the restorative city 城市的新生
the restorative city
城市的新生
Shichahai is a network of pocket parks that support personal and community health, sustenance, social gathering, memory and storytelling, and emotional reattachment to the natural environment. This network accommodates both tourists and local residents in order to foster intercultural understanding and common ground. Key spaces help tourists understand local culture, while the majority of sites are reserved for locals to seek refuge, nourishment, and to be nourished by the plants and other elements that provide restorative connections to the natural world. Personal spaces transition to a large scale communal space that is organized around Beijing’s central axis, effectively linking and restoring Chinese that define this historic city.
1 2 3
to enhance the hutong area’s cultural identity by creating diverse gathering spaces that combine natural and human elements to develop views and vantage points as way finding elements to bridge the connection from the hutongs to the central axis and drum and bell towers to accommodate different users’ needs and preferences by creating experiences that support tourism development while also giving local residents much-desired personal and community space
urban challenges
2000 13.5 million 2010 19.6 million
44%
energ y
urban challenges
2050
p o p u l at io n Beijing has seen a population boom in the last decade, rising 44 percent. This rapid growth has observers estimating Beijing to hit 50 million residents by 2050. Over population has created 3 major urban challenges. Air pollution, traffic congestion, and energy use from buildings are the growing challenges that affect the quality of life for the residents. The Garden Above will effectively slow down these challenges when completed. The bridge rely on renewable energy to power itself so won’t contribute to the carbon emissions created from energy use. The bridge will encourage local residents to use the bridge as alternative way of traveling along the axis. With all the amount of trees that will be planted on the bridge and with the amount of residents that choose to detach themselves with their vehicles, the air pollution in the region will drop drastically.
air p n utio oll
50million
e us
61%
2000 1750
(km/10000 sq. km)
2010 4538
(km/10000 sq. km)
freight traffic
-16%
passenger traffic
china’s highway expansion 2000-2013 highwa y
55%
e xpa nsion
China has expanded their highway system to 61 percent in the last decade, starting from 1,750 (km/10,000 sq. km) in 2000, to 4,538 (km/10,000 sq. km) in 2013. Providing more highways will only create more congestion. In Beijing alone, passenger traffic has risen 55% in the last decade, which includes foot traffic, bicycle traffic, and public transportation. This statistic is not necessarily negative, but rather an opportunity for Beijing to provide adequate infrastructure to accommodate the growing passenger traffic. The Garden Above will provide an infrastructure specifically for pedestrian foot traffic and bicyclists, which will also alleviate traffic on street level. Creating separation from pedestrians and vehicles on street level will increase the circulation of vehicles that are traveling on the main axis because there doesn’t seem to be a balanced system between pedestrians and motorist. There is a high potential of success with the implementation of the bridge and the success will make a clear example that a push for alterative transportation will have a greater effective on the rapid population than expanding more highways.
hyd
ower dp
power ro
-15%
-6%
ar power cle
win
34%
al gas r u t
nu
na
57%
e oil d u
cr
c
l oa
b eijin g ’s ene rgy c onsumption In the last decade Beijing has had a decline in coal (-6%) and crude oil (-15%) consumption, which have been the leading emitters of carbon dioxide during their peak of consumption. Other forms on energy have been replacing the traditional way of energy consumption that are both clean and renewable energy. Nuclear power, hydropower, and wind power have taken the lead in energy consumption over the last decade (34%). The construction of the bridge would strive to use local materials in order to minimize the carbon footprint that would created if materials were imported from other regions. Renewable energy will be the main source of energy when the bridge is completed, such as using solar energy and energy created from the on-site composting facility.
