein ceIU\'irus cloning procedures e,'(plc<:led: 13) that contrary to popular belief and misinformation. sufficient homology e.xists between HIV and common polio vaccine viral contaminants. and viruses likely to have contaminated Litton laboratory animals and cell cultures at the time the earliest hepatitis B vaccines were produced, to advance this
i
I thesis ..and last but_not least. I.t I Ihat scient~SIS including Dr. Ro?ert GaIlo and others) " who a<J\anced fartclched notions of the .-\tncan green monker 'c:ory of HTLV-I and t despite their sophisticated knowledge of the NCI's "SI' .1 Virus Cancer Pro· .1 .11
gram" in which viral recombinants and related vaccines were prOlluced, h;I\'c 1'11\ 11"1·;1\ incriminated themselves. A discussion or substantial selr-incriminating e\'idcl1u' I' l'rD- . vided on page 498 of Elller/?illg liimses: AIDS & Elm/a. That vir1u,ll1y no alll'IIIII'11h;\~ been paid by your organization, the NC!. as well as other AIDS investigalor". I·' Ihc iatrogenic theory of AIDS, is highly suspicious if not criminal. On related notes, that leading AIDS investigators and puhlic health olTlcials IWl' ":1\11, tinued to downplay the neet.! 10 determine HIV's origin, 'and possible continucd "1'll'ad through.contaminated vaccines, !lies iri the face or ethical public health pr;lcli,'l" ;lI1d preventatiye medicine. Moreover. you may not know that on February ,I X. I')()7 .Llll11H\' Nunnally of your Office of Communications scnt Gil10 Montesi and r,'likc Car,i,' r,'\l11 WXTK Radio on Cape Cod an oflicialtransmittal from your office that slales.,·'lhc " irus that causes AIDS. is not a man-made virus al1d dit.! not oril!il1ate in lahnraloric'; , , , It i~ a human virus that e~olved naturally over time, as niher viruses have," Who ,ltllhl'll/Cd her to communicate such misinformation? She references only the "World Gon!" I Ill':' cIopedia which was wriUen by one of our experts." as her dclinitive source. Thi·, IS ;\ sham-an absolute insult to medical intelligence, Why should I and the gene"III',iI,lic trust you, or the organization you represent. in lighl of suchunfoundcu. bia~L'l1.al1d misleading communications? ' Finally, did I hear correctly that Dr. Gallo is. once again, under investigatioli J"", ,.'il'l1tific misconduct,or fraud? Having challenged Dr. Gallo at the XI Il1ternational C"I1Ie,· ence on AIDS in Vancouver, regarding his role in the development of numerous illllllllllC system ravaging viruses while NCI project onicer, oversecingLittol1's NIl-! C('"I';Il" 712025-"Investigation of Viral Carcinogenesis in Primates"-I have reviewed hi, majllr objections to my thesis which, by tlie way, arc discredited by his and his NIl-! 11I1'I1!"I" earlier scientific contributions. I am enclo$ing a copy or a letter I sent to Dr. (;;111.' "11 October 28,1996, wherein I reJ"ute his misleading claims. This transmillaJ It,IIII\'.l'l1 a lengthy interview he provided me wherein he acknowledged my general thesis i, l'lau. sible. Most importantly, he stated that he might be able to Icnd additional in form,1I j, 111in support of the accidental theory on the origin of AIDS. I still patiently await Ihis illfor· mation. In conclusion, I gladly accept your invitation to discuss these mutual COl1ccrn~, hut I don't want to waste your time and mine playing lip service to the issues, II'you "r "ther CDC officials are wil1ing to critically examine the facts. take a $Iand for COll1mllll '.CI1SC and scientific integrity. il1c1uding a willingness to examine lhe CDC's apparcnt I','k in developing (along with Hil1cman, Purcell et al.) the vaccine that most plausihly 1'" 'lI~ht AIDS to the world, then I will be happy to schedule a visit to Atlanta to meet \\ilh :'011. If not, it's possible I'll see you in heaven or, with God's grace. and the supp"rI "J" Ihc American people, beforc a Congressional investigating committee.
r
Sincerely yours,
::$-<-'17~"':'(../;
y II
J"'~'
').
Leonard G. Horowitz, D.M.D., M.A., M.P.H. Prcsideni, Tetrahedron Incorporated a nonprofit educational corporation Rockport, Massachusetts 01966 Telephone: 508·546-6586 • URL# htlp:l/www.Tetrahedron,org E·mail: tctra@tetrahedr
l_'g
,
~
.__ C'.,.'41
. TIIE l\1YSIERIOUS ORIGIN OF HIV: REVIEWING'I1IE NKfURAJ..i, . IATROGENIC, AND GENOCIDAI..i TI-IEORillS OF AIDS Horowitz. Leonard G, *Strecker R, Cantwell A, Yid D, and Grossman G. Tetrahedron, Inc., a nonprofit educMional corporation, Rockport, MA 0 966, U.S.A J
Issue: Two-thirds of African Americans recently surveyed hC/ieve thcAIDS epidemic may he genocide. Such beliefs Illil)' impair hcallh service utilization and preventive behaviors. Moreover, reconci Iing the origin of HI V is addit ionally import;1111 for I) sociological reasons-victims of AIDS should not he blamed for starting the epidemic, 2) scientific re~lsOnS-nc\\' events precipilal if)l~ therapies might be developed from a better understanding of HIV's origin; and 3) ethical reasons-the the epidemic should never be a1l0wed to happen again .. <::JI
-I
Project: In an effort to shed light on this most mysterious and controversial subject, a review of the lilcralurcwas iniliakd to determine the most plausible origin of HIV -I. During a two year period, more than 2,500 documenls were collected (Ill! I critica1ly analyzed. This analysis included all natural, iatrogenic, and genocidallheories of AIDS's origin as previously presented in the scientific literature and lay Illedia. Uesults: The lay media appears to he an imporlant factor in Ihe devclopmenl of hel iefs regarding the origin or A I I):;. Numerous puhlications and hroadcasts on this suhject were found, most advancing the nalural-. African green monkey theory of AIDS's origin. The scientific literature, however, provided no dircct evidence for HIV'snatural evolution [rulli monkey to man, only circumstantial evidence. Allernativcly, a growing hody of evidence in the scientific litcra(I"\~ suggested an iatrogenic origin of AIDS. Specifically, the possihil ily that HIV -I and HIV -2 evolved during early lahoralof',' investigations and vaccine trials isof growing inlcrest. Evidence supporting the genocidallhcory of AfDS which appe(lwd 1n numerous lay puhlications, and rarely, in esteemcd periodicals, was cle拢lrly circumstantial, alheit disconcerting. Lessons Learned: The spcculation that HIV naturally evolved to he horizonlally transmilled from the African gn'l'll . monkey to man must be seriously questioned. Altcrnatively, more c()Jlsideration should he given to a growing hody (}r scientific evidence supporling an iatrogenic orig.in. Moreover, the gcnocidalthc()ry or AIDS could not he ruled out. The above abslract appeared in (he scienlific proceedings book as abstract ff 03678 presented on July 10, 1996 during the sodalsciences defended by lead author Or. Leonard . G.Horowitz. The American news meda failed 10 cover ttle presentation despile mulliple invilafions .... . . .
(
\
session of Ihe conference. The paper v:路:s
(
Fig. 1.3. Litton Bionetics Contract Report to Investigate Viral 'Carcinogenesis in Primates' by DevelopinglDV / AIDS-like ("Type-C" RNA Retro-)Viruses 1962-1972 ,
,
tIl.UNr,:n,cs RESEARCH LA.BORATORIES jNC.-_ Investigations
~:
Contractor's
(NIH-7~-2025)
or Viral Carcinogenesis
Project Directors:
ProJec~ Officers, (NCI):
in Primates
Dr. John Landon Dr. David Valer,io Dr. Robert Ting
Dr. Roy Kinard Dr. Jack Cruber Dr. 'Robert GaJ.lo
ObJectives: (I) Evaluation or long-term oncogenic erfects of'human and animal vir~ inocula in primates of various species, especially newborn macaques; (2) maintenance of monkey breeding colonies and laboratories necessary ror inoculation, care and monitoring o!'monkeys; and (3) biochemical studies of transfer RNA under conditions of neoplastic transformatiOn and studies on the signif'icanceo!' RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in human leukcmic tissues. Major findings: This contractor continues to produce over 300 excellent neW"born monkeys per year. This is made possible by diligent at,tention to reproductive physiological states of female and male breeders. Semen evaluation. artifical insemination. vaginal cytology and ovulatory drugs are used or tried as needed. Inoculat.eO and cont.rol in!'ants are hand-fed and kept in modiried germ-free isolators. They are removed from isolators at about 8 weeks of age and placed in!'iitered air cages for mont.hs or years of observation. The ho~ding area no~ contains approximately 1200 aniQals up to 5 years old. Approximatel~ 300 are cu.l.led, every year Bt.,a. rate of about 25 per month. This is ,necessary to make room for young ani~als inocula~ed vith nev,or improved virus preparat ions. During U,e past year macaques vere inocul.ated at birth 'or .L!i. utero vith the Ma.son-priz.ermonkey mammary virus. Epstein-Barr virus, Herpesvirus sa.imiri, and Marek's disease virus. EB virus was given with immunostiQulation ~~d immunosuppression (ALS. prednisone. imuran). Australia ant.igen was 'given 'to nevborn African green monkeys. The breeding and holding colonies ~ere surveyed for a.ntibody to EBV. All breeders vere positive and their offspring contain ma.ternal antibody for several months. Colony-born of~spring that have lost maternal antibody and are sero-negative will be surveyed periodically !'or conversion to the EB positive state. An RNA-de?endent DNA pol~erase siQilar to that associat.ed with RNA t.umor viruses was detected in human leukemic cells but not in normal cells stimulat by phyt.ohemagglut'inin. The enzyme was isolated, purified and concentrated 200-foid, making possible its fu:ther characterization and study inrela.tion to the leukemic ,process in man., ' Si~nificance to Biomedical Research and to the Pro~am of the Institute: Inasmuch as tests for the bio~ogical activity of candidate human viruses will not be tested in the human species, it is imperative that another system be'developed for these deter:nina.tions and, subsequently for the eyaluation of vaccines or other measures of control. The, close phylogenetic relationship of" the lover primates to ma.n Justiries utilization of these animals for these purposes. Further study of altered transfer RNA and polymerase enzymes would determine their significance in neoplastic change and prOVide a basis for selection of therapeutic agents. ' Prouosed Course: Continuation vith increased emphasis on monitoring and intensive care o!' inoculat.ed animals t.o determine if active infection occurs. effects of infection, and degree of i~~unosuppres9ion ~hen used. ~urther studies of human neoplasms at a mo~ecular level ~ill continue. Da.te C'ontract Initiated: S/)ur;"" _ \. _
••••••.•
\:C!
,FeIJruliry2.2.1962.
-.;t'lt't' Tili' ';,,",.-it! ~ ••.•• 4••.•• : ••• I.
the AssociatcScicntdic Washington. D. c.:
u.
r'i"T\ 'I •••.
C /"I''''
'LT
["·,'11"/"(11/'· ' •.••••.,.
I.
[>U)(Tj't'\\ ~••••••••
_
p,"),}I" ~ . '\"'!
I
=.\'
•
()r';i'"
\..
~ 4
'"" -_
"I' \.
Directorr·cr \·ir~l! Onco!l)gy (O:\SO\'OL J, 8, [\lolon\..')'. EeL S. Go\';:rnmcnt Printing Ut"tic(', I (no. p.llq.-05
.>
Higher
Forms o/Killing:
~V(1J.1(lre
"lVOIl-lethaf"
, Fig.ill.I. Congressional Record of CIA Biologi.·caI Weapons Project MKNAOMI As Part· of ';.Top Secret Mind Control Project MKULTRA.~ .' PROJEcrMlULTRA,THE RESEARCHUf
CIA'S PROGW
BEHAVIORAL
OF·
MODIFICATION
JOINT HEARING _DO ••. TS~
SELECT· COMMITTEE' ON INTELLIGENCE .&JfD '%'1UI
SUBOOMMITrEE ON HEALTH AND SCIENTIFICRESEABCH
COMMITrEE ON HUMAN RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY -FThJH· CONGRESS' "UUT SIIS810N ~UQU8T •• 1871'
~tad
for Ut. ~
ot ~.
aAd Comm1tt..-
hi~
C41DmJu_
ota
IDtal~
OQBumaA Raoan:a
~o 9J'.)~
'W;... ~"1 ':.~'!t ~~rl
..'\LD~~g~ Q.( ~4iD4Qt.a. W .•.•Io:.:o~o.a. D.C ..
0.3.
:0404
Q.o"Qr-..a"o,1,
Pt1~U.;J.!t C~
~I~.~.··· IH_s
!;'>::
~: ~r.:
No. CC:l...Q'T~':'1-"
••
.. >
Death in the Air
lodf Fig. 11.1. MKNAOMIand MKULTRA Cont. that no". damage wasinterroga.tions done to individuals. who& volunteer for the expericombination of, sodium, ments. Overseas utilizing and hypnosis after fhysica1 and psychiatric examinations of the subjects were also part 0 ARTICHOKE. ' . '
pentothal
Tbe Office of Scientific Im.elligence (OS1), which studied ecientific initiaJly ledfor BL'OE'BIRDI ARTICHOKE advanees hoet.i1e powe~, efforts. Inby1952, ovei-all, responsibility ARTICHOKE :wu trans-
ferred from OS1 to theOffice Inspection and SecuritJOftice (1&80), Servp~ deee!!Or to the present of Security. The CIA's Technical , ices and Medical Staffs were to be called upon a.s needed; OSI would retain liaison function with other government agencies.' The change in .leadership from an intelligen~ unit to an operating unit apparently reflected a change in emphasis; from the study of actions by hostile ~trers to the use, both for offerulive and defensive purposes, of speCIal interrogation techniques-primarily hypnosis and troth
serums. Re{>rMenta.tivesfrom each Agency unit involved in ARTICHOKE met, a.lmost monthly 00 dJ~U9l! thelr progress. Th~ discussions in-
,elude?- the p!D.~ing of ove~a8 interrogations' as well &8, further expenmentatlon In tne U.S. ' ',' Informa.tion •.bout ~rojecl ARTICHOKE .fter the fall of 1953 'is SC8.ree.The CIA ms.mtainstMt the project ended in 1956, but evi· dence SU~ that Office of Security a.nd Office of ].!edicn.l Sen"ices use of "s~ial interrogation" ~hniques continued for !evera.lyca~ thereAfter.
