by JIN SOON NG
the focu s for th is re search lie s in t h e c rit iq u e of the co n ventional ‘towe r b lo c k ’ s k y s c ra p e r and the disco n n e ction it s in h a b it a n t s experie n ce to the g round p la n e , re s u lt in g in the separa tio n a n d o fte n iso la t io n f ro m s t re e t life and to a la rger extent, p u b lic lif e . the con text, the City of S ydn e y, s u ff e rs f ro m a sim ila r p roble m with its p u b lic re a lm wh e re its do ma in is limite d to ve h ic u la r s t re e t s wit h footpaths and n u mero u s d is c o n n e c t e d o p e n squares. With a ra p idly g ro win g p o p u la t io n and the in cre a sin g d e n sific a t io n o f t h e c it y, the p roble m we now face is t h e imb a la n c e betw ee n sp a ces fo r specif ie d a c t iv it y a n d space s for unsp e cifie d activ it y.
the proje ct se e ks to questi o n a n d c h a lle n g e the ‘ Po d ium + Towe r ’ typolo g y in s k y s c ra p e rs and its rele vance in a chang in g s o c ie t y a n d changing u rban structure . T h e h ig h ly e ff ic ie n t ‘extr uded flo o r p late ’ skys c ra p e rs we h a v e today are designed for and t h e re f o re o n ly encourage mono functio n a lit y o n a n d a b o v e our city stre e ts. explora tio n s in to pro g ram h y b rid it y a s we ll as the a cco mmo d a tio n a n d e x p re s s io n o f the pub lic re a lm in th e city’s v e rt ic a l d o ma in thr oug h e leva ted stre e ts a n d mic ro p a rk s whi ch lifts the p u b lic d o mai n f ro m t h e s in g le di m en sio n a lity o f th e g roun d p la n e , s e rv e as tools for city regenera ti o n wh ic h id e n t if y possible futu re co n d itions f o r t h e u rb a n skyscraper.
VISION FOR SYD NEY URBA N A NA LYSIS C OHESION C ONT EXT GROUND T HE V ERT IC A L RELA T IONSHIP A NA T OMY RE F E RE N CE & BIBLIOGRAP HY
U s i n g the Sustain a b le S ydney 2030 a n d Public Space - Public Life Sydney documents a s a base, the appro a ch to the pro ject wa s t o e nvision w hat th e City o f S ydney c o u ld b e c o m e r ather than pro p o sin g temp o ra ry a n d a d- hoc patch e s to what it lacks. Th e thr ee m ai n visio n s from S u sta in a b le Sy d ney 2030 we re distilled and t h e re s e ar ch w as aligned to looking at h o w t h e p ro j ect coul d serve a s a ca talyst for t h e c i t y i n achi eving th e se visio n s :
1.
SYDNEY AS A FUTURE CITY
This vision aims to reinforce Sydney as an economic hub through the accommodation of various business sizes, with a focus also towards up and coming startups.
2.
SYDNEY AS A LIVABLE & HEALTHY CITY
This vision aims to re-introduce affordable living spaces back into the city, not only as a side-solution to the city’s traffic congestion, but also as an initiative to encourage healthier lifestyles through walking and social interaction.
3.
SYDNEY AS A PUBLIC CITY
This vision aims to revitalize and create a more cohesive Sydney by strengthening the importance of the city’s spine through the provision of variation, and different experiences of public spaces.
PRINT ROOM
LOUNGES
WASH ROOM BOARD ROOM
CANTEEN
CONFERENCE ROOM
KITCHEN BOARD ROOM
INDICATIVE NETWORK OF SMALL OFFICE UNITS AROUND NODES OF INTERACTION (COMMON FACILITIES)
AUDITORIUM
9.3 % VACANT 82% OF VACANCIES HAVE AREA > 250 sqm
4.9 MILLION SQM OF OFFICE SPACE WITHIN SYDNEY LGA
18% OF VACANCIES HAVE AREA < 250 sqm
U si ng re search d a ta o b t a in e d f ro m P RP a n d Knight Fra n k, at th e end o f 2 0 11 t h e v a c a n c y ra t e for offi ce sp a ces with in the S y d n e y L G A s t o o d a t 9.3% , and of th o se vaca n t spac e s 8 2 % we re o ff ic e spaces with a n a rea of g reate r t h a n 2 5 0 s q m. 1 T h is data m ir r o rs th e in cre a sin g dem a n d f o r s ma lle r o ff ic e spaces, a reflectio n o f not o n ly t h e in c re a s in g v a lu e of l and an d space in o u r city, b u t a ls o o f c h a n g e s in the way b u sin e sse s a re run a n d t h e ir o rg a n iz a t io n . The p roje ct a lso targ e ts lo c a l s t a rt u p s t h ro u g h the pr ovision o f flexible a n d sma ll o ff ic e u n it s in t h e cor e pr ecin ct cate rin g for e xpans io n a n d s h rin k a g e o f businesses d e p e n d ing on th e ir n e e d s . T h is p ro v id e s sm al l busin e sse s with n o t only we ll s u it e d o ff ic e space in th e cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prime lo cation , b u t a ls o e x p o s u re to l i ke- min d e d a n d n o n -like -min d e d b u s in e s s e s thr ough i ntera ction a t share d co mmo n f a c ilit ie s s u c h as m eeti ng rooms, ca fete ria s, lo u n g e s , e t c .
AVERAGE TRAVEL TIME TO WORK
81 MI NUTES
ONLY 12.9% OF WORKERS IN THE SYDNEY LGA ARE RESIDENTS
48% OF WORKERS DRIVE TO WORK IN SYDNEY
With the ma jority o f the city’s work f o rc e (8 7 . 1 % ) l i v i n g outside city limits, 2 S yd n e y’s co mmu n it y h a v e i n h e rited al l the n e g a tive implica tio n s o f s p ra wl. T h e g re a t distances between where we w o rk a n d wh e re w e l i ve m ake us a ve h icu lar d e p e n d e n t s o c ie t y wit h p h y s ical and m enta l issu e s su ch as o b e s it y, s t re s s , a n d anti- soci al behavior, all o f which a re u n s u s t a in a b le a n d unhealthy n o t ju st for o u rse lve s bu t f o r t h e f u t u re o f t h e city as we ll. The r e- intro d u ction o f livin g sp a c e s b a c k in t o t h e city’s cor e th rough h igh d e n sity d e v e lo p me n t s w i l l see di stances between where we wo rk a n d liv e re d u ced, and a s a re sult, re d u ce o u r re lia n c e o n v e h i cul ar based trave l allowing us swit c h t o h e a lt h ie r m e a ns of tr ave l su ch as walkin g a n d c y c lin g . T h e a v e rage wor ker will n o lo n g e r n e e d t o s p e n d 8 1 m i n utes per tr ip to work 3 stuck in th e ir c a r o r in p u b lic t ra n spor t, but i nste a d co u ld take a 1 5 t o 2 0 min u t e w a l k to thei r wo rkp lace .
The pro visio n o f re sid e n ti a l a p a rt me n t s o n s it e will be used to h o u se the workfo rc e f ro m t h e c it y a s wel l as the commercia l co mpone n t o n s it e t o c re a t e a tr ue wo rk-live community. T h is mirro rs Va la d ’s r edevelopme n t o f Gold fie ld’s H o u s e a c ro s s G e o rg e Str eet, con vertin g it fro m a 25 s t o re y o ff ic e t o we r to a 191 mete r ta ll p remium res id e n t ia l s k y s c ra p e r, and i n some wa ys reco g n ize s th e g re a t e r d e ma n d f o r m or e housing in the city, but th e p ro je c t ’s re s id e n t ia l pr ovision focu ses more o n g e t t in g f a milie s a n d chi l dr en back in to th e city, p ro v id in g d e mo g ra p h ic var i ety and dyn a mics to th e city.