on
e tree
2 0 0 re t
es
p m10
a ir qua lity
-13%
-14.5%
nitrogen dioxide
-41%
sulfur dioxide
-15%
pm2.5
air q
lity a u
absorbs 4 8 p o u n d s of CO2 per year sequester 1 ton of CO2 by 40 years
absorb 9 , 6 0 0 p o u n d s of CO2 per year (4.3 tons)
Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (pm2.5) are referred to as “fine” particles. These particles are able to penetrate deeper into the parts of the lungs that are more vulnerable to injury, causes them to be the most harmful to human health. Beijing has had a decline of pm2.5 (-15%) in the last year. Planting trees can have a great effective on air pollution. Davey Institute found that urban trees and forests are saving an average of one life every year because of the particulates that they remove from the air. Trees are considered the “lungs of the planet.” Trees are also able sequester CO2 from the air. Vehicles burn fossil fuels that put heat-trapping CO2 into our atmosphere. Trees can slow down that process. A tree can absorb as much as 48 pounds of carbon dioxide per year, and can sequester one ton of CO2 by the time it reaches 40 years. The bridge will provide roughly 200 trees than will not only absorb 9,600 pounds of CO2, but also release oxygen into the air.
66 b ei ji n
sq. meter person
g
10
sq. meter person
k
6
sq. meter person
ne w y
or
sq. meter person
36
on
singapo re
lon d
gre e n s p ace Beijing falls short to the amount of green space per capita compared other cities. Currently Beijing has 6 sq. meter of green space per capita. The leading city with green space per capita is Singapore, which has 90 percent more green space per capita than Beijing. Even though Beijing is has a green vision, there is a large amount of work to do before they reach a city like Singapore.
e nvironme nta l g o al s phase out 200,000 vehicles close 300 polluting factories build new municipal subsidiary administrative center in Tongzhou
Beijing has put an effort in improving the quality of life for its residents. Phasing out over 200,00 vehicles this year that do not meet pollution standards will minimize congestion. Closing 300 polluting factories in this year will minimize air pollution. Building a new municipal subsidiary administration center in Tongzhou in the next couple years wills minimize the pollution from energy use in buildings. After the establishment of the center, state-owned enterprises and public services will move out as well which will slow down the rapid population growth.
mission of ministry environmental protection s i n c e 2 0 0 8
protecting the environment
shoulder and materialize the responsibility for achieving the national target
take charge supervision management on the prevention and control of environmental
Carry out environmental science & technology work
The ministry environment protection for the People’s Republic of China in 2008 established a mission that will eventually increase the quality of life for all residents. Protecting the environment, waste management, air pollution, and renewable energy are the main concerns for the ministry. The Garden Above will contribute to the ministry’s mission statement. If implemented, The Garden Above will protect the environment by planting over 200 trees. It will take responsibility in creating zero waste by having an on-site composting system. It will take charge in preventing and controlling environmental pollution by the sequestration of CO2 from all the vegetation that will be planted. And finally The Garden Above will carry out environmental science and technology work by using renewable energy to power the entire structure.
precedent “ t h e h i g h l i n e � s t o r m wa t e r ma n a g e m e n t
reduction of storm water runoff by up to 80%
c o m p o st i n g s y st e m
on-site composting soil amendment to keep plants healthy The design of the high line uses the same technology as a typical green roof that has the ability to reduce storm water runoff by up to 80%. The high line also has a on-site composting system that is able to compost all small green waste that produces a soil amendment to keep plants healthy. With composting most of their own green waste, it minimizes the need to send green waste off-site which also minimizes a carbon footprint. The Garden Above will also incorporate these systems in the design of The Garden Above. Storm water runoff will be captured mostly by the bridge and lessen the amount of runoff water entering the sewage system. On-site composting will be used to encourage local to be apart of the maintenance of The Garden Above, creating ownership.
improve individual health
safe play areas for children engage with the environment reduce noise pollution sequestration of carbon
release oxygen
green exercise
enrich the culture of the city
control temperature extremes
social interaction
improve air quality
ben ef it s The Garden Above will help Beijing get to that vision and set a precedent to nearby regions to create major projects that will provide large green spaces. The main benefits of The Garden Above will include “the conservation of ecological processes and cultural heritage values” “sport and leisure functions” “enhancing the visual qualities and character of the city landscape” “providing linear connections and linkages including trails, pathways, creeks and beaches” and “providing spaces for parks and playgrounds and other public spaces where the community can exercise, play, lean and simply relax.” (Aldous, David 2015).