'
3. !JKNAOMI MKNAOMI wu another Im.jor CIA pro'm.m in this 1'.re&. In 1967, the CIA summ&riud the purposes, of MKN AO~rr : ( a.) To provide for •. covert support. hue to meet. c1l.ndeStine opemtiona.1 requiremew. (b) To stockpHe Mverely incapacitating •.nd lethal ma.·
~na.1s for the speomc use of TSD [Technical
/..--:..-
,
Services Di-
~~~.' (c) 'To ms.inta.in in operstional
. rea.diness special &.ndunique items for the dissemina.tionof' biological a.nd chemical ma-
uriaIs.'
",
(d) To provide for the required surveillance, teetin£, up· gradin~ and eva.lm.tion of materials and ~ms i.n.order to IMU~ ab;nce of defecta and complete pre<hctablhty of re'suIts to be e%pected ,under operatlona.l, conditions.' , Under tn ~ment reached with the Anny in 1~52. the RDeda.l Opera.tiOM Division (SOD) at Fort Detrick was to assist CIA in developing, testing, &nd mtlint&ining biological agents s.nd delivery , • 1Iemorndum trom Ro~rt 'l'aTtor. OIDDIP tn th~ ANtstant DeputT (ID~Ion and 8eeurlty) and Chiet of the 1\tedlcal 8tatr. !1221S2. • Memorandum from H. !darshal1 Cbad,..,,11.APlltant nt~or. 8clM'lt~e Int~;" llr-en(."@.to the Depvty ~~1P1.n9' (nnp) wp,.niet't UTICBOKE," 8/.!9/S2. • "Pronea Reperl., Project ARTICHOKE." 11121!!3. ' '}J~~D~nm from Cble!. TSDlBlo}oc1cal Bra~~ t'() Chi~!. ~SD ""V'KNAOMI: T~!'J~!n~. ()hi~h'~s. Itnr1 A~m1"l1l"}oo""'"'Dh," HV'81'r.'. D. 1. T;"'>"t" :. ~lie:, d~?tion ot ~1CNAO~I £nd tbe !'~i~tiotlc:d~ ~ee.n CIA ud s..:JD. ~ ~ ~ t!.
184
I
I I
i
l1ig/ler Forms oIKilfillg:
"NolI·lefhal"
r.\ ()
m7llc/re
1.----Fig. 11.2. Declassified U.S. Army Chemical Corps Document Showing Genetic Engineering 1)f Fungi with Viral Nucleic Acids by 1962
SECRET WJ!'Horch.on.ne~ tltkeltshl
SfCRky
S~~.
lroplClI
OF MAJOR EVENTS
SUMMARY
disuses. artit
.rlfort
d!nctrd
Whropod-b.t.n.)
.1 Incru •• d Ilral·h,M
Army
cU)
•• nt (Of tHt
t~) In R.t:
FISCA~ YEARS- f96,;, - W62:'·
:'.
'Aa:€$. '.'1.11#1 ..••. c:U,~tii£lU~ . ~:r..rs~
b_
.'
If
A •••.
~IIIo1F
J U-N E r9'1Y2 ON:
Co.p~ J/i!iforical
e"..".mf.~ C'llterj
'\
rJIII!ILJllv RrQUIR!J)
1laI. ItI'UASABUI '1!!IfII(/'f" JtOj(£
!J
'110 "OIU'ION KATlOI!M.B AtmlOIIITY or OCCHLO
H.d2
R'>~:~:;;~: £reRfl ~ 5..E0RIT~
••
. 12
,
C~
bltf
lepto.plra.Io,
lhe vlrUt 01, al ••••• I\.-
de••onltrtlod .• 1hll.te""'plloh-
dlfflcultl"
In 1he palh of luture dlY.lop-
•.nd.lungtl
.g,,,tl,
Ind cry~toeocca.l,
••• .!ork on.hcll!ul.
.n!~rlch,
thl tlu!aU" rllch.d
arg.nll,,!_
\.h. hbortl>r-1:.
. In Ig.nt !h,ich..!!!!, !>!!n th'
••ont J.o-"-,~
~_p'r
01 d...-ylr.g•••lh~<.!!.
pro •• " u.ureh,
to lhlt ®n'
ptrtlculnly
In th ••.•• lu.Uon
prebl ••• or prOYldlnq .doqu.h
ttvlty
'90nt r ••••lnl to b•• 0Ivt<!.26
.of IM lIost,atrlklng
~•••• reh hlr.g
r.e!~fI
~\
••••• ·••••nt or' hum.n .u.eoptl-
IIn".o.r
,Inquiry In.th.
Corp' pr,09r~~
dan. by the 61<>1-eqle.1i.bofll·orlll
.!!.nd.rI>'lng the Inhet IvUy or nlcro'orq."l.n.~
pp~lI",ffoll
st·P.
1!!.bJ.•~t-'lllllOr .• or 10•• cancern .ta .th •. Corpl rar ••any Y'''I,
~~Ic
••o:e 1501.!td I,em virus ••.
!,n...l.ho90~'Uc
tluehlt ·n:.l
.dd.
.lhlOp!'
.•~~ "et~rI
e.·rrylr.q Inr.eal Ir.dudr.~ n~
2~ GoOdl"" !nt"v,
"
!!J-iJ!-tJ
~,fA~
01 • traHtr ~nonn I~nl,
•••• tute.nlully
one 01 tho.pr.lnclp.1
J>lJtopl~''''lh,
blllty
.Ko:"'MJ!:J \rIICI.AISI'11D n~ Si7AJ\.\rl:> FRO, . CI.ASSlflC ~
A ••aJor
ol ..th •. dry,ag.nl ..through .d~lIlon
thl rill •• al b.th.hl
But th. crutlol
Officr!
1Wis
l
I"!
MarJland
.
H!:~I)J.
«':I.oo./It
rE~~~~~
V,S. A rm..r.€~£al A rmy
1>;11
.ttudle,L!.rL
.gont.2~
lcrttn!ng.llt9
•...•.1
.o·et! ad .ubj!
•••• bolng o••rhu!.t<!.
In the d.v.lorcent
~lIOIInt.of .ono.adluN gluh~.h
ChemicaICorp.~
prtv.hn.L\..IL - 62, -Ith •••Jor•
knonled~ of lhhl
01 .ndttvor
•.!!.!ttbllh.tlon
lIont .1I11!n.t.d
States
vlrUI dlseues
.!)d,
v!rulu • .The IInpQrhnc'!j)1 .pIM",lolo~ltll
••lth this 'uu
mltttcal!L-!!.h
PROBLEMS
on viral
tlQJ! ••lthln the ttrten\.fot pr ••••.. I,. n-1961
lPrwtrd ••••• thirvtd
and
United
A ~hole u"'.!. of uotlt
il..,'."
Jonnectlan
.• gtnl. "".t.ndtd,to.toncenttJl'
j (CO.Ples
16 Frb 62.
26 (J) 62, p 2••
.illJ.
(.) Ttu":!'!
FT"9~~ R....u.•.& An.IYII.,
Slo l.b.,
J.n - 'IIIn
SECRET P~G=.--!l:!-0F ~r~S3
.j f c8R.s.i79\·&2
i
. ccrl __
t_,_or ~O)rt=S
f
OC'ftt. \j C Hi: //t::J..?;;'
i
I!
1~6
I ,~_ .. ·f\·
::"·i·: .. .
I ~:7
____
•••••••••••••••••••••
J..A'" I
_
--Fig. 11.2. .Chemical Corps Document. Continued_ . ' .. .
CONFID£NTIAl. ~mbin.ti~ns Icid.
~m
,ienetlcs
of genetic different
were dso
sources
in
.htnth,
~nt
the ~lxture
of infectious
undert._en 1n FY 1962.
with the
.illl o'f
nuc1el~.
Sludits of bact~ll~.
transferring
genetic,
d.e{eroi:-.
27 Qr~.anism ..to _~.n£..t.h~~
1'fiSrr.c~d
V .ge~ts
E41RJ
throuQh
.,re
progress
!l!.n}Lff~.:m-.J.)'~ ~
alUaI for C.nd
fictors
ur;"
detection ,1.r~-~
1n
ih. third qu.rter
Iccepte~ bt the Army
1962,
of FY
fOt liQlted ";,. ,Or
'i
pro~ctlon,
thereby
MiHtiryReq-liac:ent
.u:c;n.l~: •.lu""
for
• t6I't!': :e~ctio~ on ~ treatea • lKX1i{ied vH'slon
7ut
Board
limite<l
t.ests
it le••t a portLo~_of
fulfil1~n~
of the euHer (to
The E41RJ, "hlc~
Sitisfy
lIIodel
In
aper.tts
t!'-.:ough
audio s1gnl1, h ~8
wet tape end .color-actuated, -
of the E41Rl dlscusse<:l
procurement
th~ existing Cu.11tetlv,
in the FY 1960 Annual Sumuy.
F'(
an lc..1\edlate
1%1.
ApprOval
operational
ofth.
-
11':lIIfo:
requlrealtnt
for 4CO
29
a1 arms)
came 1n J .nUiry
- (C) An .ctive
.(~.(tR) ~nc;.
of 1962.
prc.gram
t~ard
the develop;lIent
of • long
pit.h
,ysteJa for erei 6c.nnlng .lar:ns reached the contracting of FY 1'62.
Th""E4Q. LD?J..ffi system,
ulected
Infr.-r~ ,t..ge CltO:'
for devtlc:~~cnt,
"u
t.he
27 (1) GoC':H:-" ino:e:v, _Sio L&bs,
O~t
- Dec
le- Feb 6:.
(:2) iechni~al
hogrc:;
Rev:ew
1.
,I..:lall~l.s,
61, pP 17 --18.
26
29 cere Ite~s 3934,26
Dec 61;
i~j
395C, 23 Jan 62 ••
;I
188
1001 Ag. 13.2~.National
Security Secret Memorandum J:.
206.,:
CO~:!O~'"7r;c
U j~ \,.'~.t-;,,; •• J~J
~.r:::A7=ON$ OF WO~"!~! FCrL~::C~GRC~~~ rep- tJ. 5" ~!CiJR!:~ )..'1DC\'!...-:..5!.\5 !."-:.!:J~:-5
.- .
C,).,Ssu:ti:) !'t Ear::)' c. Jlanc)' f Ul . SO!JtC!10 C!N!~ ~tC~5!r:CA1:CN SC~~-! er IXIql"!jVt 01t:)!R lH52 ).t.r:O!"';'~:~'! CO";;CJl..\:~ ).~
.1'.10 ~
O"N
1m't~V.1.l.S )..'tD tta.:.sS!TIU
tta:.... .3t1.
31 f 13 a 0 :
ctClASS!HE!J
~
to. /~~
.-----~--~ . .J"1
;:.'''fI ~~
:... ....1~ "<"', D.-, ··k ....:·.; .., ....." ~"".I·',' : .. ,~. r·.. - "~~.,~.u..1.~~ L 1..." ~ •'\· 1'-1"\.1 •• t,,\,1LI •.••••.•_, _~ .• ;-"'.tL ...:.__ u;.. Kissin~er. this document streJ.l\.:::::;ises .C.S .. >~Citi()nCi Sc;cur;t:- "Jip]Ot11<lLic" responses to Third World popubtion thelL stood in the WCiy of accessing natural resources for globalists' corporate interests.
rL..
-
·1 •..•·~1.}.1·..·
••.••..•_ ...•• ..I
~
'..~ .•..: ...;-,.;.....; '1r"';; :-- ..""":''''':"d ~: "'fLIL ••_lt ~",~_V.j.JI,)~"t,l •.••.••.
'L
r.,
•
'accinativtl.:i for .
'.•
,,
'-
•
'Fig.14.1~D& Sat~her:sl.:e.tter_to .Dr.lJo~o..witz. Concerniligthe ~ ~,' .. Triggering of AIDS via Vac~~.e~' '
,
'
'.
~~l.. ~ . ~
'
,
,:-
DEPART\It." Of HEAlTH' HeM",
'
,ER'ICES
Ailai1tJ GA 30333
~~AY 22
Lecr:a::-dG. Ec~owitz, 7e:rahedron
Bex
D:.
Read
Massachuset:s
ter your
you
on February
and
Prevention
cor.tamination
CDC'believes public
0:965
Hor:witz:
h k you T,a;;,
your
14.2.:1.
402
~Rockpcr:,
~ear
~I.A"
?llblishing Group
20 Druolin P.O.
D.M.D.,
iSS7
1etter
21 to meet
wi:h
{CDC) officials and other
that
public
to discuss heal:h
however,
C
.chis issue
would
issue
is· the
believe
not
serve
:0
Control
of·vaccine
foundation
the a::egaticr.s
therefore, likely
the
exter.aea
Disease
issues.
do not appear' co be based
bformaticn.
0
the Centers
scientific' evicence
:;ealth policies;
letter
"h ' " a:lon cor.cern:Jg t.e ~nv:
rer so~r.d
contai:ted :liic~i::·
on credible,
evidence-based
that a meet:rrg to disC'JSS
a usef~l
purpose.
Sirrcere~y,
David Sa:::r.er
I I
... ~., '4 :';
I
Ph •.•• &,~
T'
•
.
ahu\'~ k:~~~r hy CO ()l' [)ir~ctur. [)a\"iJ Virllses: ~dtch~r. .·1!DS ~,\~~ (:ooinr.IJ~J.:J i'n rt.:~,piH1SI.: III ~!1L: it.:t!.~~· )~:I~ ~ \ °TlIt: by Or. HorO\~·ilz. rcprinreJ in Emel::;ing & Ehli/"-.\'Uf1/i'1.!, ,Jccidel/I or IlIfelltiona{J e,'{rbining. anJ Jocumcnting. th~ CDCs roi\: in co-rroJucing the 197.1-1 (J7S hl:ralilis B vaccine thal apfI<m:nlly aiggt.:nxl the AIDS panJemic.
