Dissertation Project·Perceived Environments in Offices. The occupant's comfort as a design guide. by Julia Torrubia

PERCEIVED ENVIRONMENTS IN OFFICES THE OCCUPANTS’ COMFORT PERCEPTION AS A DESIGN GUIDE FOR WORKING SPACES.

Julia Torrubia Aznárez AA E+E Environmental & Energy Studies Programme Architectural Association School of Architecture Graduate School Dissertation Project

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2014-16 February 2016

Autorship Declaration Form AA + Environmental & Energy Studies Programme Architectural Association School of Architecture Graduate School Programme: MArch Sustainable Environmental Design Submission: Dissertation Project 2014-16 Title: Perceived environments in offices. A design guide for working spaces from the point of view of the occupant’s comfort perception. Number of Words: 11334 Student Name: Julia Torrubia Aznárez Declaration: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of other is duly acknowledged” Signature:

Date: February ,2016

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

ABSTRACT Current office design vastly ignores environmental factors and the inhabitant conditions. As a result there is a global typology that offers uncomfortable and high energy consuming spaces that exclude and isolate the occupants. A poor perception of the working space drives the user to a negligent adaptive behaviour, degraded mood and deficient productivity rates. Climate, context, new working trends and occupants’ perception and behaviour towards the space are essential to design or upgrade office typologies. The aim of this dissertation is to provide a design method that takes the occupants’ comfort perception and response into account for working spaces. The proposed strategies are tested on an existing office building in Madrid. The key points of the developed methodology focus on offering freedom to the occupant to choose their preferred working atmosphere, allowing adaptive, easy to use and accessible control strategies that may be managed by the building and/or the occupant in a free running mode.

Table of contents: pp 00 Introduction

State of the Research

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

24 26 28 32 36

Built Precedents

2.1 2.2

40 44

Research Outcomes

Context & Climate Analysis

4.1 4.2

58 64

Design Brief

Occupant Behaviour Motivational Strategies The Physical Environment Adaptive Control (“Friend or Foe?”) References

New office’s trend Qualification of the visual comfort (fieldwork)

Climate summary analysis Urban Context

06 Predesign 6.1 Existing conditions 6.2 Analytic work 1: upgrades with the original volume 6.3 Volume variations 6.4 Analytic work 2: Skyn Geometry 6.5 Skyn modulation 6.6 Comfirmation of Comfort Conditions

104

Design Application

72 74 76 80 90 100

7.1 Building 7.2 Skyn 7.3 Atmospheres

106 115 126

08 Conclusions

122

Appendix

128

A B C D E

129 132 137 147 156

Built Precedents · New office’s trend Built Precedents · Fieldwork Predesign · Thermal simulations’ inputs Predesign · Daylight simulation’ inputs Predesign · Predesign · Solar radiation inputs

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my tutor Simos Yannas for the constant pushing and questioning that improved this dissertation, transforming a conventional research into an interesting one. Also, I want to thank the rest of the teaching staff and invited tutors of the master for all the knowledge and support provided during this time. To the invited juries Joana Gonsalves and Gustavo Brunelli for their outstanding suggestions. But especially, I would like to thank Herman Calleja, my educational and psychological second tutor. For all his outstanding, inspiring and supporting advice, constant throughout this period. I would like to acknowledge all my SED colleagues. To the “SED Spanish team” for the shared moments, the support, the laughs and the discussions. Especially to Sheila for her constant presence, patience and support, but overall for making comprehensible my words and thoughts, sometimes even to myself. To Arturo Reyes, from whom I can only say that offered me the support I most needed at the perfect moment. I express my sincere gratitude to my friends Marta Mora, Alejandro Marcilla, Marina Dufour and Arancha Lorenzana for their unconditional support even thousands of kilometres away. Further to my family, for providing me with the amazing opportunity of studying this programme and this incredible experience and their constant support during this time. To God, for giving me balanced patience and strength. I would like to acknowledge the Architectural Association School of Architecture for the bursary she was awarded to attend the AA SED MArch course 2014 – 2016.

list of figures: PAGE No.

NAME

23 24

1.1 1.2 1.3

1.4 1.5 1.6

Visualization of key terms used Adaptive Occupant Behaviour (AOB) Negligent AOB (e.g. artificial lights on, shading devices closed during daylight hours) Shades develoyment frequency in Spanish offices Percentafe of detected types of occupants in Spanish offices Physical Structure - Lego HQ - zoom ground floor plan (Source: www.rosanbosch.com) Physical Stimuli, e.g. offered possibilities to have a coffee break in a bussy space, in a relaxed area or just in the workstation (Source: www.shutterstock.com) Symbolic artifacts. Meeting room in Microsoft’s HQ, Vienna (Source: www.knstrct. com) Social reinforcement and interaction (Source: www.knstrct.com) Fomenting dialogue (Source:www. linkedinW.com) Simplicity and accessibility of adaptive control strategies Upgrade of the physical environment Microsoft’s HQ, Vienna (Source: www.knstrct. com) Physical Environment Differenciation between office designs and their support for working practices (Source: Davis, M.C., et al, 2011) Outdoor views Enclosed spaces. Attlassian offices (Source: www.studio-sw.com) Microsoft HQ, Wien (Source: www.deceen.com) Different atmospheres. Macquareie Group Bank (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) Sitting arrangements depending on multiple criteria (Source: after Wang, N., et al, 2011) Sunlight penetration Adaptive Control Sense Adaptive Control Correlation between the control perception and the number of people (Source: Bordass, B., et al, 1993) Typical and standing desk (Source: after www.kickstarter.com) Attlassian offices · section (Source: www.studio-sw.com) Attlassian offices · First floor plan (Source: after www.studio-sw.com) Attlassian offices · Ground floor plan (Source: after www.studio-sw.com) Attlassian offices · Working spaces (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

1.7

1.8 27

1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12

28 29

1.13 1.14

1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18

1.19

32 33

1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23

1.24

2.12 2.8 2.9

2.1

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

PAGE No. 2.3 2.5 2.7 42

2.15 2.13 2.10 2.11

2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.25 2.26

2.28 2.24

2.27 3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

NAME Attlassian offices · Meeting rooms (Source: www.studio-sw.com) Attlassian offices · Social area (Source: www.studio-sw.com) Attlassian offices · Concentration rooms (Source: www.studio-sw.com) Macquarie group bank (Source: www.welovebeautifulthings.com) Macquareie Group Bank · section (Source: www.core77.com) Macquareie Group Bank · 10th floor plan (Source: after www.core77.com) Macquareie Group Bank · 9th floor plan (Source: after www.core77.com) Macquareie Group Bank · Working spaces (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) Macquareie Group Bank · Meeting room (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) Macquareie Group Bank · Social area (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) Macquareie Group Bank · Concentration (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) SED studio floor plan SED studio’s South - West facade. SED of studio’s North - East facade. AOB categories Window AOB 0 Window AOB -1 Window AOB -2 Window AOB -3 Light bands detected depending on the light conditions previous to the AOB Light bands detected between spaces perceived as comfortable. Light bands considered in order to design new office spaces. Situations before the AOB Adaptive Occupant behaviour undertaken Grouped activities Concentration rooms · Macquarie Group Bank (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) Spare room · Lego HQ (Source: www.rosanbosch.com) Lounge · Google HQ (Source: www.google.com) Cafeteria · Google HQ (Source: www.google.com) Dinning room · Apple HQ (Source: www.wired.com) Activities space · Skype HQ (Source: www.optimus5.com) Front desk & hall · Microsoft HQ, Vienna (Source: www.pinterest.com)

7 PAGE: No. 3.8 52

3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13

3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17

4.1 4.2 4.4

59 60

4.3 4.6

4.5 61

4.7

4.8

4.9 63

4.10

4.11

65 66

4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.18 4.19

NAME Front desk & hall · Microsoft HQ, Vienna (Source: www.pinterest.com) Hot desk (Source: www.svgeurope.org) Multitask · Inditex HQ (Source: www.gettyimages.es) Cellular (Source: www.svgeurope.org) Group working · Urban outfitters HQ (Source: www.expofashionmagazine.com) Technical working · Inditex HQ (Source: www.gettyimages.es) Meeting room · Macquarie Group bank (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com) Informal meeting · Lego HQ (Source: www.rosanbosch.com) Auditorium · Disney HQ (Moscow) (Source: www.theconcept.ru) Projections room · Apple HQ (Source: www.cerci.es) Climates in Spain (Source: Gobierno de España http://www.fomento.gob.es/) Madrid’s topographic map (Source: www.gisiberica.com) Climate summary, diurnal conditions (Source: meteonorm) Plateau in Madrid (Source: www.elpuentedeltiempo.com) Comparison between external temperatures and the Mean Indoor Temperatures of redular offices and others with efficient appliances and higher insulation (Source: MInT Spreadsheets) Madrid’s climare summary (Source: meteonorm) Mean day and night wind speed (Source: meteonorm) Comparision between the hourly vertical solar radiation values by orientation in a regular winter day (21st of December) (Source: meteonorm) Comparision between the hourly vertical solar radiation values by orientation in a regular summer day (21st of June) (Source: meteonorm) Monthly variation of the mean hourly vertical solar radiation on the peak hour per orientation (Source: meteonorm) Location of the bussines centres along Paseo de la Castellana Azca bussines Centre section Azca Bussines Centre bird view Azca Bussines centre plan Torre Ederra in Azca bussines centre Wind Flow at 10m high (Source: Ecotect & Win Air) Wind Flow at 30m high (Source: Ecotect & Win Air)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

PAGE: No. 4.20

NAME Wind Flow at 50m high (Source: Ecotect & Win Air)

4.21 4.16 4.17 67

4.23 4.22 4.24

5.1

5.2

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 6.1 6.2

6.3

6.5 6.4

6.6 6.7 6.8

6.9

764

6.10

Wind Flow in section (Source: Ecotect & Win Air) Mean day and night wind speed (Source: meteonorm) Wind Frequency (hours) by season (Source: meteonorm) S&W facades Shadow pattern (Source: Sketchup) (more options in appendix E) N&E facades Shadw pattern (Source: Sketchup) (more options in appendix E) Plan shadow pattern (Source: Sketchup) (more options in appendix E) Application of the described strategies in la Torre Ederra, business centre of Azca, Madrid, Spain Location of the working patterns depending on the internal conditions of the space to join them creating atmospheres Materials and constructive elements change Other strategies Skin geometries % of transparent surface Glazing distributions analysis Shading devices Operable surface Other strategies Relevant constructive elements Transversal section. Floors analized : Floor 14 (at 46.2m · 2.4m free heigh) and floor 4 (at 9.9m · 2.4m free heigh) Existing floor plan divided into the analyzed zones: Z1 (NE orientation · 54.22m2), Z2 (N orientation · 84.47m2), Z3 (NW orientation · 53.5m2), Z4 (E orientation · 133.34m2), Z5 (NE orientation · 134.16m2), Z6 (SE orientation · 52.8m2), Z7 (S orientation · 83.8m2), Z8 (SW orientation · 53.28m2) and Core (interior · 88.63m2) Torre Ederra, existing conditions (Source: after www.commons.wikimedia.org) Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) Inputs in appendix C Relevant constructive elements Transversal section. Floors analized: Floor 14 (at 46.2m · 3m free height) and floor 3 (at 9.9m · 3m free heigh) Existing floor plan divided into the analyzed zones: Z1 (NE orientation · 54.22m2), Z2 (N orientation · 84.47m2), Z3 (NW orientation · 53.5m2), Z4 (E orientation · 133.34m2), Z5 (NE orientation · 134.16m2), Z6 (SE orientation · 52.8m2), Z7 (S orientation · 83.8m2), Z8 (SW orientation · 53.28m2) and Core (interior · 88.63m2) Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ constructive elements upgrade) Inputs in appendix C Average annual solar radiation (Source: Grasshopper + LadyBugg)

9 PAGE: No. 76 6.11 6.12

6.13

6.14 6.15

6.16

86 88

6.17 6.19 6.20 6.21

6.22 6.18 6.24 6.23

90 91 92

6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28

6.29

6.30

6.31 6.32 6.33

NAME Transversal section. Floors analized : Floor 14 (at 46.2m · 3m free heigh) and floor 3 (at 9.9m · 3m free heigh) 15th floor plan divided into the analyzed zones: Z1 (NE orientation · 65.73m2), Z2 (N orientation · 97.77m2), Z3 (NW orientation · 83.3m2), Z4 (E orientation · 198.4m2), Z5 (NE orientation · 153.3m2), Z6 (SE orientation · 111.36m2), Z7 (S orientation · 102.4m2), Z8 (SW orientation · 83.78m2) and Core (interior · 88.63m2) Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Protrusions in South (meeting spaces) and East (working spaces) facades Protrusions in North- (working spaces) and West (social spaces) facades Criteria analyzed for the creation of the protrusions and working patterns associated to it Location of the analyzed spots Honeycomb House by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1937 (Source: www. steinerag.com) Geodesic dome by Richard Buckminster Fuller, ‘60s (Source: www.kwang12.workflow.arts.ac.uk) Eden Project by Nicholas Grimshaw, 2003 (Source: www.luckybogey.wordpress.com) Orquideorama by Felipe Mesa, 2006 (Source: www.elparalex.com) Spanish Pavilion at Brussels Expo 158, by Corrales y Molezún Bahar Towers, by AHR, 2012 (Source: www.e-architect.co.uk) Edificio Media-TIC, by Enrique Ruiz Geli, 2010 (Source: www.de.construmatica.com) Shading modules Facade modules 3RD Floor Zones conditions 3RD Floor Daylight analysis (Daylight availability, target 200 lux at 0.84m height for zones and Daylight autonomy, target 100 lux at 0.1m height for core) (Source: DIVA for Rhino) 3RD & 14TH Floor Daylight analysis (Daylight availability, target 200 lux at 0.84m height for zones and Daylight autonomy, target 100 lux at 0.1m height for core) Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon. Simulation performed with 4 bounces (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Temperatures during the 21ST of December for 20% 40%, 60%and 80% of glazed surface (Source: EDSL TAS) New floor plans (highlighted in pink the extended area) Facade detail South elevations withuot the shading layer (highlighted in pink the recovered original pannels

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

PAGE: No. 6.34 95

6.35

6.36 6.37

6.38

6.39

6.40

NAME Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Relationship between the modules obteined from the analytic work and the ones decided to use after simplifying them Distribution of the transparent modules arround the shading module depending on the sunlight requirements of the working pattern inside as described in chapter 3 Annual glare analysis for different orientations. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon. Simulation performed with 2 bounces (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Illuminance 21st of June 14:00, Clear sky with sun. At 0.84m height every 0.5m and 6 bounces. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Illuminance 21st of June 10:00, Clear sky with sun. At 0.84m height every 0.5m and 6 bounces. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Illuminance 21st of June 10:00, Clear sky with sun. At 0.84m height every 0.5m and 6 bounces. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, glazing as translutent element 0.2 transmissivity (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Temperatures during the 21ST of December for different percentages of operable surface (Source: EDSL TAS) Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Location of Azca Azca Bussines Centre section Azca Bussines Centre bird view · Original (up) and transformed (down)

100

6.41

102

6.42

103

6.43

106 107

7.1 7.2 7.3

108

7.4

Evolution of the east elevation and layering.

110

7.5 7.6

111

7.7

112 113

7.8 7.9 7.10

View from Paseo de la Castellana of the original building. View from Paseo de la Castellana of the proposed refurbishment. South elevation with extended shading devices (left) and retracted (right). 14th plan distribution. Transversal section North elevation

11 PAGE: No. 115 7.11 116 7.14 117 118 119 120 122

7.15 7.12 7.13 7.17 7.18 7.16 7.19

123 124 125

7.20 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.21 7.25 7.26

126

7.28

128

7.30 7.31 7.32

129

7.34 7.29 7.33

130

7.36 7.37 7.32

131

7.40 7.35 7.39

132

7.42 7.43 7.44

133

7.46

125

7.41 7.45 8.1

NAME Visualization of the north facade partitions, with no shadings. Distribution of the modules (Opaque modules highlighted in pink. Section of the facade element and its joint to the slabs. Facade modules Organization and composition of the facade modules. Detain of the joint between a basic and a operable module Possible movements of the operable module Axonometric of the operable module View of the operable modules from the inside (left) and outside (right) Visualization of the shading devices on east facade Section of a movable awning, different possitions Joint of the awning and the facade module Retractil mechanism Shading modules Solar panels on the south elevation (highlighted in pink) Solar panels on the east and west elevations 路 14th floor Sunewat XL (Source:http://www.yourglass.com/agcglasseurope/gb/es/photovoltaic_cells/sunewat/brand_ description.html) Adaptive control in a working space (group working) on the walls and ceilings Temperatures during the 21ST of June Z2(Source: EDSL TAS) Temperatures during the 21ST of December Z2 (Source: EDSL TAS) Daylight availability in Z2. Target 200 lux, inputs in Appendix D (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Visualization of a group working area with its own meeting space. Location of Z2, working space 路 group working atmosphere Shading device shedule to avoid glare and overilumination (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Temperatures during the 21ST of June Z7 (Source: EDSL TAS) Temperatures during the 21ST of December Z7 (Source: EDSL TAS) Daylight availability in Z7. Target 200 lux, inputs in Appendix D (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Visualization of an informal meeting area with some concentration rooms and a multitask area at the back Location of Z7, meeting space 路 meeting atmosphere Shading device shedule to avoid glare and overilumination (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Temperatures during the 21ST of June Z5 (Source: EDSL TAS) Temperatures during the 21ST of December Z5 (Source: EDSL TAS) Daylight availability in Z5. Target 200 lux, inputs in Appendix D (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Visualization of an activities space & small cafeteria with a hot desk area at the back Location of Z5, social space 路 activities space atmosphere Shading device shedule to avoid glare and overilumination View of the proposal from Paseo de la Castellana

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

list of TABLES: PAGE No.