VEHICLE CENTRIC SO CIETY
LOW DIVERSITY D I VER S ITY LOW
LOW LOWDENSITY DENS ITY
AVERAGE TRAVEL DISTANCE TO WORK : 23.5 km PEDESTRIAN CENTRIC SO CIETY HI G HDIVERSITY D E N S ITY HIGH HIG HHIGH DIVERSITY DENS ITY
AVERAGE TRAVEL DISTANCE TO WORK : 15.5 km
531 ROOMS 563 ROOMS
108 ROOMS
HOTEL OCCUPANCY RATE IN SYDNEY
2011 :
81.6%
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRAVEL
2007 - 2011
- 10%
- 13% VISITOR NUMBERS
NIGHTS SPENT
The existin g pro visi o n of t e mp o ra ry accom m odation o n site (6 7 1 ro o ms ) is s ig n if ic a n t in ter m s of volu me a n d distrib u tio n in t h e a re a , s e rv in g not j ust to u rists b e cause of its pro x imit y t o T h e Ro c k s and C i r cula r Qu a y, b u t also busine s s t ra v e le rs b e c a u s e of its pr oximity to th e cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fina n c ia l c e n t re . Re c e n t data obtain e d fro m To u rism NSW s h o w a re d u c t io n in business trave ler numb e rs t o t h e c it y f ro m 2 0 1 0 to 2011, 4 b u t su rprisingly an in c re a s e in d u ra t io n s o f stay. Wha t this reve a ls to us is t h a t t h e re is a n e e d to r ethink th e wa y o u r h o tels fun c t io n , t o mo v e a wa y fr om the conve n tio n a l p ractice o f ju s t h o u s in g g u e s t s and str i ve to p rovide more exp e rie n c e s a n d f a c ilit ie s for lei sur e to not o n ly keep gues t s s t a y in g lo n g e r, b u t also to attract more guests to c o me .
The col l ective e xpre ssion of a ci t y ’s in h a b it a n t s i s a power ful tool for reactivating a c it y, it ma y b e a m a ss cel ebr atio n after a sports ma t c h , a p ro t e s t , o r e ven som ethin g as me llo w a s stran g e rs g re e t in g e a c h other at a p a rk. Th e p u b lic re a lm a c c o mmo d a t e s v a ri a tion i n public inte ractio n a n d its s t re n g t h lie s in i t s a bility to facilita te the u n e xpected a n d u n p la n n e d , 5 a n d thr ough the d isturb a n ce of route s a n d e v e ry d a y b e h a viour tr an sfo rm th e re lations h ip a mo n g s t c o m p l ete str ang e rs, cre a tin g a sense o f re c o g n it io n a n d coexi stence amo n g st a city’s in h a b it a n t s . I n h e rent i n thi s id e a o f th e p u b lic is t h e n o t io n o f s c a l e, and it i s n o t limite d to ju st b e in g la rg e p a rk s a n d expansi ve sq u a res, but e xte n d s a ls o t o wh a t At e l i e r Bow - Wo w calls ‘Micro P ublic S p a c e s ’ wh ic h a re micr o envi r onme n ts that h o u se ele me n t s s u c h a s a b ench or a post, creating a poin t f o r in t e ra c t io n a mi dst the ci ty. 6 Th e possib ilities fo r s u c h mic ro p u b l ic spaces are n o t just in p lanned p u b lic p a rk s , b u t also the unpla n n e d and u n specified s p a c e s wit h in t h e ci ty’s bui l t fabric. Public sp a ce is utilize d not only a s a f o u rt h p ro g r am , but also as the co n n e ction wh ic h b in d s a ll t h e other pr ogr ams togeth e r. Th is conn e c t io n , wh ic h i s f l uid and fl exible is n o t n e cessar ily a d e f in it iv e p l a c e but a m ed iating sp a ce th a t ca n t a k e o n t h e c h a racter of the p rogra ms it connec t . T h is id e a o f f l u i d ity m im ics the natu re of the ‘n a t u ra l’ a n d is a n i nter pr etation o f the u n d e rlyin g t h e o ry b e h in d l a n d s cape ur banism where landscap e s , a n d n o t b u i l dings, ar e the buildin g b locks wh ic h o rd e r a n d s h a p e our ur ban enviro n ments. 7
NEW YORK HIGHLINE _JAMES CORNER FIELD OPERATIONS WITH DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO
In Constr ucte d Ground, Lin d a Po lla k s p e a k s o f t h e duality and opposing systems of t h o u g h t wh ic h e x i s ts between th e both disciplines wh e re t e rms a s s o ciated with la n d sca p e architect u re a re o f t e n b l u r and vague in co mpariso n to th e c le a r o u t lin e s o f a rchitectur e, 8 which in some wa ys is a c rit ic is m o f t ra d i tional fi gur e g round d rawings in arc h it e c t u re a n d i t s i n accur ate r epre senta tio n of gro u n d a n d la n d s c a p e . Th e ter m â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;landsca p e â&#x20AC;&#x2122; is n o t limited t o ju s t g re e n e ry a n d par ks but extends a lso to built in f ra s t ru c t u re , a n d as our ur ba n e n vironme n ts b e com e a ll t h e mo re c o m p l ex, we need to look a t both d isc ip lin e s t h ro u g h a c ross discipl inary vie w where it is n o lo n g e r ju s t a b o u t how our buildin g s functio n in d iv id u a lly, b u t h o w t h e y function as a collective. The gr o u n d is a ls o a s o l i d but unlike o u r built o b jects the g ro u n d a d a p t s a n d changes ov e r time , th is surface c o n d it io n is wh a t i s i m plied in the connectio n me n tio n e d b e f o re , wh e re t h i s public ti ssue n o t o n ly has the ca p a c it y t o b in d d i ff e rent pr ogr ams to g e ther, b u t with t ime , b e c o me a n i ndependent p rogra m in itself. The contra st and juxtaposition o f n a t u ra l a n d m a n -m ade sur fa ces in o u r citie s brin g s f o rt h t h e i m p or tance of softscape and hard sca p e wh e n s h a p in g o u r public r ea lm, wh e re b o th su rfa c e c o n d it io n s c a n ser ve to en h a n ce th e p rese n ce o f o n e a n o t h e r. I n h e rent i n these man-made surface c o n d it io n s wh ic h m i mi c the natur al come s th e q u e stion o f a u t h e n t ic it y, a n d the bi gger re vela tio n th a t the only t h in g t h a t is s t i l l tr uly authen tic in o u r citie s, are bu ild in g s . Also i nhere n t in this id e a o f th e p u b lic is t h e q u e s tion of boundary, and th e const a n t c h a lle n g in g o f t he physica l existence a n d d e lin e a t io n o f it s s p a t ial lim it. Th is co n tribute s to th e b lu rrin g o f
OLYMPIC SCULPTURE PARK MUSEUM _WEISS/MANFREDI ARCHITECTS
inter i or a n d exterior, a moder n is t le g a c y wh ic h is al l the m o re rele vant to d a y cons id e rin g t h e n e e d f o r denser organisations of pro g ram wh e re p riv a t e a n d publ i c often inte r-min g le, bringin g in t o q u e s t io n t h e di stinction b e twe e n two realms.
Pr ecedent studie s ta ken on exp lo re t h e id e a o f t he ver tical extension o f p u b lic s p a c e s t h ro u g h e l e v a ted pr i vate gard e n s a n d public p a rk s , a s we ll a s a n expl or ation in to e leva ted p u b li c s t re e t s wh ic h b ri n gs for war d the idea o f d iagon a l mo v e me n t t h ro u gh and aro u n d o u r buildin g s , a mo v e me n t c o m monl y associa ted with the natu ral a s o p p o s e d t o t h e m an- m ade. Th e n o tio n o f th e e leva t e d â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;c o n t ro lle d l a n d s capeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; attached with vertical living c a rrie s wit h it s o c i al and psych o logical q u e stions o f h o w mu c h we a re w i l l i ng to sacrifice mo vin g from lo w d e n s it y t o h ig h d e n s i ty living and b rin g forward the dis c o n n e c t io n o f v e rt i c al l i vi ng to the g round.