'.ULatli
:rr tli,'
" hccillal
:lir
In ;1n official
NEWS RELEASE
invitation evidence
.R.:~~~~~".~. ·-I-.E\· u
to Illeet,
Foor 1:T::l·.~..!i ..!I~ R~·~.! ..~
In response.
(DC Director Pulls lIn-itation to Discuss Controversial Book on AIDS-linked Vaccines R()cki7cn, \1.-\ Cenler' for Di,ease Cl1ntrol Dire~tor Da\id Satcher. ..:halkn\!ed b\ ,;cienliq~. concemed:1bcut
\ a\~cinatjt'n
ri,k,;.
and Pre\'ention Black leaders.
declined
.15 a ro.;sibie L1utcome 01 cont:1Ininated '\ accines and hi£hh contro\er<ial J('ok Ihat documents
to discuss
.-\ IDS .
with the author of a new the CDC and Food and
a \'accine that might ha\"C Drug ..\Jr~irii>tfati(1n I FD.-\ helped manufacture transmined .-\(DS i\ orIJ\\iJe. The exchang~ between the author of £I/Io:g· J
%
;11? \ ir.l.le5:
.-\IDS iIll,l Ebula-.\'LlTlIre,
.·\CcidclIf or hitel/fiol/a/:'
(Tetra-
hedrcn Publi<hing Gwup. 1997,. Or. leonard Horowitz. a Harvard graduate. indelX'ndent in\'estigatOr. andinlemationally known public hea"li authority, and Or. Satcher. followed a recommendation for a moratorium on \'accine.; '2~ [he \'ation of Islam's He;1lth :'-.Iinister. Dr. Alil11 ~Iuhanlmad, ;1nd a ;;1X'~iallegislati\'e comminee meeting of the\'ational :>'ledical As;;cciatiC'n. represeniing Black physicians of .-\merica. in which the book's main ·the;;i<. and supporti\'e documentation. was considered. All panics ;]gr~ed that growing fea.rs o\'er \':lccine contaminations, and associated hea,lth risks, should be addressed at another meeting pfC\posed, then cancdkd,
by Dr. Satcher.
rapidly
gm\\ ing grass roots coalition.
writing
contingent
Dr. Horowitl..
supr<Jrted
upon
by thousand;;
an official
accepted
of concemeu
citize'ns
Dr. Satcher's
invitation
in\ estigalion
in a
played in "developing the \accine that mo~t plausibly delivered AIDS 10 the world." In hi, !XXlk. t\\O man-made theories ot' AIDS's origin are ad\'anced and !x>ISlered b\' astonishin\l20\'emment documents including :"iational Cancer Instirute rePcrtS sho\\ i;g- how much L'. S. taxpayers spe;t for contracts to de'.elop .lJ1d test immune syslem destroying \'iruses on monkeys and humans .. -\ccC'rding to Or, Horowitz's theory. the CDC. FOr'<.. and ~'erck & Company. a leading \'accine manufacturer. de\'eloped 200.000 human doses 01 a (X'tenrially l:ontaminated experimental hepatitis B vaccine that \\ as given to thOU5ands ot' Ccntral Africans. gay men in :\ew York City. and mentJ.ll: relaf\Jed l:hildren on St:Jten Island. simultaneously in 197..\--perfect
19-5.
:::58
timing
for' the initial
'
outbreak
of .-\!DS
cases
in these
areas
hy
sound
the "COC public
"do not appear
hcalth pplicies."
(P thousands
conllnents
rigorous
\n:re
scicl1lil'ic
Ill'
th:1I s,'i"11111;,' al1d Ih',11I),'
to he h:ised on cn:dihlc,
Or. 11,)("()\vitz reported
truly demanded
hc withdl""1\
believes
C)'i""'h','
or Inle'rn,'I ..1\ '~Il . raise :111" mi,lr':,.1
proor
to
SIII'I"'II il,
public heallh policies," Or. Horowitz said, Ihen the CDC would ai,,, I',' calling for' a Illomtoriulll on virtually ail vaccinations "which. to d:\I,', lack definilive scientific analyses showing positi\'c risk/henefit r:ili," .. In fact., Or, (·Iorowilz wrote Or. Satchel', ami pharll1acel1tic:d ("Ill'
cot
p~ny experts "uon't really know whether vaccil1cs arc harming more people than they arc helping or sa\"ing." Likewise. Dr. Horowitz ljucstioned how much scientific the CDC
anu FDA orficials,
uemandcu
when
their "Illulual
or "illli:'~ e\'id,'IiI,'
consel1l
\\;1'
given tu blood and pharmaceutical inlerests to sllstain the use (,F 111\' contal11inateu clotting factor VIII and blood supplies to the puhli,' h', tween 1983 and 1986," despite the facl that thcse officials prcdicted Ih.·" sands would die as a resull. Furthermore, in 19:)-1. whcn Ihc hcp:nitis /J vaccine
link to the AIDS
epidemic
\vas first advanced
thcn il1\'esli!~:II\'d
by CDC and Merck, Sh;,rp & Dohme collaboralOrs. homoscxualnl~n in New York City were known to be the primary and earliest lest subj,','I' for the suspected
vaccine.
Yet the CDC
omitted
Ihe New York Cil\' ,!::I:
men from their investigation and focllsed only on Denver and S:1I1 1'1':111' cisco populations that had not been imll1unized using Ihe earliest, 111",1 implicated, vaccine lols. "No wonuer your :expert' CDC aUlhors rell1;,i'n,'" Week!.)' Reflort," Or. 1·1or, !\l i I/ •Anonymous' on this Morhidity & Morttllin' chided. "( too would feel ashamed to affix 111Yname 10 such hogus '"t'ience.'"
in
into the role the CDC
1'01'
~ll'Ir,'cid~'
Or. Hp!"Owitz in which
that Or. Satcher's
ing, "If the CDC
(CDC! and citi-
le(\er,IO
i~ the foundalion
el'S, ariu Ihe press,
~llob'll
/i71'
Dr. Salchel" slated
j'lo!"Owitz's allegatiOlis based inr()rlllation.",
D.H~ \1.:::eJ: J:..:n~ 1.... :~Jl.J-
zcn£TCUt:'s
iOlls
Regarding information"
based
Dr. Satcher's inability to see ailY "credihle c\'id,'n,,'· in Dr. Horowitz's writings. Ihe author replicd, "11 h,'
did. he would also see himself and his agency are now fully ex!,,,,,,,!. And since rumorhas it thal Presiuent Clinton is considering Dr.SalChtT for the Surgeon General post. putting on the 'Emperors new clothes' ,nil.' him fine-a Black j-nan who can watch his ")\I'n pcoplc,.<lnd milli'Hl, "F others,
die wilhoUl
seeing an}'lhing,"
Press release issued by Dr. Ilorowitz';n tion helween
chimpanzee
It:asc. neglecled and
,'emher
!')<n, Iss,'
,
hcalQ1
\.
In (DC
Direel"',
Da,id
Sald,er's,
11'1'1' ""
for Ihe Iir__llimc:1 \'~lrt'inl'·lillked l"PIIII.'\'and human AIDS, and Ihe \';rnses assne;,"ed \\'ilh Ihem Till, 1,'·
by mainstremn
pnlilical
respnnse
findings Ihal explained
dismiss:11 orDr.llorowitz's
ncWs
smlrcc~.
•..."hlic:llions including
--2. p,l 35.
Ihe
\\'ns ultimiltely puhlisht'd in s\.·\·t~ltll ;11"'111;111\ \' lfJ1rn.\T"d 1.I'''eT/(1r DO('fOrS (\:. 1'{/(i~ 'I".
.--1I
Proposed Course: It is to supply the necessary needs of the SVCP. BIOIIET:CS RESEA.'!CH LA1\ORATORIES (NIi1-69-2160t :1tle:
Suppor:
Ccntrac:ar'! Prc~ec:
--
c
c::>
\
Services
?(o~ect Officer
(:ICl):
for
Director: Dr.
t:Je Special Dr. George
Date
VIrus
R~bcrt
Cancer
Progrart.
Current
Todare
'''::eo aber:!ve:, tr·ansiorned ce115 containing ic-infeccec v::h SV40. thty nad a lover rate cc:'1, \I!t;,out the genetle; thus, th@ presence i=unIt::_
SV~Q genome were of transformation 'than of SV4Q did no.t confer
Fetal thrncs ce:ls of dogs vere cocultivated ,.rc~~ ~pl'~ :he dog cclls ~~~~~n~ratlon (chr~s~e aoa:79i9 nov being done).
'Jith
cult~res
tranSfOr3dricn i~oc.lated i~:~
oC
i~fected
vith
Ha90n-Pfizer
and caused re~r~ss1ng ~e~~orn rhesu~ ~n~eys.
t~ors
Irradiated human and_transformation
virus vh~n
shoved
evidence
subscquer.tly
Ce:l~lar ~~uni:~ s:udie9 of leuK~ia patients, using lyrnphocyte cytctcxiclty ~~d cytotexi:it? l~hibltlon t~sts, suggest that ccl13 cl s~c~ ~atients pe9se9S le~~ecl~-as90ciate~ antigens and thst ~ syS:eD =~y be·o~eratlve In human and 3ni~al \I!despr.3d a~t!ge~
tunors.
SI~nifica~~~ :~ 3ienedlc~! a~5eJrch and the Program oC the Institute: This c=ntrac: :4bQr~torv ~rovices In opportunity for a 9vstenatic, large-scal~ effort to detect viruses and/or viral antigens 1n human t~r 3acerials (~arcicularly leuke~as and sarcomas), using tissue culture, ~cnolo5ical, biochemical and E~ techniques. This 15 a ~10r ob1ec:ive o! the SVCp,
., _ c~_
Contract
~".f!:.'.CS
~'cr !i~di~g,: Serlices and resources provided in closo collaboratlol du:I<1& the past year include: (1) bIcchemical ",ith :;c; i~ves:~gatcrs Itudiesof cc:: grovth reg~l.t{cn vith Dr. Iodaro; (2) actempts to (J) tests fo.r EBV ~!OlHe a :''=-':1 oar-CH v1~u, 'J!t~ Dr. Ba"ln; a~t~.en5 :~r ~r. Levine; (4) l~unological tests of leukemi3 patients, i~el~d!~~ st~dies ei tvi"s, for ~r. Lev!"e; (5) CF tests for gs a~tig@~s :~r ~r. ~ell~n; (6) ~~brane antigen preparation from ht::L1n ~~S3\:e !cr Jr. HerbH",an; (7). c;)lIection of familial cancer . sera a.!1C "is~'nie5 for Dr. Fra,reeni; (B) tj~sue I'Ind serum bank for ut. :'e-,ine ~ "31; (9) A:>erion ,,-,rkite reRIHry and follow-up; and (:0) ca:a preceAsiog ~lth Dr. ~aggoner.
cell
Initiated:
June
Level:
that this services
27,
contract required
C(,I\':~·'''''.
will to
mc.'!. ,:",
1969
$800,000
C. Y. ring
Ob!ect~ves: :0 ?revice a la,or3tor, that ~ill collect, process and test specl~e~s frem ~~an and a~ioal sources suspected of contaIning virus associated ant~gens or antibodies, and to provide other vIrc:ci7, i~unc:og1 or cell culture serJIces as required.
Rhesus
Contract
proposed supportive
!i.t.!.!:.:
Rl'SE:\I!CII
..!JIBS .. !_~!!i~
SupporlServiees
Contri1ctor's
~t
for
SVCP
f)_~~
'~ojcct
Officers
.._t!.~.!..:~l~!~)
(NC!):
Dr",
Dr. Dr. Or.
Hohcrt
Tin,!
Georp,e Todaro Paul l.evinc Robert Bas.in·
Obi~ctives": . To provide a laboratory an;) test cancer soecimens from human peeted of'e~ntainin~ virus associated
that
will
and
animal
I' .~~
eDll~ct. sourc('s
1"'<;11::.....
antigens.
Hajor studies were study carriedinitiated out under the <;u:"'r VISion l'ind~ngs:EBV of r. Paul Levine. Onc and compl.""" during this year was a scroepidemiological study c';mpar;IIi: FHV
titl""ro;.
in
Ampr;(":tn"p:lt1pnr'c:;,
a~c-and
sex-matcflcJ
African
Burkitt
with
riatients
Ivrnnhoma,
with
and
nllykitt'o;. acute
Iympl\{')ma
!vmp}\ocvtic
non-malignant
J.Ul...1
iC\J~Cnll_~
diseases.
·fi,l·
African Burkltt sera were significantly higher th~n the Amp,iean Burkitt ·sera (P(O.OOS). The role of "DV in human. ["",I'IIl""' WilS evaluated by immunological techniqlles ·detecling humoral and cellular immunity to the virus. The 'mportance of card ••l clinical evaluation was emphasized by a' study of twentv MI£L.-. ican atients with Burkitt's l·m homo and a e and sex matrh"d controls. reatment an pro~nosls corrc atc( Wit1 ca tll'.'rs in both I)'mphoma and Icukemia patients, indicating that s'.'1'·' epidemi610gical studies which include single samples on a . patient may be misleading. The studies clearly demonstr",,··1 that American pat!"ents with Burkitt's lymphoma, although 111"ir histopathology is iridistinguishahle from African pat len!:', hav. different immune patterns to EBV. Five individuals with low titers on an earlier study of Hodgkins a three year period. Half the while the other half maintained
to EBV who were identil ;",! disease Were followed over t; t"rs patients developed high low titers.
A studv of leukemia in identical twins was initiated to d('! .""f " r:line whether an antigen could be detected in the cells leukemia twin which would not be identi fied in his norma I Hi,,\ identical twin. Leukemia-assoi:iatcd antigens were dete.-r,'d in four of the seven families studied .to date usin~ the IYII'(ll1o cyte cytotoxicIty t~st. In the animal system, this test ,. positive only when the lymphocytes are presensitized by all antip-en, the reactivity family themember" the leukemicso that patient's cells but ofnot theagainst normal :ll!a""'1 th'.'S cells suggest that an envi ronmcntal agent, perhaps a vi rll';, is present.· .. Sera
to
from Bcl.ev
0/102 antigens.
had detect.ab.' breast disea;
(42\)
of
SeT:J
l,'ltibodies, and 3,6\
breast from
cancer 29\
whereas, of normal
of
patients
patient's
had wl th
13\ or pat icnts blood bank donors
an! .1,.. !i"s 5arcnW.1 wi th j,'.'~II1:11
r<.;I't'
....~.:.~
.~ -., {,~,
B! ONETI CS
Si~nifica~~~ to Bio~edical Research and the Pro ran of the InstltJte: ?~evlces opportunity or systematic, large-scale e::or: :0 ~et~ct· ir~ses or viral .antigens in human or animal =ateria:s usi~~ t ssue ~ulture. i~unological, biochenical and T is is a ~a5er objective of the SVCP. ~~ tec~ni:ues.
