SCI_Arc Modernist House
Instructed by Elena Manferdini Graduate Thesis Prep
Junkai Liu
Fordism
毕业设计
Cultrure Needs
Flexible House Unit Diversity
HOUSING NOW
Housing Types In LA Accessory Dwelling Units Future House
Spring 2020
Copyright Š 2020 All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.
SCI_Arc
Graduate Thesis Prep
毕业设计
Junkai Liu
HOUSING NOW 刘君恺
SPRING 2020
CONTENTS
01
02
03
Statement
Modernist House Functionalism first
Efficient assembly line
03
05
07
04
05
06
Describe the point of this research
Fordism
Culture Needs
Flexible House
Unit Diversity
09
13
17
07
08
09
Project Introduction
Project Introduction
Project Introduction
Housing Types In LA
Accessory Dwelling Units
Future House
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23
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Housing types Background
Temporary strategy
Project Introduction
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
01
04
Statement
STATEMENT Today's urban housing forms are developing rapidly under standardized production, reflecting the idea of functionalism. Although people's requirements for the number of dwellings have been met at a certain time, over time, they no longer meet people's ideals for living. The function of the collective house is not only the function of residence, but also there should be some spaces for entertainment, places for public activities, communication spaces, etc. A specific building type is a combination of a lifestyle and a building form. A variety of lifestyles should result in a variety of architectural forms. Mixing type into building that accommodate a village works for people to satisfy living needs by creating different typology all together, taking advantage of multiply solution that not usually deployed into the same structure. The special conventional typology of collective housing, it brings many restrictions. The most important of which are blindness and homogeneity, that is, taking an unspecified majority of people as the design object, assuming an average residential group (usually young people) to determine the characteristics and use functions of the building space. Therefore, the fixed hall-type model has become the mainstream plan for collective housing. Depending on the needs of different people, different spaces will be created and the overall shape will be affected. Through typologies can get some basic patterns. However, the pressure of the land makes all the space increase in the vertical dimension. In order to amplify the contradiction between land and population, it is not about whether the project can be successfully completed on the ground, but to solve the problem in a crude and direct way, stacking basic housings, grow up and brutal, face this social problem, and build An ideal utopian residential community.
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
Super Tall Residential in HK
MODERNIST HOUSE The popular form of urban dwellings has spread rapidly with standardized production in the industrial era, faithfully reflecting the idea of functionalism. ​​ Although in a certain political environment and economic conditions, it once met people's requirements for the number of dwellings, but With the development of society and changes in people's lifestyles, this flood of "square boxes" seems to be no longer able to carry people's ideals for living.
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Modernist House
Housing complex in Soviet Union
MODERNIST HOUSE Due to the special construction method of collective housing, it brings many restrictions. The most important of these are blindness and homogeneity, that is, the design of an unspecified majority of people, assuming an average residential group (usually young people) to determine the characteristics and use functions of the building space. Therefore, the fixed hall-type model has become the mainstream plane. The living form of the centralized residential building reflects contemporary culture. At the same time, its proliferation has also caused people to lose their right to choose, diversity has been destroyed, and the needs of people's personality have been ignored.
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03
Fordism Fordism describes an economic and social system based on industrialization and standardization of mass production and mass consumption.
"American efficiency is that tenacious force. It neither knows nor recognizes obstacles; it has a task to complete, no matter how small that task is; it is incredible without its serious construction project ... The combination of the scope of the Soviet revolution and American efficiency is The core of Leninism." Background Ford Motor Company was one of the hundreds of small car manufacturers newly established between 18901910. After five years of experience in automobile manufacturing, Ford introduced the Model T. The Model T is simple and lightweight, but strong enough to accommodate rough terrain . Mass production of this model has lowered its unit price, which is affordable for ordinary consumers. In addition, in order to deal with a large number of absenteeism and a turnover rate of more than 400% a year, Ford gave his workers a significant increase in wages. This also indirectly allows workers to become consumers of cars. These factors have led to significant consumption. In fact, the Model T surpassed all expectations because it reached 60% of total U.S. auto production during peak periods.
Ford's production system involves synchronization, precision, and professionalism within the company. Ford and his senior management did not use the term "Fordism" (Fordism) to describe their motivations and worldviews, and they did not consider this to be XX. But many contemporaries used the term Ford system to express Ford's worldview.