ROD OVR E S KY V I L LAGE _MVRDV + ADEPT ARCHITECTS
+
= VERTICAL STACKING
5
10
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MANIPULATION OF FLOOR PLATE WITH UNDERLYING GRID
The sky village brought forward ideas of modulation and pixilation of space, creating flexibility through the rigidity of an underlying grid and the expression of each unit in form. The idea of elevated private gardens speak of a deeper question about the differences between conventional and vertical living, and our willingness to move towards that direction.
G RONI N G E N F O R U M _NL ARCHITECTS
COMM ER CIAL IN STAL LATI ONS
INS TALL ATI ONS
SE RV IC E CINE MA COMME RCIAL
MUSE UM IN STAL LATI ONS
CINE MA
EV EN T SP AC E
COMM ER CIAL
COMM ER CIAL
SE RV IC E SE RV IC E
CAR PA RK ING & BI KE S TO RA GE
VERTICAL EXPRESSION OF THE PUBLIC SQUARE
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
The forum not only extended the p u b l i c s q u a r e i n t o t h e i n t e r i o r, blurring the boundary of the public realm, it also spoke of ideas about the vertical extension of the public, creating squares at interval levels and different heights which are connected by lanes, an experience mirroring the old laneways of its context.
8 H OU S E _BIG
HARDSCAPE & SOFTSCAPE P ENTH O U SE
APA RT ME NT
TOWNH O U SE
R ETAI L
ELEVATED STREETS
The 8 house plays with the idea of the elevated public street which is a mix of hard and softscape, but more importantly it deals with the idea of the elevated ground and questions the disconnect of vertical living to the ground.
H OUSE N _SOU FUJIMOTO ARCHITECTS
CONTAINMENT OF EXTERIOR
SPACE LAYERING
House N explores the expression of the physical boundary and its dissolution, as well as the c o n t a i n m e n t o f e x t e r i o r i t y. The layering of exterior space within the interior emphasizes the distinction and proximity created between both spaces (separated by only a thin wall) and a l s o brings forth the idea of space â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;donationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.
H OUSE NA _SOU FUJIMOTO ARCHITECTS
IMPLIED BOUNDARY
HEIGHT MANIPULATION
House NA explores the expression of the implied boundary and the transition between exterior and interior as space. This transition space has no distinct character as it is interior as well as exterior at the same time, creating deception for passers-by as to which space is public and which is not.
STREET GRID 1832
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Fr om histo rical ro a d m a p s o b t a in e d f ro m the Dicti on a ry o f S yd n e y archiv e , 9 t h e s t re e t g rid of the ar ea was identified as f o llo win g t h e c u rre n t al i gnm ents o f Cu mberland S tre e t a n d Ha rrin g t o n Str eet, de spite P rince s S treet b e in g b u ilt o v e r b y t h e Br adfiel d Hig h way. More imp o rta n t ly h o we v e r, is t h e pr esence of a p u b lic sq u a re w h e re Ha rrin g t o n a n d Essex m eets to d a y, hin tin g a t i mp o rt a n c e o f t h e s it e to i s sur r oundin g co n text.
T SUMMER
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PODIUM & TOWER
GREEN SPACE
STREET HIERARCHY
LOCAL PEDESTRIAN ROUTES
Th e street h ier a rc h y a n d p e d e s t ria n mo veme n t analysis re in f o rc e p e rs o n a l obse rva tio n s o f condit io n s a n d c h a ra c t e rs wh e re th e volu me and s p e e d o f mo v e me n t (p e d e stria n a n d vehic u la r) a lo n g G e o rg e S treet make that e xis t in g e d g e mo re o f a transitional space than a p la c e ; t h e la rg e exp a n se of h a rdscape a lo n g A lf re d S t re e t with th e directio n a l p lan t in g o f t re e s le a d in g we stward up to FS H s h o ws t h e a b s e n c e o f a p roper te rmination t o t h e p u b lic s p a c e ; and th e h e a vy tre e can o p ie s wit h o ld b ric k buildin g s a long Glo u c e s t e r S t re e t le a d in g to Lang P a rk hig h lig h t t h e p o t e n t ia l a n d t h e disco n n e ction of the s t re e t b y t h e Ca h ill E xp resswa y. The site for the p u rp o s e o f t h is p ro je c t is th e Four S e a sons Ho t e l a n d Me rit o n Q u a y We st site and th e follo win g s lo p e a n a ly s is and edge co n d ition ana ly s is b e g in t o b re a k apart the site at gro u n d le v e l a n d s e rv e s a s th e basis fo r the d e si g n in t e rv e n t io n .
+1 4 +14.0 m
04 03
+0.0 + 0m
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01
+0 m
+1m 02
+1 4 m
+9 m + 0m 03
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SLOPE ANALYSIS
04 01
02
03
ESSEX ST _ELEVATION
01
02
03
04
ESSEX ST _SECTION SEQUENCE
01
02
03
GLOUCESTER ST _ELEVATION
01
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03
GLOUCESTER ST _SECTION SEQUENCE
05 04 03 02 01
GEORGE ST _ELEVATION
01
02
03
04
05
GEORGE ST _SECTION SEQUENCE
02 01
CAHILL EXPRESSWAY _ELEVATION
01
02
CAHILL EXPRESSWAY _SECTION SEQUENCE
EXISTING DISJUNCTION
PROPOSED EDGE EXTENSION
FOCAL POINT & TRANSITIONS
RESULTANT SPACE
G R E E N S LO PE
Fr om o b servations on the u rb a n c h a ra c t e r o f the publ i c sq u a re alo n g A lfred S t re e t , t h e e x is t in g conditi on on site p rovides a p h y s ic a l e d g e t o t h e public spa ce but its fa ilu re lies in t wo f o ld s ; n o t o n ly i s i t di sen g a g e d with th e larg e r s q u a re , it t e rmin a t e s the space a long a hig h ly trafficke d t h o ro u g h f a re . The pro p o sal is to e xte n d t h e s q u a re o n t o the si te, rein forcin g A lfre d S tre e t a s a n a x is a n d ter m i natin g this axis a t an urb a n ro o m wh ic h mirro rs i ts ter m i na tio n on P h ilip S tre e t , a n d in d o in g s o fr am es Alfred S quare more e ven ly, c re a t in g b a la n c e w hilst pr ovidin g mo re a ctive fro n t a g e s t o re v it a liz e the space. This e xte n sio n wi ll n o t o n ly in c re a s e accessi bility to the b a ck stre e t s o f T h e Ro c k s , allow i ng th e p roje ct to be part o f a la rg e r s t ru c t u re , i t will al so h e lp re info rce Georg e S t re e t a s t h e c it y â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spine. Th e resu lta n t p u b lic spac e is o n e t h a t is n o l onger the d isconnected e xte n s io n o f t h e wa t e rf ro n t , but now h a s a fo cus and chara c t e r o f it s o wn .
