If Clauses – Conditionals by Juan Antonio Dieguez

If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

CONDITIONAL TYPE “0” – ZERO CONDITIONAL -

Zero Conditional talk about things that areALWAYS TRUE

In Zero Conditional, both verbs are in the PRESENT SIMPLE

It answers the question “WHAT HAPPENS IF…?”

Zero Conditional is used for SCIENTIFIC FACTS

The IF clause can be first or second in the sentence. When the IF CLAUSE goes FIRST, we use a COMMA in between: o IF you put water in a cooler, it freezes o Water freezes IF you put it in a cooler

I - TYPE ZERO – GENERAL - IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, + SIMPLE PRESENT IF you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils Water boils IF you heat to 100 degrees IF iron gets wet, it rusts Iron rust IF it gets wet II - TYPE ZERO – IMPERATIVE - IMPERATIVE + IF + SIMPLE PRESENT Contact me IF you need any help Ponte en contacto conmigo si necesitas ayuda IF you need some help, call me Si me necesitas, llámame III - TYPE ZERO – IMPERATIVE + IN CASE - IMPERATIVE + IN CASE + SIMPLE PRESENT We use IN CASE to say that we are prepared for something that MIGHT happen I usually have a glass of water by the bed IN CASE I get thirsty in the night Call them IN CASE you need help Llámalos en caso de necesitar ayuda IV - TYPE ZERO – Differences between IN CASE and IF - DIFFERENCES IN CASE vs IF I’ll buy some water IN CASE I get thirsty The person is definitely going to buy some water so he is prepared for a time in the future when he might be thisty I’ll buy some water IF I get thisty The person might buy some water, but only if he gets thisty in the future V - TYPE ZERO – and MODAL VERBS - CONDITIONAL + IF + SIMPLE PRESENT IF parents want their kids to grow up healthy, they SHOULDN’T protect them so much IF kids never go outside, they CAN’T learn to look after themselves IF you don’t understand the instructions, you MUST tell me immediately VI - TYPE ZERO –IF and WHEN - IF and WHEN have the SAME MEANING IF I’m worried, I don’t sleep very well WHEN I’m worried, I don’t sleep very well Both sentences have the SAME MEANING

If Clauses – Conditionals - Héctor Iglesias Barnech – hgib333@hotmail.com

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If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

CONDITIONAL TYPE “I” – FIRST CONDITIONAL -

FIRST CONDITIONAL - The result of a possible event or situation in the FUTURE

It is POSSIBLE but NOT CERTAIN

It answers the question “WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF…?”

We make the FIRST CONDITIONAL with o IF + PRESENT SIMPLE [IF Clause], WILL / WON’T + INFINITIVE [MAIN clause]

The IF clause can be first or second in the sentence. When the IF CLAUSE goes FIRST, we use a COMMA in between: o I’ll be exhausted after a year IF I start teaching again o IF I star teaching again, I’ll be exhausted after a year

I - TYPE ONE – GENERAL - IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE Used to talk about things which are possible in the PRESENT or the FUTURE. It is generally used for things which MAY HAPPEN. If you study hard, you will pass your exams If we do not protect the panda bears, they will soon become extint II - TYPE ONE – IMPERATIVE - IMPERATIVE + OR / AND + SIMPLE FUTURE Used for “THREATS” and “PROMISES”. Don’t say a word about this, or I will kill you Finish your job, and you will have a bonus III - TYPE ONE – MIGHT - IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + MIGHT + PRESENT We often use MIGHT in the MAIN CLAUSE to mean “WILL PERHAPS” You MIGHT have to wait until next year IF you don’t apply soon He MIGHT call you IF he gets home in time IV - TYPE ONE – UNLESS - UNLESS + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE We can use UNLESS to mean “IF NOT” in the FIRST CONDITIONAL UNLESS I do it now, I’ll be too old IF I DON’T do it now, I’ll be too old I’ll come out tonight UNLESS I have to work I’ll come out tonight IF I don’t have to work I’ll have to move house UNLESS I find a job soon I’ll have to move house IF I don’t find a job soon

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If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

CONDITIONAL TYPE “II” – SECOND CONDITIONAL -

Used to talk about things which are UNREAL (NOT TRUE, IMAGINARY or NOT POSSIBLE) in the PRESENT or the FUTURE.