Advantages & disadvantages Its most original contribution to modern society is the breakdown of complex tasks into simpler ones with the help of specialized tools. Simple tasks produce universal parts that can be used every time. This brings adaptability and flexibility, and the assembly line can change its components according to the needs of the final assembly product. Its real achievement lies in recognizing its potential and breaking it down into components that can be recombined and produced more efficiently, so that it brings a set of optimized models to the real world. The advantage of such a change is that it reduces the labor required to operate the factory, while reducing the need for skilled labor and reducing production costs. Fordism originated from the industrial era. Ford's production model is standardized large-volume single varieties. However, with the advent of the post-industrial era, the service industry is becoming more and more important. The market is becoming more diversified.
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Fordism
FORDISM
Photos taken by Ben Roberts show the Amazon warehouse in Rugeley, northern England, currently.
Ford assembly line
Textile factory assembly line
Radio factory assembly line
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
04 CULTURE NEEDS The thesis re-approaches typical developer project in China, and explores the capacity of vernacular image to make effective space in relationship to sequence, perception, exposure and events. The project has its test site in Chongqing, a very typical second tier city in China proliferating with developer projects. Those developers are building XL project either as the “decorated shed”, that uses vernacular roof as the toppers to superficially communicate the culture and completely pursues efficiency, or as) or as the “duck”, which wraps the whole building in the cultural icon and distorts the program to fit its iconic form. Both modes are not only skin deep in communicating the image culture about city and place, but also skin deep in constructing meaningful, comfortable living space. Isn’t there an alternative way of building XL project that goes beyond the skin deep of image culture and woven into the experience of space? The thesis therefore turns to the vernacular cultural roots where developers borrow those cultural icons. The design experiments the capacity of vernacular image to choreograph and make space, replacing the “decorated shed ” and the “duck” mode of the global developer today. It brings the vernacular sensibility of spatial richness to re-approach developer tower scale, altering the horizontal expansion of traditional courtyard into the expanded exploration in vertical living under the challenge of densification.
One family is no longer confined into the conventional dwelling box, but could actively experience the in-between roofscape and unconstructively view urbanscape/ social chamber. Eventually the thesis is imagining this vernacularism in XL tower in the Chongqing river scape, as a projected future of developer tower together with the proposal.
Perspective
Perspective
Perspective
Physical model
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Culture Needs Designer: Ziwei Song Thesis advisor: Megan Panzano James Templeton Kelley Thesis Prize Spring 2018
Physical model
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Analysis of traditional architecture
Analysis of traditional architecture
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Culture Needs
Section
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Architects: Alejandro Aravena Location: 93 INCREMENTAL HOUSES COMPLEX Contrast of building facade (before check-in) Architect's design
Contrast of building facade (after check-in) Household Design
Contrast of building facade (before check-in) Architect's design
Contrast of building facade (after check-in) Household Design
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Flexible House
05FLEXIBLE HOUSE To settle the 100 families of the Quinta Monroy, in the same 5,000 sqm site that they have illegally occupied for the last 30 years which is located in the very center of Iquique, a city in the Chilean desert. We had to work within the framework of the current Housing Policy, using a US$ 7,500 subsidy with which we had to pay for the land, the infrastructure and the architecture. Considering the current values in the Chilean building industry, US$ 7,500 allows for just around 30 sqm of built space. And despite the site's price (3 times more than what social housing can normally afford) the aim was to settle the families in the same site, instead of displacing them to the periphery. SO, WHAT TO DO? Our first task was to find a new way of looking at the problem, shifting our mindset from the scale of the best possible US$ 7,500 object to be multiplied a 100 times, to the scale of the best possible US$ 750,000 building capable of accommodating 100 families and their expansions. But we saw that a building blocks expansions; that is true, except on the ground and the top floor. So, we worked in a building that had just the ground and top floor.
