04 brick veneer facades

Session 4

Brick Veneer Façades 4.1. Comparative analysis 4.2. Resistance, insulation and sealing 4.2.1. Steel anchors 4.2.2. Shelf angles 4.2.3. Reinforced ceramics 4.4. Commercial products 4.5. Case studies 4.6. Blibliography

Tema 4 Based on the original presentations by Prof. Luis Beltrán - luisfelipe.beltran@upm.es Adapted by Prof. Julián García Translated by Luis M. Martín

Cerramientos de fachadas de hoja exterior continua Prado Museum.

Madrid. Arch: R. Moneo.

Façade: Malpesa Geohidrol System

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4.1. Comparative analysis Traditional brick faรงades (those with standard brick walls, of a single wythe of brick) rest directly on the structure. As a result of that, the insulation layer cannot be continuous and thermal bridges in structure-faรงade contacts appear.

The relationship faรงade-structure makes insulation difficult, but creates a stable connection against horizontal strain.

It provides a firestop & airtight relationship between floors.

The wall rests directly on the floors.

Traditional wall

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In Brick Veneer Façades the insulation layer can be continuous, but some other problems appear: · The façade is less stable to horizontal forces · The space between floors should be sealed to prevent fire, noise, air, etc. · When only lying on the foundations, the system is limited to 3 floors.

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The relationship façade-structure allows insulation to pass through, but the wall needs to be anchored to avoid horizontal buckling.

Sealing to provide firestop & airtight relationship between floors is mandatory.

The wall rests directly on the foundation.

Brick veneer

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4.2. Basics. Resistance, insulation and sealing Standard details are different in different commercial systems and in different areas (with different climates, legislations, etc) but usually include the following elements:

Resistance The outer veneer is considered resistant in some cases, but needs connection with the structure or with an inner brickwall

Sealing

Inner finishing Filler for tiling Horizontal structure

Single wythe brick wall Cement rendering Rigid insulation Fire stop Metal sheet Anchor to connect veneer to structure

Cement rendering guaranties the requested waterproofing condition. Sealing to provide firestop & airtight relationship between floors is mandatory.

Insulation The relationship faรงade-structure allows insulation to pass through.

04. Brick Veneer Façades

4.2.1. Steel anchors “In a brick veneer assembly, the veneer is connected to the backup wall with steel anchors, which transfer the lateral load from the veneer to the backup wall. In this load transfer, the anchors are subjected to either axial compression or tension, depending on whether the wall is subjected to inward or outward pressure. The anchors must, therefore, have sufficient rigidity and allow little or no movement in the plane perpendicular to the wall. However, because the veneer and the backup will usually expand or contract at different rates in their own planes, the design of anchors must accommodate upward-downward and side-to-side movement.

Anchors for a brick veneer wall assembly are, therefore, made of two pieces that engage each other. One piece is secured to the backup, and the other is embedded in the horizontal mortar joints of the veneer. An adjustable, two-piece anchor should allow the veneer to move with respect to the backup in the plane of the wall, but not perpendicular to it.

Galvanized steel is commonly used for anchors, but stainless steel is recommended where durability is an important consideration and/or where the environment is unusually corrosive.

The spacing of anchors should be calculated based on the lateral load and the strength of the anchor. However, the maximum spacing for a onepiece, corrugated anchor or an adjustable, two-piece wire anchor (wire size W1.7) is limited by the code to one anchor for every 2.67 ft2.

Additionally, they should not be spaced more than 32 in. on center horizontally and not more than 18 in. vertically� (VV.AA. p.705)

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4.2.2. Shelf angles “The dead load of brick veneer may be borne by the wall foundation without any support at intermediate floors up to a maximum height of 30 ft above ground. Uninterrupted, foundation-supported veneer is commonly used in a one- to threestory wood or lightgauge steel frame buildings. […] In mid- and high-rise buildings, the veneer is generally supported at each floor using (preferably hot-dip galvanized) steel shelf angles (also referred to as relieving angles). Shelf angles are supported by, and anchored to, the building’s structure. In a frame structure, the shelf angles are anchored (welded or bolted) to the spandrel beams. In a load-bearing wall structure, the shelf angles are anchored to the exterior walls.

(VV.AA. p.707)

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4.2.3. Reinforced ceramics Some veneer systems include reinforced ceramics, a technique developed by Eladio Dieste in the XXth Century.

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4.3. Commercial Products. GeoHidrol – Malpesa System The faced-brickwork layer is connected to the vertical and horizontal elements of the structure using different support brackets.

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GeoHidrol – Malpesa System The faced-brickwork layer stands on a continuous angle bracket, usually connected to the horizontal elements of the structure.

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GeoHidrol – Malpesa System Different connections and anchors secure the wall, holding it to the vertical elements of the structure but allowing other movements.

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GeoHidrol – Malpesa System Anchors for expansions joints should be used every 12m. Possible distribution of connections and anchors in a standard façade.

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GeoHidrol – Malpesa System Anchoring to horizontal and vertical elements of the structure. Brick reinforcement.

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Commercial Products.

Structura - GHAS System (Palautec Brick) Anchors in structural elements.

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Commercial Products. Halfen System. Support brackets.

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Commercial Products. Halfen System. Shelf angle

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Commercial Products. Halfen System. Suspension loops

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4.4. Details

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4.5. Case studies Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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Building in Belvís de la Jara (Toledo), archs.

L. y M. Beltrán. Ferrovial.

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4.6. Bibliography Deplazes, A (Ed.) (2009) Constructing Architecture. Materials, processes, structures.

Birkhäuser, Basel Herzog, T. et al (2004) Facade Construction Manual. Birkhäuser, Basel Knaack, U.; Klein, T.; Bilow, M.; Auer, T. (2007) Façades. Principles of Construction.

Birkhäuser, Basel Poirazis, H. (2004) Double Skin Façades for Office Buildings. Division of Energy and Building Design. Department of Construction and Architecture. Lund Institute of Technology. Lund University.

Reichel, A. (2007) Open-Close. Windows, Doors, Filters. Birkhäuser, Basel VV.AA. (2013) Building Construction: Principles, Materials, & Systems. Part II. Prentice Hall. London.

Videos: http://www.halfenusa.com/t/25_14272.html Spanish regulations: CTE DB HE, Ahorro de energía CTE BD SU, Seguridad de utilización CTE DB SI, Seguridad de incendio CTE DB HS, Salubridad