Material Networks . AADRL . 2016-2018 by Jeff Widjaja

NAHMAD-BOOSHAN STUDIO

AADRL 2016-18

MATERIAL NETWORKS ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION DESIGN RESEARCH LABORATORY

Architectural Association 36 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3ES Design Research Laboratory 2016-18 Nahmad-Booshan Studio Studio Tutors: Alicia Nahmad Shajay Bhooshan Team Members: JeďŹ&#x20AC; Widjaja Suchart Ouypornchaisakul Taole Chen

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Introduction

Acknowledgements We would like to thank everyone at the DRL for their support in realising this project. These past sixteen months have been grueling at times, but will remain deeply ingrained in our memories as a uniqe and rewarding experience. Special thanks to our director Theodore Spyropolous, and our tutors Shajay Bhooshan and Alicia Nahmad for their insightful advice and many thought-provoking conversations; AKT II for structural consultation; Angel Moreira, for generously letting us go wild in the robot room and without whom we would have never had such easy access to robotic arms; and last but not least, our Phase 1 helpers, Cesar Fragachan, Charlie Gu and Sam Chai for assisting us in the most crucial of times and pulling everything together in the end. AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Introduction

CONTENTS AX

Introduction Studio Brief Social Structure of Space

Thesis Project Structure Why London? Site

Precedents

Organization _ Building Level

Research Agenda

Home _ Unit Level

Design Research Agenda: Constructing Agency (v1)

Construction _ Structure Level

Conclusion

Our new agenda, Constructing Agency, explores expanded relationships of architecture by considering the future¬ of living, work and culture. The aim of the research is to expand the field of possibility by exploiting behaviour as a conceptual tool to synthesise the digital and material worlds. Advances computational development is utilised in the pursuit of architectural systems that are adaptive, generative, and behavioural. Using the latest in advanced printing, making and computing tools, the lab is developing work that challenge today’s design orthodoxies. Architectures that are mobile, transformative, kinetic and robotic are all part of the AADRL agenda, which aims to expand the discipline and push the limits of design within the larger cultural and technological realm. Future Living Nahmad-Booshan’s studio, House.Occupant.Science.Tech. data (HOSTd) explores robotic fabrication while enabling masscustomisation strategies that can compete with contemporary co-living models in highly productive cities. The promise of masscustomisation integrated with new models of housing now allows for the generation of a vibrant community fabric.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Introduction

Social Structure of Space Conceptual Framework

Holiss, Francis. Beyond Live/Work - the

Architecture of Home-Based Work. London: Routledge, 2015.

At the base of the research lies the hypothesis that human settlement patterns need to become intimate reflections of their social structure in order to form strong, sustainable communities. Historically, humans have lived in cohesive communities where they dwell and work together, supporting each other. This is reflected in the architecture which takes specific forms based on the characteristics, location and culture of the inhabitants. However, the standardized, generic box designed for the lowest common denominator has become the de facto architectural dogma in the last century as a consequence of the proliferation of mass-production technologies. Combined with modernist zoning beliefs, contemporary buildings are typically conceived as aggregators for a random pool of unrelated individuals. Author Francis Holiss outlines an overlooked building typology in her book Beyond Live/Work which she calls “workhome” 1. The workhome is found in a variety of vernacular forms throughout the world such as the English topshop or the Japanese machiya. It provides a starting point for developing a contemporary vernacular based on digital fabrication technologies and algorithmic processes in which social parameters, physical constraints and geometric possibilities come together. Indeed, Precedent studies confirm this hypothesis. particularly, in more primal cultures there is a direct correlation between function and form. for example, in the nomadic raute tribe whose cultural identity is deeply anchored in their expertise in wood craftmanship, their settlement patterns are optimized to support this specific productive capability.

“The house it self has been omitted from the drawing, but if mechanical services continue to accumulate at this rate it may be possible to omit the house in fact.” illustrated by Francois Dallegret for the article A House is Not a Home by Reyner Banham.

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Material.networks | Introduction

A 10

A 11

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Material.networks | Introduction

Thesis Statement

THESIS

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Material Networks proposes a negotiated communal housing system that provides custom-tailored homes to cohesive communities based on their existing social network. Additive manufacturing in clay-like materials using industrial robots is investigated as a fabrication technology that can deliver masscustomized, integrated dwellings, and that minimizes the stratification between end-user and design process, thus returning agency to the people who will ultimately inhabit the spaces.

