Italiano Vivo Giorgio Milesi
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‘To be’ rendered by Avere Verbs + Dependent Infinitive Per + Dependent Infinitive Construction with piacere Irregular Verbs: uscire, riuscire Word Study: How to translate right and wrong Uses of piacere Uses of dispiacere (spiacere)
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Prepositions Prepositions + Definite Article Other Prepositions Adverbs of Time Irregular Verbs: bere, rimanere Word Study: Uses of molto How to translate over
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The Possessive Case Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns Irregular Verbs: salire, tenere Word Study: Uses of passare How to translate ‘to play’
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Cardinal Numbers Time Adverbial Expressions of Time Irregular Verbs: udire, tacere Word Study: Uses of ora How to translate time Uses of mancare
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Imperfect Imperfect of èssere and avere
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Past Definite Past Definite of èssere and avere Pluperfect Irregular Verbs Word Study: Uses of méttere Uses of presentare
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The Partitive The Partitive ne More Negative Sentences Irregular Verb: condurre Word Study: How to translate ‘little’ Uses of nemmeno, neppure, neanche Uses of anche
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Future Uses of the Future Future Perfect Hypothetical Future Future in Dependent Clauses Future + Infinitive Verbs with Irregular Futures Word Study: Uses of appena, finché and fino a
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Irregular Adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives Combined Nouns Irregular Verb : trarre Word Study: Uses of bello Uses of quanto, troppo, tanto
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Ordinal Numbers Days of the Week Months of the Year Prepositions of Time Age Irregular Verbs: nàscere, morire, compire Word Study: Uses of presto Uses of fra (tra)
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Conditional Perfect Imperative Word Study: Uses of perméttere Uses of lasciare
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Irregular Nouns Irregular Plurals Irregular Verbs: cadere, córrere Word Study: How to translate people Uses of strada Uses of posto
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Reflexive Verbs Reflexive Pronouns dependent on Prepositions Reflexive Pronouns used in Apposition Reciprocal Pronouns Irregular Verbs: muòvere (-rsi), sedere (-rsi) Word Study: Uses of stesso Uses of ci and vi Uses of solo
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Modal Verbs Irregular Verbs: accèndere, spègnere
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Word Study: How to translate to ‘mean’ Uses of portare and accèndere
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Relative Pronouns Correlative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives Translation of ‘what about...?’ Exclamatory che Irregular Verb: giùngere Word Study: How to translate ‘that’ Uses of quello che
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Prepositions for Position Prepositions for Motion Verbs of Motion Combined Personal Pronouns Agreement of Past Participles with Direct Object Pronouns Irregular Verbs: aprire, chiùdere Word Study: Uses of casa Uses of arrivare
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Present Conditional Imperfect Subjunctive of èssere and avere Word Study: Uses of se
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Il Futuro Semplice e Composto The Future Tense Uses of the Future Future Perfect Hypothetical Future Future in Dependent Clauses Future + Infinitive
Verbs with Irregular Futures Word Study: Uses of appena Uses of finchè Uses of fino a
Uses of the Future Tense The Italian future expresses an action which will take place in the future. It corresponds both to the idea of proposed action and to that of command.
Regular Verb Conjugations are
ere
ire
parlerò
leggerò
partirò
parlerai
leggerai
partirai
parlerá
leggerá
partirá
parleremo
leggeremo
partiremo
parlerete
leggerete
partirete
parleranno
leggeranno
partiranno
The future tense is obtained from the infinitive in the following way: 1st and 2nd Conjugations by replacing -are or -ere with -erò, -erai, -erá, -eremo, -erete, -eranno. 3rd Conjugation by replacing -ire with: -irò, -irai, -irá, -iremo, -irete, -iranno. The future tense can be used to translate: 1. The present continuous tense, used for the future1. Partirò fra due giorni per Roma.
I'm leaving in two days for Rome.
Domani andremo in citta.
Tomorrow we are going to town.
Parto fra due giorni per Roma.
I’m leaving for Rome in two days.
2. The future continuous tense. Partiremo domani in aereo.
We shall be leaving tomorrow by plane.
Vedrò Maria domani.
I’ll be seeing Maria tomorrow.
3. The expression ‘to be going to’2,3 Che cosa farai, Antonio?
What are you going to do, Antonio?
Che cosa accadra?
What is going to happen?
Che cosa hai intenzione di fare, Antonio?
What are you going to do, Antonio?
Ho intenzione di lasciare questo impiego.
I’m going to leave this job.
La corsa sta per cominciare.
The race is about to start.
Sta per piòvere.
It’s going to rain.
1. In the Italian spoken language, the present continuous tense expressing the idea of future is usually translated by the present indicative.
2. When ‘to be going to...’ expresses intention, it can also be translated by the expression ‘avere intenzione di...’; when it expresses incumbent action, it can be translated by the expression ‘stare per...’ 3. The several English forms corresponding to the Italian future (or to the present indicative used with an idea of future) are shown in the example below: Quando partirai? When will you leave? When are you going to leave? When are you leaving? When will you be leaving?
Lesson 17: Future
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Future + Infinitive Verbs expressing idea of movement (andare, venire, etc.) and used in the future are followed in Italian by a + infinitive, the latter replacing and + infinitive in English. Andrò a vedere un film.
I'll go and see a film.
Verremo a trovarti domani.