NAME

29 35

Open plan improvements and potential risks Strategies impact to comfort’s perception, energy consumption and level of interaction between the occupants and the strategy Changes on the occupants’ behaviour showed in Fort Carlson after introducing motivational strategies

1.1 1.2 1.3

41 43

2.1 2.2

Attlassian offices · General conditions of the spaces Macquareie Group Bank · General conditions of the spaces

3.1

Parameters to classify atmospheres

4.1

4.2

4.3

Comfort band thinkness categories by buildings (Source: after Nicol, F., et al, 2010) Madrid’s climate summary (Source: meteonorm) Comparison between the solar radiation breakdown hour and the first hour sun on each facade

5.1

Level of automatization. Adaptive Control strategies, availability and level of automatization

80 81

6.1 6.2

82 83

6.3 6.4

6.5

88 90 92 94

6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

101

6.10

Internal gains considered for the base case Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) Inputs in appendix C (Source: EDSL TAS) Internal gains considered for Options 1, 2 & Protrusions Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) Inputs in appendix C (Source: EDSL TAS) Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C (Source: EDSL TAS) Shape and size criteria for the skin geometry analysis (I) Shape and size criteria for the skin geometry analysis (II) Shape and size criteria for the skin geometry analysis (III) Results of the relevant shading geometries analyzed (Source: Grasshopper + DIVA 4 & LadyBugg) Percentages of glazed surface & correspondent transparent modules per zone (14th floor) Inputs in appendix C

13 103

6.11

104

6.12

6.13 105

6.14

109

6.15

110

6.16

111

6.17

133

7.1 7.2

Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C (Source: EDSL TAS) Hours selected for the four conditions analysis. Peak hours (highlighted in pink) to check if the solar radiation is below 50W/m2. Starting moment of the solar radiation (highlighted in grey), below 50W/m2 in summer and above 40W/m2 in winter Location of the 4 shading modules along facades and sections (14th floor) Shading devices designated depending on the solar radiation (Source: Grashopper & LadyBugg) Percentages of open surface & correspondent operable modules per zone Inputs in appendix C Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C (Source: EDSL TAS) Table 6.16: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C Energy consumed per floor Energy generated by photovoltaic solar panels per floor and percentage saved

INTRODUCTION

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Spain, after the Civil War, started to experience an urban and economic growth during the fifties. In this decade, urban regulations and plans motivated the construction of business centres to promote the economic development. During the 60’s and 70’s the country experienced a process of globalisation and a construction boom, characterised by its low quality. The design of offices followed global patterns, resulting in fully glazed buildings that did not respond to climatic and cultural conditions. These constructions, not only have a high energy consumption but also create uncomfortable working spaces where the occupant is isolated in uncomfortable perceived spaces. Studies undertaken by IDAE (Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía, Gobierno de España), concluded that office buildings consume 10% of the entire country’s primary energy. This is a 7% less than the residential sector, which is 17% while the surface for the commercial sector is three times smaller than the residential. This proves the importance of studying the possibilities of designing sustainable office buildings. The high energy consumption in offices is mainly due to climatisation (52%) and artificial lighting (32%) (Source: IDAE). A good understanding of the climatic and environmental conditions can develop designs that considerably reduce these percentages. Nevertheless, cultural and behavioural patterns should be considered to ensure the design of comfortable spaces and buildings with low energy consumption. The modelled and actual building’s energy performance differ, especially due to the occupant’s behaviour (Heschong Mahone Group, 2012), which usually is negligent. Previous studies suggest that energy consumption can be reduced in 10-30% with the application of motivational strategies that enhance the occupants’ behaviour (Judd K.S. et al 2013). To achieve important energy reductions, it is imperative to create a harmonised system that links energetic objectives with the business culture and the occupant´s behaviour. They must be integrated with the building’s environment, this leads to an increment in job satisfaction and, therefore, productivity. In this dissertation, it is essential to achieve comfort, understanding comfort as the absence of discomfort (Baker, N., et al, 1996) in physiological and psychological terms (Isalgue, A., et al, 2006) This dissertation project aims to establish a design method for office buildings, in Continental Mediterranean climates, which can be used not only in new constructions but also in the refurbishment of existing buildings. This methodology is a guide applicable in different scenarios according to the occupant’s satisfaction. Eventually, it will be applied and tested in an office building in Madrid, Spain.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

This dissertation focusses on the occupant’s satisfaction with a particular emphasis on the level of control users have. To define strategies for the design of offices, this thesis states the following research questions: • What is the occupant’s behaviour in relation to the adaptive opportunities? • Is the current office layout able to provide occupant satisfaction? • What are the main factors that affect occupant satisfaction? • What should be contemplated in the design to provide a comfortably perceived space? • Do environmental benchmarks about visual comfort fit with occupant’s perception of comfort? • How could negligent occupant behaviour be changed? • How could negligent occupant behaviours be transformed to gain an environmental advantage? • What level of control should be offered to the occupant to achieve different atmospheres? First, the research analyses how occupants behave and strategies that enhance their adaptability to design comfortably perceived spaces. Different methods and tools were used to define and test different strategies. The literature review and study of precedents aimed to study the strategies that rule the indoor environments were studied, defining benchmarks through fieldwork. Different strategies were applied to a real scenario, following the proposed design guide. Daylight analyses were tested in DIVA for Rhino, grasshopper and Ladybug to establish the geometry of the skin and the solar control. Thermal analyses in EDSL TAS were simulated to identify the impact of the proposed strategies, looking for a reduction in the energetic loads, through the parametric design of the facades.

The conclusions of the research may be summarised in four points: • Communication strategies should be carried out, to inform the occupants of “what are they doing”, “what can they do” and “how to do it • The design must offer a physical environment that increases job satisfaction and motivates the user to have an active behaviour. The best option for this is to offer different atmospheres; spaces with similar activities but different atmospheric conditions, which are perceived different by the occupants. • It is essential to provide adaptive control strategies, which must be easy to use and accessible. However, it should be considered that offering too many options would overstimulate the occupant, and therefore, it is essential to define which systems should be manual and which ones automatic. • The envelope and construction of the building must be adapted to the occupants’ perception, the climate and the context. Focusing on the solar control, due to the impact solar gains and lighting can have in thermal and visual comfort.

19 The thesis was divided in eight chapters. • Chapter one: a study of published literature to understand the occupants’ behaviour and the impact of different strategies on their perception and satisfaction. • Chapter two: analysis of built precedents. Different existing buildings that offer a variety of atmospheres were reviewed and analysed in order to define of working patterns and optimum dimensions. Fieldwork was undertaken to analyse the occupant’s perception of light and to compare it to established benchmarks. A series of light bands were proposed to classify the spaces developed depending on the working pattern and its requirements. • Chapter three: concludes what it was researched in the previous two chapters describing the indoor spaces that should be offered and their requirements. • Chapter four: analysis of the climate and the context in order to identify effective strategies. • Chapter five: the definition of design guidelines, which is the main objective of the dissertation. It defines the spaces that should be an offer, how to locate them in the building depending on the environmental conditions and a series of steps that should be followed to adapt the building to the climate and context. • Chapter six: application of guidelines to an existing building, testing the effectiveness and offering an example of how to apply it. • Chapter seven: description and conclusions of the design strategies in the refurbishment of an existing building. • Chapter eight: conclusions the outcomes of this dissertation

STATE OF RESEARCH

1.1

OCCUPANT BEHAVIOUR

1.2

MOTIVATING STRATEGIES

1.3

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

1.4

ADAPTIVE CONTROL (“FRIEND OR FOE?”): 2.4.1 Affecting to Occupants Perception 2.4.2 Affecting to Comfort and Energy Consumption

1.6

STATE OF THE RESEARCH REFERENCES

Ch:1

The human beings live in a perpetual pursuit of comfort in the spaces they inhabit. Comfort in offices is obtained holistically in three levels: • The institutions’ culture determines the level of freedom and knowledge of the occupant in the working spaces. • The physical environment provides the conditions that occupants perceive as comfortable or not. • Adaptive control are the strategies available to vary an uncomfortable situation. They are performed by the agents, occupants or building’s automatic systems. The process in which the agents manage these strategies is defined as “adaptive behaviour” (fig: 1.1). These categories are used to develop motivational strategies, which can save from 10 to 30% of the total primary energy consumption (Judd, et al, 2013). It is fundamental to understand how to improve the occupants’ perception of space and behaviour.

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ADAPTIVE CONTROL

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR

AGENT Figure 1.1: Visualization of key terms used.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

1.1 ADAPTIVE OCCUPANT BEHAVIOUR: A. Mahadavi (2009) defines Adaptive Occupant Behaviour (AOB) (fig: 1.2) as the group of actions that inhabitants undertake to adapt their environment, in order to increase their comfort sensation or recover it. Previous researchers, such as O’Brien et al (2013) and Reinhart & Voss (2003), have postulated that AOB is not arbitrary and that it follows stochastic rules. Each action is undertaken conscious and consistently by individuals influenced by social factors. Hence, a negligent AOB (fig: 1.3) can be due to a lack of knowledge, an inadequate and difficult control system or a drop in interest due to the requirements of a constant adaptation. Figure 1.2: Adaptive Occupant Behaviour (AOB)

However, AOB is not always negligent, as different types of occupants can be defined.

TYPES OF OCCUPANTS: Linden, et al (2006) discerned two types of occupants depending on the level of interaction with the windows, lights and blinds: •

Active occupant: frequently reactive to thermal variations.

•

Passive occupant: consistently less reactive to thermal variations.

Pigg, Eilers, & Reed (1996) found that a 30% of the occupants never change the blinds. From their findings, it can be concluded that 30% of the occupants are “active”, 30% “passive” and 40% would remain considered as regular occupants.

Figure 1.3: Negligent AOB (e.g. artificial lights on, shading devices closed during daylight hours)

Hong & Lin (2014) suggested a classification of “work styles” depending on their energy consumption. These authors differentiated between three categories: • Standard work style: the regular one followed by most of the occupants. •

Austerity work style: proactive on saving energy.

• Wasteful work style: occupants with a lack of motivation to reduce energy. In this dissertation, the occupants are classified as: • Standard occupant: regular occupant with a usual work style, not proactive on saving energy, but reactive to thermal variations. These occupants are considered as the baseline. • Knowledgeable occupant: “active” occupants, proactive with an “austerity” work style. • Indifferent occupant: “passive” occupants, less reactive with a “wasteful” work style.

Ch:1

In order to identify and understand the occupants in Spanish offices, surveys were conducted in six different offices in Madrid, Barcelona and Segovia. The results, illustrated in figure 1.4, show that most of the occupants are standard (59%) while 34% indifferent and only a 7% are identified as knowledgeable (Fig: 1.5). This outcome confirms that motivational strategies are essential to enhance their behaviour.

Figure 1.4: Shades deployment frequency in Spanish offices.

Figure 1.5: Percentage of detected types of occupants in Spanish offices.

Adaptive actions are performed individually. However, in shared offices, AOB is strongly influenced by social factors, especially the standard occupants’ one. As it has been found in the fieldwork, a number of non-reactive occupants did not change the blinds to avoid bothering colleagues showing their unsatisfaction. This suggests that only knowledgeable occupants react to energy waste or discomfort. While, standard and indifferent occupants do not modify their environment until they reach a “crisis of discomfort”. This crisis is defined by O’Brien & Gunay (2014) as the situation in which an occupant is not able to tolerate the environmental conditions and hence, changes them. Therefore, strategies to enhance AOB, also known as “motivational strategies” should be studied in individual and social terms.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

1.2 MOTIVATIONAL STRATEGIES: Motivational strategies are developed to improve the Institutional behavioural patterns, in which motivational strategies may be developed, to enable behavioural change (Judd, et al, 2013). These patterns must be perceived to enhance the AOB. Different ways of providing motivational strategies can be distinguished: • The institution’s culture: procedures and methods that establish behaviourally and working patterns along with the institutions’ objectives. It is manifested in three levels (Schein, 1990): • Observable artifacts: physical elements in the environment that alter the occupant perception. • Values: ethics of the institution. • Underlying assumptions: objectives and commitments of the institution.

Figure: 1.6: Physical Structure · Lego HQ · zoom ground floor plan (Source: www.rosanbosch.com)

• The physical environment: mechanisms used to reduce energy consumption by modifying the physical settings of the office. It affects the occupant’s perception of the institution’s culture and the occupants’ attitude toward the company. Physical settings are divided in (McElroy, et al, 2010): • Physical structure: design, location and layout of the workplace (fig 1.6). • Physical stimuli: every situation of the daily routine within the workspace (fig 1.7). • Symbolic artifacts: aesthetics (e.g. colours, finishing materials and office de’cor) (fig 1.8)

Figure 1.7: Physical Stimuli, e.g. offered possibilities to have a coffee break in a bussy space, in a relaxed area or just in the workstation (Source: www.shutterstock.com)

The institutions culture has an impact on the employee’s conscious processes, feelings and behaviours. It is essential to generate an emotional link between the occupants and the company to obtain substantial behavioural changes and thus, enhance job satisfaction. Behavioural patterns improve when the three physical parameters explained above (physical structure, physical stimuli and symbolic artifacts) are harmonised (Judd, et al, 2013). Therefore, architects must have a deep understanding on each of them, in order to advise institutions seeking to transform their cultures (McElroy, et al, 2010). To obtain a significant behavioural change, two types of strategies are essential: • Communication strategies: providing knowledge to occupants and creating awareness and consciences of the possibilities and the impact of their actions. They must understand “what are they doing”, “what can they do” and “how to do it”.

Figure 1.8: Symbolic artifacts. Meeting room in Microsoft’s HQ, Vienna (Source: www.knstrct. com)

• Design strategies: providing the occupant available, easy to use and accessible adaptive control strategies for changing their AOB.

Ch:1

Individual behavioural patterns tend to improve as a direct response to social reinforcement and interaction. In their recent work, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Judd, et al, 2013) stated that “there is the general philosophy that people will change because they want to please others with whom they regularly interact”. Therefore, it is recommendable to offer information of personal outcomes, as feedback. Simultaneously, general information should be offered in social areas to promote dialogue about energy conservation, generating a positive attitude and commitment from the occupant towards the institutional behavioural change. To design effective behavioural change strategies, it is essential to combine the eight principles that influence them (Malone, et al. 2013): • Social Network and Communications Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen after the perception of others behaving differently. • Multiple Motivations Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen for more than one reason (e.g. decreasing energy consumption, expanding comfort and updating the workspace appearance). • Leadership Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen when there is a communication from the leadership and workplace rules are visible. • Commitment Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen when there is a strong institution’s commitment to it and when it is related with future conditions. • Information and Feedback Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen when the institution and employees receive useful information and feedback of their actions’ impact. • Infrastructure Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen when infrastructures became easy and/or desirable to be managed. • Social Empowerment Principle: behavioural changes are more likely to happen when institutions and occupants feel that desirable social goals are possible. • Continuous Change Principle: each strategy must be continuously reviewed, controlled and updated.

Figure 1.9: Social reinforcement and interaction (Source: www.knstrct.com)

Figure 1.10: Fomenting dialogue (Source:www. linkedin.com)

Motivational strategies can be divided into four branches: • Information network • communication between the institution and the occupants (fig:1.9). • Fomenting dialogue • communication between the institution and the occupants (fig:1.10). • Simplicity and accessibility of adaptive control strategies • detailed industrial design (fig: 1.11). • Upgrade of the physical environment • architecture (fig:1.12).

Figure 1.11: Simplicity and accessibility of adaptive control strategies

Figure 1.12: Upgrade of the physical environment Microsoft’s HQ, Vienna (Source: www.knstrct. com)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

1.3 THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: The symbolic function of the physical environment (fig:1.13), the language of objects (McElroy, et al, 2010), alters the perception of the institutions’ culture. The perceived quality of the workspace will impact the psychological condition of the occupant and, as a result, the job perception, employee´s attitude and job satisfaction (Lee, et al, 2005). Therefore, new trends in offices must be studied in order to adapt them to the user´s preferences, and thus increase job satisfaction by promoting positive attitudes among the occupants towards the institution. Nowadays, open-plan distributions dominate workspace layouts as a reflection of the cultural and working style characteristics. This typology was vastly adopted due to economic reasons (e.g. drive down of occupancy, infrastructure, maintenance and operational costs) and to fulfil the needs derived from new working styles, such as communication, flexibility and group cohesion (Leaman, 1992 & Leaman, et al, 1998). New trends in physical environment involve (Leaman, et al, 1998): • Higher densities and greater diversification of functions. • Increased awareness of the activities’ impact on the building’s performance. • Greater awareness of the physical environment perception, understanding it, as a reflection of the institution’s culture. • Dependence on technologies for information, distributional storage and networking. • Major interest on workers performance and job satisfaction strategies. • Changes in working culture (e.g. working conditions, working hours, emphasis on knowledge work, less time spent at desks) • Growing importance of teamwork and mixed activities.

Figure 1.13: Physical Environment.

Ch:1

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Open-planâ&#x20AC;? physical environments incorporate a series of improvements. Although, they convey potential risks if they are not carefully designed. Table 1.1: Open plan improvements and potential risks.

Improvements:

Potential risks: Stress if a cognitive overload or/and an over-stimulation can occur because of an excess of interactions.

Greater communication between co-workers, social interactions and institutions commitment (Leaman, et al, 1998)

Reduce levels of concentration (Davis, et al, 2011).

Group cohesiveness (Lee, et al, 2005)

Noise, defined as unwanted sound (Davis, et al 2011 & Kim, et al 2006)

Access to natural light and outdoors views by barriers removal (Wang, et al, 2011)

Lack of psychological privacy for visual and acoustic exposure (Davis, et al 2011 & Kim, et al 2006)

Visual control of space (Wang, et al, 2011)

Concomitant decrease in job satisfaction (Davis, et al, 2011)

Decrease status difference through higher proximities and barriers removal (McElroy, et al, 2010)

Decrease in job satisfaction as provides a unique atmosphere to occupants with different preferences (Levin, 2003)

Flexibility and functionality of space. What resulted in reduced, but more efficient use of surfaces (Duarte, et al, 2013)

Lack of adaptive control of the immediate environment (Bordass, B., et al, 1993) and thermal conditions (Leaman, 1992)

Perception of crowded and dirty spaces if the distance between workstations is too short (Leaman, 1992)

The physical environment must satisfy the specific psychological needs and demands of the activities developed. Thus, it is essential to understand and relate the business organisation, working patterns and use of space (fig: 1.14)

Figure 1.14: Differenciation between office designs and their support for working practices. (Source: Davis, et al, 2011)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Each individual will have particular preferences (Levin, 2003). However, there are general trends among them that may be used to define strategies to increase the levels of comfort.

Outdoor views:

Figure 1.15: Outdoor views.

Hal Levin (2013) emphasised the importance of an outdoor connection between the occupant and the exterior, being preferred operable windows over fully glazed walls. Later, Magali Bodart (2015) acknowledged this as the main reason why occupants require an outdoor view. Furthermore, she defined the observation of weather changing conditions as the most important factor over landscape views (fig:1.15). The importance of outdoor views is supported by the experiment developed by Wang and Boubekri (2010). They used multiple experiments, between April and May, to measure the occupant’s mood, preferences and task performance, in a sunlit room in which they could choose between 10 different working stations, They found out that occupants chose their working stations due to: Visual comfort (34%), visual control of space (33%) and outdoor view (32%). Moreover, 32% of them preferred to be close to a sun patch but not facing a window, and 19% preferred to seat facing the window even if they were back to a door.

Enclosed spaces:

Figure 1.16: Enclosed spaces. Attlassian offices (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

Kim & de Dear (2006) suggested that visual privacy and noise level are the most significant issues in open-plan offices (fig 1.16). They also compared, five office types (private enclosed office, shared enclosed office, cubicles with high partitions, cubicles with low partitions and open office with no/limited partitions). Their results show a preference for enclosed spaces, followed by open-plan configurations.

Attractive workspace: McElroy & Morrow (2010) suggested that changes in symbolic artifacts (e.g. increased natural lighting and use of bright colours) elicit positive reactions and attitudes towards the institution as a result of a pleasant physical environment (fig:1.17).

Figure 1.17: Microsoft HQ, Wien. (Source: www.deceen.com)

Different atmospheres: Occupants have different preferences for environmental conditions. Hence, diverse atmospheres should be offered to provide the occupants with the possibility to choose the one that harmonises better with their requirements (Levin, 2003). The design of these atmospheres should address each factor of the physical environment (e.g. distribution, furnishing or aesthetics) and the environmental factors (e.g. temperature bands, amount and type of lighting) in qualitative and quantitative terms (Levin, 2003) (fig:1.18).

Figure 1.18: Different atmospheres. Macquareie Group Bank (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Ch:1

Sitting arrangements: A proper working-stations’ furnishing and distribution, which understands the user´s preference and open-plan potential risks, can easily improve the conditions of privacy, increasing the concentration of the workers. A major distance between co-workers raises their privacy level and reduces acoustic problems, without affecting the visual control, outdoor views and natural light penetration (fig:1.19) (Wang, et al, 2011).

Figure 1.19: Sitting arrangements depending on multiple criteria (Source: after Wang, et al, 2011)

Sunlight penetration: An available strategy in open-plan distributions is to allow sunlight, which is generally avoided in offices for its high risk of glare and rise of temperatures. Yet, Wang and Boubekri (2010) reported that 73% of office workers find sunlight desirable in interiors. Therefore, this strategy should be considered for its positive impact on occupant’s emotional, attitudinal and cognitive responses to its various conditions (fig:1.20).

Figure 1.20: Sunlight penetration.

Adaptive control sense: As Hal Levin (2003) suggests, one of the most important strategies that affect occupant satisfaction is the occupant’s capacity to control their own environment (fig:1.21). They tend to be more satisfied when they have the opportunity to customise their workplace. However, the controversy between researchers arises, when the chance to change environmental factors, affects the buildings performance.

Figure 1.21: Adaptive Control Sense.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

1.4 ADAPTIVE CONTROL (“FRIEND OR FOE?”):

“All living organisms exhibit the characteristic of irritability. Adaptation is fundamental to survival and it is associated with pleasant experiences” (Baker, et al, 1996)

Adaptive control is defined as the strategies that enable the agents (occupants or the building) to adapt the physical environment’s conditions. These strategies are considered Adaptive Occupant Control (AOC), also defined as “adaptive opportunities” by Baker (1996) (fig:1.22). AOC over the indoor environment is a fundamental factor for job satisfaction. A lack of perception of available adaptive opportunities is a common cause of stress between office occupants (Baker, et al, 1996). Physical conditions of the environment lead to important repercussions on the occupant’s perception of their AOC levels (Nicol, 2001). However, the psychological and sociological effects of occupant’s perception are critical when assessing the indoor environment and the available opportunities to customise it (Isalgue, et al, 2006).

Figure 1.22: Adaptive Control.