Ti
tie:
Project PrOD05e~ C~urse: A:1~oUi~ this ~bntract ~ill continue to supply necessary s~~?er:ive ser1ices ~o SVC?, the· wortseope has recently ~ee~ di~ided in:) three ~ajar ~reas, each being co·directed by a se:icr i~v!stiiator ~t Bio~etics an~ an NC! project officer. Drs. ~ei: anj Tocare will atte~pt te isolate, characterize,. a:d =uri!~ :~e !actc~:sJ in seru~ whlcn overcome contract Inhlb::IC: .rei~la[e_:~eJrowthcf ce .• s l~andc~.tJre. Jrs. lenta
and nor~al Bassln
andtransfor~ed Will atte~pt
to 3T3 rescue
l'nc~~
'\IH
at;c;;,;.'t~d
r
, I·. .
I;
;
11
! ,.
d ! !!
i I 11: ,
11
~
::j
':'J::e
'::0P.tl3ct :lumter t(1 "j,C'la:e
~j,
cJ.ncer"
.-\ IDS '::JScs reg3n
'" exhibit
.::ou~kd infectiC'n.
\·iruses.
<Jbo\·c. Bionetics
Specific3l1y.
,hc unprecedented
\'. i:h dramatic anJ cm these
st.lted in the .::('m~;).::t unJ~r
resc<Jrchers
Ep;;tcin-Barr
(E8V).
leukemia-lymphoma-sarcOllia
"P~C'pC'sed Course:"
Bionctics
collaboraiors
\\ere
ap-
.(\ I. J. 9-;
in :a05 due to the· <Jbsence of sophisticated
B. \101C'r.e:;. Ed .. Washington. I Q-: I and Refercnce
i 3Dd
biotechnol-
D.
c.: L".S.
= HE
Go\·emment 20.31 ':;2:\·3I.Scc
(
:: t~-I
.
11:!1'\'c\' I\:d.jn
1)1' .•
cytology
and
OVul.ltory
drul!'
:lre
1
" .
(.
is
be ing give.n to the squi.rrel, marmosct, on study are being
I:
New It/orld spec i,!~: ,·1 ·and spider lIIonk".· actively Clllled tu , .. :
, ...
k':
i
Print· also:
Hl'rcwitz LG ,1:1': \'1J.r:in \\'J. El1Il'rgill.? fir/l.'e.:>: . liDS & Eho{tI-~.\"(Jl/Irc .. ·lecid"'1! ·;r /'1i<":;:,)':.;!.' Rc'ck •.,'n. \'1.\: TctmhcdT0n Press. 149:<. r"r additional disCll':";C:1S.
,1'1:' I ..
Special emphasis has been pla~ed on virologital studies characterizing the Mason-Pfizer monke)' virus (~1· P~·I\'). :,"·;t'l sublines established from chronically ~1·p~1V· infected rh,·.;:, foreskin cultures were shown to be releasing moderate! y J" ,", titers of infectiou.s M-PMV, and in addition seemed to hH" undergone in vitro transformation. Inoculation of CL'I.l·' .' these suh] ines into newborn rhesus monkevs prouuceJ pa 11-": masses at the· sites of inoculation. lJiopsies pcrC<)rncd n •. these masses and on the reRional lymph nodes of the sam,' animals revealed the presence of prol i ferat iflg \. ru~ (h:1 :.. ,. t:·, istic of M-P~IV Dj' both electron microscopic nnu cell (u!:·::·· analysis. Proliferating M'P~IV was found in the lymph nod,': oC monkeys inoculated with cell-free M-PMV prepar~tions.
Iym;.'!-.l'mi sar.:cma. 3:1d E8\' panicles genes to create. then "rescllc" (i.e .. isobte '. :iC·.\· T:1u;mt ::iDj;]S cl' deadly \·iruses th<J1 produced AIDS-like symptoms much :ike !-iI\·. S:0ur~~: '\CI 5<arT. rh.: Sp.:cia{ rims Cmcer Program: Progress R<.:',.:r:.< :0, ',;!:,j =S; '. OtT;c~ c'( [h.: Associate Scientitic Director for Viral Oncolj
I'r
!Jr. Hoy. Kinard Dr . .Jack Crub,'r Dr.·G,ny Pcarsn!1
vaginal needed .
New importance monkeys,including Animals currently this change ..
immune suppression, particularly upon two specific far-remo\'ed continents. As
vg:; Jikgecly l!nJ\ Jiia~;e ;;'dim themid-19-0s. "Co-culti\3tion" and "hybridiz;nicn" r~!~:- ,0 the g:ri~SSmi\in~. in-\·i\ 0 and in-\·itro of. for instance. Icukemia.
l'g:.' 0.-\50\ ing OtTic~.
in
Inocul·ated and control infants.are hanJ-fed and kCi't in modified ·germ-free isolators. They·art· removed· CralP. is,·' at about 8 weeks of age and placed in filtered ai r (;>r.e,: months or years of ohservation. The holding arc:! Ill)" c"nl' approximately 1200 <lnimals up to S years old. Approxi.nnt·· 300 are culled every year at a rate of about 25 per mon::'. This is necessary to make room for young animals illoc.ltl;>r.··, with n~w or· improved virus preparations.
parc;};I:; SULL~SS:Ui. .:?iwn the .-\lDS pandemic. in their "attempt to rescu~ and isol:He J \'iT3i ge~C'f1'e ... frC'm untreated patients by co-culti\·ation. hybridizatien. JnJ vth~r [e.:~niqucs."· This dispro\es ofTicial reports that 111\' could not ha\ e t-e~n "-:c'Il5i>t:ceJ"
lJirl:~.~;
Officer.s(NCI):
insemination; or tried as
!eC!k~:l1ia. IYr.1rhl'ma. and 53rcoma \·irus panicles weresrudi.:d frequcntly in age and s~x maTched _.\merican :md A.frican p3tients· "in selected dise3se groups."' These contra.::" ·,\·ere initiated in I 969~appro:\imatcly ien ye:HS before the first c<Jncer Lom~:e\ EB\' .::C'-factN
C:Jrcinr).~t'nl'si';
1969
/:'9·21 AI) d0cumcnted
human
Project
Viral
~lajor· Findings: This contractor cont inlles to prodUCt' r)\·· 300 excellent newborn monkeys per year. Thi$ j, maJ·" I'" by diligent· attention to reproductive physiulogical star,· female and m,de breeders. Semen evaluation, ;JrtiCical
pncr3 a:a jreas: C3C:~:. I~ the leu'e~ia studies, special e~~~a5Is 0111 ce ?lac~ci on test:ng patients who nave an loent:ca:. t· •.in; i:! the :y~;;ho:1a stu<!ies, the seru",s of patients in se:e~[ed disease iTOV?S will be test~d for a:ltibodies to EBV.
. Jat~ C~i1tra.:: I:::tiatec:
of
(r;!..!l .. _!.L.~~:.~-~)
Objectives: (1) Evaluation of long-term UII(ogt'!:j,.: t':·('··. human and animal .viral inocula tn prim;)[('5 of v:lriou:; ~I'" ; .. especially newborn macaques; (2) ma intenan-:e of monl·.''''· I·,·· !! ·i~: colonies and laboratories necessarv fo:- ino(,llat iun, -::,,. ; .. ,; monitoring of monkeys; and (3) bioche"'ical st::dlcs of (11' RNA under conditions of neoplastic·transfnrm:ltioll :in,j <1·;1 on the significance of RNfI-dependent DNA pol:;mer.1Sc' il: !.,!., leukemic tissues.
an~ iSJ_a:e a Viral iene~e tn u~altte~entlatea sarcomas fron oy co-cultIvatIon, nyorlalzatlon, ana other unt~eatea ?a::ents tec::lc~es. JrS. Lev:ne ana ring wlil contInue stuales to ae:e:, tu~or SJ~::::c ar.tl<~ns :n patlents WIth leu~emla, lvm-
a
Investigations
Contractor's
!i'\c'
LAUORfI T()[!~I1;:;.
RESEAI~CII
, .
Chromatographic control and vii.
·amination transformed
of
transfer rat
and
RNA's mouse
(tI~NA's)
embryo
cell
rr~n s _.... ~
i
d~~onstrated differenc~s in phenyl-alariyl-tRNA's and aspartyl-. ::~S-\' s. ~o ci fferences wer~ noted in the elut ion profi les of 5~r::l-, tyrosyl-, leucyl-, asparaginyl-, or glutaminyl-tR:-.I,\, 7~e effects of 11 rifamyci~ derivatives on ~iral··reverse tra~scriptase and on DNA po~ymerases from human normal and ~~~~e~ic blood lycphocy:es were evaluated. CompoUnd 143-483, 3'!br~ 1 rifa~ycin SV:. octyl oxime showed the greatesi ·from both viral aed ~o~e~~ a~d.i~hibited al: )~A polymerasei
Title:
r orlg1~s,
c~.lu_ T:-:e
MERCK ANDCOMPANY, IN~.
~ar
C:'fi:
alsl1
~n(aie:i
i:-,
c;rlld~ps
c311ahorative
Oncogenic Virus Res.earch and Vaccine Development
Contracto.r's
invnl'Ji"&
c~cc virus: RD-114. fro~ a human sarCOma i'olated by ::5. ~cA ster, Gard~ner. and Huebner. The virus is ·being· ~r duced and supplied by Dr. Gilded of Flow Laboratories. A~ t~er virus, a ~u~an papovav!rus associated with progressive :::: :ifccal le~:':cencephalopa~hy, is being suppl ied by Dr. Duard ~; ~er :o~ i~cc~lat:c~ i~t~ newborn monkeys.
(NIH-7l~2059)
Project
Director:
·Dr. Haurice lIilleman
:Je
S!ini icance t~ Biooedical ~esearc~ and to the Pro ram of the I~st: Jte: I~as~uch as :es:s :cr t e Dl0Iogi~a. activity ot C5J3: ate hu~an ¥:ruses .:1: no: 3e tested in the human species :: is :~perativ~ :hat aJo~her system be developed for these ~~:~r~inat:o~5 a~d. subseGu~ntlv for the eval~ation of vaccines or ct~er 3easures of centiol. the close phylogenetic relation5~ip of t~e lower pri~ates to ~an justifies utilization of :~~se a~iJals for these ur~oses. Further study of altered :ra~s r ~~A a~~ Dolv~er ~e'en:v~e5 would deter~ine their sii~i ca~ce in n~opiast c c~a~~e and provide· a basis for s~lec GO c~ thera?eutic ag~nts: .
-
do o
Project
~a:e
:ontract
~~rre~~
i !
StCP
Annual
~ill
i~itiateci: Level:
12,
.
work.is progressing September, 1972•.
5:,1)3,850
i
\ ., ._ t't'
on schedule.
The projected
completion date is
Turnor-specific cellular vaccine development: The preparation and aS5.1Y of tumor cell vaccines.for protective efficacy in the·hamster model system was continued at a lower priority level. Testing of adenovi r:ls )1 turnor.cell fractions prepared by mechanical disruption of the cells and fractionation by differenti~l centrifugation I.'ascompletcd. None of the vaccines (crude cell homogenate~ nuclear fraction-w2l = 107
1962
:'\umewus .-\lDS-likc R:'\.-\ tulllor retrol'irus hlbrids \I·ere biocnQineercd under the 3tO\ e contract. Related elTol15 bCQan as carl;' as 1962. 111A fri~a. Bionetics-bred . monkeys wcre inoculated with rcco~llbinanl st;ains of imm\1ne-surprcs~i,·e can:ino£e;]jc \·iruses actin!! a5 co factors with other biolo!!ical and chcmical ;lQonIS. as deuiied 3b\"·e . For inslancc. the RO 11~ I·irus rererre-d to II·as a cat humal; hybrid Ihat. 3ccC'rding to Or. Gildcn_ "may be accidcmally imroduced in a ncw species. perhaps by \accine .. .-- :'\ole the ".-\uStralian antigen" (i.c .. hepatitis B lirus) gi,·cn to ,Hri-. C:ln ,:reen mL'nke-,-s unde, contracts numbered -:1-2025 ~nJ 7 -2059, :\ftlch cI·idcncc >trt'!1giy sugge,;t; laccine re~c;JTchtriggercd thc .-\IOS panJclllic. St)\lTce: Horo\\'itz and :\ lanif'. Up efT .. p. 511. I
Dr. Robert A. Hanaker Mr. J. Thomas Lewin
Major Findings: Multiple construction and renovation projects ha'/P (·!cr. involved in the expansion and reorientation for this program. Remod\':tag of a laboratory, physically separated from the animal turnor virusareJ, was recently completed and is in use for Herpes simplex type 2 vau In~ w~rk. Two rooms (440 sq. ft.) in Bldg. 1/43 were remodeled and equlpp'!ci and are in use for the germ-free derivation of kittens for the SPF C~C colony breeding nucleus. ·Plans were completed for the renovation of half of Bldg. 1/65 (5,940 sq. ft.) for housing an SPF cat colony and for housing experimental cats •. The construction and equippinp' of the ilew biohazard containment building 0268 (12,096 sq. ft.) for laborato:y
cont:r.ue.
recruar:
(NCI):
Objectives: To c·onduct investil1.ations desil1.ned to develop vaccine~; ar other agents effective for the prophylaxis and therapy for human neoplasia of suspected viral etiology.