WHAT IS OUR POINT? We think that social housing should be seen as an investment and not as an expense. So we had to make that the initial subsidy can add value over time. All of us, when buying a house expect it to increase its value. But social housing, in an unacceptable proportion, is more similar to buy a car than to buy a house; every day, its value decreases. It is very important to correct this, because Chile will spend 10 billion dollars in the next 20 years to overcome the housing deficit. But also at the small family scale, the housing subsidy received from the State will be, by far, the biggest aid ever. So, if that subsidy can add value over time, it could mean the key turning point to leave poverty. We in Elemental have identified a set of design conditions through which a housing unit can increase its value over time; this without having to increase the amount of money of the current subsidy. In first place, we had to achieve enough density, (but without overcrowding), in order to be able to pay for the site, which because of its location was very expensive. To keep the site, meant to maintain the network of opportunities that the city offered and therefore to strengthen the family economy; on the other hand, good location is the key to increase a property value. Second, the provision a physical space for the "extensive family" to develop, has proved to be a key issue in the economical take off of a poor family. In between the private and public space, we introduced the collective
CASE ONE Quinta Monroy Year: 2003 Area: 5000.0 m²
space, conformed by around 20 families. The collective space (a common property with restricted access) is an intermediate level of association that allows surviving fragile social conditions. Third, due to the fact that 50% of each unit's volume, will eventually be self-built, the building had to be porous enough to allow each unit to expand within its structure. The initial building must therefore provide a supporting, (rather than a constraining) framework in order to avoid any negative effects of self-construction on the urban environment over time, but also to facilitate the expansion process. Finally, instead a designing a small house (in 30 sqm everything is small), we provided a middle-income house, out of which we were giving just a small part now. This meant a change in the standard: kitchens, bathrooms, stairs, partition walls and all the difficult parts of the house had to be designed for final scenario of a 72 sqm house. In the end, when the given money is enough for just half of the house, the key question is, which half do we do. We choose to make the half that a family individually will never be able to achieve on its own, no matter how much money, energy or time they spend. That is how we expect to contribute using architectural tools, to nonarchitectural questions, in this case, how to overcome poverty.
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Isometric
FLEXIBLE HOUSE This project only proposes a prototype. The grid system of this prototype is applicable to any site, and the number of grids can be adjusted according to the size of the base. Corresponding elements are set for the basic needs of space in the entire system. The minimum pre-design provides openness for the evolution of the building over time. Will be constantly reshaped by the residents themselves.
05 CASE TWO
A prototype Designer: Wei Huang Advisor: Paul Cournet Delft University Spring 2018
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Flexible House
Modular design
Modular design
FLEXIBLE HOUSE The designer fully retains a part of the flexibility in the design, giving the residents the opportunity to design. With the second design, the residents can adjust and meet the changing needs according to their own needs.
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
Courtesy of Ricardo Bofil
UNIT DIVERSITY This residential project uses intense colors and architectural spaces. The designer paid attention to the public space, under a network of staircases and intricate paths. Color also enhances the vitality of the space, attracting people who love photography.
06 La Muralla Roja Architects: Ricardo Bofill Year: 1968 Photographs: Courtesy of Ricardo Bofill CALPE/CALP, SPAIN
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Unit Diversity
Photographs: Courtesy of Ricardo Bofill, Steve de Vriendt
UNIT DIVERSITY
Walden 7 Architects: Ricardo Bofill Area: 31140.0 m² Year: 1975 Photographs: Courtesy of Ricardo Bofill SANT JUST DESVERN, SPAIN
Each floor of the building includes a large number of public spaces such as platforms and gardens. Due to the horizontal misalignment, each tower is like a free-growth organism. The vertical variation of the 9 high towers has created a series of horizontal visual corridors at different heights for the pedestrians A city-like visual communication experience.
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
HOUSING TYPE IN LA If you've ever looked at an aerial view of Los Angeles via Google Maps or on decent into LAX then you know: L.A. is a city of houses. Precarious mansions climb up the hills and fill in the canyons. Detached single-family homes sit side-by-side on modest lots across the basin.
House Independent courtyards Bigger room More functional rooms Separate parking garage Households: Usually families with children. Super High-income population
That small increment has had huge impact. No other city is dotted with so many influential modern homes. In other places it's the civic and commercial structures that tell the story, but in L.A. it's the residences. In many ways it's a radical suggestion that the domestic sphere is the source of such cultural change.
Townhouse Independent courtyards Big room Not necessarily a separate parking garage Share a wall with some noise Households: Usually families with children. Super High Income
Right now, close to half of all land in the city of Los Angeles is set aside for single-family homes, at the exclusion of apartments or other forms of multifamily housing. Just under two thirds of land in the city is now zoned to allow residential construction, according to the Department of City
Apartment Public event space Small room Shared parking garage More public space Noisy Households: Usually single or couples and couples without children.
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Housing Types In LA
07 Planning. Of that total, more than 75 percent is specifically reserved for single-family homes or duplexes—meaning apartments can only be constructed on plots of land amounting to less than a quarter of the city’s total size. Of the housing types in Los Angeles, 40% are houses. But continue to develop, there are fewer and fewer single-evel houses. The reason for this phenomenon is the housing shortage due to dense population and land not continuing to grow. The expensive land has changed people's current choices. Because of the promotion of the oil industry, the development of the entertainment industry, the real estate industry has considerable benefits, the continuous growth of the population and the migration of foreign populations, more houses need to be provided for people to live here.