We'll come and see you tomorrow.
Uscirò a comprare della frutta.
I'll go out and buy some fruit.
Future in Dependent Clauses When the main clause is in the future Italian, unlike English, keeps the future tense in dependent clauses introduced by the following conjunctions and phrases: Se
if
quando
when
(non) appena
as soon as
finchè (non)
til, until
finchè, fintantoche
as long as
dopo che
after
la prima volta che
the first time (that)
la pròssima volta che
the next time (that)
Se andro a Roma, ti porterò un ricordo.
If I go to Rome, I’ll bring you a souvenir.
Quando arrivero a casa, farò un bagno.
When I get home, I'll take a bath.
Ti scriverò (non) appena arriverò.
I will write you as soon as I arrive.
Future Perfect The future perfect is obtained by means of an auxiliary verb used in the future plus a past participle.
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Italiano Vivo
Avrò finito questa traduzione alle otto.
I’ll have finished this translation at eight o’clock.
Avrò letto questo libro fra due giorni.
I’ll have read this book in two days.
Hypothetical Future In Italian, the future tense both simple and perfect, is sometimes used to express a hypothesis or a deduction. I ragazzi saranno (dèvono essere) in giardino.
The boys are probably (must be) in the garden.
Giorgio avrá perduto (deve aver perduto) il treno.
Giorgio has probably (must have)missed the train.
Verbs with Irregular Futures Io tu lui/lei noi voi loro
sarò sarai sará saremo sarete saranno
There are a few verbs that do not follow the same conjugation pattern. Irregular verbs omits the vowel at the beginning of the future tense suffix, hence –erò, -erai etc. becomes –rò, –rai, etc.
Dare
to be to have to go to have to to come to be able to lay to do, to make, to have to give
Stare Dire
to stay,to be to say, to tell
Essere1 Avere Andare Dovere Venire2 Potere Porre Fare
Sapere Cadere Vedere Vivere Volere3 Tenere4 Rimanere5 Bere Cadere
to know to fall to see to live to want to hold, to keep to remain, to stay to drink to fall
Some irregular verbs change their root in the future tense. These are the most common ones: 1. Essere (to be): sarò, sarai, sarà, saremo, sarete, saranno 2. Venire (to come): verrò, verrai, verrà, verremo, verrete, verranno 3. Volere (to want): vorrò, vorrai, vorrà, vorremo, vorrete, vorranno 4. Tenere (to hold): terrò, terrai, terrà, terremo, terrete, terranno 5. Rimanere (to remain): rimarrò, rimarrai, rimarrà, rimarremo, rimarrete, rimarranno
Lesson 17: Future
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Word Study
Uses of ‘finchè’ till, until Here finchè can be replaced by finchè non or fino a quando non. In English till (until) is followed by a present tense, while in Italian finchè is normally followed by a future tense. Aspetterò finchè (finchè fino a non, quando non) ritornerai.
I’ll wait till (until) you return.
Non lasceremo Roma finchè (non) parleremo un buon italiano.
We won’t leave Rome till we speak good Italian.
as long as Here finchè can be replaced by fintantochè or per tutto il tempo che. All of them require a future tense in Italian. Ti amerò finchè (fintantochè, per tutto il tempo che) vivrò.
I’ll love you as long as I live.
Uses of ‘fino a’ till, until Fino a is followed by a noun. Ho aspettato fino alle tre.
I waited till three o’clock.
Ho dormito fino a mezzogiorno.
I slept until midday.
as far as Fino a becomes fino when using before names of countries or regions. Siamo andati fino alla stazione.
We went as far as the station.
Voglio andare fino in Sicilia.
I want to go as far as Sicily.
up to
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Siamo stati buoni amici finora (fino ad ora).
We have been good friends up to now.
Puoi guadagnare fino a quindici sterline alla settimana.
You can earn up to fifteen pounds a week.
Uses of ‘appena’ as soon as Here appena can be replaced by non appena. In English, ‘as soon as’ referring to a future time, is followed by the present tense (As soon as I see you). In Italian it is followed by the future (Appena ti vedrò). (Non) appena arriverò, ti scriverò.
As soon as I arrive, I’ll write to you.
(Non) appena mi vide, mi chiamò.
As soon as he saw me, he called me.
hardly, scarcely Appena normally follows the verb in this case; a synonym is quasi non, which precedes the verb. Parla appena l’italiano. (Quasi non parla l’italiano.
He hardly (scarcely) speaks Italian
Ero appena arrivato a casa quando Maria mi telefonò.
I had hardly arrived home when Maria phoned me.
just Here appena can be replaced by un momento fa (a moment ago) or un momento prima (a moment before). Sono appena arrivato. (Sono arrivato un momento fa.)
I’ve just arrived.
Ero appena arrivato. (Ero arrivato un momento prima.)
I’d just arrived.
no sooner than (Non) appena salii sull’autobus incontrai Paolo.
No sooner did I get on the bus than I met Paolo.
Appena mi vide cominciò a rìdere.
No sooner did he see me than he began to laugh.
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Exercises Translate into English Complete these exercises in your exercise book. If you do not know the meaning of a word, challenge yourself by trying to guess the meaning before looking it up in your dictionary!