?rJDo}ei Ccuise: T~e previously ~entioned·studies will be cO~~1nued ana expanGed. Particular attention will be given to r~5earc~ en a~i~als inocJlated with candidate human cancer .irus~s, a~d investigations will be carried forward into the na: r~ 0: neoplast:c c~anges and their possibl~ control at the ce~ ular level. Collaborative efforts with other researchers
~i~ i~ t~e
Officers
~
pellet, membrane fraction-w2t = 5 x 109 pellet, particulate fract 10n-)t lOll pellet, cell sap-w2t = 1011 supernate) protected hamsters against development of tumors when they were challenged by inoculation of vi,lble. homologous turnor cells. Work on the preparation of two other types (If tumor cell antigens was continued. Cell membranes ~ere prepared froro a adenovirus 12 turnor cells by hypotonic extraction and ;,rere ·solubi] i7.~·J by sonication. TI-- solubilized material was fractionated on Sepharle.~G;'C'
\
.
',.~.,
f ~-
col~s
a~d :~e desired
(raction
concentrated
by the Diaflo
has been in progress for t~o mOllths. All eight isolators are n'-'-lIf'; ",I by kittens (16 females, 7 males) ranging from 1 to 8 ~,;eks il1 ,Ig'·.
mecbrane
tec~,:1~~'Je. :he E:st batch of test and cont:ol antigens 15 on test for protecti'Je ef~icacy in hansters. Preparation of additional batches Technology is ~tili,being developed of antige~ !D: assay is in ?rog:ess. for t~e Fre"ara::on of adenovirus 7 tuoor cell me~ranes by flo~ sonicatior. aJ~ ::0. z~3ai :e~~ri:ugaticn.
Significance.toBiomedical If
)"":)5t of ::;e experi=eJts
results pre?arec i~terfere t~r
ce l' __s.
~
Q
i.'1 this
series
are on test.
af:er
vacci:atic:1
~ith
5 x lC6 ~-irradiated
At:~pts :0 :eJce: Jcop:otec:ive 5V~O tu-~r cell vaccines the ad:li:Jis::atic:: Jf ;:oly I:C beiore, si::lUl:aneouslY'Jith, vaccL,e, si:gle J: nul:ip:e doses, or by di~ferent routes s'.:ccessi-.Jl ::: :::e, :'uster xdel syste::!.
effective by or after ~ere'not
5t::<5ie5 er. :::e ro:e c: fetal :c~ciuctec =-= t~e 5Voo-:'a:ster
are being series of
antigens in tu=r :mt:Oology ~del systeo. In the first
erpe~:'.:Je:::, ",-i:rac:a:ed. 9-12 day gestation fetal cells of ::!ultiparous crigi:l :::.c, :!c~ ?rotec: aC:Lt !:.ale or female ha:nsters against tUJ:Ior =e~el~~~t .~e:! :~:lenged ·':th SOCOho~10gous tumor cells. Experiments from Fimaparous 10' are iD pr:>gress "~e!eb the nccbes ~ere prepared day ges:atic:1 wTj':!s and are' bei:1g 'tested iJ the 5V40 virus-ne·.born hamster ~del SjSt~ a5c in the adult ha::!ster-t~r cell challenge system ~ith . a 2300 ce:l ch.allenge cose.,
if
tt
strai~ of feline leuke!Dia virus (Ft'/) ·..•as 1.1e IT (!..ava~ni-i:eile:l) rcut:ne:~ prooa£a::ec i~ rol:er jottle (1 l:ter/bottle) suspension cultures !l./4c eel: Ibe. Te., liter 'lots of culture fluid of t::e vir--Js-shedci:g o~re c~ce:!t:a:ec (:CCC~) and purified ~y'flo~ zooal ce:1trifugation an:: isopy:1:c ce:!t:ii';gatio:: :>n sucrose gradients. Modifications in tec:'no!c\:.,. .lie sti:: bein~ :lade to increase' :h'e purHy of the concentrated ·lirus.·'-i:-Js :>ie:ds of 10:3 ';i:us ?articles!al '~erereacily achieved.
H
'I r,
I:
~: "
Date Contract Current
~ck \t' .
p, ): ':.
:i>
Level:
in
the
genesis
of
somc
hUr.1.1I1 C.lnl"':"·:,
function
RS
co-f~ctors
essential
ill
cXDrcssio:l
~:
Study of Viruses
contractor's Project
Project
Of ficer,
March I,
1971
$1,016,000
and Company, rnc.
(NIII-71-20S9) in lIuman and Animal Neoplasia
Director:
(NCI):
I""\'
Dr. Maurlce
R.
.
lIilleman
Dr. Robert A. Manaker Dr. Jack Gruber
;'i~
.t,:i
" ~'I
Objectives: other agents of suspected
To perform Investigations designed to develop vaccine. or effective for the prophylaxis and therapy ,of human neop!"·:j., viral etiology.
Major_Findings:
'\i ,:
~:
~ I:.
This
is a new contract.
Significance to Biomedical Rese~rch and the 'Program~f the Institute: Current d~t~ support the concept that a'virus or viruses are the essent i,,1 element in most animal tumors studied and that viruses are probably tt". etioiogical
be greatly
Influenced
component
in human neoplasitl,
and modified
by host
(
killed .•... \;,...
vi rus .vaccln~ ..
( possibly
though'
expression
and environmental
viruses ar'c the 'essential ·element In human cancer vaccines to pre.vent or minimize infection should to cancer preventiol '''his could be .1ccomplished
( :2 r; •.. ,
Initiated:
Annual
necessary
1:1 orde: :0 ?rcv:ce a:! ace~uate supply of healthy cats for future experi~'tal "~rt, esra:l:s:c:ent of a s?ecific pathogen-free cat colony ~4s pr:!~cse:i. :r,e i·i:s: ster, the ge:cJI-f:ee de:ivatioo of "he breeding
element
Proposed Course: Ef forts to prepare tumor-specif ic cellut,1r ant i80:1'; for immunoprophylaxis of cancer and to study the 'immunologic respon,,· to such ~ntigens ~ill continue. Tests ~ith poly ric for adjuvant effect on ineffective cellular vaccines ~ill be completed. Work to~ards development of a felIne leukemia-sarcoma virus vacc in~c! a herpesVlrus type L vacClne ~lii be contlmJed as rapl'dly as posSlhJ,·. If no problems anse, the germtree derivation of klttens tor the SI',' cat colony should 'be compieted in several months.
.
'::!'.rS vac:i:!e :e'lelo;oe:1t: :1:is project is still in the initial stages. :he "~r~ in ~ro~ress is cODcerTIed ori~rilv ~ith basic needs such' as virus ?rc?agat:co, .ir:Js c:!Dcentration and purification, preparation of s?ecii~c act:sera, a=d estabiist::!e:1: of routine assay prccedures.
essential
0.1 neoplasia.' and immunity against such secondary agents might pre",''': expression of the'neoplastic state. In addition, vaccination ~ith ,homologous virus in a virus-dependent cancer may enhance specific humoral antibody or cellular immunity. This research project is of fundamental importance to total program.
SV40 tumor
'
an
viruse~ may
oncogenic
Final
v::h cne Jf the ~o~protec:ive vaccines, 5'40 t~r cell ghosts ~: hy?er:c~ic extraction, sho_ed t~at this vaccine did not ~ith the ability' cf the host to reject viable homologous
ce:ls
are
and the Program of tl~~_.1~t,::"~'.t,'::'
prnphylaxis by vaccines to prevent or minimize infection 5111"',1.1 prnl'i,!·· a rational ap'proach to cancer prevention. This could be ;)CCl'mrl isl".: by living or killed virus vaccines or possibly by vaccincs of Pllrirt.·.' virion sub-units. AJthough greatest benefit could be derived h:: pr.' ventio~ of infictions transmitted horizon~aily after birth. a polen! i,' benefit from vaccines may be derived where viruses are transmitted vertically but do not express their full antigenic complement. ~"n
:n~es::5a::cn =: :~e hest i=cunologic respo~se to nonprctective tUDOr eel: 'Ja:::'::es is :e:':1g cor.duc:ed in hamster-tlll!:or ~odel syste!!ls. T!1e fin: series of e:r,eri::e::ts '~as designed' to test :he effect of Inoc:Jlation Jf ~no'~ nO:1~rote:~ive vacci:1es before, si~ul:aneously ~i:h, or after 'l=I.L,izati:J:J '~i:!;'a boo'!: e!iective vacci:1e (5 x 106 y-irradiated tumor cells).
viruses'
Research
t
then
provide by
prophylaxi~ a.
virion
I"
by
ratior~al
utilization
by vacc ines of purified
In;t·:
factors.
nr
<"1'1".'.1'
1 jIlt'
""hun
II!~
f'r
h
Vaccines
would
obviously
provide
their greatest
with
oncogenic
viruses
transmitted
infection However,
even
.agents does viruses
the
out
function
as essential
and immunity
enhanced
against
state.
this
goals of SVCP
Proposed methods
Course:
·present
with
can
and "B" and
investigations
"C" type
l.'i11be conducted. optimal
vaccines
Particular methods
quantitation,
vaccine
Date Contract
Initiated:
to cause
assessment,
March
specific
viral
and vaccine
quantitation At
model
live systems
to developing inactivation,
potency
the
(DNA) viruses
to evolve
animal
given
to developing
in man.
herpes-type
studies
be
attenuation,
and
to the
program.
efforts
cancer
Parallel
will
total
initial
in appropriate
attention
for viral
safety
devote
~ancer.
importance
to the
the
may be
in virus-dependent
be foc.used upon
particles.
virus
or cellular· immunity
concentration
or shown
Nononcogenic
expression·of
is of fundamental
will
neoplastic
of neoplasia,
prevent
contributions
will
(RNA)
from vaccines.
virus
purification,
suspected
attenuated. and killed
applying
unique
The. investigators
viruses
time,
homologous
birth.
of hypothetical
might
antibody
after
in expression
agents
investigation make
for propagation,
of candidate
secondary
Additionally,
research and
benefit
cofactors
in preventing
horizontally
transmission
a potential
such
by vaccination
Obviously
vertical
not rule
may
neoplastic
possible
benefit
·and viral
assay.
1
1, 1971
"Combine these two diseases-feline Icukemiaand hepatitis-and you have the immune deficiency" syndromc today callcd AIDS, said CDC hepatitis B chief . Dr. Don Francisat the onset of the pandemic. As stated in the above contract, Merck investigators developed "methods of propagation. purification. concentration, and specific· quantitation· of candidate viruses suspected or shown to cause cancer in man." Among these was the "KT strain of feline leukemia virus (FLV)"concentrated to "IO~ \'irus particles/ml:' This"C' type (RNA) tui110r retrovirus. according to leading expert Or. George Todaro. \vas another manmade virus that apparently e\'olved during· similar cancer virus hybridization studies, as in the case of the RD 114 cat/human mutant. and/or vaccine experi. ments involving cross spt:cies transfers of infectious particles. As stated above. in response to these laboratory studies, authorities knew as early as 1970 that "non-oncogenic \'iruses rriay function.. as essential co-factors in exprt:ssion of neoplasia (cancer). and immunity against such secondary agents might prevent expression of the neoplastic state," For this reason. these cancer vinis and vaccine studies focused on the herpes type (DNA) viruses. especially EB\'. QS infectious co-factors to r~glllatc rctro\·iral carcinogenesis ~:l!ong \vith other chc::mica! immune modulators, E\·idcnce· is fim1ly cstablishtd~ therefore. that the hepatitis B \'irus and \'accine research. conducted simultaneullslv in N'iC and Central Africa bet\Ve~n 1970 and 1975 under the precedin~ Bi;neti~s and f\1crckcon. tracts. invoh'ing infected monkeys and chill1panze~~ used for vaccine produc. tion. was extremely risky Zlnd circumstantially linked to the AIDS panckmic.For primary sourct:s and additi()nal background regarding this iml'DrLlnt lh6is ~cc: t'l(~~-()\\'ir" •. ~. '.L . ·l-...:... i~i'..';lr
LC~ _J e)1"
:'11 r \1'1t-r: •• ~ ••••1 .1 •..\1
"/!:,r·i...!:t-:-~)l:..:/,.r
•••••
••
\\'-1
'"
;~nil'1":r;I/~' · ..••• 1 .•
.~'"
~Z..\...:k~)..,:·~. \
_
(';;'!!\,,\ •
I ••••.••••
_!/f):.. : 1.~·
.•. ·
\..\..••
:'~ij·-' ~; ..•••••••.••••.•.
1:\: ~[·· .... \tr~dl'.,.:...~:·l';': P~·,-··~~.: ~)'..~\
\'
"i'r,"
II i
I
"~\. 11
Pu6fic
'Dclltl; iT! tlic :1ir
fl
J{ca[tfi,
J/mericall
:Mclicillc
alll
'.R.!l((!:f~·a;·,. :f
tlic
11/111//1
'Il, " f'
I! I· t-.
C:JN7?.AC'
!U:?I}!TS
~ Cr,iCE
OF PROG~U,
,EoCUPC£;
;
U:'GliTiCS
US-USSR Agreement. of the microbiology,
Dr. J~ek 5ruber, Chief, ~PP.&L, 'G?, DCC? Dr: ~rr~tt 'I, (.eef~r. SUff Sci~nt;s~, cp:m, YO? XC? iff. John S. Cale II!, S~ff Sc;:nti;:, SFO:~L, ';CP, y.:?
(, \I
I
! ftf.Em~.~
!I '1
Title: Vi ruses
;-(jJE C;;LT)E C~ntorjal
Contractor's
"o
Pro;ect
..-
COlL::C~:C.~
?~eserlation
Pro;ec:
~fficer'S
Dr. Dr.
(tiC:}:
i;r. Jctin
Charles
Delegation
of °ei2renc~·Grade
fr~
~!ie '(inl
colhbor!t~.ng
~nc~logy ?!''Jgr~m. io
ef ""'~rials
af
~hich
pro'/~tje
As agreed, Virology,
correlati-::11
bet,,~enio
vi;'!"I)
actiYi!v
in '';yo .• ni:! an IPrarfnt
in :1d~titl
virology.
to ~:C!
feline
by ~c'5e
~.ary
~IH
3S;3VS
:r" fer
:r.e
~~H'3:fo!l Jr the 3tJpr~)'Ielj
t'. ...__._.... h __.
u ••• __
• __
._
and car.c~r ir.J~tJy thri:'U1h Rc,::k~fella l'np,'e"i51[Y Pr.esident. Dr. Joshua Ledem"..g. cC'minjt1N lCS th3, ",igclI- t.: .:cn;,dued ~e:lSC'r.~u~ b~' ;Urrl\ 109 biologic"1 We3p<'ns. incluJing !e·A=i.·ir.-dt:cing J/1d .\IDS·1ik~ retn" iruses 10 potential cncmics. including R'-I:>!i311:ai->. duir:!! ill< Cdd Wir. Dr. L~l!ert'<:n;(; l'r£"nila,iC'n. thc Senalc Ricglc biologic,l wc"pons R~p<'n \'n L"e Guli \\'2T ;:•.,,In:,me ;l1I~J. had >hin'Cd SaJam fi~,'ein'; labs a ~rC"_>d:lfrJ'" t'f '.;111.'0 ;hcnh' t.:il',e froo in\aded KJ\\.il. D,. Leeeme,!!. a eFR ;tudv
).