Ch:1

AOC is also important in order to reduce the occupants from distractions. It stimulates “cognitive tolerance” among the occupants, extending their subjective comfort limits and isolating them from some distractions (Baker, et al, 1996). So, with higher AOC perception the occupant will extend his comfort band and will increase his concentration. Adrian Leaman (1992) explained that it is a mistake to consider only the adaptive opportunities that influence the building’s energy consumption. Inhabitants also perceive as AOC their opportunities to influence their physical environment in relationship to their needs, such as sitting arrangements, aesthetics or available atmospheres. Adrian Leaman (1993) suggests that this type of control may be even more significant for occupant’s perception. It is not appropriate to offer AOC to inhabitants that have little understanding of it (Bordass, et al, 1993). Therefore, providing information about their actions repercussions and how to use the available adaptive opportunities, is also essential. The context in which adaptive control is implemented must be carefully analysed. Leaman, Cassels & Bordass (1998) reported that occupants of smaller buildings have a higher perception of control. Bordass, Bromley & Leaman (1993) also reported a relationship between the number of people in the working environment and their perception of control, (fig: 1.23) showing an inverse correlation between the control perception and the number of people. (Bordass, et al, 1993). However, offering excessive control may also be problematic (Bordass, et al, 1993). As every action is undertaken consciously (Reinhart, 2001), an excess of opportunities might overstimulate the occupants (Baker, et al, 1996).

(Figure: 1.23) Correlation between the control perception and the number of people. (Source: Bordass, et al, 1993).

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

It is important to categorise different adaptive control strategies, to decide which ones to use, in order not to overstimulate the occupant. Isalgue, Palme, Coch, Serra (2006) classified control strategies differentiating those that affect comfort and energy consumption from those that only affected the inhabitants perception.

Strategies affecting occupant’s perception: • Personalization of individual workplaces (Lee, et al, 2005). • Offering different atmospheres that provide occupants with the possibility to choose in which one they feel more comfortable (Levin, 2003). • Clothing level. Although this strategy is limited by the occupants’ behaviour in response to circumstances that change on an hourly basis. It was reported that 75% of times morning external conditions are the driving factors of inhabitants clothing levels (Baker, et al, 1996). • Body’s thermal balance variation, through the consumption of hot and cold drinks (Baker, et al, 1996). It has to be acknowledged that Judd et al (2013) reported low changes on adaptive occupant behaviour for this strategy during their case study • Metabolic rate’s variation by a change of activity level. The same task may be carried out in a range of metabolic rates depending on the heat stress and terminal velocity of the activity levels (e.g. working seated on a chair or standing, see fig:1.24) (Baker, et al, 1996).

(Figure: 1.24) typical and standing desk (Source: after www.kickstarter.com)

Ch:1

Strategies affecting occupant’s comfort and energy consumption: These must be carefully contemplated in order to decide which one should be managed by the occupants or the building automatic systems. It is considered appropriate to ponderate between their impact on comfort, energy consumption and actual occupant’s interaction (Table 1.2). Table: 1.2 Strategies impact to comfort’s perception, energy consumption and level of interaction between the occupants and the strategy

Strategy

(Isalgue, et al, 2006) Energy consumption Comfort impact impact

Interaction Average 61.72%

Opening Windows

Fans

Artificial Lighting

Solar Control

High (3ºC)

Medium-High (2ºC)

High (3ºC)

High (4-10W/m3)

Low (< 2W/m3)

Low-Medium (2W/m3)

Medium (2-4W/m3)

(Raja, et al, 2001)

Temperatures above: 15ºC - 10% 22ºC - 50% 33ºC - 80%

(Nicol, 2001)

During seasons: Summer: 60-80% Winter: 20%

(Mahadavi, et al, 2009)

Average 38.17%

(Raja I.A., et al, 2001)

Temperatures above: 18ºC - 20% 20ºC - 50% 30ºC - 100%

(Nicol, 2001)

Average 70.5%

(Raja I.A., et al, 2001)

Average 24.2%

(Raja I.A., et al, 2001)

0 changes/day - 35% 0.5 changes/day - 72% 1 changes/day - 12% 2 changes/day - 10%

(Kapsis, et al, 2013)

Threshold for shading deployment : Exterior vertical irradiance of 50W/m2 (Reinhart, C., 2011) Thermal Balance

High (3ºC)

Very high (> 10W/m3)

Some systems must be converted into adaptive opportunities while others should be automatized in different levels. Due to the fact that occupants can feel overwhelmed due to excesive possible strategies, only relevant strategies must be offered as manual. Moreover, they should be monitored in order to change them if they became inefficient. Therefore, it is essential to identify the actions that are more likely to change. Fort Carlson case study (Judd, et al, 2013) showed changes on (table1.3):

Table: 1.3 · Changes on the occupants’ behaviour showed in Fort Carlson after introducing motivational strategies

Plug loads Artificial Lighting Thermal Balance Significant Sufficient Sufficient

Daylight Sufficient

Blinds Insignificant

Drinks Clothing level Insignificant Insignificant

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

• Baker, N., M. Standeven (1996) Thermal comfort for free-running buildings. Energy and Buildings 23, pp: 175-182 • Bodart, M. (2015) Lecture notes Dynamic daylight metrics. (27th May 2015) AA SED. London. • Bordass, B., K. Bromley & A. Leaman (1993) “User and Occupant Controls in Office Buildings” In Proc. ASHRAE Conference Building Design,

Technology and Occupant Well-being in Temperate Climates. Brussels, Belgium. • Davis, M.C., D.J. Leach & C.W. Clegg (2011) “The physical environment of the office: contemporary and emerging issues” In Hodgkinson, G.P. and

J.K.Ford (Eds) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Vol 26. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Publishers.

• Duarte, C., K.van den Wymelenberg & C. Rieger (2013) “Revealing Occupancy Patterns in Office Buildings Through the use of Annual Occupancy Sensor Data.” In Proc. ASHRAE Annual Conference. •

Duffy, F. (1997). The New Office. London: Conran Octopus.

Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. (2012). “The Road to ZNE: Mapping Pathways to ZNE Buildings in California”. Gold River, California. Sponsored by Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California. •

• Hong T. & H. Lin (2013) “Occupant Behavior: Impact on Energy Use of Private Offices” Asim IBSPA Asia Conference. Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory (LBNL)

Isalgue, A., M. Palme, H. Coch, R. Serra (2006) “The importance of users’ actions for the sensation of confort in buildings”. In Proc.PLEA 2006

•

Conference.

• Judd, K.S., M. Zalensky, T. Sanquist & N. Fernandez (2013). “The role of occupant behaviour in achieving net zero energy: A demonstration project at Fort Carson”. Pacific Northwest national laboratory. Sponsored

by U.S. Department of Energy. Richland, Washington. •

Kapsis, K., W. O’Brien & A.K. Athienitis (2013) “Time-lapse

photography and image recognition to monitor occupant-controlled shade patterns: analysis and results”. Proceedings: Conference of international building performance simulation association.

• Kim, J. & R. de Dear (2006) “Workspace satisfaction: The privacycommunication trade-off in open-plan offices” Journal of Environmental Psychology. Vol 36, pp. 18-26. Elsevier. •

Leaman, A. (1992). “Open plan offices: kill or cue? “ Facilities.

•

Leaman, A., S.Cassels & B.Bordass (1998). “The New Workplace:

friend or foe?” London: Usable Buildings

• Lee, S.Y. & J.L.Brand (2005). “Effects of control over office workspace on perceptions of the work environment and work outcomes”. Journal of

Environmental Psychology. Vol 25, pp. 323-333, Elsevier Science.

1.5 STATE OF THE RESEARCH REFERENCES:

• Levin, H. (2003) “Designing for people: what do building occupants really want?” Proceedings: “Healthy Buildings 2003,” Singapore, Singapore, December 2003. Volume 1, pp. 11-28

Linden, A.L., A. Carlsson-Kanyama, & B. Eriksson (2006). “Efficient and inefficient aspects of residential energy behavior: what are the policy instruments for change”. Energy policy. Vol 34, pp. 1918-1927.

•

Mahadavi, A., C. Pröglhöf (2009) “User behavior and energy performance in buildings”. IEWT. Wien, Austria.

•

• Malone, E.L., R. Diamond, A.K. Wolfe, T. Sanquist, C. Payne & J. Dion (2013) “Implementing Sustainability: the behavioral-Institutional Dimension”. Sustain. Issue 28- Spring/Summer, pp. 28-32. •

McElroy, J.C., & P.C. Morrow (2010) “Employee reactions to

office redesign: A naturally occurring quasi-field expresiment in a multigenerational setting.” Human relations. Vol 63, num 5, pp: 609-636.

• Nicol, J.F. (2001) “Characterising occupant behaviour in buildings: towards a stochastic model of occupants use of windows, lights, blinds, heaters and fans”. Proceedings of IBPSA Conference Vol 2, International Building Performance Association, pp: 1073-8.

• O’Brien, W., K. Kapsis & A.K. Athienitis (2013). “Manually-Operated Window Shade Patterns in Office Buildings: A Critical Review”. Building and Environment. •

Pigg, S., M. Eilers, & J. Reed (1996). “Behavioral Aspects of Lighting

and Occupancy Sensors in Private Offices: A Case Study of a University Office Building”. Proceedings of ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency

in Buildings (Pacific Grove, USA). Vol 8, pp:161-170

• Raja, I.A., J. Fergus Nicol, K.J. McCartney, M.A. Humphreys (2001) “Thermal comfort: use of controls in naturally ventilated buildings”. Energy and Buildings 33, pp: 235-244. Reinhart, C.F. & K. Voss (2003). “Monitoring manual control of electric lighting and blinds”. Lighting research and technology. Vol 35, num

•

3 pp. 243-260.

Reinhart, C.F. (2001) “Daylight availability and manual lighting control in office buildings: simulation studies and analysis of measurements”. Phd dissertation. University of Karlsruhe, Germany. •

• Schein, E. (1990) “Organizarional culture.” American Psychologist. Vol 45, num 2, pp: 109-119. •

Swett, T. (2013) “Rethinking office building typology in continental

Mediterranean climate. A critical review of current layout, building form and design parameters”. MArch dissertation project. Architectural Association School of Architecture, United Kingdom.

• Wang, N. & M.Boubekri (2011). “Design recommendations based on cognitive, mood and preference assessments in a sunlit workspace.”Lighting Res. Technol. Vol 43, pp: 55-72

Ch:1

This chapter is divided into two different research topics. 2.1. New Offices trend: study of case studies, which offer spaces of a different character with similar working patterns (atmospheres). The offered working patterns can be classified as: - Working (fig: 2.1 & 2.2) - Meeting (fig: 2.3 & 2.4) - Social (fig: 2.5 & 2.6) - Concentration (fig: 2.7 & 2.8). The minimum, maximum and average values of depth of plan, orientation, surface, occupancy and density were analysed (table 2.1 & 2.2). These were used for the atmospheresâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; characterization in chapter 3. It is also essential to understand how different atmospheres interact which each other (fig: 2.8-2.11) and vertically (fig: 2.12 & 2.13). 2.2. Qualification of the visual comfort: researchers state that new officesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; trends require different atmospheres. However, there are no specifications on how to differentiate them. One of the main factors offering the perception of space is the quality of the light. Therefore, in order to study the relationship between light and visual comfort, an experiment was developed in the SED studio.

BUILT PRECEDENTS 2.1

NEW OFFICE TREND

2.1.1

ATLASSIAN HEADQUARTERS

2.1.2

MACQUARIE GROUP BANK

2.2

QUALIFICATION OF THE VISUAL COMFORT (Fieldwork)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

2.1. new offices trend 2.1.1 ATLASSIAN HEADQUARTERS: Building Building: Atlassian Offices (fig:2.14) Architect: Studio Sarah Willmer Arch.itecture Surface: 3901.92m2 Atrium: 1478m2, 19 m width Location: San Francisco, California Year of construction: 2012

Figure: 2.14 · Attlassian headquarters (Source: (www.commons.wikimedia.org)

Number of stories: 2

Figure: 2.12 · Attlassian offices · section (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

Figure: 2.8 · Attlassian offices · First floor plan (Source: after www.studio-sw.com)

Figure: 2.9 · Attlassian offices · Ground floor plan (Source: after www.studio-sw.com)

Ch:2

Working patterns:

Figure: 2.1 · Attlassian offices · Working spaces (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

Figure: 2.3 · Attlassian offices · Meeting rooms (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

Figure: 2.5 · Attlassian offices · Social area (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

Figure: 2.7 · Attlassian offices · Concentration rooms (Source: www.studio-sw.com)

Table: 2.1 · Attlassian offices · General conditions of the spaces

Working pattern

Depth of plan

Global

10,04

Orientation

Floor area (m2)

Num. of occupants

Density (m2/pers)

96,8

12,71

5,5

MAX Working space

13,11

Double

447,8

11,7

Meeting space

12,39

Meeting

112,2

5,6

Social area

30,00

relax

532,3

12,6

Concentration room

0,00

None

11,6

5,8

MIN Working space

4,91

Single

62,2

6,1

Meeting space

4,61

Meeting

12,2

3,0

Social area

5,22

relax

38,2

1,815

Concentration room

0,00

None

4,7

AVERAGE Working space

8,57

Single

233,5

8,4

Meeting space

6,56

Meeting

35,2

3,9

Social area

17,22

relax

183,8

7,3

None

8,4

5,2

Concentration room

2.1.2

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

MACQUARIE GROUP BANK:

Building: Building: One Shelley Street (fig: 2.15) Architect: Clive Wilkinson Architects Surface: 30658m2 Atrium: 1097m2, 10.34 m width Location: Sidney, Australia Year of construction: 2009

Figure: 2.15 Macquarie group bank (Source: www.welovebeautifulthings.com)

Number of stories: 10

Figure: 2.13· Macquareie Group Bank · section (Source: www.core77.com)

Figure: 2.10· Macquareie Group Bank · 10th floor plan (Source: after www.core77.com)

Figure: 2.11· Macquareie Group Bank · 9th floor plan (Source: after www.core77.com)

Ch:2

Working patterns:

Figure: 2.2· Macquareie Group Bank · Working spaces (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Figure: 2.4· Macquareie Group Bank · Meeting room (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Figure: 2.6 Macquareie Group Bank · Social area (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Figure: 2.8· Macquareie Group Bank · Concentration (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Table: 2.2 · Macquareie Group Bank · General conditions of the spaces

Working pattern Global

Depth of Floor area Num. of Orientation plan (m) (m2) occupants 10,43

Density (m2/pers)

97,6

18,7

5,1

MAX Working space

27,70

Triple

366

8,0

Meeting space

22,23

Double

194,2

5,7

Social area

21,50

Skylight

385,2

8,2

Concentration room

15,41

None

6,9

MIN Working space

4,17

Single

5,6

2,9

Meeting space

3,00

Single

5,6

3,2

Social area

4,80

Single

6,9

2,7

Concentration room

14,41

None

5,6

AVERAGE Working space

11,35

Single

103,2

19,668

5,2

Meeting space

12,20

Double

91,1

15,733

5,1

Social area

9,50

Double

99,1

22,714

4,3

Concentration room

14,90

None

6,3

2.2

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

qualification of the visual comfort (fIELDWORK):

Figure 2.16 SED studio floor plan.

Artificial Lights on + Blinds up

Blinds up + Artificial lights off

Artificial Lights on + Blinds down

No action

-1

33-50% blinds down (Light discomfort for overillumination)

-2

100% Blinds down tilted 45-60º (Discomfort for overillumination)

-3

100% Blinds down tilted 90º (High discomfort for overillumination)

Figure 2.19 AOB categories.

0 Figure 2.20 Window AOB 0

-1 Figure 2.17 SED studio’s South - West facade

Figure 2.21 Window AOB -1

-2 Figure 2.22 Window AOB -2

-3 Figure 2.18 SED of studio’s North - East facade.

Figure 2.23 Window AOB -3

Ch:2

S.E.D. STUDIO ILLUMINANCE STUDIES An important number of researcher have focussed on finding the trigger of different actions, or Adaptive Occupant Behaviour (AOB), such as the switch on the lights or take down the blinds. Defining thresholds that should not be exceeded while designing an environment. As it has been suggested in chapter 1, diverse atmospheres should be offered to the employees. The atmospheres are differentiated between them depending on the intensity of the “atmospheric parameters”, having especial importance the perception of the light. Therefore, an experiment was undertaken, in order to define light bands depending on the perception of their intensity. The study was conducted in the studio of the Sustainable Environmental Design Graduate programme in London. Observing the behaviour of a group of 31 people of different nationalities, genders and expectations during one month (19/05/2015 to 10/06/2015). The studio can be considered as an open plan workspace used for different activities: team and individual work, technical tasks, social interaction, presentations and meetings (fig: 2.16). The aim of the studio is: - To monitor, document and analyse occupants’ adaptive behaviour over the adaptive control strategies affecting visual comfort in working environments (artificial lights and venetian blinds. - To monitor, document and analyse occupant’s perception of visual comfort conditions in working environments. - To detect trends in the occupant’s perception of the visual environment. The studio is an open area with white plain walls and ceiling, it has an intermediate reflective floor and light coloured furniture. It has double orientation: NE (fig: 2.18) and SW (fig: 2.17) with four and seven windows respectively. The windows are 1.26x1.5m and are distributed every 0.66m. They have clear double glass, dark frames and internal steel venetian blinds (fig: 2.17). The occupants of these spaces consider themselves concerned about energy wasting, however, after analysing their reactiveness, it was found out that: - 45% indifferent occupants (0% of the actions recorded per occupant). - 39% standard occupants (1-7% of the actions recorded per occupant). - 16% knowledgeable (>7% of the actions recorded per occupant). It was appreciated that the occupants sitting close to the NE façade were consistently more reactive to low lighting levels while the ones sitting close to the SW façade were more reactive to high lighting levels. This is due to the presence of sunlight on the SW façade surroundings (fig: 2.17) and the low light levels of the NE parament (fig: 2.18). Measurements were conducted when occupants took actions to change the light levels. The actions were classified from +3 to - 3 (fig: 2.19), considering: 0 to +3 AOB to increase the light levels, and 0 to -3 AOB to decrease the light levels (fig: 2.20-2.23).

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

BEFORE AOB · LIGHTING LEVELS PERCEPTION (Illuminance on the Horizontal Working Plane) 200 400 1000 3000

Low light levels perception

General COMFORT

Comfort with Light discomfort discrepancies perception.

11000

Discomfort

GLARE

Figure 2.25 Light bands detected depending on the light conditions previous to the AOB.

AFTER AOB · COMFORT BAND (Illuminance on the Horizontal Working Plane) 350 800

Comfortable dark spaces

2000

Comfortable luminous spaces

Actual comfort

Figure 2.26 Light bands detected between spaces perceived as comfortable.

SELECTED LIGHT BANDS (Illuminance on the Horizontal Working Plane) 2500lux UDI exceeded

CIBSE Light targets computer work general 750lux drawing stations office boards

200 Low illuminance

300

Soft light Spaces with not especific visual requirements.

500

Medium light

800

High light

Intense light

Spaces with high visual requirements

Spaces with certain light level expectation Figure 2.28 Light bands considered in order to design new office spaces.

2000 Excessive illuminance

Spaces with high illumination expectation and not full-time occupancy

Ch:2

The illuminance (lux) was measured on the horizontal and vertical plan at the working and eye level respectively before and after the AOB action was undertaken. This was recorded in order to understand trigger lighting values for the AOB, the control strategy undertaken, and the perception of different light intensities (Appendix B). There were analysed: LIGHT LEVELS BEFORE THE OCCUPANT ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR From the analysis of the levels of illuminance before the AOB (fig:2.24), a series of bands are discerned (fig 2.25). It can be established that there is a general satisfaction between 200 and 400 luxes, this band can be extended until 1000lux. However, some occupants preferred darker spaces. Between 1000 and 3000 lux it was detected visual discomfort perception. Depending on the expectations and preferences of each occupant this frame may be considered as uncomfortable, therefore, it must be carefully studied and avoid a full-time exposure. Figure 2.24 Situation before AOB

LIGHT LEVELS AFTER THE ADAPTIVE OCCUPANT BEHAVIOUR From the analysis of the level of illuminance after the AOB (fig: 2.27), the comfort band has been established (fig: 2.26). The occupants feel comfortable within ranges from 60 to 2000 luxes. The actual comfort conditions are discerned between 350 and 800 luxes, circumstances above or below can be accepted, although they are not considered comfortable by every occupant. Occupants were more tolerant to darker spaces when the AOB was related to increasing the light. However, if occupants decreased the light levels, spaces with values up to 2000 lux, were perceived as comfortable (fig 2.26).

LIGHT BANDS From these results, it is considered that the atmospheres should provide light levels between 200 and 2000 luxes, and grant adaptive control when the levels exceed 400 lux (fig: 2.28). As a conclusion, the following bands are considered for different activities, depending on the light expectations and requirements for each of them (fig: 2.28).