+15
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+1.5
MASTERPLAN
GLOUCESTER LANE +15.0
HARRINGTON STREET +9.0
HARRINGTON PLACE +5.5
GEORGE STREET +0.0
GROUND ARTICULATION
SECTION SHOWING GROUND ARTICULATION
GLOUCESTER LANE
HARRINGTON STREET
HARRINGTON PLACE
GEORGE STREET
I NTER NAL E DGES
The gro u n d p lane on site is t e rra c e d f ro m E a s t to West, cre a tin g and reve a lin g d iff e re n t la y e rs o f pr ogr am a n d d iffere n t chara cte rs o f p e d e s t ria n lif e as you m ove u p the site . S ta rting f ro m G e o rg e S t re e t w i th its heavy traffic vo lume s, mo v in g u p t o Ha rrin g t o n Place wh ich is a p e d e stria n on ly re t a il s t rip , t h e n to Har r i ngto n S tre e t which is t h e v e h ic u la r s e rv ic e and acces s street, a n d finally up t o G lo u c e s t e r L a n e w hich is also a pedestrian o n ly s t rip . Both Ha rringto n P l. a n d G lo u c e s t e r L n . s e rv e as pedestrian frie n d ly e xte rnal e n v iro n me n t s wh ic h ar e void of vehicula r pro ximity a n d mo v e me n t is a t a calm er pace. It is a retu rn o f t h e p u b lic re a lm b a c k to the ped e stria n , in lin e with t h e p ro je c t â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s g o a l o f encour agin g walkin g a n d inte rac t io n . Ha rrin g t o n P l. acts as th e pro jects ma in spi n e a lo n g t h e g ro u n d plane, fi l te rin g a n d d istributing p e d e s t ria n mo v e me n t fr om G eo rg e S t. b y b e coming a n u rb a n ro o m it s e lf . Gloucester Ln. diffe rs in th a t it is a p h y s ic a l e x t e n s io n of an existing street but not a c h a ra c t e r e x t e n s io n , it acts as a ca talyst which e n coura g e s t h e n e ig h b o u rin g Shangr i- La Ho tel to re d e velo p it s p o d iu m e d g e , allow i ng it to beco me a true p lac e .
M ICRO S Q UAR ES
Sm al l er catchme n ts th roughout t h e s it e i n t he for m of micro sq u a res h e lp b re a k t h e t ra n siti onar y nature o f p e d e stria n m o v e me n t , p ro v i ding spaces fo r pause . Th e se s q u a re s s t a g e the pr ogr e ssion of move ment thro u g h o u t t h e si te, allow i ng the p e d e stria n to be a wa re o f t h e t er r ai n and heig h t changes. They s e rv e a s p l a c e s for gathering, inte ractio n a n d o b s e rv in g , p l a c e s for unspecified a ctivity which t a k e o n t h e char acter of their a d jace n t e d g e s , wh e t h e r i t b e vehicul ar or pedestrian space s. In all this, the d o main of th e pe d e s t ria n i s recognized as bein g priority p a rt ic u la rly w i t h edges that engage ve h icu lar stre e t s . T h e f o o t path al ong Esse x S t. is narrow a n d s lo p in g a n d at H ar r ington S quare th is is d e a lt wit h b y d i s s olving the bu ild ing e d g e using tree s a s a n i m p l i ed bounda ry which create s a p e rme a b le e d g e , allow i ng the stre e t to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;sp illâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; o n t o t h e s i t e , i ncr easing the p e rce ive d sp a ce a lo n g t h e f o o t path.
VIEW OF PROPOSED HARRINGTON PLACE
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MASS
The buildin g mass c a n b e u n d e rs t o o d a s the resu lt o f co n textual for c e s a n d t h e s e q u e n c e of re sponse s a s e labora ted b e lo w : 02 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7
the d issolu tio n of th e f o rme r F S H podium, allowing the ground plane to b e re a d like ma sse s e mb e d d e d in t o the terrain large floor plate split to allow increased e xposu re to inte rnal s p a c e s floor plates interlock with each other in plan, optimized for increased views, e xposu re a n d jo int s t a b ilit y mass heights staggered to match height o f a d jace n t Gold sfield h o u s e masses dissolved vertically to create individ u a l p o d s voids/in-between spaces become the p u b lic connective ti s s u e
SPLIT F LO OR P LATE
The pr oject utilize s a sp lit f o r p la t e t y p o logy w i th narrow in d ividual pla t e s a s o p p o sed the s ingle larg e flo o r pla t e , a s a m e a ns of incr easing th e e xpose d su rf a c e a re a w h i c h allow s for gre a ter sun access and g re a t e r v e n t ilation to space s d e e p with in, c re a t in g m o re habi table a n d u sable space s w it h in t h e f l o o r pl ate. It pr ovi de s more fronta g e as o p p o s e d t o a deep floor pla te, wh ich ties back in t o t h e e c o n om ics behind hig h rise typolo g ies a n d t h e p re mium s attach e d to fronta g e in hig h d e n s it y l i v i n g. Thi s typolo g y also cre a tes f le x ib ilit y w h e n i t com es to le a sin g where tenants h a v e t h e o p t i on of leasing e ith e r one or two o f th e p la t e s d e p e nding on th e requireme n ts o f i n d iv id u a l b u s i n esses, and in d o ing so a cco mm o d a t e s a c e rt ain degr ee of te n a n t variety in e a c h f lo o r.
LEVEL 15
LEVEL 25
RESIDENTIAL HOTEL OFFICE RETAIL
PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION
P O D & P RO G R A M
The a llo cation o f p rogra m t o e a c h p o d t a k e s i nto accou n t the p roximity o f e a c h p o d t o t h e g ro u n d and the suitability o f pro g ram to c a p it a liz e o n t h e p o d s posi tion within the co mple x, ie. v ie ws , o rie n t a t io n , etc. The S outh e a st (S E ) clu ste r o f p o d s h o u s e t h e m ost offi c e p rogra ms, th is it to a v o id d ire c t s u n g la re i nto wor ks p a ces d u rin g the day; wh ils t t h e No rt h we s t ( N W) cl uster h o u se only hote l p ro g ra m t o c a p it a liz e on the views towa rds th e harb o u r. Flex ible sta rtu p o ffice s p a c e s a re h o u s e d in the bottom S outh west (S W ) p o d wit h mo re a ff o rd a b le r esidentia l a p a rtments a b o ve; wh ils t t h e b o t t o m N or theast (NE ) accommodate s s t a n d a rd o ff ic e spaces w ith lu xury re sid e n tia l ap a rt me n t s a b o v e . T h e differ ence b e twe e n the two pairs o f re s id e n t ia l p o d s does not ste m from the le vel o f a me n it y o r q u a lit y f o r that m atter, but th e va lue p e r flo o r s p a c e c o me s p u re ly fr om the vie ws e a ch pair is exp o s e d t o . T h is e q u a lit y of am eni ty a n d access b reaks d o wn c e rt a in s o c ia l hier ar chi es which in turn a llo ws e v e ry o c c u p a n t t o b e an equal me mber of th e co mmu n it y c re a t e d wit h in t h e pr oj ect.
ELEVATE D STR E ETS
The br eaka way of th e publ ic re a lm f ro m the gr ound to form se mi-public e le v a t e d e n v i ronm ents between the p o d s a re a c o m b i nation of b o th hard sca p e a n d s o f t s c a p e t h a t com e togeth e r to form ele vate d p u b lic ro o ms that behave like streets. P a rt s p a c e f o r u n s p ecifi ed activity a n d p a rt space for s p e c if ie d a c t i vi ty, the r eta il pro g rams h o u sed wit h in t h e s e el evated stre e ts diffe r fro m those h o u s e d o n t he gr ound in the sense th a t they are s o le ly c a t e red tow ar ds the service o f the p ro je c t â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s o c c u pants w i th ame n ities such a s ne ws p a p e r & magazine shop s, dry cle a n e rs, g ym f a c ilit ie s , d a y c ar e center s, e tc. The di ffer ent h e ight changes a s y o u mo v e t h ro u gh these e leva ted streets b e h a v e lik e t e rra i n on the gro u n d p lane, where the d ia g o n a l m o v e m ent experie n ced is one th a t i s u s u a lly a s s o ciated w i th landscape. Th e artif ic ia lit y o f t h e s e â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; elevated te rra insâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; a re re veale d o n ly a lo n g i t s e dges with th e handra ils/safe ty barrie rs .