1~r ··"\("o~;~t.i.11\\'~f1~r~'· J.I1d Hi",'IC'gical \\'t"3J:X'ns rlanning. i31:::d~'dcnit:d, er :h~ r~~ugcn . .10: ~i('k'~icJI\\e'::!f-'.'ns ~"(p.)~ure-5 IQ tn""r.; Juring the war. Fr0m: ~eJ StalT. 1',,' .'5.~,-,;,;:l I'r.,.< Cme," pn'l!r,;O! :S:·CP/. 1.'.S. D"pnmelll or
. ',
Ikallh.
Educ2';l'n
.~
1ns:til\n~
('f H~3i!h. Dj', i~lcn ,-'f CJn('~r- CJU'~ Jnd p~~'. ~nlil'n. ':3U num~:-: F.':(I_':~::·\''': 0-- Jr.d -"-:"11~~.
direL"'":l'f
{)n t-<h.Jlf
Libr3.r:.
3,0
Sukhumi,
USSR
Bethesda,
USA
Ri9a •. latvian
1978
SSR
\\"~b,~.
W,.'him!1C'n.
D.e.:
P:J~Ii~ fkllth
Se" Ice. June
!I)-S.
:""i,'n,,1 p.
Group on Cancer Zhdanov, took
~_10,
The main emphasis
of
this
meeting
was given
to reviewing
results of a study to determine of leukemia in baboons. This
problcm of of Kansas)
the re-
the role of genetic \lork, conducted jointJ~:
USSR. is an excellent example under the US-USSR Agreement.
of
the
The Chairmen of both Sides reported on the recorrrnendations made in the Memorandum of Understanding of the Joint Corrmittee on f1a1ignant Ne~p 1015 i,i held in Hoscow, USSR, September, 1977. The recollJ11endations included:
,!lror ·/irus.
C(}~rse: Titis contract" ..-ill ccntiltlle
Jr.d
1977
by laboratories in the USA and in the cooperative research efforts sponsored
;f eC'jtr~~~( \'iit:~e; ~:i~
\:(lmplc:'(
group
ri~r
flosCOli, USSR Bethesda, USA (Subcol1'mittce) . r~oscow, USSR Bethesda, USA
the fifth m~eting of the US-USSR Joint florking Co-Chairmen Or. J.B. lIoloney and Professor V.lt
presented preliminary' factors in an outbreak
tT3n~fQT7.at~on of ~up:,id
pt~n ..
d,,<::o...,·.,.,· :~:h:
procedures and scienti;':
progress 'of current cooperative efforts and assessing the combinant DNA research. Or. r~ichael Crawford (University
Sicnifjcan<;~ to Sioce'1i,al ~es~~r~:t H'~ :~:~ ?r:cn;: -:;f ::e 'nstit'1t~: Virus zta!.eriais !re s;Jpylie-:1 ~ ir."2st;~at.ars t!lr'Ju~~-c:Jtt~e .crij 0'1 t'rognr!' i(esoc;rces and logisti,;.~. I: ~s 1::::<:ru:'!t :h:3! highiy ::.aracterizert r~fF"e"ce stocks of :.!-~se ·/~i.iSeS b-e av!ihbje.
~sed project
1972
November, 1973 Nay, 1974 l1ay, 1975 June. 1976
ished
infonnation,.iTtaterials
place at the National Institutes of Health,·Bethesda, r·:aryland, USA, on October 26-28, 1977. At a symposium held on October 27 and 28. members of both delegations and invited speakers presented recent st~dies in cancer
.:oc..'1i',er::ed 'his,~,ries
r.aY~ been pr~vidE~
leukB!!\Jgenic cel1s.
. November,
of
;~rT!:!~:'(~ Ke2fer
investigAtors.
a TaCt
The 11emorandum establ
exchange
September,
~i!
S. Cole
18, i~72.
October,
t'djor ~;nd~r,fjs: '~eipl and c.1arzc:.eriL3dcn of '::iiG:;::1:: .irvs:s frt::1 p;"c~;·r..:: ResC'~rces md Logistics has continued. Dat.! on ,1\~ Cire:ted DNApoly:::erase of five rurfne !r.d ~ ;Jrl"..ate V'J"'I1SeS h.J~ t~~n de·~e\c::ed. Se!"!:b9k:a~' ao.alysis of 951 u)d gsJ anti;~n sugses~ ~ s~'~ng cross reac.t1'/1ty t'-P.t·~€e" squirrel ronkey r-etr:::yir~s and 1'a5=n-Ffize~ \l;)nkey Vir;s. The :entrac~' reports
fleetings:
~.. ~ldr;o
!'>.i historically trace t.~e origin To ~iclcg;cal1l c~.!rac:eri~g of se1ec:e1 =r~f':::S ,f t.F.!Or vir:Js~s. ir:cl~jir.g ayi~n, ::urir.e. f~~ ice, ar.d pTi!r.3~e·t in cr~~;'~o jeve.lc, 3n::i Cbt3io referenc!!-gra~e ~•.• ~r 'drus :r~~eridls. To serve as an 3rc~iv~1 r~'Jsitory for see-j Sleeks ~f itportan: 'drus
and char;cterin:icns
on November
T:P'.or
~~~tives:
mterhl>
signed
joint studies through the betwecn the hiO countries.
('iOH?+ E!7)
~nd :Jevel~!re'nt
~irec:ors:
first
A f1emoranctllm of. Understanding for coopera tion in the'! ".!:' irrrnunoloQY, and molecular biology of cancer viruses .·'I~·
i ,~
.,
';~', ~'~Yi\~.".
(2) (1) discussing, increasing the in program depth. cooperative partiCipation studies of other on recombinant USSR institutions, DNA research, in particular to include the Institute of liolecular Biology, lioscow, (3) C~n· ducting exchanges of scientists only under the auspices of the Cancer Virology Program under the topic of MaI i9nant Neoplasia, USA-USSR Hea 1th Agreement, and (4) encouraging the use 'of small working group meetiogs 1)11 subjects' of intense interest. .. Delegates expressed interest in conducting collaborative studies in the. following areas: (1) studies of viruses isolated from human tisslJes in ,;cl! culture or in animals and their possible role in the pathogenesis of h,",.ll1 neoplasia; (2) continuation of studies on non-human primate viruses as' [ill'" relate to human cancer; (3) studies on the role of viruses in the indu(~i"'l of human breast tumors, inc1uding continuation of studies on I1PMVand rcl,)" d viruses; (4) studies on cocarcinngenesisuvirul/vi:'al, virol/cl:e:::icill. or:.; viral/hormonal; (~) characterization of nucleic acid~ and their role ill 1.1'" induction of animal and human cancers, particula;-ly the detection of tra'1s· forming sequences in .cellular nucleic acids and molecular genetic studie· . with DNA from human tumor cells; (6) studies on viral proteins as proboc for viral gene expression in animals and hun\1ns; and (7) studies on onC"':",!,; viruses important to hUf1lJn ecology. e.g., those derived from bovine. a:,i'III,
\
.! ;-I
.0../ ••••••.••••• 1 •••••.
)iur
"CM
1•..
[01(,0
Figure .16.5. US-USSR Agreement Continued TO U.S.
(continued)
INSTITUTIONS· February,
Dr. 1. Kryukova Gamaleya
M.D.
1976
Anderson
lnst. Prof. S.M. Klimenko Inst.,
Hosp.
Michigan Cancer NCI scientists;
Inst.,. Moscow
Ivanovsky
VISITED
September,
NC!
1976
(Dr. Hanafusa)
scientists;
Research
Moscow
(Dr. BO'ilen);
Fdn (Dr. Rich);' Rockefeller
Inst.
(Dr.
Cancer
Blumberg)
.
I I
J
Dr. E. Bagley Kiev Inst. Experimental and Clinical
NCI
March,1977
.0
scientists;
Cancer
Ctr
F. Hutchinson
(Dr. Hakomori);
Sloari-Kettering
Oncology
Institute
(Dr. Sonnenberg) Dr. Z. Butenko
NCI
March,1977
and Clinical Dr.·S.A.
May,
Ivanovsky
Research
of Chicago
November,
.
NCI
1977
Laboratory
of Viral
Carcinogenesis, Viral Oncology Program
Institute.
Preparations
Institute
Oncology,
April,
NCI (Dr.
1978
Leningrad
Lapir.
Di rector,
Ins t. for
·Experimental and Therapy,
September,
RQizman~
yi~it was to gain
UCLA·(Baluda);
Sl~an-
Kettering
Benc!ich)
NCI
(Dr.
scientists;
Kettering
Sloan-
lnst.
(Dr. Moore-
. Jankowsky); Delta Regional Primate Ctr (Dr. Gerone).
Se;lior Scientifi~
~·joscow,spent
Dr. Bernard
1978
Pathology Sukh~mi
P. Filatov,
Galll\); USC(Drs. and Vogt);
McA11ister
of
Dr. Boris
Virology,
Uni'versity
(Dr. B. Roizman)
Prof. ·I.F..Seitz
. Dr. Felix
1977
Inst., Moscow
of Viral
Petrov
~layyasi.
E. Cronkite
1977
September.,
Dr. ·L:B. Stepanova Dr. O.B. Kdrchak Moscow
laboratories
Ihst., Moscow
Dr. Felix Filatov
Researcner,
tl1ree-and-one-ha1f
University
experience
of Chicago.
in
months The
(~) preparative
Ivanovsky in the
purpose
Institut~
laboratory
of
of
of hi~ exchange
purification
of HerJes
The above agreement includes a partial list of researchers. including Dr. Rohert Gall\1 \)f the NC!. who traded the most advanced methods and materials in the fields of molecular biology. bacteriology and \·irology during the Cold War. InclutkJwas the "brge-seak production of human yirus" tmnsferred to the Soviets by Dr. Gallo. Might this h:.m: been the AIDS virus'!· Additionally. besides possible treason for traJing biological wcapons technical knowledge. and the weapons themselves. with the Russians. these documents clearly reflt;et the functioning of glohal cryplocracy that supen.:cded the gc\)r\)liti~al p,)li·;.:ics o!" the UnilcJ Sla\~'s Co\\.:rnm~nl. and knowlcuge or th~" :\merican \,\,,"1,1pk. Fr\Hl1: ,,\(1 Suff. O!' :·i:. 1l)-". rr. ~(,:lIld .;()o Library cd! numb\..",: [.:~{\ ..; 1:,2Y,,! l)-"7 I .,q... \,..I -"'_,'-' I \.1.--•••••. Cl
;.
...•-0") _"")'1
_
I ! \
Spiegelman,
W. Moloney,
Oncolqgy
Novakhatskiy·
Ivanovsky
scientists;
of Drs.
Kiev Inst. Experimental
!I ,
:.ueatn
z.n
the Yiir \ j
IOC]
j
FIg. 18.6. David Baltimore HIV/AIDS-Iike Virus'
Study at MASSACHUSETTS
Title:
MU During
INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Studi~s on the Leukemia Virus O~oAynucleotidyl Transferase
the SVCP, 1971-1978
(NOI-CP5-3562)
DNAPolymerase
and Terminal
I I I 1\
I I I \
fontractor's
Prcj~ct
Directoc:
Dr. David Balti~~rc
II ! ! •
Pro~;
Q7ficer
(NCI):
Or. Edward Scolnick
! 1
Objectiv.es: (1) Carry out a detailed analysis of DNApol.vm€ras~~ frai:l 1::-:;:, tumor vir1Js pi:rticlesand from norm~i andneoplastic cells. (Z) Stu~y tp:; mechanism of double-stranded DNA~Yl!thEsis by the cvianmyelobli!sl:os~s \'i;;:~ of Llle t-!1.cynle in ·irff;·.~~':(: ONP.iJolymer;:se and the flJi1cti(jns of t.lir;· s\jbunits cel1s and vi.wiation in DN,u.;Jolymeri1s<:s in various stases of (;dl gru"ii.-; .. Major Findings: Studies of reverse transcription in virions of ~~uLVshowpd . tha t under def i ned cond i t i oos, very long 010 1ecu 1es of comp1ementary D1~P. could be made. These DNA~~lecules were infective in NIH/3i3 cells but actinomycin D blocked synthesis of infective molecules. The longest D:'IF'. made in the presence of actinomycin 0 lacked sequences from the .S'-end of the .viral RNAas shown by heteroduplex ~nalysiswith 21S RNA that was presumably the mRNAfor the glycoprotein of the virion. This RNAWc1S SnOr/f1 to be a composite of 5'- and 3'-proximal sequences. In other studies, it was shown. that reverse transcriptase was made as a 180,(}JD molecular weight precursor that was cleaved in virions to the 85,000 molec\.!1.;r weight reverse transcriptase. The 180,000' protein had antigenicity of both ~ and E£l proteins and was made by a by-pass of UAG codon at the end of the .~gene. This codon could be suppressed in vitro ~Ii:hyeast amber suppressor tRNA but the ~ vi vo mechani srn remai ned unkno~ ' .. Studies of terminal. deoxynucleotidyl transferase'(TdT) continued to definE it as a marker of maturing lymphoid cells probably of both the T and 3.lymphocY":'(1 series. In patients with bli\stic chronic myelogenous 1eukemia, cccurrer,(;c 0" TdT was a very good 1ndicator that remission induction with vincristine and prednisone would be successful. Sianificance to Biomedical Research ~nd the ProGram of the Institu:e: . Fundnmental studies on oncogenic virus repl icatian are nece:;sal'Y to d2fin2 the 1~,,;e of these viruses in rnalignantcell transformation. In vitro synthesis of infectious nucleic acid and in vitro t.ran5lation of p~'oteins al'10\';5 first level mechanistic studies whichcanlogical1y be expected to provide means. for controlling the infections and/or t,ansforming pro:esses. Proposed Co~rse:Analysis of genetic contre! of viral replicativn \'ii11 De analyzed. r1ech~nism of DNAproviral syn:hesi~ by reve,se :rcr.~c:ip:::( :~G the function of RNase H will be explored. 1~ vitro translation ~i11 be used to determine precursor sequences and cleavage·-site5. Date Contract
Initiated:
May 1, 1971
!,
Co 11 trot
POPULLltion
.Fig. 18.9. Pfizer' Contract for "Large-Scale ... ' ,Virus Production for Cancer Research" PFrZER,
INC.