It is generally used for things which DON’T or WON’T won’t happen.It is generally used for things which may happen. We often use it to talk about the OPPOSITE of what is TRUE or REAL o IF my car had a GPS, life would be so much easier (but my car doesn’t have a GPS)

Talks about the PRESENT or the FUTURE to speak about HYPOTHESES.

The IF clause can be first or second in the sentence. When the IF CLAUSE goes FIRST, we use a COMMA in between

COMPARISON between FIRST and SECOND CONDITIONAL • First Conditional: IF I have enough money, I’ll get one for my car o It’s a real possibility because the person might have enough money • Second Conditional: IF I had enough money, I’d get one for my car o It’s an imaginary situation because the person doesn’t have enough money I - TYPE TWO – GENERAL - IF + SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL [WOULD or WOULDN’T + INFINITIVE] IF my car HAD one, life WOULD BE so much easier IF we didn’t have it at home, I WOULDN’T get any sleep at all IF elephants had wings, they WOULD be able to fly II - TYPE TWO – GENERAL - IF + VERB TO BE in the SIMPLE PAST + SIMPLE CONDITIONAL [WOULD or WOULDN’T + INFINITIVE] IF FIRST verb in the sentence is TO BE, WERE can be used for all persons.We can use WERE or WAS for I / he / she / it. We could say I / he / she / it WAS or I / he / she / it WERE IF I WERE rich, I WOULD buy a castle = IF I WAS rich, I WOULD buy a castle IF I WERE him, I WOULD go and see a doctor = IF I WAS him, I WOULD go and see a doctor III - TYPE TWO – COULD - IF + VERB TO BE in the SIMPLE PAST + COULD [+ INFINITIVE] – (means ABILITY) We can use COULD in the MAIN CLAUSE of the SECOND CONDITIONAL to speak about ABILITY IF I had a lot of money, I COULD buy a new car (=I would be able to buy a new car) IV - TYPE TWO – MIGHT - IF + VERB TO BE IN THE SIMPLE PAST + MIGHT [+ INFINITIVE] – (means WOULD PERHAPS) We can use MIGHT in the MAIN CLAUSE of the SECOND CONDITIONAL to speak about WOULD PERHAPS IF I bought a GPS, I MIGHT not get lost all the time

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If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

QUESTIONS IN THE SECOND CONDITIONAL 1 - WHAT WOULD YOU DO? We often make questions in the second conditional with WHAT WOULD YOU DO …?. This phrase can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence: -

WHAT WOULD you do IF you DIDN’T have one?

IF you DIDN’T have one, WHAT WOULD you do?

2 - YES / NO QUESTIONS IN THE SECOND CONDITIONAL We these can also make YES / NO questions in the second conditional: - IF you DIDN’T have one, what WOULD you get lost? The SHORT ANSWERS to YES / NO questions are: -

Yes, I WOULD

No, I WOULDN’T

Yes, I MIGHT

NOTE: You can replace IF (si) by UNLESS (a menos que) in the examples above (remember change positive into negative and negative into positive)

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If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

CONDITIONAL TYPE “III” – THIRD CONDITIONAL -

Used to talk about UNREAL SITUATIONS IN THE PAST, things which DID NOT HAPPEN IN THE PAST.

Used to talk about IMAGINARY SITUATIONS in the PAST.

They are often the OPPOSITE of what REALLY HAPPENED

We DO NOT use WOULD in the IF CLAUSE: o Correct: If I had known, I would have told you o Incorrect: If I would have known, I would have told you

The IF clause can be first or second in the sentence. When the IF CLAUSE goes FIRST, we use a COMMA in between

We make the THIRD CONDITIONAL with o IF + PAST PERFECT (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)[IF Clause], CONDITIONAL PERFECT (WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE) [MAIN clause] o IF I HADN’T lost my job, I WOULDN’T HAVE started my own business o IF he’d got me the bike I’d never HAVE started boxing