Figure 2.27 Adaptive Occupant Behaviour undertaken

After the literature review, it has been concluded that the best option to enhance the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; adaptive behaviour is to create different atmospheres. It is essential to define these areas. They are categorised by the activities that they host, which have a series of environmental requirements. When those requirements are achieved job satisfaction increases, as atmospheric parameters affect directly to the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perception.

RESEARCH OUTCOMES

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

The activities developed in offices were extracted from the built precedents and literature review. They have been grouped into three categories: social areas, meeting spaces and working spaces (fig: 3.1) C

Each of them has specific requirements and should consider diverse atmospheric parameters to define them (Table 3.1).

As Fd

SOCIAL AREAS Sa

MEETING SPACES

WORKING SPACES

C A

Figure 3.1 Grouped activities

CONCENTRATION ROOMS: Small and insulated rooms in open plan offices, for the occupants that need isolation (fig: 3.2)

Figure 3.2 Concentration rooms · Macquarie Group Bank (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Ch:3

SOCIAL AREAS: Spare areas: Small spaces located close to the working and meeting areas. Their main function is to offer a relaxed area to have discussions after a meeting, a fast break during the working time or waiting for other programmed activities (fig: 3.3)

Figure 3.3 Spare room · Lego HQ (Source: www.rosanbosch.com)

Lounge: Areas for relax or work in a more quiet way (fig: 3.4)

Figure 3.4 Lounge · Google HQ (Source: www.google.com)

Cafeteria: Small areas for coffee breaks or having a snack (fig: 3.5)

Figure 3.5 Cafeteria · Google HQ (Source: www.google.com)

Dining room: Big spaces for lunch and short breaks or internal celebrations (fig: 3.6)

Figure 3.6 Dinning room · Apple HQ (Source: www.wired.com)

Activities space: Spaces with different activities that will increase the metabolic rate and offer higher interactions between the coworkers (fig: 3.7) Figure 3.7 Activities space · Skype HQ (Source: www.optimus5.com)

Front desk & hall: Receptions of the building and floors (fig: 3.8)

Figure 3.8 Front desk & hall · Microsoft HQ, Vienna (Source: www.pinterest.com)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

WORKING SPACES:

Figure 3.9 Hot desk: (Source: www.svgeurope.org)

Hot desk: A group of individual workstations in an open-plan configuration. This is a typical distribution in “telesales” offices with low interaction between coworkers and low autonomy. Corresponds to “hive” as it was defined by Frank Duffy (1997). (fig3.9) Multitask: Diverse individual workstations in a flexible space that allow grouped or individualized configurations. This is a typical distribution in advertisement offices with high interaction and autonomy. It was defined by Frank Duffy (1997) as “club”. (fig:3.10)

Figure 3.10 Multitask · Inditex HQ (Source: www.gettyimages.es)

Cellular: Individual workstations in separate spaces or high screened open plan configurations. This is a typical distribution of “lawyer” offices which require high individual concentration, low interaction between coworkers and high autonomy. It was defined by Frank Duffy (1997) as “cell” (fig:3.11) Figure 3.11 Cellular: (Source: www.svgeurope.org)

Group working: Grouped workstations in an open-plan configuration. This is a typical distribution of “media” offices that require of an immediate meeting space with high interaction between coworkers but low autonomy. It was defined by Frank Duffy (1997) as “den” (fig: 3.12) Figure 3.12 Group working · Urban outfitters HQ (Source: www.expofashionmagazine.com)

Technical working: Group working distribution with bigger dimensions. This is a typical distribution in architectural offices or others in which the occupants will work with plans, models or big elements (fig:3.13) Figure 3.13 Technical working · Inditex HQ (Source: www.gettyimages.es)

Ch:3

MEETING SPACES:

Meeting: Enclosed space available for discussions, concentrated teamwork or presentations. Although it must be isolated from distractions, it does not need a complete disconnection from the surrounding area. It should be placed close to the working spaces (fig:3.14) Figure 3.14 Meeting room 路 Macquarie Group bank (Source: www.clivewilkinson.com)

Informal meeting: Open area for short meetings and discussions in a relaxed environment. It can also be used as a relaxing space or social spot (fig: 3.15).

Figure 3.15 Informal meeting 路 Lego HQ (Source: www.rosanbosch.com)

Auditorium: Enclosed space for presentations with high occupancy. It requires a large degree of isolation from any distraction (fig:3.16).

Figure 3.16 Auditorium 路 Disney HQ (Moscow) (Source: www.theconcept.ru)

Projections: Enclosed space that requires a high isolation from any distraction. For example, this activity can correspond to a smaller auditory or a laboratory of a movies or advertising company (fig: 3.17)

Figure 3.17 Projections room 路 Apple HQ (Source: www.cerci.es)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Table 3.1 Parameters to classify atmospheres

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS (REQUIREMENTS) Layout

Illuminance*

(Lux)

140

5,5

10 - 50

Hot desk

Normal ( ± 3k)

Medium (36-54)

Medium

140

2-4

Multiple task

Normal ( ± 3k)

Medium (36-54)

High

140

4,7-7

1-2

Cellular

Normal ( ± 3k)

Medium (36-54)

Medium

140

4 - 10

Group working

Normal ( ± 3k)

Medium (36-54)

110

Medium

140

8,5

4 - 20

Technical working

High ( ± 2k)

High (>54)

High

120

3,5-7

4 - 35

Meeting

Normal ( ± 3k)

Moderate (21-36)

Low

120

3-5

Informal meeting

High ( ± 2k)

High (>54)

High

115

> 50

Auditorium

High ( ± 2k)

High (>54)

High

115

3-8

> 20

Projections

Moderate (21-36)

Low

115

6 - 20

Spare area

Soft

Normal ( ± 3k)

Moderate (21-36)

Low

115

Lounge

Soft

Normal ( ± 3k)

Acceptable

High (>54)

Low

150

Cafeteria

Soft

Normal ( ± 3k)

High (>54)

Low

150

Dining room

Medium (36-54)

Low

160

6 - 20

Activities space

Low

160

Front desk & Hall

High

140

1-2

Concentration rooms

Low

160

Cores & Services

Low

235

Kitchen

2,5 W/m2

Low

160

Circulation

Medium High

(500-800)

High

(500-800)

Medium Cellular (300-500) Soft

(200-300)

Soft

(200-300)

Soft

(200-300)

Intense (8002000)

Open plan

(200-300)

Open plan

(200-300)

Open plan

(200-300)

Open plan Open plan Cellular Cellular Cellular Open plan

(m2/pers) (nºpers)

Medium

(300-500)

Open plan

WORK PATTERN

Partitio ned

Cellular

Occup.*

Medium (36-54)

(500-800)

Cellular

(W)

Density*

Normal ( ± 3k)

Partitio ned

Open plan

Met. rate*

(W/pers)

(300-500)

Open plan

Noise Appliances gains insulation

(m3h-1pers)

Open plan

Cellular

Comfort band width*

Ventilation*

( ± 4k)

Intense

Acceptable

Soft

Normal ( ± 3k)

(8002000)

(200-300)

High

(500-800)

Soft

(200-300)

High

(500-800)

Soft

(200-300)

( ± 4k)

Moderate 41,6 (21-36) W/m2

High ( ± 2k)

Medium (36-54)

Normal ( ± 3k)

High (>54)

Acceptable Moderate

( ± 4k)

(21-36)

Acceptable Moderate

( ± 4k)

(21-36)

* Illuminance: Light bands (fieldwork) Comfort band thickness: Temperature ranges depending on the level of expectancy. Categories of buildings EN15251 Ventilation rates: Indoor air quality classifications in BS EN13779. Metabolic rate: Szokolay, S.V. (2008) Density & occupancy: Precedents

Ch:3

ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS (SUGGESTIONS) Sunlight

Daylight

Diffuse Direct Illum Illum

Outdoor views

Air movement

Varied aesthetics

Team space

AOC*

Enclosement sense*

Occup.*

Full time Full time Full time Full time Full time Sporadic Sporadic Sporadic Sporadic Sporadic Part time Part time Part time Sporadic Full time Sporadic Part time * AOC: Adaptive Occupant Behaviour. Manual control. Enclosement sense: perception of privacy Occ: occupancy schedule

In offices, the internal conditions have a major impact than the climatic factors on the buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; performance. Nonetheless, the context and climate analysis is essential to design a free running building.

CLIMATE & CONTEXT

4.1

CLIMATE SUMMARY ANALYSIS

4.1.1

TEMPERATURES & HUMIDITY

4.1.2

SOLAR RADIATION

4.2

URBAN CONTEXT

4.2.1 WIND

4.2.2 SHADOW PATTERN

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces Table 4.1 Comfort band thickness categories by buildings (Source: after Nicol, F., et al, 2010)

Categories of building in EN15251 Category

APPLICABILITY/LEVEL OF EXPECTANCY

High: Buildings with high ± 2ºK expectancy for sensitive occupants

I II

Normal: New buildings

III

Acceptable: Existing buildings

Low expectancy: only short periods

Cantabrian Sea

Madrid (Spain) Latitude: 40º 27’ 34’’ N Longitude: 3º 41’ 25’’ W Altitude from sea: 665m

Temp. range in NV buildings

± 3ºK

± 4ºK

> 4ºK

Mount Pyrenees

Portugal Mediterranean Sea Strait of Gibraltar Figure 4.2 Madrid’s topographic map (Source: www.gisiberica.com)

Figure 4.1 Climates in Spain (Source: after Ministerio de Fomento, Gobierno de España http://www.fomento.gob.es/)

MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGES WINTER

SPRING

SUMMER

AUTUMN

WINTER W/m2

Temperatures

Direct solar radiation

Figure 4.4 Climate summary, diurnal conditions (Source: meteonorm)

Diffuse solar radiation

Ch:4

4.1 CLIMATE SUMMARY Madrid (Spain) is located in the geographical centre of the Iberian Peninsula (40º26’N, 3º41’W) (fig:4.1), on a plateau, 665m above the sea level (fig: 4.2). It is surrounded by mountains on its north-west side (fig: 4.2). It has a Continental Mediterranean climate. Its climate is defined by cold winters, dry hot summers and high solar radiation (fig: 4.4). The air temperature ranges between 5ºC and 26ºC, with an average annual air temperature of 14.5ºC. Different comfort equations were considered, such as De Dear’s equation for a 90% of acceptability (Toc=18.9+(0.25*To.av)). However, the difference between them and the free running building equation described in EN 15521 (Tn=18.8+(0.33*To.av)) is considered meaningless. Therefore, as the dissertation is developed in the EU, the EN15521 equation is applied with a thickness of 6ºK as corresponds to category II defined in EN 15521 (table 4.1).

Figure 4.3 Plateau in Madrid (Source: www.elpuentedeltiempo.com)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Model: 100m2 100% glazed Floor and roof unexposed Efficient office: Facade U-value 2.3W/m2 K Occupants 13 x 140W Appliances 13 x 60W Lighting 25 x 11W Regular office: Facade U-value 5.55W/m2 K Occupants 13 x 140W Appliances 13 x 300W Lighting 25 x 70W

TAVG

MInT for a regular office

MInT with an efficient MInT + 8ach of MInT + Solar envelope and appliances natural ventilation control Figure 4.6 Comparison between external temperatures and the Mean Indoor Temperatures of regular offices and others with efficient appliances andhigher insulation (Source: MInT Spreadsheets)

Figure 4.5 Madrid’s climare summary (Source: meteonorm)

Ch:4

4.1.1 TEMPERATURES & HUMIDITY

Madrid’s climate is shown in fig: 4.5, illustrating possible comfort problems in winter. However, MInT calculations were conducted to understand how the climate impacts on an office development (fig: 4.6). For a regular office, the winter conditions are mild. The tendency is to increase the insulation of the buildings, increasing the indoor temperatures, reaching the comfort band. The summer period has a high potential risk for the intense solar radiation and high temperatures (table 4.2). Despite, comfortable environments can be achieved in free running developments with the use of passive strategies, such as natural ventilation and solar control (fig: 4.6) The low relative humidity values of this period (Table 4.2) suggest a potential improvement by evaporative cooling.

Daily fluctuation: Table 4.2 shows temperatures have significant daily fluctuations in temperature, varying 9ºK in the coldest month (January) and 14ºK in the warmest (July). This suggests the possibility of using night cooling strategies. Figure 4.7 shows the hourly fluctuation of the dry bulb temperature and relative humidity during a regular warm day of July. The low humidity values during the working hours (9-18h) suggest that evaporative cooling strategies may be used to improve thermal conditions.

Figure 4.7 Mean day and night wind speed (Source: meteonorm) Table 4.2 Madrid’s climare summary (Source: meteonorm)

Month

WINTER WINTER SPRING SPRING SPRING SUMMER SUMMER SUMMER AUTUMN AUTUMN WINTER WINTER

AVERAGE

MAX

MIN

Av. monthly Av. monthly Av. monthly mean Temp. max Temp. min Temp. (C°) (C°) (C°)

RH (%)

Wind Speed Av. (m/s)

Main wind direction (deg)

Av. daily Diffuse Horizontal Solar Irradiation (Wh/m2)

Av. daily Direct Horizontal Solar Irradiation (Wh/m2)

Av. daily Global Cloud cover Horizontal Solar factor Irradiation (Wh/m2) (octas)

January February March April May June July August September October November December

5,2 6,7 10,3 12,2 17,0 22,9 25,7 24,9 20,0 14,8 8,5 5,5

10,0 12,1 15,9 17,7 22,7 29,4 32,3 31,7 26,6 20,2 13,5 10,3

1,5 2,2 5,3 6,6 11,0 16,1 18,7 18,1 13,8 10,1 4,4 1,6

73 50 57 55 50 36 29 32 42 62 69 75

2,4 2,6 3,0 3,2 2,6 2,8 3,0 2,8 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,4

95 95 95 95 281 281 301 280 95 95 94 95

750 1265 1689 1992 2387 2325 1940 2028 1680 1451 1058 863

1252 1674 2624 3566 3948 5001 5722 4664 3410 1850 1230 832

2003 2939 4313 5558 6334 7326 7662 6692 5090 3301 2288 1696

4 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 3 5 5 6

1,67 1,32 1,55 1,79 1,65 2,15 2,95 2,30 2,03 1,28 1,16 0,96

Annual Winter Spring Summer Otoño Annual Winter Spring Summer Otoño Annual Winter Spring Summer Otoño

14,5 6,5 13,2 24,5 17,4 25,7 8,5 17,0 25,7 20,0 5,2 5,2 10,3 22,9 14,8

20,2 11,5 18,8 31,2 23,4 32,3 13,5 22,7 32,3 26,6 10,0 10,0 15,9 29,4 20,2

9,1 2,4 7,7 17,6 11,9 18,7 4,4 11,0 18,7 13,8 1,5 1,5 5,3 16,1 10,1

52,5 66,8 54 32 52 75 75 57 36 62 29 50 50 29 42

2,7 2,5 2,9 2,9 2,5 3,2 2,6 3,2 3,0 2,5 2,4 2,4 2,6 2,8 2,5

159 95 157 287 95 301 95 281 301 95 94 94 95 280 95

1619 984 2022 2098 1565 2387 1265 2387 2325 1680 750 750 1689 1940 1451

2981 1247 3380 5129 2630 5722 1674 3948 5722 3410 832 832 2624 4664 1850

4600 2231 5402 7227 4195 7662 2939 6334 7662 5090 1696 1696 4313 6692 3301

4 5 4 3 4 6 6 4 3 5 2 4 4 2 3

1,74

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Vertical radiation per orientation on the 21st of December Gv: Mean irradiance of global hourly vertical radiationW/m2

800 Peak 14h

700 600 500

Peak 17h 400

Peak 11h

300 200

Peak 14h

100 0

Rise 14h

Rise E&S 9h 2

Gv East orientation

Rise 10h 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Gv South orientation

Gv West orientation

Gv North orientation

Figure 4.8 Comparision between the hourly vertical solar radiation values by orientation in a regular winter day (21st of December) (Source: meteonorm)

Vertical radiation per orientation on the 21st of June Peak 10h

Gv: Mean irradiance of global hourly vertical radiationW/m2

800

Peak 18h

700 600 500

Peak 14h

400 300

Peak 8h

Peak 19h

200

Rise 14h

Rise E&N 06h

100 1

Gv East orientation

Rise 10h 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Gv South orientation

Gv West orientation

Gv North orientation

Figure 4.9 Comparision between the hourly vertical solar radiation values by orientation in a regular summer day (21st of June) (Source: meteonorm)

Ch:4

4.1.2 SOLAR RADIATION Madrid has a high solar radiation throughout the year with values of average daily global horizontal irradiation between 2002 and 7600 Wh/m2 (Table 4.2).

Vertical Radiation: The intense solar irradiation is an important environmental issue to deal with in Madrid. Solar control strategies should aim to deal with the changing levels of irradiation, which vary monthly (fig: 4.10) and daily (figs: 4.08 & 4.09). The “peak” is the moment with higher solar radiation while the “rise” is the moment from which the solar radiation experiences an important increment. North orientation: it has a relative low and flat peak radiation fluctuation, nonetheless, during spring and summer, it may require solar protection early morning and late evening. South orientation: receives quite constant irradiation levels. The lower values during spring and summer suggest the possibility of using solar gains, during winter, through a seasonal designed solar protection. West and east orientation: fig:4.10 shows that the vertical radiation on these facades changes more over day and year. The east presents the highest values during peak times. Therefore, they require a careful and heavy solar protection.

Monthly fluctuation during the peak hour by orientation Vertical mean hourly radiationW/m2

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Jan

Gv East orientation 10h

Feb

Mar

Apr

Gv South orientation 14h

May

Jun

Jul

Gv West orientation 17h

Aug

Sep

Oct

Gv North orientation 14h

Nov

Dec

Gv North orientation 8h

Figure 4.10Monthly variation of the mean hourly vertical solar radiation on the peak hour per orientation (Source: meteonorm)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

4 TORRES EMILIO CASTELAR

PZA. CASTILLA

COLÓN

Figure 4.11 Location of the bussines centres along Paseo de la Castellana

AZCA BUSINESS CENTRE

Figure 4.12 Azca Bussines Centre section

AZCA

Ch:4

4.2 URBAN CONTEXT Paseo de la Castellana, in Madrid, is a business axis that crosses the city from north to south. Several business centres are distributed along it (fig: 4.11). They are configured as a series of tall buildings surrounding an empty space, usually a green area (fig: 4.13). These places offer the possibility to ventilate naturally the buildings, avoiding the polluted air of the main street. The business centre of Azca (fig:4.13) is located at the midpoint of “Paseo de la Castellana” (fig: 4.11). Its construction started in 1946 and developed throughout the years, as a result the buildings that configure it belong to different decades. The most important constructions are “Torre BBVA” from 1979 and “Torre Picasso” from 1988. All of them are currently in use, except “Torre Ederra” (fig: 4.15), located in the inner part of the complex (fig: 4.12). This is the building used as case study for this dissertation. Azca business centre is oriented 3º from the north (fig: 4.14). Because of its configuration, the solar radiation and the wind flow are heavily obstructed in the inner part, where la Torre Ederra is located (fig: 4.13).

Figure 4.15 Torre Ederra in Azca Bussines centre

Currently, la Torre Ederra is under contest process to be refurbished into a sustainable building. Hence, there is the opportunity to propose new ideas for the future of this building.

Figure 4.14 Azca Bussines centre plan

Figure 4.13 Azca Bussines Centre bird view

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

4.2.1 WIND Wind simulations were conducted in order to analyse if natural ventilation could be used as cooling strategy.

Figure 4.18 Wind Flow at 10m high (Source: Ecotect & Win Air)

As it is shown in figure 4.16 average wind speeds range between 2.4m/s to 3.2m/s. The figure also shows that the highest wind speeds occur between spring and summer. As it is shown in figure 4.17, winds are more abundant in summer and autumn. These values suggest the viability of using natural ventilation to decrease high temperatures and provide the ventilation required. However, the wind is a local phenomenon. When studying the context, it is appreciated that the wind flow is completely obstructed by la Torre BBVA. The wind speed around la Torre Ederra is 0.1m/s approximately throughout the different levels (fig: 4.18-21).

Figure 4.19 Wind Flow at 30m high (Source: Ecotect & Win Air)

Therefore, ventilation strategies will depend on the buoyancy effect and must not be considered as the main cooling strategy.