(N01-CP-l·32312
Title:
Large-Scale
Contractor's Project
Project Officer
Objectives: of selec~ed tissue
Tiss,ue
Culture
Director: Ot'.
(NC!):
Virus Or.
Jack
cell
lines,
and
Ca;;cer Research
for
Sami Mayyasi
Gruber
io provide a senice onccgenic and 5uspected
cu1ture
P~'cductiori
fi:cility for the product 6ncogenic viruses, eel
specific
antisera
to
various
oncogenic
Production of these materials is supported by appropriate laboratory whose activitie~ include process i~provement, product standardization, control t~sting, and applied develop~ental research. Major Findings: The current annual rate production results in over·28,OOO liters
of of
'!oll'l,:[;~
en of large; ular antigens,
large-scale tissue vir~S,harvest·fluids
v~r~s::::;, groups quality
culture
and over 1,200 grams of cells being processed to fuHill the needs of 'lOP col1atorat investigators. During the past 12 iTIonths these materials ','/ere distribut2d over 400 shipments to approxi:nately 140 laboratories throughout the world.
The major
viral
products
which accounted endogenous virus feline leukemia
generated
included:
Mason-Pfizer
monkey
type C virus Additionally, Lvon, France,
production, in support s1ides of
produced
supplied
Dur.ing
and this
(MP~V\,
report
(i .e.
li
Gf
of
NC··37 :::13Vif' the tCt~;
but the manipulation and concentr.ation of the .•,:: d<:C:ts amount of time and effort as COp.1pareu to the R;'!f,
prlJduction effort, a disproportionate
..
virui
r.s· i1
for ~pproximately 20% of the contractor's output; baboon (8e'l), 26~; woolly monkey sarCGma virus (55'1-1) lG~; viru~ (FeLV), 17%; RD-ll4 virus, 13~; and Epstein-Barr virus.
Of all viruses produced, more than 50% were gro\'," en human cells lymphoblastoid lir.e, A2C4 rhabdomyosJrccma line). :he prQducti<;~ the P3HR-l and B95-8 cell lines account for only approximately volume requires
.
to
and EBV preparation is a significantacti~ity. Of collaborati'/e studies beir.g concucte:d concentrated P3HR-l cells and RAJI cells IARC
for.EBV
periodamcJjor
epidemiologic
nc\~ effort
c:t t:1~ I'!,::r,
2;~ b!:~i1q
titrations.
vias int.:lud~d
in
the
'riorksccpe.
This inVOlved the production and surply to Program of thr!::e aniwQ1 re~r~vil'uses with spAcia1 characteristics. 1roduction concerr.2d orepdration of highmo1ecu1ar weight RNA-containing BeV, 55'1-1, ilnd Fp-LV for a ~['ecitllly CGlj(Gh:i]:,: coordinated moleCUlar epidemiology study. This labont~ry helped theo"/erall virus production effort and the distribution to the i:(,l1a~0ra.L:~:: research laboratories. ;;., major
effort
:nethodolcgj
\'Ias a1so and
improve
initicted the
qlia1~tj
during
this
of product.
year
to Rol1er
if!Gcerrl :e ·~h2 pl':JductL:1 son e ti~5ue c1j1;.,v::
systems were introduced fnr growth of several of the pr~mate retrOY~rUs2~. gro\,/th orce1ls an 11IiCt'Gc=n-iers lS nO\'! !::::ing sf.'-ioied, ana n<;',', i;ql;i~:r'~n-,; \'Ir:~ purc~'.1sed to mcni~'Jr the sefi3~i;tiol1 of viruses ilr.'j vir::l c:)fi:~o!!Qnt:
:1
conc·:r.:;·at~0r-~ pr1r:~rjut2S. :h~ fe; :::~~; !:2d 1 OUS PC;J':.2C:_ :-:~ f!) r ~:":'~:1;~~IS ::~!"~:::: ~::r-,: >~3 :-;f ~(;~::':~~G '.t.) E~.: ",::: ~ . rc.;?i'l'::~d 0f S~;:;~}!;':::~ ~r(;·:.:·:;~,(-:~ I}:: a ;":.::.~1~ :~: ,:::/~.~.:~::.::-;~~~ s·~J,.i;:;:-.. :.:~ '-.:::~:'.'.~ grcdi~r,'ts
to er.i1a.!;C~ the,
P'.J:~i1Ca.ti(;:!
and
4 I) 7
veatn
m the .7l.ir
Fig. 18.9. Pfizer VII1lS Production Contract Continued A number
of valuable
laboratories human cell
and
origin.
processed
for
be studies.
involved
nature
are
projected
turnor origin for
~iere
and
and
been
as purported,
line
cases
level
froii!ether
were. four
Of these
96 could
\Iere Hela' con~aminant3. ' Activities
for
of
101 individual
purity.
three
same
these
submitted
contamination.
at the
received
among
have
cell
inter-species
to continue
have
distribution;
20 laboratories of species
15%
intra-
of
at CCl
analysis
Of these
others
the
of
remainder
this
of
the
year.
\
Morphologically cells
lines
Approximately
cultures
contract
cell
abnormal
in terms
of
growth
on Narious
growth
studies
.cancer
cell
conditions
lines
pattern,
substrates,
~re
lines for
cell
growth
being
karyology,
in ptogress
to define
of such
compared
'to morphologically
time,
saturation
and, tumofgenicity
on a variety
in an effort
culture
are
cell路 dou~ling
of low
in nude
passage,
the optimum
density,' mice.
nonHela,
n~trition
and
I
norffial
\
clonil
j
Clonal
human envirQnmentai
\
I
cells. \ j
Techniques
for
improved
and
isoenzyme
used
6-phosphogluconic in a variety phoresis
to assay
for
of cell
and
by acrylamide
glucose
dehydrogenase
apparatus
improvement
analysis
6-phosphate
(6PGO),
structures
and
its
subseq~ent
with
utilization
with
Karyologic
characterization
of all
cull~borative
~rograms
requiring
to Biomedical
Research
and
specifiC
culture
media
cells
have
dehydrogenase
!I
been
I
(G6PO),
!
phosphataseisoenzymes
preparative-scale a路view
in the
associated
and
tissue
electrophoresis
alkaline
... A corrmercial
is being ,investigated
various
gel
electro-
to possible
examinatiori
performance'
of
growth
factors
components.
maintained
in the
thE::use
repository
canti:iur:s
kd.'~'yolo~ic.~a'~~.(.;,1:
of
in progress.
~n1i1cance The
contractor
cultures
for
has canser
laboratories, develop
an excellent
and
research the
t~chniques
for
toward
a study
af
between
tumer
cells
Pr~osed
Course.:
the
Date
-158
continu~
Contract
culture to MCI
scientific
and
viruses
Conti nue
to develop
a reference
repository
Initiated:
of
of oncogenic
and
October
ce
11
study tumor
1, 1977
The
is supplying
contract
ef turnor cells cells
ce11
to VO?contract
and
the
c0ntir:u~s oriented interaction
importance.
reagents
laboratory
distribution
tD~~1~~te:
investigators,
and
biology
of
facility,and
community.
the identification fundamental
cai'cinogenesis:continue ~ulture;
studies
general
th~'ProQram
tissue
for
as
substrate.s
karyology
functions.
;-or n~;;;2.:1
of cells
'in
(.:,
'Death m the JLir D ,ID
LITTON
BIONETICS,
Title:
Studies Viruses
Contractor's Project
INC.
(HOI-CP6-1029;
on Molecular
Project
Director:
Officer~:
.Objectives:
Events
Leading
to NOI-CP3-3211)
to Transformation'
Dr. Marvin
Dr. Robert
To characterize
successor
Reitz
Galla
virus-like
particles
in human
with res pect to D~A polymerase and nuc 1e ic aci ds and viral reverse transcriptases from mammalian viruses, C RNA tumor viruses. Major
Findinas:
It was
found
by RNA Oncoger.ic
that
some
human
leukemic
cells
characteri.ze and purify especially primate type
DNA. samples
were
capable
of
forming r.uc1c:ase-resis~ant cornple;.;eswith sii,gle-stl'c1nded nucleic acid pi"obe:: from simian sarcoma virus (SiSV) and murine leukemia virus (MuLV). These complexes
had a thermal
. the presence
within
stability
and
kinetics
the DNA 'samplesof
of formation
a set of DNA
not identical with a portion of the viral genome. found more frequently in leukemic than nonleukemic wj th chronic
sequences endogenous leukemia
myeloyenous
leukemia
was not found rat virus virus
~ith
characterized
Some
in g:-eater detail ~.ge which
p"~~tivc for ••••_1_ ~~ •••••••••
O"~~iotpntly • _,~., ",
G~I
Fresh
hu~an
the
hematopoietic
endooenous
CEo
11 s were
tumorigenic-in .All
these
virus
cells
and w~re were
and SiSV-GalV
Significance
infected
(BaEV) and FeLV.
nude mice
"';"/"'i'i •.••••• ,
""
""_,"
to Biomedical
kn~wledge
acquired
tienship
of viruses
able
acting
Research
1S applied
Date
Course:
Contract
D()cument
.ihis
and
the Procram
in humans,
September
prlWl.'S the dcycll)pmcnl
ui.it~~ ...~\··_H·:..,(r ..
lhi-.'
'P1d ~
L:".... \!)"
tWQ yi~~5~3,
factor .i-bE:_C~ffi2
in semisolid that
medi: .
Epstein-8arr
of the
Institute:
to the development and
The
of the etiological
ultimately,
rela~
of diagnostic to the develop-
June 30, 1978.
1, 1972
of
\Vere UC\:t.'\\)pcd. tc:-;t~..'d :1I1Uthen mass ,\i1~C'.,. (;·,11" \ ~1 .•••••• 1~()\..."J'1 ~ t' .•........•...... '....
SiSV, Ca~'!.
fi~5t
synergistically.
cor-tract terminates
Initiated:
a;iG\'i:'s
to contain
with
of·the
growth
suggesting
to tne determination
to leukemia
appear~d .
to form colonies
and prognostic modalities for human cancer; ment of more effective control measures.
ProDosad
oLadded
animal
"~ru. J ,..[', ,,J :"-•••• . ••••••••••••.••••• i~Q spleen, Y.di''.:j
successfully
In the case
E1~NA-p6sitive,
were
se<;uences, and \'ie:-e
Dr'A.sequenc::s.
ind:Jc!:'d~p gro!{j :1d~5ndgnt
induced
(EBV)
cells were
~ir~5
(FeLV~,
iij::
of gibbon
to a viremic 1
of
viru~
seq~ences.
·and liver, b~t nQ~ the marrow' or other L2~tcd. tissues, an incomD 1ete set of proviral sequences.'
babJon
to but
a normal .plac2ntal
of these
b,'r ..,{"" f""m •..•.•.
recover:::G, ~ias exar.i",n2d~ur GaLV~relat~d
leukemia
strain
including
exposed
~ntib:~rl\l ~. '"'-J)
feline
le'/el of these
for specificty had been
If
type of distributicn
island
had a high
I"tith
related
These sequences W2re DNA samples, p:rt~cular1y
from
DNA samples,
(K562),
line
A nOf,leukemic gibbon
This
probes
(V-/'iRK)and the Hall's
(GaLV-H).
DNA and a CML cell
(C~IL).
labeled
consistent
sequences
mutant \'iru::;~s functional\y produced
Bil)P"!;"S .1 •••• 1_.:
under
'1"r"l'"",'j' \""\",, \..l.-" ••• 1_ ••••.•.
~~:;",;.:!,'~1Llt~1~in~!~.;\ '-:. ~\.~"._",..':
identical
the dirl..,\.,tion t ••..
hl..·r'jr"
\('J ~~~::':'. I.. ":"
\,
.....: .•..
1.11'
It) HIV
:-LCl pr,'jcct ..••. 11.,,,.,11,· _~.~ •.
1,1.: 11
••••
t
l)~~
..
r'.
"' \~
I'
, ~i
'Deatfi
Ifie
ilL
~~ .~. ,~,
/lir
:H~a[lIi
'l'l/vllc
'lJo(i tic.s,
iOIl
(0111
nIl
.~
I
:~(
, INTHE
slll'rnrted
Lea(" plaintiff-appella,its,
helievcs
Appeal No.: 99-4476, (Dist.Ct.
,Ii "
#:98CV2209)
sinccrely
THE FINAL ORDER
Did the di$trict court abuse its discretion
Illl I• ~
ENTERED
ON 10/27/99·
<lraves'
G
SUMMARY
and commit other reversible
errors when it "set aside"
of AIDS bioengineering,
believes
complaint
plaintifT-appellant, relative primarily
ten!.with
and produced 15 yearly progress reports. The archives of ihe National Cancer Institute houses some of the reports. The 'research logic' reveals the program was seeking to isolate, stabilize, develop and proliferate a synthetic'biological agent (a "human" retrovirus). SEE Graves v. Cohne, Exhibit One, filed September 28. 1998. On September 28, 1998, Graves brought suit against the naliled (and yet named) federal defendants pursuant to final proceedings before the of Justice and the little known,
Office of Special Counsel.
J) Graves'
of counsel,
On October 28,
activities
call for no curtailment
~)
Ihcre exists a live controvery
of the excessive
believes process
delay created by the district court's
this malleI' should be immediately and appointment
NATURE On October
retumed
errant judicial
activism.
Graves
to a neutral district court for service of
of counsel.