ELEVATED STREET DISTRIBUTION
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LEVEL 20
SURFACE ARTICULATION
VIEW OF ELEVATED STREET
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ALUMINIUM PANEL ON SUBFRAME STEEL SPACEFRAME STRUCTURE STEEL PLATE ON GS ANGLE BRACKET 500mm x 500mm GABIONS SOIL COARSE SAND 20mm GEOTEXTILE 50mm DRAINAGE CELL 10mm DPM SCREED TO FALL 2 x 15mm DPM 200mm PRE-CAST RC PANEL GS SUBSTRUCTURE
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CONSTRUCTION DETAIL _PUBLIC EDGE
In essence, the alloca tio n o f p ro g ra ms t o w a r ds di ffer ent p o d s a llo w them to fu n c t io n a s i n d i vi dual m icr o buildin g s, p e rmittin g a c e rt a in l e v e l of separ atio n re q u ire d between e a c h o f t h e pr ivate pr ograms to accommodat e is s u e s o f p r i vacy and secu rity with in the comp le x a s a w hol e. The r e a d ing o f the comp lex c h a n g e s f ro m a uni for m single entity to a co lle c t io n o f s ma l ler var yi ng un its that are co n fig u red a ro u n d a c o mm on suppo rt. The unde rlyin g hyb rid natu re o f t h e p ro j ect lies in how th e se micro buildin g s re la t e w i t h one another, how they support ea c h o t h e r p ro g r am m ati cally as we ll as th e in t e ra c t io n w h i c h occur s at the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;co mmo n gro u n d â&#x20AC;&#x2122;. E le v a t e d s t re ets w hich form th e connective p u b lic t is s u e s b e t w een the pod s are e sse n tia lly a part o f e a c h p ri v a te pr ogr am, housing common facilit ie s t h a t a re shar ed between two or thre e o f th e p riv a t e p ro g r am s. It is at these cro ss-ove rs t h a t t h e b e a u ty and nove lty o f the h ybrid typ o log y c o me s i n t o being, the u n e xpected social in t e ra c t io n t h a t occur s between strangers wh ich re s u lt s i n a sense of community with in the c o mp le x a n d a sense of pla ce within th e pro jec t , wh e re re s i d ents, for eign guests a n d o ffice wo rk e rs c a n mingle.
+194. 5
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GLOUCESTER LN
HARRIN GTON ST HARRING TO N PL S E C T IO N A
GE O R GE ST
P a rt o f th e d isconnec t io n in h a b it a n t s of conventional skyscra p e rs e x p e rie n c e n o t only to th e gro u n d pla n e but a ls o t o t h e wo rld outsi de is a re sult of the co mp le t e e n c lo s u re of i nte rnal e n vironme n ts b y f o rt re s s -lik e facade s which h a ve tra d itio n a lly b e e n u s e d for psych o logical safe ty rea s o n s b e in g h ig h up in th e a ir, b u t with skyscr a p e rs b e in g mo re widely a cce p ted and hig h ris e liv in g b e c o min g the norm th e re is now the o p p o rt u n it y t o di ssolve these extern a l e n c lo s u re s in s e a rc h of new h a b ita b le e n vironme n t s u p in t h e s k y The idea o f the p roje c t b e h a v in g a n d wor ki ng a s a wh o le like a n o rg a n ic in t e rn a l system th rough the b reaking d o wn o f in t e rn a l boundaries between p rogra m a n d h ie ra rc h y is carried o n to the face of t h e p o d s a s we ll, wher e th e extern a l b o u n d a rie s t h a t c o n t a in inter nal enviro n ments a re d is s o lv e d t o c re a t e per m e a b le skin s. Th e d o u b le s k in t y p o lo g y was adapte d and resu lte d in t wo d iff e re n t iter atio n s of the fa cade t y p o lo g y f o r t h e r esi dential a n d o ffice p o d s wh ic h a llo we d thei r inte rnal sp a ces to bene f it f ro m p a s s iv e venti la tio n , so lar shadin g , et c . o f t h e re s u lt a n t m em brane.
TRADITIONAL POST BEAM SYSTEM
EXTERNAL DIAGRID + BELT TRUSS SYSTEM
STR UCTUR E T his s ec t io n d o c u m e n ts a n e x p l o rati on i nto the structural im plic at ions o f tw o m a i n l o a d s c o mmonl y experi enced by s k y s c r aper s , w h i c h a re a l s o th e p ri ma ry structural consi derati ons in r elat ion t o th e c i ty 2 p ro j e c t. Cons ult ant : Ste v e n Gi b b l e t [AE C OM] and K en Morkaya [A E C OM]
Ver tical L oads The p o d s which a re a t t a c h e d t o t h e c o re s ser ve to disrupt th e re a d ing o f t h e t o we r a s a s in g le continuous e n tity, and in ste a d re a d a s s e g me n t s that ar e held u p a n d h e ld to g e t h e r b y a c o mmo n suppor t. T his b reaking o f vertic a l c o n t in u it y c re a t e s a str uctur al pro b lem in itse lf, the d e f ia n c e o f v e rt ic a l gr avi ty l oads, where th e sp a ces in b e t we e n t h e p o d s ar e m eant to b e colu mn-fre e . To o v e rc o me t h is , t h e l owest l eve l o f e a ch p o d wo u ld s e rv e a s a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;b e lt t ru s s â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, tr ansfer r ing all th e vertical load f ro m le v e ls a b o v e back to the co re. A n extern a l d iag rid c o u ld b e u s e d t o r educe th e n u mber o f co lumn s wit h in t h e f lo o r p la t e and push a n y colu mns d e e p e r in t o t h e f lo o r p la t e t o fr ee up m ore sp a ce clo ser to th e e d g e s , imp o rt a n t in ter m s of flo o r p late eco n o my p a rt ic u la rly f o r o ff ic e spaces. Upon further co n sid e ratio n , a b e t t e r s o lu t io n to disper se the vertical lo a d s is t o s p re a d o u t t h e tr ansfer s b a ck to th e core more e v e n ly t h ro u g h o u t the pod, a n d n o t co n centrate a ll t h e v e rt ic a l lo a d s a t j ust the base a lone. B y utilizing t h e b a y s a lre a d y s e t
INTERNAL CROSS BRACING SYSTEM FOR RESIDENTIAL + HOTEL
EXTERNAL DIAGRID + BELT TRUSS + INTERNAL DIAGONAL BRACING FOR OFFICE
out for each pod, cross b racing c o u ld b e a t t a c h e d a t al ter nate b a ys (a cting like walls ) t o t ra n s f e r v e rt ic a l loads fr om e a ch se t of 5 leve ls b a c k t o t h e c o re , r educi ng th e need for a thick belt t ru s s . A combin a tio n of th e se two s y s t e ms wa s a d a p t e d to the pods, dependin g on the p ro g ra m h o u s e d . F o r the office p o d s, where colu mn f re e s p a c e s a re id e a l for adaptab ility, in terval cro ss b ra c in g wo u ld re d u c e the am ount o f le a sable flo o r sp a c e a n d a ls o o b s t ru c t m ovem ent. Th e e xte rnal d iagr id wit h a b e lt t ru s s system w ou ld be use d with in tern a l d ia g o n a l b ra c in g ( one way truss), re d u cin g the lo a d s a t t h e b a s e wh ils t incr easi ng th e amo u n t o f leasa b le le v e ls p e r p o d . For residential and h o t e l p o d s , t h e c ro s s br acing syste m would b e idea l a s s u b -d iv is io n s betw een apartme n ts a n d rooms , a c c o mmo d a t in g not just stru ctu re b u t a lso va rio u s s e rv ic e s f ro m t h e m ai n cor e. Considering that all v e rt ic a l lo a d s a re tr ansfer r ed th rough th e se in terv a l b ra c in g s , t h e re would be no need for a larg e b e lt t ru s s , f re e in g u p the base o f the p o d s.