urban design strategy
jin dynasty
1115-1234
yuan dynasty 1271-1368
h i s t o ry o f t h e ax is The central axis was extended from Jin dynasty to Qing dynasty (A.D.11151644). In ancient China, the emperor wanted to show his special position, and enjoyed the experience of standing in the middle of the city and having the whole view of his country. The emperor of Jin Dynasty built the center axis and the emperor in next dynasties built the other things based on that axis. The axis became a symbol of Beijing.
ming dynasty 1368-1644
the drum tower yan dai xie jie
di an gate
traditional hutongs
qing dynasty 1644-1912
taoist temple
jingshan park
the axis today
jin dynasty 1115-1234
pocket spaces
beihai park yuan dynasty 1271-1368
jingshan park n atu r al el em en ts
ming dynasty 1368-1644
The axis from drum tower to Jingshan Park has 3 primary green space, and a green view in the west side (Beihai park--Qionghua island). After we set several pocket spaces, the green point will be connect with the central green line and there will be a green net on the both side of the axis to give the residents a more comfortable experience and life.
14:00
10:00
18:00
tra ff ic study The traffic situation in the central axis is crowed, especially during rush hours. Cars, bicycles, tricycles, old people and children are gathering together on this crowded street. This appearance not only makes people feel inconvenient but also brings problems of safety and security. Therefore, it’s necessary for us to separate the pedestrian with the cars to alleviate the traffic jams on this road and create security for the people walking along the axis. heavy traffic moderate traffic light traffic
forbidden city
beihai park jingshan park
pocket parks
The Garden Above
drum tower
bell tower
N
ne twork of gre e n spa c e s
lake commerial area
Based off the site analysis, our design strategy is to use the existing parks and landmarks to create a nework of green spaces. This network consists of two main new elements: 1. a large park built over the main axis, called “The Garden Above” and 2. redesigned pocket parks within the hutong areas to be used by both locals and tourists. The Garden Above will act not only as a connection between Jingshan Park and the Drum and bell towers, but as a place itself where people can come to relax and get the experience of a large
park within the city. The park also adds to the existing green spaces of this area of the city, really making this section of the axis a “green lung” for Beijing. In the same way, by building the park above the axis, we allow for a new possibility of traffic flow in the area, drawing more pedestrians towards the center axis. The pocket parks are planned to be integrated into the new hutong blocks. The redesign of the hutongs allow for that courtyard style housing to come back, while still accomodating for population growth. By taking this opportunity of the new open space, we can create series of pocket parks that can be used by the community as well as add to this network of green spces.
lake
drum tower
ne w tra ff ic pa tte r n Building The Garden Above on top of the axis not only gives opporunities as a park for the community, but also creates a new traffic pattern in the area. The park gives the opportunity for pedestrians and bicyclists to get off the streets and onto a carfree zone. Similarly, the park separated bicycles and pedestrians to allow for both parties to feel safer in their enviornment. vie ws As previously stated, The Garden Above coonects the Drum Tower to Jingshan Park. By building this elevated park, you do not only connect those two landmarks, but also create new views to those and the surrounding area. The three main views from the park would be the Drum Tower, Jingshan Park, and the Lake.
jing pedestrian bicycles vehicular
sha
np
ark
the garden above
The City of Beijing, China is built around a central axis. This central axis is a historical monument that leads into sacred monuments.
park. This park provides an area for children to play around and for parents to watch over them, allowing for both active and passive events to take place.
As an emphasis on this transition the garden above promotes healthy living as well as safety for both bicyclists and pedestrians. This garden, located 6.4 meters above the existing axis consists of an active to passive journey. The active area is located near the bell and drum tower. The reason for this placement is complementation of the sounds of the drum and bell towers to the activities on the performing stage, traditional chess, and strolling areas.