OF THE CASE
28, I 998,"lhe district court dismissed
as frivolous Graves' claims of AIDS bioengi-
neering against defendant-appellee, U.S. Pentagon, et. al. In order to do so, the district court convenienty"set aside" Graves' Exhibits. Exhibit Onc is page 129 ofU.S. House Resolution
,.f .I
15090, mony Record
Part VI, of the Ninety-First by the U.S. Pentagon is "SYNTHETIC
formedlhe
I
( 4GL.
U.S. Congress
U.S.Co~gress.
Exhibil One is sworn Congressional
given on June 9. 1969. The heading
BIOLOGICAL
AGENT."
of it's invoh'ernent
wonhy
,,1' thrther adilldi~ali,,".
meets nnd exceeds
0,;
June 9. 1969, the U.S. Pentagon
in' the development
testi-
listed in the Congressional of
in-
Graves'
Ihe 'federal rcquirements
motion
for reconsideratioll
!i11'sullkiClley (amended
ulllkl' Fe,'
complail".)
lik.·
,'11
and the substantial.
every otber legitimale
credible scienlifie evidence demand
reqoire an ANSWElt:
of Ihe U.S. Constitution.
I'qually.
c""""
the.l.ktob,·,
\.;.
CONCLUSION
: ~',;. "
.
j, </
The district cOlirt has nbpscd its inherent powers, and has 'aclin:ly' sough I In (h\\ ;If' 1'1 "i't'· elllde this appellant from well established Constitutiona' righls of dne rrncess and elf" d .1\ cess. inter alia. The appellant and the class are bolh enlitled to service of process a,,,1 "" ANSWER. Graves believes the United StDtes should be. compelled 10 ANSWER Ihe ,',,'dihk claims of AIDS bioengineering. ThejudiciDI activism exhibited by thc district coI;rt'is ",ill I" the current "wall of silence" penneating the medica' and scienti fie communities. Th,' "171 . nowchart of this grotesque
federal program
AIDS. The people can now 'easily'
duplicate
is the indi;iJtllable
"missing
link" inlhe cliol, '"~. of
the program's
cxperimellts,
The people c''', ''''''
prove conclusively the AIDS, vims is a chimera. As the :,lIached teller from Senotors n····.\·;,. and Voinovicli indicates (Appcal Exhihil "n," herein. the legislati\'C hraneh of our g('Vl'l'IIIIICI,:
or
injunctive reslriclions, 4) His complaint amI exhibits. filed on September 28, 1998 meet and exceed the federal rules. 5) The district court erred in not allowing service of process. As a direct res lilt of the court's action, Graves' constitutional rights and health continue to sufTer. because
of \l11~
,0 ~
,;
ing of frivolity under 28 USC 1915(e). The district courl's final Order represents an abuse of discretion for a nUlnber of reversible reasoos: 1) There isan identifiable class, 2) Graves has for appointment
Ihal his claim'
sinnal objcc(i~m (0 (he di~(rkt court's dcicrl11ination,~ Gt;l\'CS hclic\:c~ his tin1dy tiled 1I!iI(lpll li" reconsidemlion on 9/27/99. hest exemplifies the IlItality of the sllbslantial c\idenc,' .IC'II,,,t the United Slates. '
1998. the district court dismissed Graves' allegations of AIDS bioengineering as frivolou$ . Graves believes the district court can not "set aside" direct evidence in which to reach a find-
met the standard
"ell"""ll':lIed
1999 pre~s release of Dr. Len lIorowilz'{Appeal Exhibit ",\:' hereill) identilies the I..."I);1JII,I\:'" oflhe National Security Advisory 130ard «(RCI.]Culonel Jack Kingslon as a signilic;""!'I'"t;'·"
Boyd E. Graves ("GRAVES") faces fedto his disability (HIV/AIDS). During the
course of his research into IIIV/AIDS, Graves discovercd a 1971 nowchart, part of an' ultra. sec reI federal program entitled. "Special Virus." The "special virus" began officially in 1962
EEOC, Department
seeret program.
in which to reach a
OF THE APPEAL:
Between 1995 until the present. eral employment discrimination
Ih,' ka"·
NO\'ember 2. 1998, clearly cures ever)' (if allY) defecl identilied hy Ihe district court Oil ('. It'· bel' 28. 1998. The sworn Congressional record. the t10wchart and progress rerort of Ihc "IlL'
APPEAL:.
Grave$' evidence in support of his allegations finding of "frivolity" under 28 USC 1915(e)?
~~ al ~ ( 1'171). l!lIlkr
the .district court is not frce lu set ~'siuc his ('\'ilk-nce of ,·\lDS hiol.·l1!!iI1L'l·rin~,' Ih"
Civ. P. 3(a). Additionally,
QUESTION.ON
l/el'''''
THE COMPLAINT FILED ON SEPTEMBER 28,1998 IS SUFFICIENT FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS
"
(MAJOR)
SEE: Progress
Rnhert C. (lallo. a project o!licer' li,r the prograill. Ih,' "'1"" rctrovi,:tls and cO-1111i,gkd il \\"ilh animal \"irus('s.' (i,:I\I.. ..•
hioengineering arc not fri'volous a",1 ar~ worlhv of an ,\NSWER fromlhe United Slale, ..\\·OIh regard 10 Graves' motion for certitk:tlion of the ciass. ill his' capaeily as kad plaillllll. ",.
"
APPEALFROIH
of the program.
ellj,'in hi'l11Irol11 further filings. Graves has sullieielllly
et. al.. , S. COI-IEN, , ocr endan ts-a ppellees.
WILLIAM
hy the'record
ership of (yet nal11ed) ddcndanl. dnl ,'irus": isol.:ltcd i1 "human"
v.
urlh~ crcdihle hiskH~' l\fthc "~p("d;11 "inls" pfl'!-!r:II11. 11 i:Was well undcm'ay prior .In' 1%1). This I<KI is 111IIr ••,,~hh
a "Spc\:i;tl Virus,"In cl!t1sic.lcratiof1 reasonahk to believe Ihe program
UNitED STATES COU~T OF APPEAL FOR THE SIXTH COURT
BOVD E. GRAVES, et. ,al.•
\,
Popl/lilt
"ff.,;
'ffl;/,
i
alii
"El/jCllics
j,;
\.'1
is indeed spineless with regard 10 any investigalion of the "Special Vims:' Pl'I'haps 11 is "', CaUse NONE of them have AIDS. Please relurn this mallcr immediat~ly to a "fair·",indcol"
J~ "t.} ':.:{'
dislrict court. The people ,",vc a Conslitutional right to ;!ccOlmlahility for the al'pall",~ sla'" conduct of Or. Gallo, Dr. Carlton Gajdusck. Dr. Roberl !\.1anaker. Dr., Paul Kotin. et al'..
Rcspectll,lIv
K'~\" -"
~"-J2<_\, ".
__ '~',
sohmilled. 4<
.,.•.. - -.' '-.....:J .
M,.,_'_
1J,)yd E. Gr:\vcs. pro se
(
~c.6
~WlU ~ /9 ~-ru/}d
j ....
i
IlL !It{~ lit ~, i/o,
Z /1
~
ju~ • i
kr
~/uJ
r.bt/I0J
~C7f~
()( 6t27 / ddoS
// tPuJif.Jlio
IJJ'o·
dozu/
f
levY
tF.Jo
I
i
If· - I
r Z()tA.ltC-
~/crtI!JG£U
-k-t
a~/rIf
~
U7'Ta..r
1
I
1'1 1-7 t-L-
7616
""Id t6f1~ M&ct476
7
c&47L(
/h.!v
170
M
7MrlK'$
(!J~((./j
!
I
I--r--'IIft~ j
fY7'I 11Zv/Vl4
~
'1~
!!/tJII6-r~ J
'/uu
I I IYI&l'/
i~1 j
j
t.f-
tal
jl!tfMoi ! , 1
j
i
~
~
M/
70 1.
IJiL/
71tw1t<v-t6
I/iL
~1/IJ1
70
IrI pit '!aL ~fid
t:.M.Ms fi1t91
!ttillUAf /JM. fa·
1
k
~bt.
l-r~ Jui&6rl 1
/CoWl'
er -la.£. 7Iih6-
;/!ltJ.wdt
/1
I _
jJuCv../1/-rlt',l/-71rl
/11£
7
7/. t-!/
/1'1
Z4r/ !f./J/tI2.T
if
/fIJ1&cf1176
ffJ,t5!-/
t/ldt~
1//.1
/ jt5V
tir(ft;jJ5U/J
1 IfJ
it M ~
Ih.f
MH
'h1Rtc~LLJ
Jvtll
~
/ J
/7 iG 7ic
7: __ /kn ~~ ..;r
Il
1I;()/JI7/~-/
Ne) 70
~.
IJ~
~
(7C'
/Ia,,/-I.-4(
Jh~/T~
c£
7i4r<Y/JUdt7
J bt.1/7'
riR IY'Y tJmc-~ c/
~(jc
1Y/t;(4£.
/f
/ /l£u7'Ht. ;G
/5//1&-1#7[;£1
/1'i1A/71cA 71rr(,
Yd
Jal/IUJ
/Y7 A;{u/V~H1-7icN'
er
jJ I6-drl~.
t#JrI
t5l-o.f.
/11Uq.
/HcL6btfttf tttbft,C.
f{Jl ~//'It..
!ltri/J;~..JJ
7'
/
/AtR7'
{!/HW. Cf'-ta V/iLr "70 Iia£. ~
INIt.L
&;
'(vu
/1'hIf-t.1rl£
Yc.tA
tA.
it:-
MMR/Jlr-t4
/;lfl-lL
/tt£h&tt'UJ.
.
j
J
{//ruJ
YM-
It.
j)/Jao;b
~/tX.4trlU
7("MLJ
/11'/
~crtJ
tj l/'f
~
If#/bclJtfL7tcrl
ut'4,1.u,GJ
ft,L
'
/'I'd
110<:;
f~~~~7f:fi;:-1-::~~:Z~ C..uzu
k
!lU411~ If
kt/t~4
~C7f~
fX
~77-1411d
;# ~.JqJtfX)
C~ I
6Jf9,
ta~
;}cDS
i
j/1.
C-~'·rr~/Cf'.1 I
7 1
er
;i7iofUb-t: /lIV{fJ
7iI1r
:r -rtvT.0JT~ t12uLI
~
klW-rr...JJ
-x:
kltfd1J ~
~
III
0
{CI'llltJ£.R.Ir-{(",.
J}1y
IrlMJr//,/J r"", (f/'IJ(j7j C/
1b./6&r1c£
$CtI'J6-t7
1;,fOC/.AfC TJit
Ilri ;JIJIYI/rIIJTM7Iu! ,ltUe£
7y/Jp·ttr ,tJr;£!
/Y<J!"
1tUcl.
"I /110
/ZALc7
eN
~
IrlW71h17tw.
7ltC
{o-C/h.M71w
I~
JUI.7 w£ ~ ~
1~/JtUJ I
!IJIJt1414-1
~,£ Lt.
{r T 7
(;~
17 Jrlt'Ro~«-
~1
IkfJUM'£
KtrdJ
lYI/11tYlI
j)..//.-tJc #/dJ aJ4t
~
~1'<r(<"
£lJtL~ 1/;1I
er
i j)~4iTA¥.-vI7
iwl'Ju
{/~I
7l£ kCEvi
!~fH~ vc
L-
Lu
71
Cl,
1J..k,.u& h.Low""c..
W!"
~
hd.(/~
eR I/YT4-(7) 7URcu#
~J
<t'
Ja/<Mi
.rW?~7
:4;Loc:,5dtc
~
('RMtZ,c-lZO
/jbc..,{.fj
k7IcA7~I.: fkifl71t/1/7 tr ~(H
er
4.[ OC
~7J:
a{ur(f
j k7' ;'
Z7f/I 1f~77'
pi,?,
;I
alt-Hi
~/r/lrtLJdiJt.{
M
/rli-6j7iM-7EvY
"I
JL Ilob £7fvvI
kLbt471V'41t.. IMtL~71M1..
7t:r1iJY'V'l7.
I~C41Zu-1 /JlJcW'J
0) ----
U
t:udJ
~
M71V?'t4t
.ku
Co
fJJ
.
wltLt"'h
70
'td
Cl
7:.71/ /
/i;;t
LIlY
k.ir7/17tt-C
tf.
fvOM7
IlhW&liY
r ~~.:cr
.
76
L7~
I/tf t:J4t;a. 76
k-J
~OLaZ1-
~
.&c£LJ .'
'" // Hv~
10
.& ~
jJ/U;j~ ~6'
/
k-H'
·T~
~
~../(4t.~
1~;Jr/7' ~
lr{tlSJrl'~7t~ I
I~
d.
~
C(/V7'4c?'
C(/YH?17~7
~/WY'
,tbCtAH.d?;97lW
~
~
U#l"'WI C//71r/'{f
Jiyl/l/~
CC/'//4;7
IHM;YiH7iV"/
You
&ol45J?"
r
~
fo
~,f
!Zt:Ju/.t<7trl ~
7J.£.
~U?O
I{g
y C~/7'
Id/tAL JuPfJtIl7
7dRot./#
.If£!
/Yh'J-I.7
,/
~
If; J,. ~ ,
t~
~
~~
t';i,l/-d
/7 M7 .& Jd/tJUf.t1
I/w.JC,/N£
.
7&' ~
/Of
dZ-4-N
r
CtlILt4rl
47fKuz.
~JWi..
{}/RcL
(}#icL.
Y<-~
//14
"
j
tT~ Lt M r
7V£
o1~
/J 70 'taL If &out,&L) c;C ~
w-r/£M-7ltJrV
{(j - oO.[.tA7tr/'-l
U
I b1f4tf jt!M,f
~
;1.Af,l. tJ/7II/AJL/.J
#cJ~
J
11
/J
/JIW7u.e
/?vt1
!l--1/r/owr7if/V
7b
J47fJ/l1c71r.rl_
f'~
;c6/..L..
it1
$iECI4NU .
;
/v.£
L/~ ~
/f'Y
;l/(A;t~~-J~ 70
~
.z
C4l'C&,elua.7
Zza.r MW7:
j
i
Ik-··
t J,;rRoU-/tc t Zt/(){,.I<'..Atc-
,tJ aUriS 44J
ky
(Jb~VY1 ~1,
Il"
1J41'€LJ
;1h,tl.)
d1
k
16 de..
OtvS
rltrJ.l ~
N
vJIJ/~
(J)
kri ~~ I)