Figure 4.20 Wind Flow at 50m high (Source: Ecotect & Win Air) m/s 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Figure 4.21 Wind Flow in section (Source: Ecotect & Win Air)

Figure 4.16 Mean day and night wind speed (Source: meteonorm) +100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 <10

Winter

Spring

Figure 4.17 Wind Frequency (hours) by season (Source: meteonorm)

Summer

Autumn

Ch:4

09:00

4.2.2 SHADOW PATTERN Solar control should be used as the main strategy to avoid overheating and control of the indoor temperatures. Hence, the shadow patterns were studied. La Torre Ederra is heavily obstructed by the context, especially during winter due to the proximity of other buildings (fig: 4.22-24).

21ST JUNE

As it has been explained in section 4.A.2, the solar control must be designed depending on the peak and rising moments. However, due to the context, the facades may not be exposed to the sun during these moments. Therefore, it was studied when the different facades and floors are exposed to solar radiation (table 4.3) 21ST DECEMBER 21 OF JUNE

21 OF DECEMBER

12:00 17:00

17:00

Figure 4.23 S&W facades Shadow pattern (Source: Sketchup) (more options in appendix E)

21ST JUNE

09:00

21ST DECEMBER

Figure 4.22 N&E facades Shadw pattern (Source: Sketchup) (more options in appendix E)

17:00 Table 4.3 Comparison between the solar radiation breakdown hour and the first hour sun on each facade Solar Radiation rising moment

21ST JUNE

21ST DECEMBER Figure 4.24 Plan shadow pattern (Source: Sketchup) (more options in appendix E)

Nowadays, the design of office buildings should offer comfortable spaces that respond to the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; preferences, requirements and perceptions. The architecture design of these spaces should enhance the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; adaptive behaviour while answering to the specific climatic and contextual conditions in order to reduce the energy consumption and improve the comfort on the proposed atmospheres.

DESIGN BRIEF

5.1

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

5.2

BUILDING SKIN

Figure 5.1 Application of the described strategies in la Torre Ederra, business centre of Azca, Madrid, Spain.

Ch:5

The aim of this dissertation is to define strategies for the design of working environments, considering the occupants’ perception (fig: 5.1). These strategies may be divided into two areas of study: The indoor environment: It is essential, in the design of all offices, to offer different atmospheres, in buildings adapted to the climate and context. The indoor environment is determined by the occupants’ perception and behaviour. The building’s skin: it must be adapted to the specific climate and context. For an office development in Madrid, the solar control is the key point. It should define the skin of the building and its design must take into consideration the occupants’ perception, the specific solar radiation and the interior atmospheric requirements. A series of steps must be followed to refine the design.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

ATMOSPHERES LOCATION

WORKING REQUIREMENTS

NO SUN

Group working Technical working

CONSTANT CONDITIONS

Cellular

OUTDOOR VIEWS

Multiple task

HIGH INT.GAINS

Hot desk

WORKING SPACES Group working

Hot desk

MEETING SPACES Informal meeting

Spare area

LOW.INT. GAINS

Dining room

Auditorium Projections

NO DAYLIGHT

Lounge Cafeteria Dining room

H.INT. GAINS

OUTDOOR VIEWS

Spare area

LOW INT. GAINS

RELAX SPACES

SPORADIC SCHEDULE (INTERMITENT CONDITIONS)

NO SUN

Meeting

RELAX SPACES

Technical working

Cellular Concentration rooms

Multiple task

Front desk & Hall Cafeteria

Projections

MEETING SPACES

Informal meeting

Activities space

Meeting

Auditorium

Lounge

Spare area

Informal meeting

Activities space Front desk & Hall Figure 5.2 Location of the working patterns depending on the internal conditions of the space to join them creating atmospheres

Ch:5

5.1

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS:

Each atmosphere has a series of requirements, as described in chapter 3. Depending on them, they should be distributed according to the environmental factors. Therefore, the internal conditions of the spaces should be mapped, in order to locate properly each activity (fig:5.2). For example, an atmosphere with high internal gains, because of the occupancy or the appliances, must be placed in a cooler space than those with low internal gains.

SPACES CONDITIONS

OUTDOOR VIEWS

WORKING SPACES

COLD SPACES CONSTANT CONDITIONS

RELAX SPACES NO DAYLIGHT

INTERMITENT CONDITIONS

MEETING SPACES

HOT SPACES

NO SUN

MILD SPACES

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Manual System Automatic System Automatic System possible to Overrule during certain time Table 5.1 Level of automatization. Adaptive Control strategies, availability and level of automatization

Strategies affecting occupant’s perception: WORK PATTERN

Personalization of the Space

Different Atmospheres*

Clothing level

Body’s thermal balance variation**

Hot desk Multiple task Cellular Group working Technical working Meeting Informal meeting Auditorium Projections Spare area Lounge Cafeteria Dining room Activities space Front desk & Hall Concentration rooms *Different Atmospheres: spaces with different atmospheric parameters intensities dedicated to the same working pattern. ** Body’s Thermal Balance variation: Cold and hot drinks *** Metabolic rate variation: different activities and furniture to be sitting down or standing up.

Metabolic rate variation ***

Ch:5

The existence or not of each Adaptive Control strategy, and their level of automatisation depend on the level of privacy required and the potential distractions of each working pattern. The strategies are divided depending on the impact on comfort perception and energy consumption, as described in chapter 1 section 4. Table 5.1 shows which strategies should be offered and the agent that controls them, either the occupant or the building.

Strategies affecting occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfort and energy consumption: Opening Windows

Night Ventilation

Ceiling Fans

Ceiling Artificial Lighting

Photocell & Occupancy sensors

Desk Artificial Lighting

Solar Control

Photocell & Occupancy sensors

Occupancy sensors

Photocell & Occupancy sensors

Occupancy sensors

Photocell & Occupancy sensors

Occupancy sensors

Photocell & Occupancy sensors

Occupancy sensors

Photocell & Occupancy sensors

Photocell & Occupancy sensors Occupancy sensors

76 STEP 1

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Figure 5.3: Materials and constructive elements change

Figure 5.4: Other strategies

STEP 2

Figure 5.5: Skin geometries

Figure 5.6: % of transparent surface

Figure 5.7: Glazing distributions analysis

STEP 3

STEP 4

Figure 5.8: Shading devices

Figure 5.9: Operable surface

Figure 5.10: Other strategies

Ch:5

5.2 building skin: The design of the envelope of a building must be achieved following a series of steps, responding to climatic conditions in order to achieve the best energy performance: SETP 1: Volume and construction: - Materials: the envelope should use sustainable materials, ensure the level of insulation required by the climatic conditions and achieve the correct reflectivity depending on the solar exposure and the shadow patterns. - Constructive elements: the climate analysis shows that thermal inertia and night ventilation are needed depending on the season (fig: 5.3). - Volume of the building: the volume should respond to shadows, solar and wind exposure (fig:5.4). STEP 2: Window to wall ratio specification - Skin geometry: the solar control must be part of the envelope, therefore its geometry must be decided depending on the protection required without decreasing the daylight levels (fig:5.4). - Percentage of glass surface: Different percentages of glass should be tested in a typical day in winter. Depending on the requirements of each atmosphere different glazing solutions will be selected (fig: 5.6). - Distribution of the glazing: the selected percentage of glass must be distributed concerning daylight requirements to meet the targets described in chapter 3 (fig: 5.7).

STEP 3: Solar protection - Shading devices: must be designed to avoid values of vertical solar radiation on the glazing over 50W/m2, the threshold defined by Reinhart (2011) (fig: 5.8). It is considered that this protection should be offered during the whole year. However, the impact on the daylight indoors must be carefully studied.

STEP 4: Confirmation of comfort conditions - Percentage of operable surface: it should be calculated the areas able to be opened to meet the natural ventilation required (fig: 5.9). - Other strategies: it should be studied if there is any remaining discomfort situation (fig: 5.10) to define any other strategies required.

The aim of this dissertation is to offer a design guide for new or existing offices concerning the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; comfort perception. In this chapter, this guide, described in chapter 5, is applied to test its viability.

PREDESIGN

6.1

EXISTING CONDITIONS

6.2

AW1: UPGRADES OF CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS & APPLIANCES

6.3 VOLUME 6.4

AW2: SKIN GEOMETRY

6.5

SKIN MODULATION

6.5.1

6.5.2 AW4: SHADING DEVICES

6.6

CONFIRMATOPN OF COMFORT CONDITIONS

AW3: PERCENTAGE OF GLASS SURFACE

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces Table 6.1: Internal gains considered for the base case

Density

Occupancy Latent gains

Occupancy sensible gains

Lighting gains

Equipment sensible gains

Air changes per Hour

Total int. gains

7m2/pers

10W/m2

11.43 W/m2

45.57 W/m2

1.82 ach

77 W/m2

40W/light

319W/pers

30 m3/pers h

Sedentary work at 26ºC (Source: Szokolay)

SLAB

INTERNAL WALL

FACADE

Plasterboard, 15mm

Floor

Carpet, 10mm Concrete, 50mm Concrete slab, 250mm

Clear glass, 10mm Concrete, 300mm

Outdoors

Core

Zone

Indoors

Metal frame, 34.5mm

Services void, 495mm Plasterboard, 15mm

Ceiling U-Value: 1.14 W/m2 ºC

U-Value: 2.16 W/m2 ºC

U-Value: 5.55 W/m2 ºC

Figure 6.1: Relevant constructive elements

F14

41m

Z1 21.3 m

9.1m

5.9m

Z4 CORE

F3 Z3 Figure 6.2: Transversal section. Floors analized : Floor 14 (at 46.2m · 2.4m free heigh) and floor 4 (at 9.9m · 2.4m free heigh)

Figure 6.3: Existing floor plan divided into the analyzed zones: Z1 (NE orientation · 54.22m2), Z2 (N orientation · 84.47m2), Z3 (NW orientation · 53.5m2), Z4 (E orientation · 133.34m2), Z5 (NE orientation · 134.16m2), Z6 (SE orientation · 52.8m2), Z7 (S orientation · 83.8m2), Z8 (SW orientation · 53.28m2) and Core (interior · 88.63m2)

Ch:6

6.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS: The building to be refurbished is “Torre Ederra”, an abandoned glazed tower of 22691m2, constructed in 1979. It is located in the “Azca” business centre, described in chapter 4. The structure of the building has a great thermal inertia potential (fig 6.1). However, the façade is highly inefficient (fig 6.1). Two floors were analysed(fig 6.2), which were divided into zones to understand the impact of the orientation in each area and the overall performance of the building. (fig:6.3) Regular internal gains for a Spanish office (table 6.1) were defined and used for the study. As it is shown in fig 6.4, the main target is to reduce the cooling load, due to the high internal gains and especially, solar gains. The heating load required (table 6.2) suggests, the need for increasing the insulation of the façade.

Annual Loads of the Base Case

350

Figure 6.5: Torre Ederra, existing conditions (Source: after www.commons.wikimedia.org)

300 250 kW/m2

200 Base case

150 100 50 0 Heating L.

Cooling L.

Solar G.

Internal G.

Figure 6.4: Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) Inputs in appendix C Table 6.2: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C

BASE CASE

Occupants (nº)

Surface (m2)

597

Heating Load (kW/m2 per year) Cooling Load (m2 per year) Solar Gains (kW/m2 per year) Internal Gains (kW/m2 per year)

19 214 307 183

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces Table 6.3: Internal gains considered for Options 1, 2 & Protrusions

Density

Occupancy Latent gains

Occupancy sensible gains

Lighting gains

Equipment sensible gains

Air changes per Hour

Total int. gains

9m2/pers

6.83 W/m2

2.15 W/m2

5.21 W/m2

1.13 ach

21 W/m2

8m2/pers (working s.)

5m2/pers (meeting s.)

13m2/pers (relaxing s.)

Sedentary work at 26ºC

60W/pers

Seated at rest at 26ºC

30W/pers

(working s.)

(meeting & working spaces)

11W/light

(relaxing spaces)

30 m3/pers h

(meeting s.)

10W/pers

(Source: Szokolay)

(relaxing s.)

SLAB

INTERNAL WALL

FACADE

Clear glass, 10mm Argon, 16mm

Operable

Plasterboard, 15mm

Floor Concrete,

Concrete, 50mm Concrete slab, 250mm

300mm

Metal frame with thermal break, 34.5mm

Out

Core

Zone

Clear glass, 6mm

Fixed

Ceiling

Steel supporting structure 50x80mm Clear glass, 6mm Argon, 16mm Clear glass, 10mm

U-Value: 2.12 W/m2 ºC

U-Value: 2.16 W/m2 ºC

U-Value: 2.3 W/m2 ºC

Figure 6.6: Relevant constructive elements

F14

Z4 CORE

F3 Z3 Figure 6.7: Transversal section. Floors analized : Floor 14 (at 46.2m · 3m free heigh) and floor 3 (at 9.9m · 3m free heigh)

Figure 6.8: Existing floor plan divided into the analyzed zones: Z1 (NE orientation · 54.22m2), Z2 (N orientation · 84.47m2), Z3 (NW orientation · 53.5m2), Z4 (E orientation · 133.34m2), Z5 (NE orientation · 134.16m2), Z6 (SE orientation · 52.8m2), Z7 (S orientation · 83.8m2), Z8 (SW orientation · 53.28m2) and Core (interior · 88.63m2)

Ch:6

6.2 A.W. 1 · UPGRADES OF CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS & APPLIANCES: There were studied different options to upgrade the building’s performance. Option 1: New appliances and occupancy The appliances were changed to efficient devices (table: 6.3) and the distribution modified, eliminating the number of elevators that are not required, according to the Spanish law, and as the result increasing the level of daylight in the core and allowing a higher occupancy (fig: 6.7 & 6.8, App D).Due to this strategy, the cooling load is drastically decreased. Therefore, the solar gains are the main target (fig: 6.9). Option 2: Constructive elements It was decided to expose the concrete of the slabs (fig: 6.6), in order to take advantage of the thermal inertia. The façade was replaced with a double glazed element with operable windows (fig: 6.6) and the internal walls were insulated (fig: 6.6). This strategy reduces the cooling and heating loads, the last were reduced to zero (table: 6.4).

Annual Loads with the first upgrades

350

Base case

300 250 kW/m2

200

Op1: New app & occ

150 100 50

Op2: op1 + constructive elements

0 Heating L.

Cooling L.

Solar G.

Internal G.

Figure 6.9: Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ constructive elements upgrade) Inputs in appendix C Table 6.4: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy) and Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C

BASE CASE

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

Occupants (nº)

Surface (m2)

597

741

214

107

307

265

230

183

Heating Load (kW/m2 per year) Cooling Load (m2 per year) Solar Gains (kW/m2 per year) Internal Gains (kW/m2 per year)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

North-West facades

South-East facades Figure 6.10: Average annual solar radiation (Source: Grasshopper + LadyBugg)

F14 Z1

CORE

Figure 6.11: Transversal section. Floors analized : Floor 14 (at 46.2m · 3m free heigh) and floor 3 (at 9.9m · 3m free heigh)

Figure 6.12: 15th floor plan divided into the analyzed zones: Z1 (NE orientation · 65.73m2), Z2 (N orientation · 97.77m2), Z3 (NW orientation · 83.3m2), Z4 (E orientation · 198.4m2), Z5 (NE orientation · 153.3m2), Z6 (SE orientation · 111.36m2), Z7 (S orientation · 102.4m2), Z8 (SW orientation · 83.78m2) and Core (interior · 88.63m2)

Ch:6

6.3 VOLUME:

â&#x20AC;&#x192; The shallow plan of the building enables to expand the surface area. Therefore, a series of protrusions were proposed where there was a high solar radiation (fig 6.10). Without jeopardising the daylight levels in the core (fig 6.12). The extensions never exceed the passive zone limits. The aim is to offer self-shading, bigger working spaces (one-third more occupants are hosted) and outdoor terraces at different levels (fig 6.11). The increment of the surface helps to dissipate the internal gains and to reduce the cooling loads (fig: 6.13, &Table 6.5). However, it requires higher insulation and solar protection. Therefore, the window: wall ratio must decrease.

Annual Loads with protrusions

350 300

Base case

250 Op1: New app & occ

kW/m2

200 150

Op2: op1 + constructive elements

100 50

Protrusions 0 Heating L.

Cooling L.

Solar G.

Internal G.

Figure 6.13: Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Table 6.5: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C

BASE CASE

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

Occupants (nÂş)

110

Surface (m2)

597

741

836

214

107

307

265

230

250

183

175

Heating Load (kW/m2 per year) Cooling Load (m2 per year) Solar Gains (kW/m2 per year) Internal Gains (kW/m2 per year)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Extensive working areas Group working halls Protected working areas

Big meeting rooms

Minor meeting rooms

Informal meeting

Figure: 6.14. Protrusions in South (meeting spaces) and East (working spaces) facades

Extensive relaxing spaces Social halls

Protected social spaces

Extensive working areas Group working halls

N Figure: 6.15. Protrusions in North- (working spaces) and West (social spaces) facades

Protected working areas

Ch:6

The working patterns must not be distributed by volumes, but by plans. In each floor, there should be a mixture of activities, in order to obtain a functional space without segregated areas. Each working pattern has certain requirements, as described in chapter 3. The most important for the design of the protrusions are (fig: 6.16): - Sunlight: if it is desired inside or if it should be completely blocked. - Enclosement sense: the protrusions with smaller dimensions would offer a more private space. - Ammount of space: depending on the occupancy and furniture required. Based on this criteria, some parts of the building are extruded obtaining big spaces exposed to the sun and others protected (fig: 6.14 & 6.15). Extruding alternative floors and areas, a series of terraces were created for the occupant to relax.

Extensive relaxing spaces

Multiple task Meeting

Cellular

Minor meeting rooms

Protected: small spaces, partitioned no sun

Sunlight

Activities space

Extensive working areas

Big area

Social Halls Group working Big meeting rooms

Cafeteria Dining room

Informal meeting

Partitioned Spare area

Lounge

Meeting

Figure: 6.16. Criteria analyzed for the creation of the protrusions and working patterns associated to it.

Hot desk Technical working

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Table 6.6: Shape and size criteria for the skin geometry analysis

FAMILY

FLOOR TO CEILING

2 ELEMENTS PER FLOOR HEIGH

3 ELEMENTS PER FLOOR HEIGH

SIZE VARIATION

HORIZONTAL LINES

VERTICAL LINES

Ch:6

6.4 aNALYTIC WORK 2 · SKIN GEOMETRY: SHAPE & SIZE CRITERIA:

SQUARES

HEXAGONS The solar protection’s intention is to block the direct solar radiation, allowing the diffuse for daylight. Hence, different geometries, historically proved effective against the direct radiation, were tested. It was decided to study four simple families usually used on orthogonal facades (table: 6.6) - Horizontal lines (overhangs) - Vertical lines - Squares: a combination of the first options. - Hexagons: simple geometry with historical precedents related to the context, as it is explained in next sections. Different divisions were studied in order to understand which one offers better distributions of opaque panes (pink) and transparent (white) (table: 6.6). The facades with size variation is considered more aesthetically interesting, but, more complex and expensive to construct.

The hexagonal and square families offer better combinations of opaque and transparent elements. However, the hexagonal one has more vertical variations and interesting appearance.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Table 6.7: Shape and size criteria for the skin geometry analysis

FAMILY

EXTRUSION

TILTED

COMPLEXITY

MOVABLE ELEMENTS

HORIZONTAL LINES

VERTICAL LINES

Ch:6

VOLUMETRY & MOVEMENT CRITERIA: The volumetry of the elements were analysed depending on their level of complexity (table: 6.7)

SQUARES

HEXAGONS The straight extrusion, with the horizontal elements slightly tilted, is considered the easiest option to construct while evacuating better the dust and rain (table: 6.7, extrusion and tilted) Movable elements may be required, to respond to the changing conditions of solar exposure. The best option is to simplify the elements and movements as much as possible (table 6.7, complexity). It has been shown in the literature that complex shading devices, such as the used in the Arab World Institute by Jean Nouvel, easily break down and fail. Because of the important tradition of awnings in the Spanish culture, they are considered a good, cheap and easy solution (table: 6.7, movable elements)

The hexagonal family can develop into excesive complex elements. However, if the volumetry is kept simple is similar to the other families.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Table 6.8: Shape and size criteria for the skin geometry analysis

FAMILY

HORIZONTAL LINES

VERTICAL LINES

Requires additional structure

APPEARANCE

FROM THE OUTSIDE

FROM THE INSIDE

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

Ch:6

VISUAL CRITERIA: In an office development there are three key points concerning the views (table:6.8):

SQUARES

HEXAGONS Interesting appearance: suggests that the company is dynamic and contemporary. This is important for the institutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture.