Exercise 17.1a 1. Quando partirai, Maria ? 2. Partiro domani con l’aereo delle 3,35. 3. I nostri amici arriveranno domani. 4. Passeremo una settimana insieme. 5. Poi visiteremo la Toscana. 6. I ragazzi ritorneranno da scuola alle 5. 7. Prenderemo il te alle 5. 8. Domani lavorero tutto il giorno. 9. Domani sera pranzero fuori. 10. Non ritornero a casa prima delle undici. Exercise 17.1b 1. Leggero una novella, poi prendero il te. 2. Scriveremo una lettera ai nostri amici. 3. Prenderemo un tassi per andare la. 4. A che ora arriverete a Firenze ? 5. Che cosa comprerai a Firenze, Antonio ? 6. Ti diro che cosa voglio fare. 7. II signor Bruni telefonera alle sette. 8. Chi pulira le mie scarpe? 9. Domani ti portero al cinema, cara. 10. Mi manderai una cartolina da Napoli? Exercise 17.1c 1. Cominceremo una nuova vita, cara. 2. Che cosa mi porterai da Roma, caro? 3. Ti aspettero alia solita ora, tesoro. 4. Chiamero un tassi per andare a teatro. 5. Domani dormiro fino a mezzogiorno. 6. Il signor Rossi suonera il piano 12 per noi. Italiano Vivo 7. Passeremo qualche giorno a Parigi. 8. La signora Rossi cantera una canzone per noi. 9. Noi la ascolteremo pazientemente. 10. Ritorneremo a Londra alla fine del mese.
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Italiano Vivo
Translate into Italian Exercise 17.2a 1. I will eat out tonight 2. We will return home at midnight. 3. I will talk to Mr. Brown tomorrow. 4. Maria will take a taxi to go to the station. 5. We will take a bus to go to town. 6. We will have tea at five o’clock. 7. They will eat at eight o’clock. 8. When will you leave London? 9. I will spend my holidays at the seaside. 10. When will you return home, Mr. Brown? VOCABULARY
Exercise 17.2b 1. Where will you spend the weekend? 2. I will send you a postcard from Naples. 3. We will buy many souvenirs in Florence. 4. This course will finish at the end of the month. 5. Do you think that it will rain tomorrow? 6. We will not go out in (con) this weather. 7. Antonio’s father will buy a new car. 8. He will sell his old car. 9. I will wait for you at the usual time. 10. Will you arrive late? Exercise 17.2c 1. I will be at home at five o’clock. 2. We will be back at midnight. 3. Will you be at home at nine, Mr. Brown? 4. Maria will be very glad to see us. 5. The boys will be here for tea. 6. Will you be patient with me, Maria? 7. They will have a lot to do (da fare) tomorrow. 8. You will have the money tomorrow, Mr. Smith. 9. I won’t have time to go to town. 10. We will have a nice cottage one day.
l'accendisigaro
lighter
l'astronauta
astronaut
la caramella
sweet (meat)
il capufficio
head-clerk
la casetta
cottage
il compleanno
birthday
la corsa
race
il debito
debt
il drago
dragon
l'evasione
get-away, escape
la faccenda
matter
la fiamma
flame
la fine
end
i fumetti
comics, comic strip
il mostro
monster
la novella
short story
la perla
pearl
la pietra
stone
la scátola
box, tin, can
la scrivania
writing desk
il sogno
dream
il ricordo
souvenir
la Spagna
Spain
la Toscana
Tuscany
la traduzione
translation
Lesson 17: Future
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Exercise 17.3 Che cosa farai quando sarai grande, Pierino? Faro l'astronauta. Davvero? E perché vuoi fare l'astronauta? Perché potrò volare sulla luna. E quando sarai sulla luna, che cosa farai, Pierino? Andro a caccia. A caccia di che cosa? A caccia di mostri, zio. Ho letto nei fumetti che sulla luna ci sono orribili mostri. E con che cosa andrai sulla luna, Pierino?
VOCABULARY il trofeo
trophy
accadere
to happen
andare a caccia to go hunting cantare
to sing
essere di ritorno to be back farel'insegnante, to be a teacher, il dottore, ecc. doctor, etc. fare un viaggio
take a journey, travel to
a proposito
by the way
beato lui!
Lucky fellow
maledizione!
Damnation!
Molto
hard
Parigi
Paris
la veritá
truth
la villa
villa
lanciare
to launch
nevicare
to snow
passeggiare
to walk, to stroll
perdere
to miss, to lose
ubbidire (obbe-dire)
to obey
completo
complete
insolito
unusual
prossimo, venture
next
prezioso
precious
stesso
same
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Italiano Vivo
Con un razzo, naturalmente. In poche ore sarò sulla luna con un razzo. E che cosa porterai dalla luna, Pierino? Trofei di caccia e pietre preziose per la mamma. E per il papa che cosa porterai? Al papa porterò un piccolo drago che lancia piccole fiamme dalla bocca. Lo potrà usare come accendisigaro, e lo metterà sulla sua scrivania in ufficio. A proposito, Pierino, vuoi andare un momento dal tabaccaio a comprarmi una scatola di fiammiferi ? Dovremo usare fiammiferi, finche tu non ritornerai dalla luna con il piccolo drago. Ma io porterò il piccolo drago al papa, non a te, zio! Ma spero che il papa mi presterà il suo insolito accendisigaro qualche volta!