Multi-Family House Higher Rental Income Less Vacancy Issues Controlling the Value Separate kitchen and bathroom Households: Middle-income families
Movie Home PShort life Not solid Many communities do not allow assembly houses Low cost Households: Low-income group
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Reasons for housing stress The process of oil extraction has a huge impact on the environment, and residents will stay away from this area when choosing a house. The abandoned oil production equipment lacks management and maintenance, and has not been dismantled. There is a hidden danger of explosion. But the cost of dismantling is very expensive. Residents will also stay away from this area. There are still a large number of oil extraction machines. After camouflage parcels, as much as possible to reduce the radiography, they are still running. Rising land prices have resulted in a higher proportion of rented houses. The proportion of choosing a family to live together is higher than choosing to move out of a native family. The development of the oil industry has produced a group of high-income groups who invest in real estate to promote the development of housing. The high yield of real estate makes residential development faster.
The immigration of immigrants has led to an increase in the demand for housing in Los Angeles. At the same time that people of different cultural backgrounds have poured in, it has also brought a variety of architectural residential styles.
Oil Industry A decorated oil derrick looms over Beverly Hills High School, background, and the derrick's service compound in this view from the southwest on February 25, 2003.
Real Estate industry Getty GETTY
Immigration Case Study House #22
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Housing Types In LA
for starters, most households in the United States are now 1 and 2 person households. Yet, most of our legacy housing stock, and even our new residential housing stock, is designed for families of 4 or 5 people. That may have made sense 70 years ago. But, things have changed. 1-2 person households now represent 62% of the country’s households. Only 38% of the the nation's households have more than 3 or more people people in them. Close to 2/3rds of the population in the US are living in 1-2 person households. It can be concluded from the pictures that the more prosperous the city, the more people will choose to live together. Houses are not welcome, and combined houses are the most important choice for residents. And this trend is growing.
Due to the growing conflict between land and population, people have to start changing their original housing choices or choose to leave the city. With the pressure of funding, the number of people continues to increase, and the area of ​​ housing will further decrease. It can be concluded from the pictures that the more prosperous the city, the more people will choose to live together. Houses are not welcome, and combined houses are the most important choice for residents. And this trend is growing.
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08 ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS
What is an ADU? An Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) is a residential unit that can be added to a lot with an existing single family home. ADUs can be detached (a separate building in a backyard), attached to or part of the primary residence, or a garage conversion. ADUs are independent rental units that have their own kitchens, bathrooms, living areas, and entrances.
Why build an ADU? ADUs can provide additional space for caregivers, grown children, elderly parents, or renters. Because ADUs are rental units, they produce additional household income. “Empty nesters” can stay in their neighborhoods by moving into a smaller ADU and renting their larger existing home to pay the mortgage. An ADU can be
built to house a relative or caregiver. There are many reasons for building an ADU on your lot.
What ADUs have in common? While their structural forms vary, ADUs share some common traits and face common design and development challenges. For one thing, the fact that they’re secondary housing units on single family residentially zoned lots places ADUs into a unique category of housing. And ADUs also have some other distinguishing characteristics that help further define, differentiate, and distinguish them from other housing types. ADUs are accessory and adjacent to a primary housing unit.
ADUs are significantly smaller than the average US house. ADUs tend to be one of two units owned by one owner on a single family residential lot. ADUs tend to be primarily developed asynchronously from the primary house by homeowner developers. A large range of municipal land use and zoning regulations differentiate ADU types and styles, and dramatically affect their allowed uses. Vast numbers of informal ADUs exist compared to permitted ADUs.
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Accessory Dwellings Units
Detached new construction ADUs Also sometimes called backyard cottages, granny flats, laneway houses, or DADUs, depending on the jurisdiction
Garage conversion ADUs The most affordable way to create a rental unit is to convert your garage. With ever increasing rents in Los Angeles, you can earn monthly income by turning your garage into an Accessory Dwelling Unit ( ADU ).
ADUs above a garage or workshop Above a garage or workshop, or attached to it. In some areas, these may be called garage apartments or carriage houses
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
ADU is a temporary transitional housing solution. ADUs can provide an easy source of rental income for homeowners and lowcost housing for renters. They also add manageable density to single-family areas where new apartment complexes would be difficult to construct. ADU can only solve the problem of some residents. He cannot completely resolve the contradiction between land and population. In the future development, housing has to face a more urgent situation, and only super high-rise housing is the solution. ADU's solution also brings other problems. Most of its models are to transform old garages into new homes, but the number of cars in Los Angeles is very high. Because of the city planning standards, similar citizens have to travel with cars and other means of transportation. However, public transportation in Los Angeles is not good, and the subway does not cover all residential areas. More and more cars can be parked nowhere, creating new problems.