Along the transition from north to south is a hospital which is used as a connection to the garden above. This connection is achieved through the use of a therapeutic garden for the hospital patients. Along with a therapeutic garden comes a stroll through gardens which bring pedestrians to a meditative state where the garden above ultimately concludes near a temple.
second ga tewa y: longevit y
vie w o f qianhai la ke
Three typologies were created for the movement of the axis: straight, wave, and As a smooth transition from active to cross passive along with a complementation of surrounding commercial areas is a central The straight condition of the Garden Above f ir st g at eway: go od fo rt une
drum towe r
b el l towe r
the ga rde n a bove
str ai g h t
c ro s s
jing sha n park
The cross condition is the second of two conditions that brings pedestrians in visual contact with bicyclists. In the cross condition, both lanes change in elevation and the bicycle lane crosses over the pedestrian lane. By crossing over, both lanes effectively switch sides as well. This provides bicyclists with a vantage point of above the garden spaces. In addition to providing this visual connection, the w av e crossing over allows
N
di’a nmen s tre et
ho spit al he aling garde n
The wave condition is one of the two conditions where pedestrians come in visual contact with the bicyclists. In the wave conditions, both the pedestrian and bicycle lanes undulate at opposite. The waves are 180° out of phase, which provides pedestrians with views of cyclists on the bicycle lanes from above and below.
Cyclists also get views of the garden area from different elevations as a result of the out of phase design of the two lanes. This provides a visual connection between the two entities while still maintaining the physical disconnect between pedestrian and bicyclist.
t hird ga tewa y: ha ppiness
is composed of a large lane for used as garden and walk space exclusively for pedestrians, as well as an independent bike lane dropped 1.5m below the elevation of the pedestrian space. These exist as two separate entities and do not interact with one another. In this condition, pedestrians are left undistracted by bicyclists to fully experience the garden and cyclist can go straight to their destination after being separated from the gardens.
bell tower
4.6 m (15’)
2.4 m (8’) 1.8m (6’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
2.4 m (8’)
4.7 m (15.4’)
1” = 10’
se cti o n al s tu d i es The three sectional studies of the axis were taken to compare the different building heights with the variations of the park design. More specifically, the changes in the building heights will also change the typology of the Garden Above. This is important because we did not want to keep a consistent height for the park along the axis. The axis is mostly composed of 1-3 story buildings except for the 7-story hotel at the south end of the site located near Jingshan Park.
drum tower
b
b’
stree t
1.3km (0.8mi)
di’anmen
0 .4 k m (0 .2 5 m i )
a’
typical w alking distance in united states
a
In the first section, the park is compared to 1 story and 2 story buildings. Even with the bike path at the lower level, the park is not overpowering the street. The sidewalk width allows for more space for the street, so that it does not feel overcrowded. In the next section, the park is compared to 2 story and 3 story buildings. Although the street and sidewalk are smaller in this section, because the buildings are taller, the park is still not overpowering the area. Instead, it allows for more levels of space, similar to building stories. In the last section, the park is compared to the hotels towards the south end of the axis. This area is located at the 7 story hotels near Jingshan Park. The area had wide setbacks and it illustrates that our park can go bigger without having to interfere with the area.
c N
c’
jingshan park
9.1 m (30’)
4.6 m (15’)
2.4 m (8’) 1.8m (6’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
2.4 m (8’)
4.7 m (15.4’)
4.6 m (15’)
2.4 m (8’) 1.8m (6’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
4.8 m (15.6’)
6.4 m (21 ‘ )
6.8 m 22.6’)
3.7 m (12’)
2.4 m (8’)
4.7 m (15.4’)
1” = 10’
scetion a-a’ - street condition
1” = 10’
scetion a-a’ - with garden
3.7 m (12.1’)
6.9 m (22.6’)
4.3 m (14’)
15.9 m (52.2’)
3.8 m (12.5’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
4.3 m (14’)
5 m (16.4’)
3.8 m (12.5’)
1” = 10’
scetion b-b’ - street condition
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
4.3 m (14’)
scetion b-b’ - with garden
5 m (16.4’)
1” = 10’
6.6 m (21.7’)
5.2 m (17.1’)
6.1 m (20’)
8.8 m (28.9’)
scetion c-c’ - street condition
2.4 m (8 ‘)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
2.4 m (8’)
12.4 m (40.7’)
10.3 m (33.8’)
5.2 m (17.1’)
1” = 10’
6.1 m (20’)
8.8 m (28.9’)
scetion c-c’ - with garden
9.1 m (29.9’)
11.7 m (38.4’)
13 m (42.7’)
2.4 m (8 ‘)
3.7 m (12’)
3.7 m (12’)
2.4 m (8’)
12.4 m (40.7’)
10.3 m (33.8’)
1” = 10’
bell tower
drum tower
1. g o o d f o r tu n e The first gateway, Fu, is red. Red represents good fortune and happiness along with the wise man. This gateway is located across the drum tower. t h e t h ree g at ew a ys
di’anmen
N
stree t
jingshan 3 park
Beijing, China is known for its temples and worshiping to a higher power. Along with the worship of multiple Gods come three wise men known as, Fu, Lu, and Shou. Each one having a meaning. Fu represents good fortune, Lu represents wealth and power, and Shou represents health and longevity. In order to emphasize on these three wise men markers were created to allow for a transition from the axis and into the garden above. These markers are elevators consisting of the gods representational colors. The elevators allow for both pedestrian and cyclists to travel from the ruckus of the streets and into the experience they select.