Exercise 17.4 Sono stanco di questa vita! Ogni mattina vado in ufficio alla stessa ora, ritorno a casa alle dodici, sono di nuovo in ufficio alle due, ritorno a casa alle sette. Che vita e questa? Domani non andrò in ufficio, ho deciso. Stasera telefonerò per dire che non sto bene e non posso lasciare il letto. Domani mattina resterò in letto fino alle dieci, poi faro colazione e leggero i giornali. Che cosa faro dopo? Uscirò e andrò a trovare un vecchio amico che non lavora mai, beato lui! Passeggeremo un poco, prenderemo un Martini insieme, poi ritornerò a casa a fare colazione. Quando avrò mangiato, faro un pisolino fino alle quattro. Poi prenderò un caffe e uscirò di nuovo, se il tempo sarà bello. Non ritornerò a casa per la cena, mangerò in un ristorante. Poi prenderò un tassì e andrò a teatro o a un concerto. Dopo il teatro, o il concerto, andrò in un night club a bere qualcosa, poi ritornerò a casa. Sara una giornata di completa evasione per me.
When translating a larger passage of text, start off by reading through it and writing down words and phrases that are familiar to you. This may help you get the gist of the topic and help you understand it quicker.
Suona il telefono... chi sarà? pronto, chi parla? ...ah, buona sera, signor Rossi... no, non mi ha disturbato affatto....domani mattina?... va bene, signor Rossi...a domani. Buona notte! Maledizione! Domani mattina dovrò essere in ufficio un'ora prima del solito. Il capufficio ha del lavoro importante per me. Addio ai miei sogni di evasione! Che vita!
Lesson 17: Future
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Advanced Exercise Exercise 17.5 Translate into Italian Little William had never smoked, and one day he decided it was time to smoke1 his first cigarette. It was the 2nd of January, a date not to be forgotten2; the experience of the first cigarette is very important in a boy’s life. Little William went to the tobacconist’s. “May I have two cigarettes?” he asked the tobacconist. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
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it was time to smoke, che era tempo difumare. a date not to be forgotten, una data da non dimenticare. loose cigarettes, si garette sciolte. out of the packet, (fuori) dal pacchetto. his first attempt to light, il suo primo tentativo di accendere. the flame went out, la fiamma si spense. To go out, spegnersi. he was ready to inhale, era pronto ad aspirare. A sudden fit of coughing, Un improvviso accesso di tosse. the first puff that he took, la prima boccata che tiro. I don’t like this stuff, definitely! Non mi place quest a roba, decisamente! in a bad state, in cattive condizioni. too early to smoke, troppo presto per fumare.
Italiano Vivo
“We don’t sell loose cigarettes,3 my boy. Tell your father that we only sell packets of cigarettes.” So little William returned home without any cigarettes. “Father is having a nap,” he thought, “perhaps he has left his cigarettes around.” In fact he found his father’s cigarettes in the sitting-room. He took one cigarette out of the packet4, very solemnly. Then he lit a match, but his first attempt to light5 his cigarette failed; he was a little nervous and the flame went out6. He lit a second match, and this time he succeeded in lighting his cigarette. He sat down in an easy-chair, holding the cigarette in a very clumsy way; he was ready to inhale7 the first cloud of smoke of his life. A sudden fit of coughing8 crowned the first puff that he took9; the second puff did not cause the same inconvenience, but little William did not find the taste of smoke very nice. “Perhaps the third puff will be better,” he thought. After the third puff little William felt a strange feeling in his tummy, while his head began to reel. “I don’t like this stuff, definitely!”10 he uttered, and rushed off to the bathroom, feeling more ill by the second. When he left the bathroom, very pale and in a bad state,11 little William thought it was still too early to smoke12 like a man. “I’ll wait,” he thought, resignedly.
Pronunciation Drills Vowels Practice saying these words out loud Manto, pinta, canto, lampo, banco, fungo, fante, finto, lungo, largo, panca, punto, caldo, santo, vanto, vinto, parto, parte, tanto, carta, banda, calmo, gusto, misto, basta, casto, falso, lardo, lista, cardo, pasto, pista, punto, fusto, palco, busto, tanto, quanto. (Closed e) vela, bere, remo, mela, pena, tela, lena, nero, pera, rete, vero, fede, meno, pelo, telo, seno, vero, fermo, negro, greto, benda, crespo, vendo, desto, fresco, senno, penna, fermo. (Open e) festa, peste, testa, dente, lento, tenda, mesto, pesto, resto, rendo, prendo, presto, testo, lente, senso, grembo, greco, trenta, treno, stremo, lesto, serto, servo, nervo, prete, premio.
a e i o u
Vowel Pronunciation Guide long like a in ‘father’ 1. (open) like e in ‘set’ 2. (closed) like a in ‘say’ like ee in ‘meet’ 1. (open) like o in ‘pot’ 2. (closed) like o in ‘post’ like oo in ‘food’
(Closed o) come, corto, borsa, tondo, pompa, tromba, pronto, dove, conto, pomo, torta, mostro, coda, losco, tonto, fonte, ponte, borgo, conte, loro, colmo, nodo, pollo, rosso, gronda, lontra, mondo. (Open o) forte, porta, morte, prova, moda, flora, toro, moro, roba, torto, sorte, moto, soldo, storto, tono, cono, topo, trono, cromo, costo, colpa, nome, donna, folle, molle, grosso, colla, fosso. Cena, cento, cèrvo, circo, cima, cinto, cesta, cèto, céro, cèreo, cèffo, cènno, cèrto, cibo, cèdo, céra, péce, pace, nóce, fóce, luce, tace, baci, fece, dice, vóce, cróce, truce, pòrci
Lesson 17: Future
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Answers: Lesson 17
Exercise 17.1a 1. When will you leave, Maria ? 2. I will leave for the airport tomorrow at 3:35. 3. Our friends will arrive tomorrow. 4. We will spend a week together. 5. Then we will visit Tuscany. 6. The kids will return from school at 5. 7. We will have tea at 5. 8. Tomorrow I will work all day. 9. Tomorrow evening we will have dinner outside. 10. We will not be home before 11.