09 FUTURE HOUSING As the most congested city in the United States, it is unquestionable that the construction of ADU continues to exacerbate the problem of traffic pressure. Not all houses will participate in the transformation into ADU. He can only alleviate the current housing problem, but it cannot completely solve it. The conflict between land and population is often a complex social problem. It is difficult for them to answer unilaterally and find enough feasible methods to solve it. Often such social problems are accompanied by other social problems, which are inevitable in social development. But he couldn't escape because it kept happening. The prosperity of the city requires more people to participate, and the growth of the population has brought many land crises. Social topics need to attract people's attention and discussion before they can be better resolved. If an ideal utopian can be constructed, it may seem so impractical, but it directly responds to
the problem, and brings a certain topicality, causing people to think, then it is positive and effective.
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Future House
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Graduate Thesis Prep Spring 2020
Photographs: Peter Zaytsev
PARASITE HOUSING The concept of this project is that in two high-rise buildings or monolithic giant buildings, there are often gaps, and they are usually very easy to build some parasitic buildings. People who have nowhere to live often face the problem of wandering because they don't have a house. They continue to live by living in other people's homes or wandering directly on the street. What if architecture and people behave the same way?
09 Parasite Office Architects: za bor architects - Arseniy Borisenko and Peter Zaytsev Area: 230.0 m² Year: 2011 Photographs: Peter Zaytsev Location: MOSCOW, RUSSIA
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Future House
A parasitic project of modular units was imagined in Paris's La Grande Arche de La DĂŠfense (Credit: Studio Malka Architecture)
PARASITE HOUSING Cities wouldn’t willingly manufacture these structures since they draw attention to the issue of homelessness rather than masking it. But the high-visibility nature of parasitic architecture is actually an integral part of his project: rendering the crisis of homelessness visible, thereby potentially opening conversations with city officials and, on a larger scale, provoking structural change.
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Stacked housing
STACKED HOUSING The concept of this project is about redefining all forms of housing. Depending on the needs of different people, different spaces will be created and the overall shape will be affected. Borrowing typologies can get some basic patterns.
09
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Stacked Housing
Basic form of housing
STACKED HOUSING However, the pressure of the land makes all the space increase in the vertical dimension. In order to amplify the contradiction between land and population, it is not about whether the project can be successfully completed on the ground, but to solve the problem in a crude and direct way, stacking basic housings, grow up and brutal, face this social problem, and build An ideal utopian residential community.
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Structure
STACKED HOUSING The characteristics of the site need to be taken into account, maintaining the characteristics of the site's current status, and providing a structural foundation for new buildings.
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Stacked Housing
Circulation
STACKED HOUSING With the severity and intensification of the problem, there will be more and more residents and more stacked houses. In this cramped space, not only the behavior of living, but also some other functional spaces. Such as circulation, cultural space and so on.
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SITE
CITY OF LOS ANGELES The Jefferson Bus Loop/Layover site is located on Jefferson Boulevard about a half-mile northeast of the Expo/Crenshaw Station. It is currently used as layover for two Metro bus lines and a restroom for bus operators. Located midblock, the site is 0.44 acres. Jefferson Boulevard is filled with older storefront retail and commercial uses such as liquor stores/corner markets and industrial warehouses. The adjacent properties both north and south of the boulevard are residential. Metro financial and design consultants conducted preliminary research on development of this site. This area is beginning to see gentrification. Single family homes are selling quickly to young buyers who want affordable homes close to transportation and urban centers. There are four affordable housing projects totaling 295 units in pre-development stage in the area Market demand for additional affordable rental housing is strong, and demand for market-rate housing may strengthen in the future.
Bus Properties Owner: Metro Area: 0.45 Acres (19500 SF) Zoning: Commercial, C2 Bus layover for 2 lines and operator Coordinates: 34° 1’ 30.18’’ N 118° 19’ 42.78’’W
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Site
10 Although there is a modest amount of office space in the area, it tends to be smaller scale and often owneroccupied. Office vacancy is around 10%, but rental rates (around $30 full service gross) will not support new development. Jefferson Boulevard is a largely retail street, with rents that reflect the aging nature of the retail and commercial buildings. There is virtually no available retail rental space in the area, which is more a reflection of the owner/user nature of the market rather than strong market demand. As with office, retail could be a compatible use but current rental rates (around $18.60 NNN) will not support new development.
Bus Properties Owner: Metro Area: 0.45 Acres (19500 SF) Zoning: Commercial, C2 Bus layover for 2 lines and operator Coordinates: 34° 1’ 30.18’’ N 118° 19’ 42.78’’W
毕业设计