Material.networks | Thesis

On the organization level the research looks into constructing spatial configurations of social structure. Using a relational model, buildings ar generated based on the social relationships in a community.

Organization building level

On the next scale down, we are proposing a customization system where the housing configuration is defined as a matrix of parameters, allowing units to respond to the daily patterns of each individual in the network.

Unit home level

Additive manufacturing in clay-like materials using industrial robots is investigated as a fabrication technology that can deliver mass-customized, integrated dwellings

Project Structure

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The research is broken up into three levels of enquiry: Organization, which deals with the larger aggregation of a building; Unit, which looks at the home of individual households; Construction, which seeks to bring everything into one structural process.

Construction structure level

Material.networks | Thesis

AADRL AADRL | 2016 2 2016-18 016-18 18

Material.networks Materi Mat erial. al nettwor w ks | T Thes Thesis hesi esis is

C9 Organization building level

community roster of 16 households.

organization : building

Using a relational model, our project looks at generating buildings based on social relationships in a community.

aggregation based on relational model and growth logic.

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Material.networks | Thesis

C 10

C 11 Unit home level

store 3

3 store

sleep 2

Conway

Amy live 1

clean 4

2 sleep clean 4

dine cook 5 6

unit : home

dine 1 cook 5

store 7 clean 6

store 3 sleep 2

sleep 5

Alessandro

circ

13 store

store

sleep 4

sleep 9

Wutian

guest 6

dine cook 2 3

dine cook

10 clean 8

On the next scale down, we are proposing a customization system where the housing configuration is defined as a matrix of parameters, allowing the architecture to respond to the daily patterns of each individual in the network.

clean 7

live

live 1

store 3

Richard

sleep 2

clean 4

store 6 live 1

cook 5 0

5 units customized to individual needs. Programmable workspaces shown in red.

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Material.networks | Thesis

C 12

C 13 Construction structure level

Construction: Method

Additive manufacturing in clay-like materials using industrial robots is investigated as a fabrication technology that can deliver mass-customized, integrated dwellings

Figure (bottom right) Kuka KR 30 printing shifting plane geomtery figure (above) 1. 150 cm clay printing column consist of 7 separate segments with locking mechanism assembly technique 2. !10 cm clay printing column from 8 non-horizontal segments 3. 120 cm continuous column with shifting plane branching technique

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Material.networks | Thesis

Share living Space

C 14 Bedroom Working Space

Private oďŹ&#x192;ce Space

Ceramics Workshop Living room

Bedroom

Kitchen

Interior Court Yard

Sectional Drawing of prototypical community.

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Material.networks | Thesis

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Why London?

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The draw of large metropoles is a global phenomenon. As is almost pointless to mention, the world population is becoming increasingly urban in character. We have already passed the point where most humans find themselves living in cities. London possesses well-established, cultural/technological facilities that naturally result in the attraction of international talent. Its population is projected to grow until 2050. However, associated with its prowess as a cultural center comes ailments that aďŹ&#x201E;ict all major urban centers. Most relevantly, we observe a broadening imbalance in the housing availability, manifested in the inability of all but the richest residents to secure sustainable living arrangements. Housing costs are rising as the city turns into a playground for the corporate world, while the rest of the population deals with increasingly long working hours, a paycheck-to-paycheck lifestyle or leaves their home looking for

better aďŹ&#x20AC;ordability. Increasingly, modern cities like London are laid out for people who fit into a certain demographic. young, single, highincome professionals who have very flexible lifestyles thrive in this environment. But what about the ones who are not so lucky to fall under this demographic? This thesis investigates possible solutions for a user base that typically makes up the backbone of local communities, yet is routinely ignored by commercial developers: craftworkers, small business owners, stay at home mom and dads, artists. People who are less flexible and tend to stay in one community for a long time, who contribute and depend on these communities for their livelihood.