Exercise 17.2a 1. Mangerò fuori stasera. 2. Ritorneremo a casa a mezzonotte. 3. Parlerò di Signor Bruni domani. 4. Maria prendera un tassie per andare alla stazione. 5. Prenderemo un autobus per andare alla citta. 6. Prenderemo la cena alle 5. 7. Mangieranno alle 8. 8. Quano partirai alla Londra? 9. Passeremò le mie vacanze al mare. 10. Quando ritornerai a casa, Signor Bruni?
Exercise 17.1b 1. I will write a short story, and then have tea. 2. We will write a letter to our friends. 3. We will take a taxi to go. 4. At what time will you arrive in Florence? 5. What will you buy in Florence, Antonio? 6. I will tell you what I want to do. 7. Mr Bruni will phone at 7. 8. Who will clean my shoes? 9. Tomorrow I will take you to the cinema, dear. 10. Will you send me a postcard from Naples?
Exercise 17.2b 1. Dove passerai il weekend? 2. Manderò una cartolina da Napoli. 3. Compreremo molti ricordi a Firenze. 4. Il corso si concluderà alla fine del mese. 5. Pensi che domani poivera? 6. Non andremo con questo tempo. 7. Il padre di Antonio comprerà una nuova auto. 8. Vendera la sua vecchia auto. 9. Ti aspettero ala solita ora. 10. Arriverai a tardi?
Exercise 17.1c 1. We will start a new life, dear. 2. Why will you take me to Rome, dear? 3. I will wait for you at the usual
time, (treasure) baby. 4. We will call a taxi to go to the theatre. 5. Tomorrow I will sleep until midday. 6. Mr Rossi will play piano with me. 7. We will spend a few days in Paris. 8. Mrs Rossi will sing a song with me. 9. We will listen patiently. 10. We will return from London at the end of the month.
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Italiano Vivo
Exercise 17.2c 1. Sarò a casa alle cinque. 2. Ritorneremo a mezzanotte. 3. Sarai a casa a alle 9, signor Bruni? 4. Maria sarà molto felice di vedere noi. 5. I ragazzi saranno qui per il tè. 6. Sarai paziente con me, Maria? 7. Avranno molto da fare domani. 8. Avrete domani il denaro, il signor Smith. 9. Non avero il tempo domani di andare alla citta. 10. Avremo una bella casetta un giorno.
Exercise 17.3
Exercise 17.4
What will you do when you grow up, Peter?
I’m tired of this life! Every morning I go to the office at the same time, returning home at twelve, I’m back in the office at two, back home at seven. That life is this?
I will be an astronaut. For Real? And why do you want to be an astronaut? So I can fly to the moon. And when you are on the moon, what will you do, Peter? Go hunting. Go hunting for what? Hunting for monsters, uncle. I read in the comics that on the moon there are horrible monsters. And with what will you go to the moon, Peter? With a rocket, of course. In a few hours I’ll be on the moon with a rocket. And what will you bring from the moon, Peter? Hunting trophies and precious stones for Mum. And for dad? For dad, I will bring a little dragon that breathes small flames from his mouth. It can be used as lighter, and he will put it on his desk in the office. By the way, Peter, you want to go for a moment from the tobacconist to buy a box of matches? We will have to use matches, until you return from the moon with the little dragon. But I’ll take the little dragon to dad, not to you, uncle!
Tomorrow I will not go to the office, I have decided. Tonight I’ll call to say that I am not well and I can not leave bed. Tomorrow morning I will stay in bed until ten, then make breakfast and read the newspaper. What will I do after? I’ll go out and I’m going to find an old friend that never works, lucky him! We will walk a little, have a martini together, then return home to make lunch. When I’ve eaten, I’ll take a nap until four. Then I will have a coffee and go out again, if the weather will be nice. I will not have dinner at home, I will eat in a restaurant. Then I will take a taxi and go to the theatre or a concert. After the theatre, or concert, I will go to a nightclub for a drink, then return home. It will be a day of complete escape for me. The phone rings ... who will it be? Hello, who is this? ... Ah, good evening, Mr. Smith ... no, you did not bother me at all .... tomorrow morning? ... Okay, Mr. Smith ... tomorrow. Good night! Damn! Tomorrow morning I’ll be in the office an hour earlier than usual. The boss has the important job for me. Farewell to my dreams of escape! What a life!
But I hope that your dad will lend me his unusual lighter sometime!