Privacy from the exterior: to protect the information managed by the company and the privateness of the occupants

Outdoor views from the inside: to obtain job satisfaction, as it was explained in chapter 1.

In a refurbishment, it is also important not to add extra loads to the structure. Thence, it is studied the necessity of an extra structure to support the elements of the new faĂ§ade. The prize must be also considered. The facade is moduled and prefabricated in order to reduce the costs.

Requires additional structure for balance

Self-supporting

In comparison with the rest of geometries, the hexagonal family offers a surprising and interesting appearance. Its structure is also self-supporting with the honeycomb configuration.

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

% OF THE ANNUAL HOURLY HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE (9-7h)

C (CORE)

I (INNER LIMIT WORKING SPACE)

F (1M FROM THE FACADE)

2.7m

> 100 Lux

> 200 Lux

< 2000Lux

3 CONDITIONS MATCH

O (OVERALL SATISFACTION)

Figure 6.17: Location of the analyzed spots

Table 6.9: Results of the relevant shading geometries analyzed (Source: Grasshopper + DIVA 4 & LadyBugg)

FAMILY Best option found:

HORIZONTAL LINES 3 per floor heigh of 1,5m thickness

VERTICAL LINES 1 every 2m of 1,5m thickness

95%

94%

100%

94%

96%

79%

100%

79%

82%

100%

62%

80%

75%

38%

15%

32%

31%

78%

42%

59%

54%

23%

18%

81%

97%

99%

93%

95%

52%

15%

72%

73%

97%

98%

51%

78%

38%

80%

96%

64%

91%

87%

88%

78%

63%

62%

80%

ILLUMINANCE

V. SOLAR RADIATION

SHADOW MASK

21st June Peak (W/m2) 21st Dec. Peak (W/m2) Av. Annual (KWh/m2)

Ch:6

The environmental performance of the families was also considered. They were sized to fit elements per floor height and extruded perpendicular to the facade (table 6.9).

ENVIRONMENTAL CRITERIA:

SQUARES 2 per floor heigh of 2m thickness

HEXAGONS 2 per floor 2m thickness

94%

93%

94%

91%

92%

91%

72%

77%

78%

89%

74%

100%

38%

70%

71%

98%

92%

93%

97%

72%

20%

48%

49%

87%

67%

71%

13%

78%

70%

76%

85%

95%

90%

87%

99%

37%

40%

65%

75%

84%

80%

86%

71%

70%

63%

70%

86%

94%

90%

93%

It was analysed the percentage of hours between, 9 and 17h, that illuminance conditions described in fig: 6.17 were reached during a year.

It was also tested the protection offered against the solar radiation. It was analysed the percentage of solar radiation avoided.

The shadow mask, to understand the potential sun patches generated, was studied. The geometries that best respond to these needs are the horizontal and hexagonal families. The hexagons meet the levels of daylight required during more hours, while they have a sunpatch distribution more difficult to predict

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Figure 6.19: Honeycomb House by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1937 (Source: www. steinerag.com)

Figure 6.20: Geodesic dome by Richard Buckminster Fuller, ‘60s (Source: www.kwang12.workflow.arts.ac.uk)

Figure 6.21: Eden Project by Nicholas Grimshaw, 2003 (Source: www.luckybogey.wordpress.com)

Ch:6

CONTEXT HISTORY CRITERIA: Historic criteria should also be considered when focusing on the intervention of an existing building. During the 50’s and 70’s, when la Torre Ederra was built, important architecture developments used hexagonal geometries, due to the connection of this shape with nature. One of the most important examples in the country is the “Spanish Pavilion” at the Brussels Expo in 1958, by Corrales y Molezún (fig: 6.18). Some house in the dessert by Frank Lloyd Wright, such as the “Honeycomb house” in 1937 (fig: 6.19). The structural research developed by Buckminster Fuller (fig: 6.20) had also a great impact on the use of hexagons in architecture because of its, lightness, and structural self-supporting behaviour. Nowadays hexagonal geometries have been revitalised, especially in the so-called sustainable architecture. There are two trends. The passive architecture, with examples such as the “Eden project” by Nicholas Grimshaw (fig: 6.21), based on Buckminster Fuller’s theories and the “Orquideorama” in Medellín, by Felipe Mesa (fig: 6.22). On the other hand the automatic architecture, with facades developed with extremely complex shading control systems, such as “Edificio Media-TIC”, by Enrique Ruiz Geli (fig: 6.23) or the “Bahar Tower”, by AHR (fig: 6.24). The effectivity and constant operation of such complicated solar control systems are doubtful.

Figure 6.18: Spanish Pavilion at Brussels Expo 158, by Corrales y Molezún (Source: www.aeppas20.wordpress.com)

Hence, it is considered that hexagons fit better with the requirements of this specific project, because of its historical background, the interesting aesthetics offered, its structural behaviour and energetic performance. The devices should be simple, concerning the Spanish culture of the awnings. Each element must be moduled and prefabricated to reduce the costs. It must be said, that this geometry may not be suitable for a different project. The proposed multi-criteria has to be carefully analysed for the conditions of every proposal.

Figure 6.22: Orquideorama by Felipe Mesa, 2006 (Source: www.elparalex.com)

Figure 6.24: Bahar Towers, by AHR, 2012 (Source: www.e-architect.co.uk)

Figure 6.23: Edificio Media-TIC, by Enrique Ruiz Geli, 2010 (Source: www.de.construmatica.com)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

2 SHADING MODULES per floor heigh

1,27m 2,54m

2,2m

3,3m

2 Figure 6.25: Shading modules

4,19 m2

Ch:6

6.5 SKYN MODULATION: Different solutions concerning the arrangement of hexagons were studied. The best solution is to create two hexagons per floor height for the shading modules (fig:6.25). However, these elements are too big for the creation of operable windows. Therefore, these modules were divided into smaller hexagons with better dimensions for operable windows (1.04m2) and partitions (fig: 6.26). The combination of elements with different dimensions offers a dynamic façade, as it is concluded in the previous section ”shape and size criteria”.

3 FACADE MODULES per floor heigh

0,65m 1,3m

1,1m

3,3m

2 1,04 m2

3 Figure 6.26: Facade modules.

100

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces Z2: Cool Constant

Z2: Cool Constant Z1: Cool Constant

Z1: Z3: Cool Cool Constant Constant

Z3: Mild Constant

Z5: Mild Constant

Z4: Mild Constant

Z5: Mild Variable

Z4: Mild Constant

Z8: Hot Variable

Z6: Hot Variable

Z8: Hot Constant

Z6: Mild Constant

Z7: Hot Variable

Z7: Hot Constant

Figure 6.27: 3RD Floor Zones conditions

Working spaces

Meeting spaces

Relaxing Concentration spaces rooms

Z1B Z1C

17 No daylighted space

33 Z4

Z5A

Z1A

Figure 6.28: 3RD Floor Daylight analysis (Daylight availability, target 200 lux at 0.84m height for zones and Daylight autonomy, target 100 lux at 0.1m height for core) (Source: DIVA for Rhino) Z2 Z1E Z1D Z3 % of occupied hours (8-18h)

Z5B

83 100

Daylighted space

Overlit areas (potential glare) Z5 Z7 >2000lux Z6 Z8 Figure 6.29: 3RD & 14TH Floor Daylight analysis (Daylight availability, target 200 lux at 0.84m height for zones and Daylight autonomy, target 100 lux at 0.1m height for core) Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon. Simulation performed with 4 bounces Option 3. (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Ch:6

101

Table 6.10 shows the optimum percentage of glazing in each zone. This surface was translated into the amount of transparent modules required per façade. Daylight availability simulations were conducted to test different possible distributions for these modules with a target of 200luxes. Three different distributions were tested to meet the following objectives (fig: 6.29 & Appendix D):

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

The environmental conditions of each zone were mapped, applying a working pattern to each of them. The variation of the resultant temperatures was tested during the 21st of December for different percentages of the transparent area (fig: 6.30) using EDSL TAS. Depending on the results the spaces were categorized as cool, mild or hot and the thermal behaviour (fig: 6.27). and the working patterns were distributed depending on the thermal conditions (fig: 6.28).

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

6.5.1 ANALYTIC WORK 3 · PERCENTAGE OF GLASS:

- Avoid results below 50% of DAv in the inner parts of the building. - Ensure a percentage of transparent area that fits the thermal requirements of the working patterns (fig: 6.30)

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

- Obtain the minimum overlit areas beside the facade.

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z1 3rd Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z5 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z7 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

SOUTH

WEST

NORTH

EAST

Figure 6.30: Temperatures during the 21ST of December for 20% 40%, 60%and 80% of glazed surface (Source: EDSL TAS) Table 6.10: Percentages of glazed surface & correspondent transparent modules per zone (14th floor) Inputs in appendix C

Zone Z1A Z1B Z1C Z4 Z6 Z1D Z1E Z2 Z3 Z3 Z5A Z5B Z8 Z5 Z8 Z7 Z6

Facade Area % Transp.Facade Transp.Area Nº modules Distribution DAv inner part 100% 0.95m2 1 Op1 4.76m2 20% 2 90% 3.12m 3 Op 3 15.09m2 20% 2 80% 4.16m 4 Op 3 14.85m2 30% 2 55% 23.92m 23 Op 3 75.4m2 30% 2 55% 6.24m 6 Op 3 42.32m2 15% 2 100% 0m 0 Op1 9.9m2 0% 2 55% 7.28m 7 Op 3 19.71m2 40% 2 90% 18.72m 18 Op 3 30.85m2 60% 85% 8.32m2 8 Op 2 19.7m2 40% 2 90% 7.28m 7 Op 2 34.65m2 20% 70% 8.32m2 8 Op 3 30.69m2 30% 2 90% 12.48m 12 Op 2 44.71m2 30% 55% 6.24m2 6 Op 2 46.45m2 13% 2 100% 2.67m 3 Op 1 6.68m2 40% 2 70% 3.12m 3 Op 3 20.87m2 15% 2 50% 6.24m 6 Op 3 28.54m2 20% 55% 5.2m2 5 Op 3 30.27m2 20%

102

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces Clear glass, 10mm

Thirteenth Floor Twekfth Floor Eleventh Floor Tenth Floor

FACADE

Fourteenth Floor

Argon, 16mm Clear glass, 6mm Metal frame with thermal break, 34.5mm

Out

Opaque

Transparent

Fifteenth Floor

Steel supporting structure 50x80mm Clear glass, 6mm Vaccuned insulation, 50mm Clear glass, 10mm

Opaque · U-Value: 0.5 W/m2 ºC Transparent · U-Value: 2.3 W/m2 ºC Figure 6.32: Facade detail

Nineth Floor Eighth Floor Seventh Floor Sixth Floor Fifth Floor Forth Floor Third Floor Second Floor First Floor Ground Floor Figure 6.31: New floor plans (highlighted in pink the extended area)

Figure 6.33: South elevations without the shading layer (highlighted in pink the recovered original pannels

Ch:6

103

Thermal simulations were conducted to evaluate this intervention. The solar gains are reduced, to the extent that can be tackled without jeopardizing the daylight levels in the core (fig: 6.34 & table 6.11). In the areas with lower solar radiation, the original facade modules were reused (fig: 6.33). The new transparent and opaque modules were designed using the same configuration. The opaque panels have a vacuum insulation (Dow Corning Vacuum Insulation_Panels-EPD, see appendix C) between the glass panes while the transparent panels do not have it (fig: 6.32).

Annual Loads with a reduced window to wall ratio

350

Base case

300 Op1: New app & occ

250 kW/m2

200

Op2: op1 + constructive elements

150

Op3: Protrusions

100 50

Op4: Window to wall ratio

0 Heating L.

Cooling L.

Solar G.

Internal G.

Figure 634: Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Table 6.11: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C

BASE CASE

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

OPTION 4

Occupants (nยบ)

110

Surface (m2)

597

741

836

0.2

214

107

307

265

230

250

183

175

185

Heating Load (kW/m2 per year) Cooling Load (m2 per year) Solar Gains (kW/m2 per year) Internal Gains (kW/m2 per year)

104

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Table 6.12: Hours selected for the four conditions analysis. Peak hours (highlighted in pink) to check if the solar radiation is below 50W/m2. Starting moment of the solar radiation (highlighted in grey), below 50W/m2 in summer and above 40W/m2 in winter

HOURS OF ANALYSIS PER ORIENTATION 21st of June

21st of December

Peak

Rise

First hour of sun

Peak

Rise

First hour of sun

EAST

10h

07h

11h

09h

SOUTH

14h

10h

12h

14h

09h

11h

WEST

18h

14h

15h

17h

14h

NORTH

08h

06h

07h

14h

10h

Table 6.13: Location of the 4 shading modules along facades and sections (14 floor) th

Module 1 (Fixed · 0.5m) North East South West Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Z1A

S.0

Z1B

S.1 & 3

Z1C

S.0

Z1D

S.2

S.0-9

Z3A

S.1-5

Z1E

S.1

S.0, 2-4 &6

S.3

S.2 & 3

Z3B

S.1-3

Z5A

S.5

S.0-3

Module 2 (Fixed · Horizontal extension of 1.5m) North East South West Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Z6 Z7

S.0-2&5 Z3B S.0

Z5B

S.0 & 4 S.2-6

Module 3 (Movable · Horizontal) North East South West Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Z1A

S.0

Z1B

S.1

S.0-8

Z3A

S.0-2, 4 &5

S.2, 6, 8, 13, 15 S.5

Z6 S.0-2 & 5 Z7

S.1

S.2

Z5A

S.3 & 6

Z5B

S.0

S.4

Module 4 (Movable · Vertical) North East South West Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Zone: Shading: Z1D

S.0-2

Z1E

S.0 & 2

S.5, 7, 10, 12, 14 & 16

S.8

Z3B S.2, 3 & 6 Z5A S.0, 1 & 4 Z5B

S.1

Ch:6

105

6.5.2 ANALYTIC WORK 4 · SHADING DEVICES: The design of the shading devices has been developed depending on the vertical solar radiation. Reinhart (2011) defined as the threshold a value of 50W/m2 on the exterior of the facade. The thermal simulations developed supported this threshold, as the interior temperatures exceeded the upper limit of the comfort band one hour later the exterior of the facade registered values between 40 and 60W/m2. Therefore, it is considered that the shading devices must ensure that the solar radiation, on the glazed surfaces, does not exceed 50W/m2. It is analyzed during the moments of highest and lowest solar radiation in the solstices (table: 6.12): - Highest solar radiation: peak moments, defined in chapter 4, section 4.1.2. - Lowest solar radiation: rising moments, defined in chapter 4, section 4.1.2, or the first hour of solar exposure of the facade, defined in chapter 4, section 4.2.2, if the facade would be obstructed by the context during this moment, In winter, the solar gains improve the thermal conditions, so the radiation during the “lowest solar radiation moment” on the 21st of December should be above 40W/m2. Shading devices will be fixed if they grant this condition, if not, they will be movable. From the analytic work, eight different types of shading devices were obtained, but they can be simplified into four (fig: 6.35), to reduce the costs, and allow a better distribution in the facades (table: 6.13). Simulations were undertaken for the 14th floor. The distribution in the rest of floors will depend on the values of annual solar radiation tin each of them (table: 6.14).

M1 Extrusion 0.5m

M2 Extrusion 1m

M1 Extrusion 0.5m

Table 6.14: Shading devices designated depending on the solar radiation. (Source: Grashopper & LadyBugg)

NORTH ORIENTATION Av.Annual Vertical Solar Module Radiation 3 >160 KWh/m2 1

< 160 KWh/m2 EAST ORIENTATION

Av.Annual Vertical Solar Radiation > 570 KWh/m2

570 - 500 KWh/m2

< 570 KWh/m2

Module

SOUTH ORIENTATION Av.Annual Vertical Solar Module Radiation 3 > 700 KWh/m2 2

700 - 600 KWh/m2

< 600 KWh/m2

WEST ORIENTATION Av.Annual Vertical Solar Module Radiation 4 > 300 KWh/m2 3

300 - 270 KWh/m2

270 - 250 KWh/m2

< 250 KWh/m2

MODULES OBTAINED FROM THE ANALYTIC WORK M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 Extrusion Tilted Tilted Tilted Tilted 1.5m 15º 30º 15º H&V 30º Vertical

SIMPLIFIED MODULES USED IN THE DESIGN M2 M3 Extrusion 1.5m Movable · Tilted 30º

M8 Tilted 30º H&V

M4 Movable · Tilted 30º Vert.

Figure 6.35: Relationship between the modules obteined from the analytic work and the ones decided to use after simplifying them.

106

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

TRANSPARENT MODULES DISTRIBUTION ARROUND THE SHADING MODULE

Annual Glare (North & South facades) Jan

Feb

Mar

Abr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

08:00 12:00 14:00 18:00

Intolerable glare DGP 0.45 Disturbing glare 0.45 DGP 0.4

NO SUNLIGHT DESIRED

Perceptible glare 0.4 DGP 0.35 Imperceptible glare 0.35 DGP

Annual Glare (East facade) Jan

Feb

Mar

Abr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

08:00 12:00 14:00 18:00

Intolerable glare DGP 0.45 Disturbing glare 0.45 DGP 0.4

INDIFFERENT

Perceptible glare 0.4 DGP 0.35 Imperceptible glare 0.35 DGP

Annual Glare (West facade) Jan

Feb

Mar

Abr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

08:00 12:00 14:00 18:00

SUNLIGHT DESIRED

Figure 6.36: Distribution of the transparent modules arround the shading module depending on the sunlight requirements of the working pattern inside as described in chapter 3

Intolerable glare DGP 0.45 Disturbing glare 0.45 DGP 0.4

Perceptible glare 0.4 DGP 0.35 Imperceptible glare 0.35 DGP

Figure 6.37: Annual glare analysis for different orientations. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon. Simulation performed with 2 bounces. (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Ch:6

107

The shading devices were placed in order to protect the transparent modules from direct solar radiation. Depending on the indoor desired conditions as described in figure 6.36. Daylight studies were conducted to test if the shading devices meet the expected conditions. Figure 6.38 shows that when the devices are fully extended, the perimeter is not overlighted while the core remains above 200 lux. Only some circulation areas have a lower value, but above 100 lux (see appendix D). North and south facades offer good conditions with areas without glare or over-illumination (fig: 6.37 & 6.38). However, problems of glare and over-illumination appear on the east and west facades (fig: 6.39 & app D) when the sun is too horizontal. This inclination makes impossible to solve over illumination with the shading device, without risking the daylight levels in the core. Figure 6.40 shows that this problem can be solved using a translucent screen during these hours.

200 lux 300 lux 500 lux

800 lux

2000 lux < 200 lux > 2000 lux

Daylight levels at midday

Daylight levels in the morning

Daylight levels in the morning with translutent screens

Figure 6.38: Illuminance 21st of June 14:00, Clear sky with sun. At 0.84m height every 0.5m and 6 bounces. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon. (Source:

Figure 6.39x: Illuminance 21st of June 10:00, Clear sky with sun. At 0.84m height every 0.5m and 6 bounces. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, double glazing low emisivity with argon.

Figure 6.40: Illuminance 21st of June 10:00, Clear sky with sun. At 0.84m height every 0.5m and 6 bounces. Ceiling reflectivity 0.7, floor, walls and furniture 0.5, glazing as translutent element 0.2 transmissivity. (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

DIVA for Rhino)

(Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

108

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z1 14th Floor

29.5ºC

23.5ºC 60% 40% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z4 14th Floor

29.5ºC

23.5ºC 60% 40% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z7 14th Floor

29.5ºC

23.5ºC 20% 80% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 6.41: Temperatures during the 21ST of December for different percentages of operable surface (Source: EDSL TAS)

Ch:6

109

6.6 COMFIRMATION OF COMFORT CONDITIONS: The number of operable windows required was calculated using the same method as explained in section 6.5.1 in order to achieve comfort for summer conditions (fig: 6.41) As Santamouris et al (1993) concluded, the office occupants are much more tolerant in naturally ventilated and free-running buildings. Therefore, the application of natural ventilation strategies allows extending the upper limit of the comfort zone to nearly 29.5ºC (Santamouris, et al, 1993). Baker et al (1996) also reported results of thermal satisfaction between office occupants, from 47 to 96% of the hours, even with temperatures around 30ºC, in free-running buildings. Therefore, the upper comfort limit is considered 29.5ºC. Thermal simulations were undertaken considering different percentages of operable surface,. They were calculated for manual daytime ventilation and automatic nighttime one. As table 6.15 shows, the temperatures slightly exceeded the threshold at some hours, however, never above 30ºC. These temperatures are considered too high and a potential risk for peak days. Hence, it is essential the use of ceiling fans at that time. This strategy is chosen due to the impact on the occupants’ perception (decreasing 3ºC the thermal sensation) and its low energy consumption (less than 2W/m3) as it was reported in chapter 1, section 4.