HORIZONTAL CROSS BRACING
Later al Loads [Win d ] The split flo o r pla tes whic h ‘b ra n c h o u t ’ f ro m the cor e increase s th e a mount o f e x p o s e d s u rf a c e ar ea, br eaking u p th e traditio n a l la rg e f lo o r p la t e f o r incr eased lig h t p e n e tra tio n , vent ila t io n a n d in c re a s e d fl oor spac e with access to vie ws , b u t t h e ir n a rro w fl oor plates a re not ideal for re s is t in g la t e ra l lo a d s ( wind l oads). The morn ing west e rlie s a n d a f t e rn o o n easter lies will cause the in d ividu a l t o we rs t o t wis t in di ffer ent directio n th roughout the d a y, p la c in g a h u g e am ount of stra in o n th e co res. To ove rco me this, th e el e v a t e d s t re e t s wh ic h span acr oss the clu ste rs at in ter v a l le v e ls a re u s e d a s br acings that connect th e m to g e t h e r, a llo win g t h e m t o behave like a sin g le towe r whic h a ls o a llo ws t h e m t o better r esist the wind lo a d s. Th e p rin c ip le b e h in d t h is is depth v e rsu s resistance ; the g re a t e r t h e d e p t h o f the fl oor pla te in the lo a d ’s direc t io n , t h e g re a t e r t h e r esi stance to th a t lo a d . Th rough t h e s e ‘c o n n e c t io n s ’, the com ple x will gre a tly minimiz e t h e a mo u n t o f t wis t it exper i en ces as a resu lt of th e win d lo a d s . As o p p o sed to the ve rtica l lo a d in g , t h e b ra c in g agai nst horizo n tal loads a re lo cat e d in t h e f lo o r p la t e s by way of two systems. On e use s p re -c a s t c o n c re t e fl oor pane ls with emb e d d e d h o riz o n t a l c ro s s b ra c in g ever y 5 leve ls to with sta n d s h e a r f o rc e s , a n d t h e other thr ough hollow core conc re t e f lo o r p a n e ls wit h inter nal tension ties e very 3 le v e ls . T h e u s e o f t h e s e tw o systems will in tern a lize a ll t h e s t ru c t u ra l lo a d in g and fr ee u p th e fa cade fro m a n y a d d it io n a l s t ru c t u ra l m em ber s if n e e d e d .
DIAGRID EXTRUSIONS
To fur ther b race th e office p o d s a g a i nst later al lo a d s, the dia g rid is e x t ruded to for m a 3 dimensional d iagrid , a l l o w i ng it to be a hig h ly e fficie n t s h e l l. Such over e n g ineering is use f u l p a rt i cul ar ly consid e rin g win d loads a t t h e t o p of the com ple x, reducing th e a mou n t o f f l ex the offi c e p o d s e xperience for a c o m for table work enviro n ment.
GRAFT HYBRID
FACAD ES T his s ec t ion d o c u m e n ts a n e x p l o ra ti o n i nto facades i n skyscrapers, par t ic ular ly i n re l a ti o n to d o u b l e s k i n facades and the di fferent int er pr et at io n s a n d v a ri a ti o n s i n th e c i ty 2 proj ect. Cons ult ant : R o b e rt Ou s e y [A rc h i te c tu s]
Face The in tention fo r th e face o f t h e p ro je c t is t o r efl ect the u n d e rlyin g n a ture o f f u n c t io n a n d p ro g ra m m i xtur e that ma kes up the com p le x . A s o p p o s e d t o w r apping the various pods to g e t h e r wit h a u n if o rm ski n, cr ea tin g a monolith , its comp le x it y is e x p re s s e d w her e each pod is and a p p e a rs t o b e g ra f t e d o n t o the cor e. This goes b a ck to th e o rig in a l id e a o f mic ro bui l dings in tera cting a n d co -ex is t in g wit h in h y b rid cl uster s, moving beyo n d co n vent io n a l u n d e rs t a n d in g s of site, boundaries and its p h y s ic a l limit a t io n s w her e the p roje ct d o e s not o n ly s e e k t o u n d e rs t a n d skyscr apers fro m a co n ventional p e rs p e c t iv e b u t a ls o ser ve as p roje ction o f futu re h u ma n e x p e rie n c e s . The use o f double skin fa c a d e s v a rie s b e t we e n pr ogr am and in tern a l activitie s a re re f le c t e d a n d pr oj ected on to the face , at time s e mp h a s iz in g a n d a t tim es blurrin g th e edge b e twe e n in t e rn a l a n d e x t e rn a l space. Th is b reaks down the bu ild in g e d g e n o t ju s t for its oc cupants, b u t a lso for p e d e s t ria n s t h ro u g h the r eadi ng o f va rio u s in tern a l ac t iv it ie s o n c o mp le x â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s face.
C h a nge O ver Time The facad e syste m utilize d for t h e h o t e l p o d s a re technical l y sp e a kin g , sin g le skin f a c a d e s t h a t c o m p l etely enclose its in tern a l space s f ro m t h e c it y o u t s ide apar t fr om view. S u ch isola tio n is id e a l if n o t n e e d ed for the rela xation o f h o tel gue s t s a n d h e lp s w i t h the psycho logical ca lming o f b e in g in a f o re ig n c i t y. The second skin exists as so meth in g imma t e ria l, m o re of an implied pre sence tha n a p h y s ic a l e n c l o sur e. The readin g of th e hote l p o d s c h a n g e f ro m e x t e rnal per for ate d a luminiu m panels d u rin g t h e d a y, t o i l l um i nated i nte rnal sp a ces during t h e n ig h t , t h e n d i ff u s ed light ban d s wh ich wrap aro u n d t h e p o d s d u rin g t h e ear l y hour s of th e day. This chan g e in re a d in g t h ro u ghout the d a y n o t o n ly re fle cts t h e p ro g re s s io n o f a c tivity w i thin th e individ u a l hote l ro o ms , it a ls o a n i m ates the clu ste r o f h o tel pods pr o v id in g a mu c h n e e d ed ur ban re juve n a tio n p iece c o n s id e rin g t h e p ro j ect’s locati on within th e city. The per fo rate d alu min ium ba n d s a n d t h e c o rresponding LE D la mps hid d e n b e h in d in c re a s e in t h i c kness m ovi ng d o wn e a ch p o d , a llo win g e a c h ‘mic ro h o t e l’ to r ead w ith weig h t . Th is is imp o rt a n t d u e t o t h e c o n f igur ation of p o d s a n d th e ir gra fting n a t u re , wh ic h m a y appear to be ‘floating’ without the v is u a l we ig h t , c re a ting uncer tainty with its g u e sts.
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02 _NIGHTTIME
03 _DAWN
Habitabl e S kin s Pus h ing th e 3 d ime n sio n a l d ia g rid u s e d f o r t h e offi ce pod s eve n further, it n o t only p ro t ru d e s o u t wa rd s fr om the 2 d ime n sio n a l p lane, b u t b y in d e n t in g t h e di agr i d i nwa rds at in tervals a lo n g t h e f lo o r p la t e â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge, it cre a tes bre a kout sp a ces wh ic h c a n s e rv e a s sm al l m eeting space s o r just re la x a t io n a re a s . T h e habi tation of these p o cke ts d is c o n n e c t s t h e u s e r fr om the inte rio rity of th e wo rkin g s p a c e s b u t a t t h e sam e ti m e d o e s not e xpose th e u s e r c o mp le t e ly t o the exter io r, cre a tin g an in-b e t we e n z o n e a lo n g t h e offi ce podâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fa cade. H er e, th e skin is the struc t u re a n d t h e s t ru c t u re is the skin . Th is a llo ws the flex ib ilit y a n d e c o n o my needed for a n office p rogra m n o t ju s t b y re d u c in g obstr ucti on s in the flo o r p late , b u t a ls o v a ria t io n s t h e skin al l ows fo r in a n office space la y o u t .