Answers - Lesson 17: Future
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Answers: Lesson 18
Exercise 17.5 Little William had never smoked, and one day he decided it was time to smoke his first cigarette. It was the 2nd of January, a date not to be forgotten; the experience of the first cigarette is very important in a boy’s life. Little William went to the tobacconist’s. “May I have two cigarettes?” he asked the tobacconist. “We don’t sell loose cigarettes, my boy. Tell your father that we only sell packets of cigarettes.” So little William returned home without any cigarettes. “Father is having a nap,” he thought, “perhaps he has left his cigarettes around.” In fact he found his father’s cigarettes in the sitting-room. He took one cigarette out of the packet, very solemnly. Then he lit a match, but his first attempt to light his cigarette failed; he was a little nervous and the flame went out. He lit a second match, and this time he succeeded in lighting his cigarette. He sat down in an easychair, holding the cigarette in a very clumsy way; he was ready to inhale the first cloud of smoke of his life. A sudden fit of coughing crowned the first puff that he took; the second puff did not cause the same inconvenience, but little William did not find the taste of smoke very nice. “Perhaps the third puff will be better,” he thought. After the third puff little William felt a strange feeling in his tummy, while his head began to reel. “I don’t like this stuff, definitely!” he uttered, rushing to the bathroom. When he left the bathroom, very pale and in a bad state, little William thought it was still too early to smoke like a man. “I’ll wait,” he thought, resignedly.
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Italiano Vivo
Exercise 18.1a 1. Che cosa hai intenzione di fare, Carlo? 2. Ho intenzione di partire per un viaggio. 3. Abbiamo intenzione di comprare una macchina nuova. 4. Il signor Bruni ha intenzione di vendere la sua villa. 5. Avevamo intenzione di comprare una casetta. 6. Abbiamo intenzione di passare le vacanze in Spagna. 7. Hai intenzione di lasciare Londra? 8. Sto per uscire. 9. Stavo per dirgli la verita. 10. Sta per nevicare.
Exercise 18.1b 1. Sara a casa alle otto, non prima. 2. Antonio sara molto contento di vederti. 3. A che ora sarai di ritorno? 4. Sara di ritorno non prima delle otto. 5. Sarai gentile con i miei ospiti? 6. Avrai pazienza con i bambini? 7. Non avrò tempo per andare in citta 8. Avrete il vostro danaro alla fine del mese. 9. Avremo molte cose da fare domani. 10. Avrai le perle che desideri, cara. Exercise 18.1c 1. Dove andrai a passare le vacanze? 2. Andro a Roma: tu andrai a Parigi? 3. Antonio andrà a Firenze per qualche giorno. 4. Non andremo in campagna per la fine di settimana. 5. Le ragazze andranno a una festa. 6. Io non verro con voi. 7. Verrai alla nostra festa? 8. Maria verrà qui alle otto.
Exercise 18.2 C’era una volta una dolce bimbetta; solo a vederla le volevan tutti bene, e specialmente la nonna che non sapeva più che cosa regalarle. Una volta le regalò un cappuccetto di velluto rosso, e poiché‚ le donava tanto, ed ella non voleva portare altro, la chiamarono sempre Cappuccetto Rosso. Un giorno sua madre le disse: “Vieni, Cappuccetto Rosso, eccoti un pezzo di focaccia e una bottiglia di vino, portali alla nonna; è debole e malata e si ristorerà. Sii gentile, salutala per me, e va’ da brava senza uscire di strada, se no cadi, rompi la bottiglia e la nonna resta a mani vuote.” “Sì, farò tutto per bene,” promise Cappuccetto Rosso alla mamma, e le diede la mano. Ma la nonna abitava fuori, nel bosco, a una mezz’ora dal villaggio. Quando Cappuccetto Rosso giunse nel bosco, incontrò il lupo, ma non sapeva che fosse una bestia tanto cattiva e non ebbe paura. “Buon giorno, Cappuccetto Rosso,” disse questo. “Grazie, lupo.” - “Dove vai così presto, Cappuccetto Rosso?” - “Dalla nonna.” - “Che cos’hai sotto il grembiule?” - “Vino e focaccia per la nonna debole e vecchia; ieri abbiamo cotto il pane, così la rinforzerà!” “Dove abita la tua nonna, Cappuccetto Rosso?” - “A un buon quarto d’ora da qui, nel bosco, sotto le tre grosse querce; là c’è la sua casa, è sotto la macchia di noccioli, lo saprai già,” disse Cappuccetto Rosso. Il lupo pensò fra s’: Questa bimba tenerella è un buon boccone prelibato per te, devi far in modo di acchiapparla. Fece un pezzetto di strada con Cappuccetto Rosso, poi disse: “Guarda un po’ quanti bei fiori ci sono nel bosco, Cappuccetto Rosso; perché‚ non ti guardi attorno? Credo che tu non senta neppure come cantano dolcemente gli uccellini! Te ne stai tutta seria come se andassi a scuola, ed è così allegro nel bosco!”