SOUTH

WEST

NORTH

EAST

Table 6.15: Percentages of open surface & correspondent operable modules per zone. Inputs in appendix C

Zone Z4 Z6 Z1A Z1B Z1C Z1D Z1E Z2 Z3 Z3 Z5A Z5B Z8 Z8 Z5 Z7 Z6

Facade Area 75.4m2 42.32m2 4.76m2 15.09m2 14.85m2 9.9m2 19.71m2 30.85m2 19.7m2 34.65m2 30.69m2 44.71m2 46.45m2 20.87m2 6.68m2 28.54m2 30.27m2

% OpenFacade 40% 20% 40% 40% 40% 40% 40% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 40% 80% 20%

OpenArea 30.16m2 0.46m2 1.90m2 6.04m2 37.13m2 3.96m2 7.88m2 24.68m2 11.82m2 20.79m2 12.28m2 17.88m2 9.29m2 4.17m2 2.67m2 6.24m2 6.05m2

Nº modules 37 1 2 7 46 5 10 30 15 26 15 2 11 5 3 8 7

Max. Temp Hours> 29.5ºC 29.2ºC 0h 29.6ºC 2h

29.6ºC

29.5ºC

29.8ºC

29.6ºC

29.9ºC

29.6ºC 29.6ºC 29.6ºC

1h 2h 2h

110

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Base case

Annual Loads with fixed shading devices

350

Op1: New app & occ

300 Op2: op1 + constructive elements

250 kW/m2

200

Op3: Protrusions

150

Op4: Window to wall ratio

100 50

Op5: Fixed Shading devices

0 Heating L.

Cooling L.

Solar G.

Internal G.

Figure 6.42: Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Table 6.16: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C

BASE CASE

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

OPTION 4

OPTION 5

Occupants (nº)

110

Surface (m2)

597

741

836

0.2

0.3

214

107

307

265

230

250

183

175

187

Heating Load (kW/m2 per year) Cooling Load (m2 per year) Solar Gains (kW/m2 per year) Internal Gains (kW/m2 per year)

Ch:6

111

It has been proved that a free running office that not only contemplates the performance of the building but also the occupants perception can be successful in Madrid. There may be controversy about the costs of having movable shading devices. As it is shown in figure 6.42 and table 6.15 the heating load, in building with fixed shading devices, is slightly higher than the ones with movable shading devices (fig: 6.43 & table 6.16). However, with fixed shading devices the daylight performance is worse, increasing the artificial lighting loads and gains and the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perception of control decreases making them slightly less tolerant. Base case

Op1: New app & occ

Annual Loads with movable shading devices

350

Op2: op1 + constructive elements

300

Op3: Protrusions

250 kW/m2

200

Op4: Window to wall ratio

150

Op5: Fixed Shading devices

100 50

Op6: Movable Shading devices

0 Heating L.

Cooling L.

Solar G.

Internal G.

Figure 6.43: Anual Loads for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) Inputs in appendix C Table 6.17: Anual Loads and occupant density for Base case, Option 1 (new appliances and occupancy), Option 2 (+ double glazed facade with operable windows) and the protrusions (volume variation) (Source: EDSL TAS) Inputs in appendix C

BASE CASE

OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

OPTION 4

OPTION 5

OPTION 6

Occupants (nÂş)

110

Surface (m2)

597

741

836

0.2

0.3

0.2

214

107

307

265

230

250

183

175

187

Heating Load (kW/m2 per year) Cooling Load (m2 per year) Solar Gains (kW/m2 per year) Internal Gains (kW/m2 per year)

The strategies previously explained are applied for the refurbishment of an abandoned office building in order to obtain a dynamic office that adapts itself to the occupants preferences and context.

DESIGN 7.1 BUILDING 7.2 SKIN 7.2.1 FACADE

7.2.2 SHADING DEVICES

7.2.3 SOLAR PANELS

7.3 ATMOSPHERES

7.3.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

7.3.2 WORKING SPACE 路 GROUP WORKING

7.3.3 MEETING SPACE 路 MEETING

7.3.4 SOCIAL SPACE 路 ACTIVITIES SPACE

114

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Figure 7.1 Location of Azca

AZCA BUSINESS CENTRE

Figure 7.2 Azca Bussines Centre section

Ch:7

115

7.1 building: SITE LOCATION As it was described previously, la Torre Ederra is located in the nucleus of Madrid (fig: 7.1). In The business centre of Azca (fig: 7.2). This dissertation transforms a common glazed tower that ain the business centre of Azca, into a sustainable architectural construction sensible with its inhabitant (fig: 7.3).

Figure 7.3 Azca Bussines Centre bird view 路 Original (up) and transformed (down)

116

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

ORIGINAL GLAZED FACADE.

ORIGINAL BUILDING.

Figure 7.4: Evolution of the east elevation and layering.

NEW VOLUMETRY.

Ch:7

117

The transformation has been achieved by a “layering process”. The original volume was extruded following a rational criteria explained in chapter 6, creating terraces and protected areas (fig: 7.4). A new façade was designed, offering protection and an interesting aspect. Modules from the original facade were reused in the obstructed areas (60% of them reused, 40% recycled). Finally, a shading layer was added for solar protection and offering a dynamic façade, which changes depending on the external environmental conditions.

FACADE LAYER.

SHADING LAYER.

REDUCTION OF THE GLAZED SURFACE.

FINAL PROPOSAL WITH EXTENDED SHADINGS.

118

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Figure 7.5: View from Paseo de la Castellana of the original building.

Figure 7.6: View from Paseo de la Castellana of the proposed refurbishment.

Ch:7

The different volumes resulted from the protrusions, allow the inhabitant to experience the space and surroundings under different conditions. The dynamism of the skin (fig: 7.7) and volumetry (fig: 7.6) offers choices and flexibility to the building in contrast to the actual design (fig: 7.5).

Figure 7.7: South elevation with extended shading devices (left) and retracted (right).

119

120

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Cellular working: Nº of occupants: 14 Floor area: 83.3m2

Technical working: Nº of occupants: 12 Floor area: 97.77m2

Terrace for working spaces Floor area: 19.7m2

Multitask working: Nº of occupants: 12 Floor area: 65.73m2

Spare room: Floor area: 56.6m2 Activities space: Floor area: 36m2

Group working: Nº of occupants: 9 Floor area: 45m2

Cafeteria: Floor area: 51m2

Informal meeting: Nº of occupants: 9 Floor area: 23.5m2

Terrace for relaxing spaces Floor area: 35.3m2

Reception: Floor area: 37.7m2

Lounge: Floor area: 46.3m2

Group working: Nº of occupants: 16 Floor area: 30.5m2

Concentration room: Nº of occupants: 1 Floor area: 4m2

Hot desk working: Nº of occupants: 18 Floor area: 108.3m2

Terrace for meeting spaces: Floor area: 20m2 Meeting room: Nº of occupants: 25 Floor area: 55.6m2

Informal meeting: Nº of occupants: 15 Floor area: 46.8m2 Meeting room: Nº of occupants: 4 Floor area: 7.2m2 Figure 7.8: 14th plan distribution.

Ch:7

The combination of activities and atmospheres on each floor (fig: 7.8) and along the section results in a functional and flexible space (fig: 7.9) adapted to the occupant (fig: 7.10).

Figure 7.9: Transversal section

Figure 7.10: North elevation

121

Ch:7

7.2 skin: 7.2.1

FACADE PARTITIONS (fig: 7.11):

Figure 7.11: Visualization of the north facade partitions, with no shadings.

123

124

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

TRANSPARENT BASIC MODULE

SUPPORT STRUCTURE OF THE SHADING MODULES

OPAQUE CORNER MODULE

OPERABLE MODULE OPAQUE CORNER MODULE

Figure 7.14: Distribution of the modules (Opaque modules highlighted in pink.

Joint facade - slab

Clear glass, 10mm Argon, 50mm Insulation , 15mm Expanded Clay Aggregate Clear glass, 6mm Insulation , 40mm. Dense mineral wool (fire-stopping material) Steel supporting structure (50x80mm) Metal frame with thermal break, 34.5mm End plate Concrete slab 300mm Discrete plates welded to slab

Clear glass, 10mm Insulation, 50mm. Dow Corning Vacuum Insulation_ Panels-EPD Clear glass, 6mm Joint opaque module transparent module

Figure 7.15: Section of the facade element and its joint to the slabs

Steel supporting structure (50x80mm) Metal frame with thermal break, 34.5mm

Ch:7

BASIC MODULE

CORNER MODULE

The facade is configurated by different modules, that, when grouped (fig: 7.13), create a self-supporting structure attached to the slabs (fig: 7.15). Transparent and opaque modules are elements with two glazing panels, the opaque modules introduce a vacuumed insulation in between (fig: 7.15 & 7.13) Three modules are distinguished:

OPERABLE MODULE

The basic module (fig: 7.12) is a regular hexagon of 1.04m2. The corner module (fig: 7.12) enables the configuration to create bigger hexagon that supports the structure of the shading modules (fig: 7.14) The operable module (fig: 7.12) will allow the ventilation.

Figure 7.12: Facade modules

Inner pane Transparent Optional insulation Outer pane

BASIC MODULE

Figure 7.13: Organization and composition of the facade modules

CORNER MODULE

Opaque

125

126

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

OUT

0.85m

0.45m

Figure 7.17: Detail of the joint between a basic and a operable module

Figure 7.18: Possible movements of the operable module

Ch:7

127

The operable module (fig: 7.16) is an opaque basic element, which pivots around an axis, located at one-third of its length (fig: 7.17). It rotates a maximum of 90ยบ but allows different intermediate positions (fig: 7.18). The smaller part (1/3) twists to the inside, while the bigger part (2/3), does it to the outside (fig: 7.17), avoiding dangerous obstacles working spaces (fig: 7.19). Figure 7.16: Axonometric of the operable module

Figure 7.19: View of the operable modules from the inside (left) and outside (right)

128

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Figure 7.20: Visualization of the shading devices on east facade

Ch:7

7.2.2 SHADING DEVICES (fig: 7.20):

129

130

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Post Support of three fabrics on the corners

Retractil structure

Fabric. Recycled canvas. Figure 7.24: Retractil mechanism

Fabric. Recycled canvas. Steel post Facade module Concrete slab

Figure 7.23: Joint of the awning and the facade module

Figure 7.22: Section of a movable awning, different possitions

Ch:7

The shading devices’ design is inspired on awnings and fabric traditional solar protections of the Spanish culture. Awnings are also considered desirable for their light weight, low cost, easy movability, maintenance and replacement.

131

Module 1 · Fixed-badic

Four types of modules are designed and distributed through the facades. Modules one and two (fig: 7.21) are fixed and protect the less problematic glazed surfaces. The movable modules (three and four shown in fig: 7.21), are located in the areas where fixed solar protection does not allow the minimum of solar radiation (40) to take advatange of the solar gains, for thermal comfort. Module four is specially developed for the east and west facades, the most problematic as explained in page 107.

The shading devices are composed of a series of posts attached to the joints of the facade modules (fig: 7.23). The posts are divided into three pieces to hold the fabrics of different shading devices, in the case they concur (fig: 7.24).

Module 2 · Fixed-extended

If the shading device is movable a series of pulleys and the retraction structure that allows the movement are attached to the post (fig: 7.22 & 7.24)

Module 3 · Movable-horizontal protection

Figure 7.21: Shading modules

Module 4 · Movable-vertical protection

132

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

EAST FACADE

WEST FACADE

Figure 7.26: Solar panels on the east and west elevations · 14th floor

Figure 7.25: Solar panels on the south elevation (highlighted in pink)

Ch:7

133

7.2.3 SOLAR PANELS: It is considered that solar energy could be used to supply the energy loads of the equipment and artificial lighting. The electricity demand is calculated in EDSL TAS. The estimated average electric demand is 41.7kW per floor. As it is shown in table 7.1, the loads were multiplied by the occupied hours during one year. It was considered the percentage of use of the appliances, based on the research developed by Duarte et al (2013), depending on the daylight levels and schedule of each working pattern. Photovoltaic Roof Panels (Sun power X21-345) were used as pergola for a habitable outdoor space on the roof top, with a nominal power of 0.345kW. Moreover, photovoltaic cells were used as the exterior glazed panel of the opaque modules in those areas where they received constant solar radiation (fig: 7.25). Sunewat-laminated glass with embedded photovoltaic cells Sunewat XL is used as the exterior glazing panel, they have a nominal power of 0.63kWp (fig: 7.27). Table 7.1 shows the energy consumption of floor 14, simulated with EDSL TAS and the total surface of solar panels (in faรงade and roof) that correspond to floor 14. Considering the panels in each orientation (fig: 7.26) and the proportional area of solar panels in the roof top. This is the expected energy consumption and energy generated per floor, and, therefore, it can be concluded that 46% of the consumed energy can be saved using solar energy (table 7.2).

Figure 7.27: Sunewat XL (Source: http://www. yourglass.com/agc-glass-europe/gb/es/ photovoltaic_cells/sunewat/brand_description. html)

Table 7.1: Energy consumed per floor

Energy consumption per floor (KW)

Percentage of annual hours in use

Annual energy consumption (KWh)

Equipment:

30.7

51.7%

36010

Artificial lighting:

20%

5178

Total (KWh)

41188

Table 7.2: Energy generated by photovoltaic solar panels per floor and percentage saved

Surface of solar panels (m2)

Annual solar radiation received (KWh/m2)

South facade

48.67

626.4

4570

East facade

42.87

496.8

3193

West facade

33.44

397.3

1992

Roof top coverage

115

532.7

9183

Energy generated Percentage of energy (KWh) saved

46%

134

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

CEILING ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING (Automatic)

CEILING FANS (Manual)

SHADING DEVICES (Automatic)

Figure 7.28: Adaptive control in a working space (group working) on the walls and ceilings

Ch:7

7.3 ATMOSPHERES: 7.3.1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

The atmospheres are defined by the distribution of space, aesthetic parameters, personalization of space, environmental indoor conditions and the level of automatization of the adaptive control strategies. (fig: 7.28)

OPERABLE WINDOW (Manual)

135

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z2 14th Floor 29.5ºC 23.5ºC

Int.T Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 7.30 Temperatures during the 21ST of June Z2 (Source: EDSL TAS)

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

136

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z2 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC Int. T Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 7.31: Temperatures during the 21ST of December Z2 (Source: EDSL TAS)

% of occupied hours (8-18h)

17 33

No daylighted space

50 67 83

Daylighted space

100

Overlit areas (potential glare) >2000lux

Figure 7.32: Daylight availability in Z7. Target 200 lux, inputs in Appendix D (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Ch:7

137

7.3.2 WORKING SPACE · GROUP WORKING: The working spaces, such as the group working (fig: 7.34) located in zone 2 (fig: 7.29), are designed as constant atmospheres. During the first hours of the morning, the working spaces have lower internal gains due to a lower occupancy, and therefore, temperatures are closer to the lower limit of the comfort band (fig: 7.31). Nevertheless, people are more tolerant to low temperatures during morning (Wagner et al, 2007), so this temperatures are acceptable at this time. On the other hand, during summer evenings, the internal conditions are close to the upper limit of the comfort band (fig: 7.30). The office’s change their schedule in summer, working only until 3 pm, therefore, these conditions are not relevant for the occupants comfort. Nonetheless, ceiling fans would be used during the peak days to reduce the thermal sensation if required. Figure 7.32 shows homogeneous lighting levels throughout the space and constant conditions. This is achieved through the management of the shading devices throughout the year (fig: 7.33) It is recommendable to use automatic management to increase the concentration and productivity.

Figure 7.33: Shading device shedule to avoid glare and overilumination (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Figure 7.34: Visualization of a group working area with its own meeting space.

Figure 7.29: Location of Z2, working space · group working atmosphere

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z7 14th Floor 29.5ºC

23.5ºC

Int.T Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 7.36: Temperatures during the 21ST of June Z7 (Source: EDSL TAS)

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

138

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z7 14th Floor

25ºC 19ºC

Int. T Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 7.37: Temperatures during the 21ST of December (Source: EDSL TAS)

% of occupied hours (8-18h)

17 33

No daylighted space

50 67 83

Daylighted space

100

Overlit areas (potential glare) >2000lux

Figure 7.38: Daylight availability in Z7. Target 200 lux, inputs in Appendix D (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Ch:7

139

7.3.3 MEETING SPACE 路 MEETING ROOM: The meeting spaces, such as the meeting rooms (fig: 7.34) located in the zone 7 (fig: 7.35), are designed as areas for discussions and presentations at different moments. These areas are located in the south, so the temperatures are higher than in other areas, the rooms will be tempered when they would get in use due to the production of internal gains (fig: 7.36 & 7.37). As it is shown in fig: 7.32 the lighting levels vary through space creating different daylighted areas. This is achieved thanks to a constant management of the shading devices through the year (fig: 7.33). Because of the solar angle, only a heavy solar control is required in winter during midday. The constant and light solar control required throughout the year is granted with a fixed device, while the extra protection (lighter areas of fig: 7.33) is provided with a movable device, the control of which may be automatic, so that the internal gains do not rise above the comfort band when occupants do not use the space. Figure 7.35: Location of Z7, meeting space 路 meeting room atmosphere

Figure 7.39: Shading device shedule to avoid glare and overilumination (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Figure 7.40 Visualization of an informal meeting area with some concentration rooms and a multitask area at the back

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z5 14th Floor 29.5ºC 23.5ºC

Int.T Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 7.42: Temperatures during the 21ST of June Z5 (Source: EDSL TAS)

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

140

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z5 14th Floor

25ºC 19ºC

Int. T Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Figure 7.43: Temperatures during the 21ST of December Z5 (Source: EDSL TAS)

% of occupied hours (8-18h)

17 33

No daylighted space

50 67 83

Daylighted space

100

Overlit areas (potential glare) >2000lux

Figure 7.44: Daylight availability in Z7. Target 200 lux, inputs in Appendix D (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Ch:7

141

7.3.4 SOCIAL SPACE 路 ACTIVITIES room: The social spaces, such as the activities room (fig: 7.34) located in the zone 5 (fig: 7.35), are designed as areas to relax and contact with the outdoors. Therefore, they are usually highly glazed and connected with terraces. These areas also have higher temperatures than the working spaces, therefore, the intermittent occupants do not feel the space as too cold (fig: 7.36 & 7.37). On the other hand, the lighting conditions are more variable (fig: 7.32). Sun patches are desirable in these areas and increase the mood of the inhabitants (Wang and Boubekri, 2010), as it was explained in chapter one. Because of their west orientation they just need solar control during the evening (fig: 7.45). It is considered that these devices should be manual because of the variety of activities and desired conditions of these spaces.

Figure 7.41: Location of Z5, social space 路 activities space atmosphere

Figure 7.45: Shading device shedule to avoid glare and overilumination (Source: DIVA for Rhino)

Figure 7.46: Visualization of an activities space & small cafeteria with a hot desk area at the back

CONCLUSIONS

144

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

A design guide for working spaces considering the occupants’ comfort perception was developed and applied in an existing office building in Madrid. Its process goes from the inhabitant to the building, starting with the definition of the occupant and the understanding of their perception of the environment they inhabit. The objective of this thesis was to establish the main factors that affect the occupants’ perception of the space, in order to understand how to offer and vary the spaces, so that they are perceived as different atmospheres. Regular office design guidelines and comfort standards should be updated according on how they are perceived. New trends have started to develop this concept, creating spaces with different aesthetics. However these studies did not take into account the atmospheric conditions of them. Although this thesis developed new thresholds for the visual comfort, further study is essential on these parameters and others not researched, such as thermal conditions. To define the atmospheres a series of working patterns were suggested and different parameters were assigned to them. These patterns were located in different spaces depending on their requirements and the environmental conditions. After, the building’s envelope was parametrically designed in order to take advantage of the climatic conditions and offer the required environmental and atmospheric characteristics to the interior spaces. Passive strategies adapted to the climate, such as thermal inertia, natural ventilation, and a carefully designed solar control, allow the creation of a free running development that will only require of cooling systems, such as fans, during the summer peaks. Also, approximately 50% of the required energy demand of the equipment and artificial lighting would be needed if solar panels were installed on the facades and the roof. In conclusion, it is essential to design offices adapted to their inhabitants by creating spaces of different sizes, aspect, and atmospheric conditions. The building should be adapted to the climate, with a dynamic skin that allows the occupants adaptive control of the space in different proportions, depending on the working patterns developed.