2 . w ealt h
3. l o n g ev i ty
The second gateway, Lu, is green. Green is usually associated with wealth and status which is also the meaning behind this wise man. The location of this elevator is located nearest to the hospital.
The third gateway, Shou, is yellow. This color represents Longevity. This elevator is located nearest to the Taoist temple.
bell tower
drum tower
e
di’anmen
d
e’
stree t
d’
inte rse c tion bowl This space is located above the intersection of the central axis and Di’anmen Street. In ancient China, the square represents earth while the circle represents heaven, both the perimeter and interior of this space respectively. Designed for recreational use, this area provides opportunities for active and passive activities such as dancing and playing cards. Along the center of this space, a glass panel runs with the central axis, allowing users to view the intersection below.
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jingshan park
h ealin g g ard en As part of the design for The Garden Above, an extended rooftop garden will be added to a nearby hospital along the central axis. This rooftop garden will mainly accommodate the patients of the hospital and will include elements found in therapeutic landscape designs, such as lush vegetation, moveable seating, and
sensory stimulation. The elevation of this rooftop garden will be much higher than the Garden Above, giving patients complete privacy. With the use of borrowed scenery techniques, the patients will feel as if their healing garden is part of a much large landscape.
bell tower
drum tower
di’anmen
stree t
g ard en area Some areas of The Garden Above include transitional sections. While these are placed strategically throughout the bridge and may vary in design, they will all implement hide, reveal techniques, and framed views. The reason behind this is to allow suspense and create a sense of mystery for the unknown. With the addition of an overhead horizontal plane, this would allow adequate shading for users and provide opportunities for intimate areas within this region. s mall s h a c k s The concept for the shacks is to provide a mobile module, which could be placed along The Garden Above. These modules will interact with both the pedestrian and bicycle paths. The shacks could be used as small shops and service booths for both pedestrians and bicyclists alike. For an example, a module could house a small shop that sells refreshments to the pedestrians while also containing a small service shop for bicyclists at the bicycle lane. The module would be a mobile unit that could be placed anywhere along The Garden Above and its use can be molded by its specific location.
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jingshan park
st a g e Located in the northern section of The Garden Above, a stage and a field of empty grass will provide large open spaces for pedestrian interaction. A vantage point for the Drum Tower and the lakes of Shichahai, this area is in a more active section of the bridge. Built to contain large crowds and host events such as concerts, the stage area is versatile in its use and can be used for both active and passive recreational activities. The empty grass section can help provide space for such events.
pocket parks
p ri v a te
p u b li c
p u b li c
p
ri
v
a
te
communi ty gard en
natural e l e m e nt s
tai chi and e xe rc i se
op e ra a n d m u si c
p o c ket p ark t yp o lo g ies Based on our previous interviews, observations, and research, we came up with four major themes that could better represent the hutong culture and later be placed in central Beijing. Also based on research, privacy among the locals was a huge concern. After designing the four major themes, deciding where and how much privacy each pocket park will receive needed a systematic system that could eventually be used throughout the area. The system would consist of two location patterns and depending on the location, the level of privacy would be determined. The first location pattern will have pocket parks op e r a a n d m u s ic
pu b lic
arranged close to the central axis, but would receive a lower level of privacy. And the second location pattern will have pocket parks arranged further away from the central axis, but would receive a higher level of privacy. Then each pocket park will be given a theme based on needs heard from interviews. The four main themes would include the opera and music garden, the taichi and exercise garden, the natural elements garden, and the community garden. People are encouraged to visit the pocket parks closer to the main axis, while the pocket parks that are further from the axis remain more for the locals.