Exercise 18.3 He climbed back into bed, fell asleep, and began to snore very loudly. A huntsman was just passing He thought it strange that the old woman was snoring so loudly, so he decided to take a look. He stepped inside, and in the bed there lay the wolf that he had been hunting for such a long time. “He has eaten the grandmother, but perhaps she still can be saved. I won’t shoot him,” thought the huntsman. So he took a pair of scissors and cut open his belly. He had cut only a few strokes when he saw the red cap shining through. He cut a little more, and the girl jumped out and cried: “Oh, I was so frightened! Exercise 18.4 Ma Cappuccetto Rosso aveva girato in cerca di fiori, e quando ne ebbe raccolti tanti che più non ne poteva portare, si ricordò della nonna e si mise in cammino per andare da lei. Quando giunse si meravigliò che la porta fosse spalancata, ed entrando nella stanza ebbe un’impressione così strana che pensò: “Oh, Dio mio, che paura oggi! e dire che di solito sto così volentieri con la nonna!” Allora si avvicinò al letto e scostò le cortine: la nonna era coricata con la cuffia.Abbassata sulla faccia, e aveva un aspetto strano. “Oh, nonna, che orecchie.” Exercise 18.5 The three of them were happy. The huntsman took the wolf’s pelt. The grandmother ate the cake and drank the wine that Little Red Riding Hood had brought. And Little Red Riding Hood thought to herself: “As long as I live, I will never leave the path and run off into the woods by myself if mother tells me not to.”
Answers - Lesson 18: Verbs
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Italiano Vivo
Index a (preposition), 94, 103, 192, 215, 415, 420 abbastanza, uses of, 369 accadere, translation of, 395 accendere, uses of, 276 adjectives, 54; demonstrative, 178; indefinite, 363; interrogative, 204; irregular, 176; of nationality, 287; possessive, 117 adverbs of manner, formation of, 288 adverbs of rime, indefinite, definite, 106 age, 93; expressions concerning age, 194 alphabet, 13 anche, uses of, 157, 228 ancora, uses of, 368 andare a + infinitive, 302; andare in (or a) + means of transport, 304 apocopation, 21 appena, uses of, 167 arrivare, uses of, 220 article, definite, 25, 342; indefinite, 24, 343 ‘at’ (preposition), 105, 192, 215, 415, 420 augmentatives, formation of, 286 auxiliary verbs, 427 avere, 56, 428; avere intenzione di, translation of, 165 ‘to be’ rendered by avere, 92; ‘to be goìng to’, 165 bello, uses of, 176, 180 buono, use of, 176 ‘by’ (preposition), 103, 193, 419 capitals, 19 casa, uses of, 220 c’è, ci sono, 55 c’era, c’erano, 138 che: relative pronoun, 202; interrogative adjective and pronoun, 204; exclamatory, 205 chi: interrogative pronoun, 204; correlative pronoun, 203 ci, uses of, 262 ciò (pronoun), 206; ciò che (and quello che), 203 codesto (demonstrative adjective), 178 combined letters, 17; combined nouns, 179; combined personal pronouns, 218
comparatives: of equality, 313; of inferiority, 314; of superiority, 314; irregular, 316; of Latin origin, 317 compire, use of, 194 conditional: present, 226; perfect, 233; in dependent noun clause, 233 ; of irregular verbs, 227 conoscere, uses of, 66 consonants, pronunciation of, 15; double, 17 cosi, use of, 181 costui, costei, etc. (demonstrative pronouns), 178 corte, uses of, 409 credere, uses of, 385 da + noun or pronoun, uses of, 117, 346; + infinitive, uses of, 346 dates, 127, 190 davvero, uses of, 329 days of the week, 191 dependent infinitive, 93, 302 di (proposition), 93, 103, 418, 420 diminutives, formation of, 286 dire, uses of, 65, 394 discendere (and scendere), uses of, 217 dispiacere (and spiaecre), uses of, 97 diventare (and divenire), uscs of, 357 ‘to do’, 328, 329 dovere, 65, 272 ‘to be due’ 273 durinoli of action, 344 ecco, uses of, 76 elision, 19 entrare, uses of, 216 essere, 54, 427 fare: uses of, 327; translation of, 328; translating ‘to have’, 56; + infinitive, 329 ‘farther’ (‘further’), 317 feminine nouns, formation of, 406 finché (and fintantoché), uses of, 167 fino a, uses of, 168 ‘for’ (preposition), 103, 193, 417; (conjunction), 386 ‘Former’ 317
Index
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forte, uses of, 290 fra (and tra), uses of, 195 fractions, 190 ‘from’ (preposition), 103, 215, 417 future, 164 ; uses of, 164; in dependent clauses, 166; + infinitive, 166; of irregular verbs, 166; hypothetical, 165 future continuous tense, translation of, 165 future perfect, 165 gender of nouns, 22, 404 gerund, 298 ‘to get’ 357; + past partìciple or adjective, 258 ‘to go’ + ‘-ing’ form, 302 grande, use of, 176 greetings, 26 h (silent), 16 ‘... had better’, 234 ‘ how about... ?’ (or ‘ what about... ? ‘), 205 imperative, 234; of irregular verbs, 235 imperfect, 137; of essere and avere, 138 impersonal constructions, 393 ‘in’ (preposition), 103, 192, 215, 415 infinitive, 30, 300; dependent, 93, 302 interjections, 422 interrogative: sentences, 48; pronouns and adjectives, 204 -isc- verbs, 43, 453 ‘just’, 85 kinship terms, 117 lasciare, uses of, 236 ‘last’, 192, 317, 318 ‘latest’, 317 ‘latter’, 317 ‘to leave’, 237 ‘to let’, 236 ‘little’ 156 lo, use of, 345 ‘to make’, 327; + reflexive pronoun + past participle, 330 malato, translation of, 291 male, uses of, 291 mancare, uses of, 131 marco, uscs of, 409 ‘to mean’, 274 mettere, uses of, 147 ‘to mind’, 304 modal verbs, 271 molto, uses of, 107 months of the year, 191 ‘most’ ‘most of’ 316 motion, prepositions for, 215; verbs of, 216 muta, uses of, 409 names of animals, 407 nascere, use of, 194 ne (partitive and pronoun), 154 ‘nearest’, 317 ‘to need’, 386 Negative: expressions, 154, 365; sentences, 49, 154 nemmeno, neanche, neppure, uses of, 156 ‘next’, 192,317,319 non, use of, 49, 154 ‘not any more’, ‘not any longer’, 318
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Italiano Vivo
nouns: gender of, 23, 405; plural of, 23; formation of feminine, 406; from other nouns, 284; compounded with verbs, 285; with irregular plurals, 245; of nationality, 287; combined, 179; irregular, 243; numbers: cardinal, 126; ordinal, 189; iterative, 190; multiplicative, 191 ; distributive, 191 ‘of’, (preposition), 103, 418 ‘on’, (preposition), 103, 190, 192, 418 ora, uses of, 130 ‘over’, 108 ‘to owe’, 273 parere, translation of, 395 parlare, uses of, 32 partitive, 153; partitive ne, 154 passare, uses of, 119 passato, uses of, 319 passive, 354 past definite, 144; of essere and avere, 145; of irregular verbs, 145 past participle, 82, 301 ; agreement with direct object pronouns, 219 ‘to pay’, 333 pejoratives (formation of ), 287 pensare, use of, 385 ‘people’, 248 per (preposition), 193, 300, 417, 420; + dependent infinitive, 94, 300 perchè, uses of, 386 perdere, uses of, 131 perfect, 83; of essere and avere, 84 ; of potere, dovere and volere, 84 permettere, uses of, 236 piacere, construction with, 93; uses of, 96 piano, uses of, 289, 290 ‘piece of’, 243 ‘to play’, 119 pluperfect, 145 plural: of nouns, 23; of irregular nouns,245 poco, use of, 154, 156 portare, uses of, 275 position, prepositions for, 215, 415 possessive: case, 116; adjectives and pronouns, 117 posto, uses of, 250 potere, 65, 271 Prego, uses of, 66 prendere, uses of, 56, 273 prepositions, 103, 105, 192, 415; + definite articlc, 104; for motion, 215,415; for position, 215, 415; of time, 192, 415; followed by the ‘-ing’ form in English, 301 present indicative, 30, 37, 43 present participle, 299 presentare, uses of, 148 presto, uses of, 195 progressive construction, 299 pronouns: subjcct personal, 31; combined personal, 218; direct object, 73; indìrect object, 74; object of prepositions, 75; attached to verbs, 74, 218, 235; possessive, 117; relative, 202; correlative, 203; indefinite,
363; interrogative, 204; reflexive, 257; reciprocal, 260 proprio, uses of, 118 provare, uses of, 408 quanto, uses of, 181 quello (adjective and pronoun), 116, 118, 176, 178, 206, 207; quello che, uses of, 207 questo, use of, 178 reciprocal pronouns, 260 reflexive pronouns, 257; used in apposition, 260; dependent on prepositions, 259 reflexive verbs, 257 ‘right’, 92, 95 ritornare (and tornare), uses of, 217 salire, uses of, 217 santo, use of, 176 sapere, uses of, 66, 271 scendere (and discendere), uses of, 217 se, uses of, 228 ‘to see’, 332 sembrare, translation of, 395; uses of, 396 sentire, uses of, 332 si, uses of, 356, si dice che, mi si dice che, construction with, 394 signore, signora, signorina, uses of, 38 ‘since’, 344, 347 ‘to smell’, 333 solo, uses of, 262 spegnere, uses of, 276 spiacere (and dispiacere), uses of, 97 ‘spot’, 250 stanco, uses of, 57 stare, uses of, 58 stare per, translation of, 165 ‘to start’, 44 stesso, uses of, 261 ‘still’, 368 strada, uses of, 249 stress (in pronunciation), 15 subjunctive, 375; uses of, 376, 382; imperfect of essere and avere, 227; optional use of, 384 succedere, uses of, 395 superlatives, 315; relative, 315; absolute, 315; irregular, 316 tanto, uses of, 181 ‘to taste’, 408 ‘that’, 206 time, 128; translation of, 130 ‘to’ (preposition), 103,215,416 tornare (and ritornare), uses of, 217 tra (and fra), uses of, 195 troppo, uses of, 181 ‘to try’, 408 uscire, uses of, 217 verbal nouns, 299 verbs: regular, 429; irregular, 432; auxiliary, 427; + dependent infinitive, 93, 302; of . motion, 216; + preposition + infinitive, 93,301, 302,420; of perception + infinitive, 331 ; concerning the weather, 343 vero, uses of, 85 versare, uses of, 397
vi, uses of, 262 viaggio, uses of, 408 volere, 65, 273 volerci, translation of, 394 volta, uses of, 131 vowels, pronunciation of, 1 3 ‘way’, 249 weather (verbs and expressions concerning), 393 ‘what about .. .’ ?’ (or ‘how about...?), 205 ‘with’ (preposition), 103, 419 word-formation, 284 ‘...would rather’, 234 ‘wrong’, 96
Index
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