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DIAGRID : ALUMINIUM CLADDING ON MS SUB-FRAME, DOUBLE 340/310 I-STEEL SECTION STRUCTURE OPERABLE HORIZONTAL ALUMINIUM LOUVRES RUBBER FLOOR PANELS, ABSORPTION PADDING, 200mm HOLLOW CORE PRE-CAST RC PANEL 610/250 GS RHS SECONDARY STRUCTURE ALUMINIUM CHANNELS FOR SPANDREL DETAIL POWDERCOATED STEEL GRATE, WIRE MESH WEAVE SHEET, GS SUB-STRUCTURE DOUBLE GLAZE UNIT WITH FRITED PATTERN ON EXTERNAL LEAF
4
TRADITIONAL LIFT SYSTEM WITH LARGE CORE FOOTPRINT
PROPOSED LIFT SYSTEM WITH MICRO SYSTEMS
VERTI CA L M OVE M E NT T his s ec t ion d o c u m e n ts a n e x p l o ra ti o n i nto modes of verti cal m ov em ent in s k y s c ra p e rs , p ri m a ri l y through the use of verti cal elev at or s as a me a n s fo r p e o p l e movement betw een di fferent lev els in t he c i ty 2 p ro j e c t. Cons ult ant : Ad a m Ma g e e [A EC OM ] a n d C hri s Fi negan [A E C OM]
M or e Than A S ky L o b b y The S o u thwe st (S W) cluster o f p o d s h o u s e s o le ly office pr og rams, this ma kes it t h e mo s t d e ma n d in g cl uster i n te rms o f vertical peo p le mo v e me n t . T h e safest ( hence mo re tra d itional) a p p ro a c h t o s a t is f y such r equireme n ts was to have 3 b a n k s o f 4 lif t s connected straig h t to the e n tra n c e le v e l, re s u lt in g in a ver y l ar ge core wh ich destro ys th e g ro u n d p la n e . T h e use of tr ansfer leve ls serviced b y e x p re s s e le v a t o rs coul d help in the distrib u tio n , b u t c o n c e rn s we re r aised about occupants h a vin g t o s wit c h lif t s a n d it s effect on th e â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Time to Destin a tio n â&#x20AC;&#x2122; f a c t o r. Upon further co n sid e ration , it b e c a me a p p a re n t that the limita tio n was n o t so mu c h t h e a mo u n t a n d fr equency o f commercia l o ccu p a n t s t o b e s e rv ic e d , but the assump tio n of single d ime n s io n t ra v e ls b y these occ upants. The id e a a n d in t e n t b e h in d t h e u s e of el evate d stre e ts (tra n sfe r leve ls ) wa s t o re d u c e t h e fr equency o f such trave ls, b reak in g t h e m d o wn in t o two, thr ee o r mayb e eve n four sma lle r t rip s wh ic h c o u ld be helped b y th e service pro g ra ms h o u s e d in t h e s e str eets. Instead o f o ffice wo rke rs a rriv in g t o t h e s it e and heading straig h t to their work s t a t io n s , t h e p ro je c t
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LIFT SYSTEM NETWORK
cr eates the opportunity f o r a n d e n c o u ra g e s a di fferent life style where o c c u p a n t s c a n d ro p o ff their d ry cleanin g , p ick u p a ma g a z in e , d ro p off their ch ild ren, g rab a bit e , a n d s o o n b e f o re hea d ing to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;wo rkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Th is in c lu d e s n o n -n a t iv e occ upants with in th e u n d e rly in g h y b rid f a b ric of the co mple x, a llo win g t h e m t o b e p a rt o f t h e community on the site. Destin a tio n Co n tro l S y s t e ms (DCS ) wo u ld be ideal, if not n e cessar y, in ma n a g in g s u c h m icro journ e ys and the c o mp le x s e rv e s a s t h e per fe ct testin g g round to p u s h t h e limit a t io n s o f suc h syste ms.
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BUILDING PROPORTION
BELT TRUSS
ELEVATOR PIT + MACHINE ROOM
TMD
MACHINE ROOM
Buildi ng S tratifyin g Whilst the p o d s functio n an d re a d lik e b u ild in g s on top o f buildin g s, th e â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;g roun d p la n e â&#x20AC;&#x2122; f o r t h e s e pods possesses ch a lle n g e s a n d re s t ra in t s b y b e in g el evated. The first p roble m lie s in t h e n u mb e r o f fl oor s house d in each co mme rc ia l p o d , t h e o rig in a l pr opor ti onin g syste m mo vin g u p wa rd s (1 0 , 1 5 , 2 0 ) would not h a ve mu ch of a p rob le m a t t h e f irs t t wo pods, but the hig h e st with 20 flo o rs wo u ld re a lly t e s t the l i m i ts o f existin g e leva tors . To re s o lv e t h is , a new pr opo rtionin g syste m wo u ld b e a d o p t e d f o r t h e South- We st clu ste r (1 5 , 15, 1 5 ) wh ic h n o t o n ly a llo ws for a m or e eve n d istribution of f lo o rs wit h in p o d s , b u t this m eant that the ele vato rs s e rv ic in g e a c h o f t h e com m er cia l p o d s would not be u n d e r g re a t a mo u n t s of str ai n. The se cond issu e la y in t h e t y p e o f e le v a t o r system us e d , a n Overh e a d Trac t io n S y s t e m wo u ld b e m ost sui table n o t ju st for its sp e e d , b u t it s d u ra b ilit y. The disadvanta g e of th is system is t h a t a n a llo c a t io n would be needed fo r a ma chin e ro o m a b o v e a s we ll a s a pi t bel ow the sh a ft, wh ich wou ld n o t b e a p ro b le m as the belt trusses wo u ld b e ab le t o a c c o mmo d a t e these spa ces. Ho weve r, beca u s e t h e e le v a t e d s h a f t s ar e shar ed b e twe e n th e pods, the re will b e in s t a n c e s wher e the pit of the track above wo u ld b e d ire c t ly o n top of the ma chin e room o f th e t ra c k b e lo w. T h e o n ly im pl i cati on of this, is that the be lt t ru s s e s wo u ld n o w need to be 2 sto reys h igh a t thes e in s t a n c e s .
FLOOR PLATE ARRANGEMENT ASSISTS PASSIVE VENTILATION
ESD T his s ec t ion d o c u m e n ts a n e x p l o ra ti on i nto E S D practi ces i n s k y s c r aper s , p a rti c u l a rl y i n re l a ti o n t o l ocal energy generati on and t he m od e ra ti o n o f i n te rn a l e n v i ro nments i n the ci ty 2 proj ect. Cons ult ant : Ti m El g o o d [AR U P ]
Passive One of th e pro ject’s fu n d a me n t a l a ims is t o b e clim atically resp o n sive in a n e ffo rt min imiz e t h e a c t iv e input needed in controllin g in tern a l e n v iro n me n t s f o r its occupan ts. The use o f narrow floor p la t e s (1 6 . 8 m) f o r t h e com plex’s va rio u s pods a llo w s u ff ic ie n t s u n a c c e s s acr oss the floor pla te, eve n to s p a c e s f u rt h e s t f ro m the buildi ng e d g e . Th e arrangeme n t o f p o d s p a ra lle l to one another a long th e core s in c re a s e s t h e e ff e c t iv e sur face are a alo n g its edges in c o mp a ris o n t o a single large floor p late , re d u cin g la rg e v a ria t io n s in tem per atu re and light thro u g h o u t t h e f lo o r p la t e . S u c h an ar r ange ment a lso cre a tes a ‘p e rme a b le c o u rt y a rd ’ whi ch is designed to captu re b re e z e s a n d c irc u la t e them thr o u g h th e in tern a l space s .