t aich i a nd e xe rc ise
na tura l e le me nts
co m m u n i ty g ard en
p riva te
ope ra a nd music The opera and music garden will include a stage where local artists can sing, perform, and play traditional Chinese instruments, however it will not be limited to just this. There will also be seating facing the stage for people wishing to become an audience. An overhead structure will be present to provide shade and cover from rain to ensure the best experience possible. Based on the level of privacy and the level of activity, this pocket park will be placed closest to the main axis in order to attract a higher amount of people.
a’ a
section a-a’
ta ic hi a nd e xe rc ise Taichi is one of the most popular activities among the local residents according to our observations. By moving your body in a slow motion, people will be able to enhance their balance and meditate. This space is meant for those participants to gather and practice their craft, as well as a place to relax. As Yin and Yang are fundamental elements in taichi, a water feature is included to provide that balance of energy. For the design of this garden, a pavilion will be present and will act as a social gathering space for those who wish to talk or observe others. This garden allows for individuals and groups to participate in events, however the level of privacy is a little bit higher, therefore it should be placed a bit further from the main axis.
b b’ section b-b’
na tura l e le men ts Humans cannot live without nature, and since rock, water, plants, and infrastructure are the four major elements of a traditional Chinese garden, they will be implemented in the natural elements garden. Through the use of hide and reveal techniques, this pocket park will seem mysterious and a lot larger than one perceives. As this space is meant to be serene and allow the user to relax and reflect, the privacy level will be quite high in order to block out unwanted noises.
c’ c
section c-c’
co mmunity ga rde ns Based on our previous interviews, the local residents wished they had a space to grow their own food, however space is very limited within the area. Taking advantage of the vacant lots would provide adequate space for the locals. The community garden will provide the locals with an opportunity to collaborate with each other and grow their own fruits and vegetables. This pocket space would also educate the residents as well as future generations the importance of health and teach them the skills necessary to grow their own crops. As this space is meant for the locals only, the community garden would have the highest level of privacy, being placed the furthest from the main axis.
d’ d
section d-d’
the restorative city
The Restorative City aims to re-spark the people’s connection to the natural environment. By creating a central park above the axis and connecting it to a network of pocket parks, the design accommodates the need for additional green space within the city and also solves urban problems of Beijing and other major cities such as population density, air pollution, and energy consumption. Using both The Garden Above and the new pocket parks, Beijing’s green space per capita will increase, creating a blueprint for other sections of the city to follow. The Garden Above does more than add another green element to the city. It acts as a connection between landmarks, which highlights the importance of the city’s history. In the same way, it gives the axis, which has been hidden yet essential to the city, a physical and visible form. Additionally, it aims to promote two things: 1) being self-sufficient by reducing the amount of waste coming from the park and 2) staying healthy by creating a pedestrian-only space where people are free to participate in many different activities. On
the larger scale, it helps to reduce traffic in the area, making the streets a safer place for all types of transportation. Moving over to the pocket parks, integrating our typologies with the new Siheyuan design will create more open space while still accounting for the population growth over the next couple of years. The pocket parks work on a smaller scale than The Garden Above but are just as important for the community. These areas are going to be used by both locals and tourists alike to promote this emphasis of green spaces within the city. It is not only us designers out to save the city; the government is also trying to help the environment. They have been creating new environmental goals to help reduce pollution and clean up Beijing. Our urban strategy follows their already established plans, which makes the possibility of creating both The Garden Above and the pocket parks that much more real.
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env china study abroad program california state polytechnic university, pomona + north china university of technology summer 2015