I - TYPE THREE – GENERAL - IF + PAST PERFECT [HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE] + CONDITIONAL PERFECT [WOULD + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE] If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you The real situation was that I didn’t know you were sick. So I say If I had known…When you are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect – I had known – after IF. If you had saved your money, you could have bought a laptop. The real situation was that you didn’t save your money. So they say If you had saved. When your are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect – I had know – after IF. If you hadn’t been late for work so often, they wouldn’t have fired you The real situation was that you weren’t early for work. So they say If you hadn’t been late. When you are talking about the past, you use the Past Perfect – I had known – after IF. II - TYPE THREE – COULD HAVE - IF + PAST PERFECT [HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE] + COULD HAVE [+ PAST PARTICIPLE] – (means ABILITY) We can use COULD HAVE in the MAIN CLAUSE of the THIRD CONDITIONAL to speak about ABILITY IF I HAD BEEN there, I COULD HAVE HELPED you III - TYPE THREE – MIGHT HAVE - IF+ PAST PERFECT [HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE] + MIGHT HAVE [+ PAST PARTICIPLE] – (means PERHAPS) We can use MIGHT HAVE in the MAIN CLAUSE of the THIRD CONDITIONAL to speak about WOULD HAVE PERHAPS IF I HADN’T GOT lost, I MIGHT HAVE got there on time NOTE. You can replace IF by UNLESS in the examples above (remember change positive into negative and negative into positive)

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If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

IV - TYPE THREE – INVERSION - INVERSIÓN DE IF CLAUSES DEL TERCER TIPO If she had been asked, she would have given him permission. Con la inversión podemos decir losmismo sin el IF Had she been asked, she would have given him permission

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If Clauses – Conditionals – Héctor Iglesias Barnech

CONDITIONAL without using IF I - TYPE ZERO – IMPERATIVE + IN CASE - IMPERATIVE + IN CASE + SIMPLE PRESENT We use IN CASE to say that we are prepared for something that MIGHT happen I usually have a glass of water by the bed IN CASE I get thirsty in the night Call them IN CASE you need help Llámalos en caso de necesitar ayuda II - TYPE ZERO – Differences between IN CASE and IF - DIFFERENCES IN CASE vs IF I’ll buy some water IN CASE I get thirsty The person is definitely going to buy some water so he is prepared for a time in the future when he might be thisty I’ll buy some water IF I get thisty The person might buy some water, but only if he gets thisty in the future III - TYPE ZERO –IF and WHEN - IF and WHEN have the SAME MEANING IF I’m worried, I don’t sleep very well WHEN I’m worried, I don’t sleep very well Both sentences have the SAME MEANING IV - TYPE ONE – UNLESS - UNLESS + SIMPLE PRESENT + SIMPLE FUTURE We can use UNLESS to mean “IF NOT” in the FIRST CONDITIONAL UNLESS I do it now, I’ll be too old IF I DON’T do it now, I’ll be too old I’ll come out tonight UNLESS I have to work I’ll come out tonight IF I don’t have to work I’ll have to move house UNLESS I find a job soon I’ll have to move house IF I don’t find a job soon V – TYPE TWO – IMAGINE [It is an alternative for IF in “POSITIVE QUESTIONS”] IMAGINE you found some library books that were due back eight months ago, would you return them? VI – TYPE TWO – SUPPOSE [It is an alternative for IF in “POSITIVE QUESTIONS”] SUPPOSE a cash machine gave you twice as much money as you asked for, would you keep it? VII – AS LONG AS [It means “ONLY IF”] I would call a security guard AS LONG AS he agreed not to call the police VIII – ASSUMING (THAT) [It means “ACCEPTING THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE”] ASSUMING no one else saw the boy, I would just tell him to returno the things he had stolen. IX – PROVIDED [It means “ONLY IF”] PROVIDED no one was looking, I would take as much as I needed. X – EVEN IF - XI – IF ONLY - XII – AS / SO LONG AS - XIII – ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT) - XIV – PROVIDING (THAT) - XV – EVEN IF ONLY IN POSITIVE QUESTIONS: XVI – SUPPOSING (THAT) - XVII – WHAT IF

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