Ai r Quality Goi ng back to th e fo cus of th is re s e a rc h , t h e c ri t i ci sm of cur r en t skyscra p e rs is thei r d is c o n n e c t io n a n d alienation of its in tern a l sp a ces f ro m e x t e rn a l e n v i ronm ents a s a re sult of fully e n c lo s e d b u ild in g s k i n s , whi ch has a n e g a tive e ffe ct on t h e q u a lit y o f a i r within these space s. Th e permeabilit y o f b u ild in g s k i n s and its co n tro ls wa s stu d ied p a rt ic u la rly f o r re s i d ential and o ffice space s to e xplo re me t h o d s f o r e x c h angi ng ai r between inte rnal and e x t e rn a l s p a c e s . The use of ‘in tern a l balconie s’ in t h e re s id e n t ia l a p a rtm ents incorp o rate s ve n ts within t h e f lo o r t h a t a l l o w s cool br eeze s to e n ter, p u shi n g t h e h o t a ir u p w ar ds thr oug h e xit ve n ts b e low the c e ilin g . S u c h a i r m ovem ent se ts up cyclic single -sid e d v e n t ila t io n f o r t h e apar tm ents, d rawing air and hea t f ro m in t e rn a l ro o ms to these balconie s fo r re cycling. T h e ma n u a lly o p e rable entr y a n d exit vents can b e sh u t in d iv id u a lly, s e p a r ate fr om on e a n o ther to co n tro l t h e a mo u n t o f v e n t ilation each resident d e sires. W it h t h is s y s t e m, t h e exchange of air can still o ccu r wit h o u t o p e n in g w i n d ows, an adva n tage co n sid e rin g t h e in t e n s it y o f w i n d s above 100m from gro u n d . With the o ffice sp a ces, pro tru s io n s f ro m t h e t h re e di m ensi on a l d iagrid cre a te p o c k e t s o f mic ro e n v i ronm ents tha t ‘la tch onto ’ th e pod ’s s k in . T h e s e p o c k ets ( whi ch are a lmo st like a se c o n d s k in ) a llo w t h e per m eation of the in tern a l skin with la rg e r d e v ic e s f o r air exchang e su ch a s o p e rable win d o ws , me s h s c re en and so on. Th e y perform in p rin c ip le , s imila r t o t h e i nter nal balconie s for th e apar t me n t s , c y c lin g a i r t o ensur e ai r quality in the inte rnal s p a c e s .
1. SUSPENDED TIMBER STRIPS ON MS SUB-FRAME 2. DOUBLE CEILING HEIGHT ALUMINIUM FRAME BI-FOLD DOORS WITH TINTED GLASS INSET 3. TIMBER STRIP WALL CLADDING 4. OPERABLE HORIZONTAL TIMBER LOUVRES 5. FIXED SUN SHADE 6. MICRO VENTILATOR : 125 x 50mm TIMBER STRIPS, WIRE MESH WEAVE SHEET, GS SUB-FRAME, 50mm NOISE INSULATION PANEL, TIMBER STRIPS 7. CARPET, CARPET PADDING, 200mm HOLLOW CORE PRE-CAST RC PANEL WITH INTERNAL GS CROSS BRACING
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G e o t her m al To reduce the complexâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reliance on the electricity g ri d , a m icr o- ge o thermal pla n t is ac c o mmo d a t e d in t h e basem ent to supply lo cal e lectricit y a n d h e a t in g . G e o t her m al energy wa s sele cte d as a s o u rc e b e c a u s e o f t h e geol ogy of th e site , which is su it a b le f o r a Ho t R o c k Geother m al S ystem wh e re co ld wa t e r is p u mp e d d o w n to the gr ound in a clo sed lo o p sys t e m t h ro u g h a n i n j e ction pi pe, abso rbin g heat from th e ro c k s b e f o re f l o w i ng back up to the g round. Ther e ar e two a p p lication fo r t h e h o t wa t e r s o u rce, the fi r s t bein g the su p p ly o f s t e a m f o r t h e e l e c tr icity gene rato r, th e seco n d b e in g t h e s u p p ly o f h e ati ng and cooling b y a n abso p rt io n c h ille r f o r t h e com plex. This syste m is not to o d is s imila r t o a t ri -g e ner ati on pla n t, th e main d iffere n c e b e in g t h e p ro c ess for el ectricity g e n e ration w h e re o n e u s e s c o m b usti on wh ich n e e d s fu e l and e mit s c a rb o n d i o x ide, the other only ste a m. With a ge o thermal e n e rgy sys t e m in p la c e , t h e re needs to b e an a ware n e ss of e n v iro n me n t a l re s p onsi bility amongst the comp lex â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s o c c u p a n t s . Th e system inv o lve s th e h a rve sting o f e n e rg y f ro m t h e Ear th whi ch can b e harmfu l if ove r h a rv e s t e d . A re p l eni shing sys tem will b e p u t in p lace f o r t h e c o mp le x w h e r e i n w i nter, h e a t is dra wn from t h e g ro u n d t o t h e s ur face for he a tin g , b u t d u rin g su mme r wh e n t h e s u rf ace tem per ature in cre a ses, h e a t is p u mp e d b a c k i n t o the gr ound. This main tain s the E a rt h â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s e n e rg y in a c y cle as oppose d to a co n ventional u n i-d ire c t io n a l path.
STEAM
ELECTRICITY
PRESSURIZED PUMP [HOT]
WATER PUMP [COLD]
INTEGRATED HEATING + COOLING IN THE CORES
DISTRIBUTION PUMP
HEATING ABSORPTION CHILLER
COOLING
HARRINGTON HARRINGTON ST ST
GEORGE ST
GEORGE ST
PUMP PUMP
STORAGE STORAGE TANK TANK
CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATION
Wa t er C ollection The softs cape wh ich navigate s u p t h e s lo p e b e t w een Har r i ngto n a n d Georg e street is n o t limit e d t o j u st bei ng a co n n e ction path , but a ls o s e rv e s a s a ra i n water col l ection syste m, with the v e g e t a t io n , s o il a n d geotexti l es servin g as filters to d is t ill g re y wa t e r w h i c h ar e stor ed in tanks b e low th e gre e n s lo p e a n d u s e d for i ts i r r i gation. This clo sed loop s y s t e m mimic s t h e natur al, al l owin g it to b e se lf-su sta in a b le .
R EF E R EN CE L I ST
1. City of Sydney Council, Sustainable Sydney 2030: The Vision (Sydney NSW: City of Sydney, 2009), accessed March 30, 2012, https://s3.amazonaws.com/media.cityofsydney/2030/ documents/2030-Vision-Complete.pdf. 2. Preston Rowe Paterson, Property Market Report: Sydney Commercial Office Market September Quarter 2011, accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.prpaustralia.com.au/contentUploaded/ ResearchReports/Sydney%20Commercial%20Sep%20Qtr%202011. pdf. 3. “City of Sydney Community Profile,” City of Sydney Council, accessed April 24, 2012, http://profile.id.com.au/Default.aspx?id=148. 4. Ibid. 5. Destination NSW, Business Travel to Sydney Year ended December 2011, accessed April 24, 2012, http://archive.tourism.nsw.gov.au/ Sites/SiteID6/objLib12/Business-to-Sydney-YE-Dec-11.pdf. 6. Aurora Fernandez Per, “Hybrid versus Social Condenser,” in HYBRIDS III (Vitoria-Gasteiz: Impression Printing, 2009), 33-34. 7. Atelier Bow-Wow, “Roppongi Crossing,” in Echo of Space/Space of Echo (Tokyo: INAX Publishing, 2009), 57. 8. Charles Waldheim, ed., The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006), 11. 9. Linda Pollak, “Constructed Ground: Questions of Scale,” in The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006), 127.
BI BLI O G R APH Y
1. Jan Gehl, Public Space - Public Life Sydney (Sydney NSW: City of Sydney, 2007), accessed April 24, 2012, http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/development/documents/ CityImprovements/GEHL/SydneyPublicSpacePublicLife_Data.pdf. 2. Sou Fujimoto, Primitive Future (Tokyo: INAX Publishing, 2008). 3. Stan Allen, “The Megaform Revisited,” in Landform Building (Zurich: Lars Muller Publishers, 2011), 192. 4. Stan Allen, “Matters of Surface,” in Landform Building ( Zurich: Lars Muller Publishers, 2011), 362.