Ch:8

145

Figure 8.1: View of the proposal from Paseo de la Castellana

App

147

REFERENCES: Duarte, C., K.V. den Wymelenberg & C. Rieger (2013) “Revealing Occupancy Patterns in Office Buildings through the use of annual occupancy sensor data ” ASHRAE Annual conference.

Duffy, F. (1997) The New office London: Conran Octopus

Nicol, F., & Wilson, M. (2010) “An overview of the European Standard EN 15251 ”. Proceedings of Adapting to Change: New Thinking

- Santamouris, M., A. Argiriou, E. Dascalaki, C. Balaras & A. Gaglia (1993) “Energy characteristics and savings potential in office buildins ” Solar Energy Vol 52, num 1, pp: 59-66. - Szokolay, S.V., (2008) Introduction to Architectural Science. The Basis of Sustainable Design. P2nd Edition. Routledge. - Wagner, A., E. Gossauer, C. Moosmann, Th. Groop & R. Leonhart (2007) “Thermal comfort and workplace occupant satisfaction - Results of field studies in German low energy office building ” Energy and Buildings Vol 39, pp: 758-769. -

Wang, N. & M.Boubekri (2011). “Design recommendations

based on cognitive, mood and preference assessments in a sunlit workspace.”Lighting Res. Technol. Vol 43, pp: 55-72

iNTERNET SOURCES: -

Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía: http://www.idae.es/

CódigoTécnico de la Edificación: http://www.codigotecnico.org/

Clive Wilkinson architects: http://www.clivewilkinson.com/

Studio Sarah Willmer: http://www.studio-sw.com/studio-sw/Home_Studio-SW.html

Rosan Bosh architects http://www.rosanbosch.com/

Sunewat: http://www.yourglass.com/agc-glass-europe/gb/es/photovoltaic_ cells/sunewat/brand_description.html

APENDIX A

BUILT PRECEDENTS · NEW OFFICE’S TREND

BUILT PRECEDENTS · FIELDWORK

PREDESIGN · THERMAL SIMULATIONS’ INPUTS - Existing Conditions - Option 1: New appliances & occupancy - Option 2: Constructive elements - Protrusions - Percentage of glass - Window to wall ratio - Percentage of operable surface

PREDESIGN · DAYLIGHT SIMULATIONS’ INPUTS - Variations in the core - Skin geometry - Glass distribution - Shading devices

PREDESIGN · SOLAR RADIATION SIMULATIONS’ INPUTS - Shadow pattern - Skin geometry - Shading devices

App.a APENDIX A BUILT PRECEDENTS · NEW OFFICE’S TREND

150

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

2.A.2 LEGO HEADQUARTERS: Building: Building: Lego PMD. Architect: Rosan Bosch & Rune Flord. Surface: 2000m2 Atrium: 1478m2, 24.36 m width Location: Billund, Denmark. Year of construction: 2010

Figure: 3.B · Lego headquarters (Source: www.ridemonkey.com)

Number of stories: 2

Figure: 3.13· Lego HQ · first floor plan

(Source: after www.rosanbosch.com)

Figure: 3.14· Lego HQ · Ground floor plan (Source: after www.rosanbosch.com)

App

151

Activities:

Figure: 3.10· Lego headquarters ·working spaces (Source: www.dezeen.com)

Figure: 3.9 · Lego headquarters · meeting rooms (Source: www.rosanbosch.com)

Figure: 3.11 · Lego headquarters · social area (Source: www.rosanbosch.com)

Table: 3.2 · Lego HQ · General conditions of the spaces

Function

Depth of plan (m)

Global

6,89

Orientation

Surf/space (m2)

Occupancy

Density (m2/pers)

68,31

8,4

9,2

MAX Working space

11,00

Skylight

293,0

19,0

Meeting space

11,35

Skylight

112,4

7,2

Social area

7,31

Skylight

67,4

16,1

MIN Working space

4,36

Single

12,3

2,6

Meeting space

4,56

Single

16,4

3,3

Social area

6,895

Single

44,87

9,2

AVERAGE Working space

6,93

Single

75,9

8,2

Meeting space

7,24

Single

77,6

9,1

Social area

7,32

Skylight

57,2

10,7

152

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

App.B APENDIX B BUILT PRECEDENTS · FIELDWORK

App

Occupants classification

153

154

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Recorded Measurements

App

Grouped Measurements

155

156

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

Adaptive Occupant Behaviour

Visual Discomfort VS Adaptive Occupant Behaviour

Horizontal illuminance when discomfort crisis (luxes) Figure 5.18 Light bands detected depending on the light conditions previous to the action.

Adaptive Occupant Behaviour

Illuminance levels for the Recovered comfort depending on the AOB

Horizontal illuminance when comfort was recovered (luxes) Figure 4.13 Light bands detected depending on the light conditions previous to the action.

App.C APENDIX C PREDESIGN · THERMAL SIMULATIONS’ INPUTS

158

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

c1 · existing conditions Floor: Zone: 3&14 1

Floor: Zone: 3&14

Surface: 595.21m2

SPACE MODEL Volume: 1399m3

Heigh: 2.35m

Occupants: 85 pers

PARAMETERS Lighting Metabolic rate Total Sensible Latent Nºluminaires W/luminaire

Activity: Sedentary work

140W 70W

70W 2per occ

Density: 7m2/pers

Fresh air requirement

3&14

10W/m

8h Floor: Zone: 3&14

10W/m

11.43W/m

10h

14h

45.57W/m2

15h

16h

17h

Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq.

Lighting gain control: Function · Photocell control, min illum. 100lux, target illum. 200lux

U Value

Working spaces Relax spaces Meeting spaces

319

Equipment gains

1.82

SCHEDULES 12h 13h

11h

Nºapp W/app

30 1per occ m3/pers h

VALUES GIVEN TO THESE PARAMETERS Floor: Zone: Ventilation Occ.Sens Occ.Latent Lighting gains Ach 2

Equipment

Internal slabs 1.14 W/m2 ºC

INSULATION Internal walls 2.16 W/m2 ºC

External wall 5.55 W/m2 ºC

App

c2 · option 1: new appliances & occupancy Floor: Zone: 1 2 3 4 3&14 5 6 7 8

Surface: 54.22m2 84.47m2 53.5m2 133.34m2 134.16m2 52.8m2 83.8m2 53.28m2

SPACE MODEL Volume: 146.4m3 228.1m3 144.45m3 360m3 362.2m3 226.3m3 143.9m3 239.3m3

Height: 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m

Occupants: 7 pers 11 pers 7 pers 17 pers 10 pers 7 pers 17 pers 11 pers

159

Density: 8m2/pers 8m2/pers 8m2/pers 8m2/pers 13m2/pers 8m2/pers 5m2/pers 5m2/pers

PARAMETERS Floor: Zone: 1-4&6 3&14

7&8 5

Metabolic rate Total Sensible Latent

Activity: Sedentary work

140W 70W

70W

115W

50W

Seated at rest

65W

Lighting

Fresh air Nºluminaires W/luminaire requirement

2per occ

30 10

Equipment gains

9.04W/m

2.84W/m

1.65

7.75W/m2

9.12W/m2

2.86W/m2

1.66

7.81W/m2

9.16W/m2

2.88W/m2

1.67

7.85W/m2

8.92W/m2 8.92W/m2

2.8W/m2

1.63

7.65W/m2

4.8W/m2

3.77W/m2

1.64W/m2

0.95

0.12W/m2

9.28W/m2 9.28W/m2

2.92W/m2

1.69

7.95W/m2

14.2W/m2

4.46W/m2

2.59

3.04W/m2

14.45W/m2 14.45W/m2

4.54W/m2

2.64

3.12W/m2

Floor: Zone:

10h

SCHEDULES 12h 13h

11h

14h

7&8 0.2 0.1 5

15h

16h

17h

Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq.

1-4&6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.65

0.35

0.2 0.4 0.2

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.7

0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85

0.35

0.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

0.45

0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2

0.8 0.7

0.75

0.7 0.7 0.6

Lighting gain control: Function · Photocell control, min illum. 100lux, target illum. 200lux

U Value

Source: Duarte, et al, 2013.

3&14

Nºapp W/app

30 1per occ m3/pers h

VALUES GIVEN TO THESE PARAMETERS Floor: Zone: Ventilation Occ.Sens Occ.Latent Lighting gains Ach

3&14

Equipment

Internal slabs 1.14 W/m2 ºC

INSULATION Internal walls 2.16 W/m2 ºC

External wall 5.55 W/m2 ºC

160

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

c3 · option 2: constructive elements Floor: Zone: 1 2 3 4 14 5 6 7 8

Surface: 54.22m2 84.47m2 53.5m2 133.34m2 134.16m2 52.8m2 83.8m2 53.28m2

SPACE MODEL Volume: 146.4m3 228.1m3 144.45m3 360m3 362.2m3 226.3m3 143.9m3 239.3m3

Height: 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m

Occupants: 7 pers 11 pers 7 pers 17 pers 10 pers 7 pers 17 pers 11 pers

Density: 8m2/pers 8m2/pers 8m2/pers 8m2/pers 13m2/pers 8m2/pers 5m2/pers 5m2/pers

PARAMETERS Floor: Zone: 1-4&6 14

7&8 5

Metabolic rate Total Sensible Latent

Activity: Sedentary work

140W 70W

70W

115W

50W

Seated at rest

65W

Lighting Fresh air Nºluminaires W/luminaire requirement

2per occ

30 10

Equipment gains

9.04W/m

2.84W/m

1.65

7.75W/m2

9.12W/m2

2.86W/m2

1.66

7.81W/m2

9.16W/m2

2.88W/m2

1.67

7.85W/m2

8.92W/m2 8.92W/m2

2.8W/m2

1.63

7.65W/m2

4.8W/m2

3.77W/m2

1.64W/m2

0.95

0.12W/m2

9.28W/m2 9.28W/m2

2.92W/m2

1.69

7.95W/m2

14.2W/m2

4.46W/m2

2.59

3.04W/m2

14.45W/m2 14.45W/m2

4.54W/m2

2.64

3.12W/m2

Floor: Zone:

10h

SCHEDULES 12h 13h

11h

14h

7&8 0.2 0.1 5

15h

16h

17h

Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq. Occ. Eq.

1-4&6 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.65

0.35

0.2 0.4 0.2

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.8 0.7

0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85

0.35

0.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6

0.45

0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2

0.8 0.7

0.75

0.7 0.7 0.6

Lighting gain control: Function · Photocell control, min illum. 100lux, target illum. 200lux

U Value

Nºapp W/app

30 1per occ m3/pers h

VALUES GIVEN TO THESE PARAMETERS Floor: Zone: Ventilation Occ.Sens Occ.Latent Lighting gains Ach

Equipment

Internal slabs 2.12 W/m2 ºC

INSULATION Internal walls 1.14 W/m2 ºC

External wall 2.3 W/m2 ºC

App

c4 · protrusions Floor: Zone: 1 2 3 4 14 5 6 7 8

Work.Patt: Multitask Technical Cellular Group Cafeteria Multitask Inf.Meeting Meeting

Surface: 65.7m2 97.8m2 83.3m2 198.4m2 153.3m2 111.4m2 102.4m2 83.78m2

Heigh: 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m 2.7m

SPACE MODEL Volume: Occupants: 3 177.5m 12 pers 3 263.9m 12 pers 224.9m3 14 pers 535.68m3 40 pers 3 413.9m 25 pers 300.7m3 18 pers 3 276.3m 22 pers 3 226.2m 24 pers

161

Density: 5m2/pers 9m2/pers 6m2/pers 5m2/pers 6m2/pers 6m2/pers 5m2/pers 4m2/pers

PARAMETERS Floor: Zone:

Activity:

Metabolic rate Total Sensible Latent

Lighting Fresh air Nºluminaires W/luminaire requirement

Equipment

Nºapp W/app

1 2 3 14

60 Sedentary work

140W

4 5

Seated at rest

Sedentary work

Seated at rest

115W

110

100W 40W (winter) (winter) 2per occ

90W

25W

140W 100W

40W

115W

40W

90W

60 11

30 1per occ m /pers h 3

10 60 60 30

VALUES GIVEN TO THESE PARAMETERS Floor: Zone: Ventilation Occ.Sens Occ.Latent Lighting gains Ach

Equipment gains

25.56W/m 10.22W/m

2.01W/m

2.28

10.95W/m2

17.18W/m2 6.87W/m2

1.35W/m2

1.53

13.5W/m2

23.53W/m2 9.41W/m2

1.85W/m2

2.1

10.08W/m2

22.83W/m2 9.13W/m2

1.8W/m2

2.04

13.05W/m2

50.81W/m2 14.11W/m2

2.22W/m2

5.04

4.03W/m2

22.63W/m2 9.05W/m2

1.78W/m2

1.45

9.7W/m2

27.08W/m2 7.52W/m2

2.36W/m2

2.69

12.9W/m2

3.15W/m2

3.58

8.59W/m2

4 5

8ach

36.1W/m2 10.03W/m2

SCHEDULES Occupancy & Equipment: as option 2 Lighting gain control: Function · Photocell control, min illum. 100lux, target illum. 200lux Ventilation control (in summer): Function · Dry bulb temperature control. Daytime (Lower setpoint:21ºC, Upper setpoint: 26ºC, max flow rate:8l/s) Nightime (Lower setpoint: 15ºC, Upper setpoint: 18ºC, max flow rate: 8l/s) INSULATION Internal slabs Internal walls External wall U 2 2 2.12 W/m ºC 1.14 W/m ºC 2.3 W/m2 ºC Value

162

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

App

c5 · percentage of glass U Value

Internal slabs

INSULATION Internal walls

2.12 W/m2 ºC

1.14 W/m2 ºC

INSULATION FOR OPAQUE MODULES: Dow Corning Vacuum Insulation_Panels-EPD (Source: Dow Corning® Architectural Insulation Modules · www.dowcorning.com)

163

External wall Transparent: 2.3 W/m2 ºC Opaque: 0.5 W/m2 ºC

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z2 3rd Floor Resultant Temperature (ºC)

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z1 3rd Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z3 3rd Floor Resultant Temperature (ºC)

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z4 3rd Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

164

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z1 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z2 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z3 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z4 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z6 3rd Floor Resultant Temperature (ºC)

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Z5 3rd Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z7 3rd Floor Resultant Temperature (ºC)

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z8 3rd Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Resultant Temperature (ºC)

App

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

165

Z5 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z6 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z7 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z8 14th Floor

25ºC

19ºC 80% 60% 40% 20% Ext.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

166

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

c6 · percentage of operable surface

App.D APENDIX d PREDESIGN · DAYLIGHT SIMULATIONS’ INPUTS

168

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

d0 · VARIATIONS IN THE CORE MATERIALS REFLECTANCE: Daylight Context: 0.35 Autonomy Floor: 0.5 Target: 100lux Ceiling: 0.7 Internal wall: 0.5 External wall: 0.7 Glazing: single pane clear glass 0.88 transmissivity RADIANCE PARAMETERS: -ab 4 -ad 1000 -as 20 -ar 300 -aa 0.1 User can adapt. Simulation uses least glary viewpoint 8to6with DST. 60min. occ. csv NODES: 1.65m heigh, every 0.5m

App

d1 路 skin geometry

169

MATERIALS REFLECTANCE: Context: 0.35 Floor: 0.5 Ceiling: 0.7 Internal wall: 0.5 External wall: 0.7 Glazing: double pane clear glass 0.8 transmissivity Skin geometry: 0.3

RADIANCE PARAMETERS: -ab 2 -ad 1000 -as 20 -ar 300 -aa 0.1 CONTEXT

West

I South

Core

North

C I F

I East

170

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

d2 · glass distribution MATERIALS REFLECTANCE: Context: 0.35 Floor: 0.5 Ceiling: 0.7 Internal wall: 0.5 External wall: 0.7 Glazing: double pane clear glass 0.8 transmissivity

RADIANCE PARAMETERS: -ab 4 -ad 1000 -as 20 -ar 300 -aa 0.1 User can adapt. Simulation uses least glary viewpoint 8to6with DST. 60min. occ. csv

NODES: 0.84m heigh, every 0.5m

EAST FACADE

NORTH FACADE

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3 WEST FACADE

Option 3 SOUTH FACADE

Option 1

Option1

Option 2

Option 3

3RD FLOOR

14TH FLOOR

Option1

Option 2

App

d3 路 shading devices GLARE

MATERIALS REFLECTANCE: Context: 0.35 Floor: 0.5 Ceiling: 0.7 Internal wall: 0.5 External wall: 0.7 Glazing: double pane clear glass 0.8 transmissivity Shading device: 0.3 Furniture: 0.5 Partitions: 0.5

West, front view :Relax area

West, side view :Relax area

South, front view :Meeting area

South-west, side view :Meeting area

RADIANCE PARAMETERS: -ab 1 -ad 1000 -as 20 -ar 300 -aa 0.1 User can adapt. Simulation uses least glary viewpoint 8to6with DST. 60min. occ. csv NODES: 0.84m heigh, every 0.5m

171

172

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

East-north, side view :Working area

East, front view :Working area

North-east, side view :Working area

North, front view :Working area

App

173

ILLUMINANCE FOR FULLY EXTENDED SHADING DEVICES MATERIALS REFLECTANCE: Context: 0.35 Floor: 0.5 Ceiling: 0.7 Internal wall: 0.5 External wall: 0.7 Glazing: double pane clear glass 0.8 transmissivity Shading devices: 0.35 Translutent screen: 0.2 transmissivity 21st of June. Clear sky with sun

RADIANCE PARAMETERS: -ab 4 -ad 1000 -as 20 -ar 300 -aa 0.1

200 lux 300 lux 500 lux

800 lux

NODES: 0.84m heigh, every 0.5m

2000 lux

ILLUMINANCE AT 12h

ILLUMINANCE AT 10h With a translutent screen < 100 lux

< 100 lux

> 2000 lux < 200 lux

< 200 lux

174

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

ILLUMINANCE AT 14h

ILLUMINANCE AT 16h With a translutent screen < 100 lux

< 100 lux

> 2000 lux < 200 lux

< 200 lux

App

DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY FOR AUTOMATIC SHADING DEVICES MATERIALS REFLECTANCE: Context: 0.35 Floor: 0.5 Ceiling: 0.7 Internal wall: 0.5 External wall: 0.7 Glazing: double pane clear glass 0.8 transmissivity Shading devices: 0.35 Translutent screen: 0.2 transmissivity

RADIANCE PARAMETERS: -ab 4 -ad 1000 -as 20 -ar 300 -aa 0.1 User can adapt. Simulation uses least glary viewpoint 8to6with DST. 60min. occ. csv NODES: 0.84m heigh, every 0.5m

Meeting space, Z7 (South facade) DETAILED DYNAMIC SHADING CONTROL: Shading type: mechanical Glare control threshold: 2000 Base geometry layer: glazing State 1: shading tilted 0ยบ off: 500lux on: 800lux State 2: shading tilted 15ยบ off: 800lux on: 1000lux State 3: shading tilted 30ยบ off: 1000lux on: 1500lux State 1: shading tilted 45ยบ off: 1500lux on: 2000lux State 1: translutent screen off: 2000lux on: 2001lux

Working space, Z2 (North facade)

Control nodes: 0.5m from the facade perpendicular to the glazing

Cafeteria, Z5 (West facade)

175

App.E APENDIX e PREDESIGN · SOLAR RADIATION SIMULATIONS’ INPUTS

App

e1 路 SHADOW PATTERN 21ST OF JUNE

SOUTH-WEST FACADE ST 21ST OF DECEMBER 21 OF JUNE

09:00

12:00

09:00

12:00 14:00

14:00

14:00 17:00

17:00

17:00 NORTH-EAST FACADE 21ST OF DECEMBER 21ST OF JUNE

09:00

12:00

09:00

12:00 14:00

14:00

14:00 17:00

19:00

17:00

21ST OF DECEMBER

177

178

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

e2 · sKIN GEOMETRIES

App

179

180

Perceived Environments in Offices · The Occupants’’Comfort Perception as a Design Guide for Working Spaces

App

e3 路 shading devices

181