Material.networks | Thesis

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C 19

london older lesbian cohousing der yishev association dartmouth park coho

copperlane

islington park st

arcadia cohousing

pullens yard

Percentage of Self-Employed Residents (fulltime) source: datashine.org.uk

Home-based work

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In the UK, an estimated 25 percent of the working population does some kind of work at home for at least 8 hours week. In the map shown above, we can see that consistently throughout London, about 10% of the population is self-employed, thus, highly likely to be a home-based worker, but most housing projects do not address this segment at all. This data shows there is a stark rift between what the population needs and what is being supplied.

the living project

Cohousing Projects in London source: cohousing.org.uk

One way communities have successfully created their own homes is with the cohousing model: a term used to describe a model where communities self-finance and build homes, cutting out middle men with commercial interests. In the uk, there are about 60 registered cohousing projects, some of which can be found in London, but it is far from being the norm.

Cohousing

We see an opportunity here to reinvestigate the live/work typologie in combination with a cohousing model in order to create an alternative housing model.

Material.networks | Thesis

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C 21

Population density: greater London, London 2015 source: London Census

AADRL | 2016-18

Employment rate, London 2015 source: London Census

Material.networks | Thesis

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Housing price. London 1995

Housing price. London 2000

Housing price. London 2005

Housing price. London 2015

Housing price: greater London, London 2015

Housing price. London 2010

London's property market has become increasingly unaďŹ&#x20AC;ordable for many on middle and low incomes. The average house price in the English capital recently passed $800,000 - Monaco and Hong Kong are the only more expensive cities, according to Knight Frank - and the year to 2014 saw a record 18% rise. Properties deemed "uninhabitable" by estate agents can fetch almost $1 million. source: London Census http://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/02/business/communelondon/index.html

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Material.networks | Thesis

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Site

During the research process we have identified sites of varying nature. They were selected because of their unique character or because of the surrounding context.

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site 06 : empty lot site 07 : empty lot

site 08 : empty lot

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Material.networks | Thesis

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C 27

pullen’s yard

The current testing site has been chosen for several reasons. It is located near elephant and castle in London’s southwark district. It is currently occupied by a luxury apartment complex, which is the standard type of development found in London today. We are borrowing the site to propose a hypothetical alternative that could bring more to the local community. It is located right next to pullen’s yard, a 19th century housing block purpose-built for craftspeople and traders. When manufacturing disappeared from this area, the workshops have been converted by artists, designers and artisanal professionals into live/work spaces. Today the complex remains an important anchor point for the local community which provides services and public events. We see our proposal as a contemporary addition to the community, reinforcing this vernacular typology rather than push it out of the city. The site is shared by 3 diﬀerent communities, each with its own identity. We focused on one of them for the design development.

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Pullen's Yard Site

Material.networks | Thesis

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C 29

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Material.networks | Thesis

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Unreinforced Masonry

Architectural

CASE STUDY APPROACH AADRL | 2016-18

Selection Criteria

In this chapter, we will elaborate on the objectives of our research and the most relevant precedents to our project. As this is a design research project, we seek to build on an existing body of work, both from within the architectural discipline as well as neighboring ones. Some were relevant because we see untapped potential for innovation, while others are to direct the reader to a source of a larger body of research. For a complete list of precedent work, see the appendix section.

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

Tectonic Precedents On-Demand Mass-customization

Additive Manufacturing has matured significantly in recent years. We see a huge potential in true freeform 3d printing in applications that require mass-customized and on-demand fabrication. As much of the research eďŹ&#x20AC;ort has been directed towards the engineering aspects, our intended key contribution is in the development of architectural design for 3d printing.

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Link: https://www.merriam-webster.com/ 2

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Link: https://www.merriam-webster.com/

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

Unreinforced Masonry

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Unreinforced masonry construction has a long history in the development of architectural geometry. Starting from the earliest domes and vaults, to the work of Gaudi and Dieste, there is also precedent work from the field of computational masonry that can be applied. The insight is that principles of unreinforced masonry can aid in understanding what can and cannot be printed.

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

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Architectural Precedent

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In terms of architectural examples, we are deriving some of the insights from prior DRL project "Negotiate my Boundaries". It explored the idea of working with a network of users in order to tailor negotiated, mass-customized solutions.

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On the social side there are two immediate precedents. space syntax developed by bill hillier at UCL and a method to measure the diďŹ&#x20AC;usion of innovation developed by bryony Reich Also at UCL. The key innovation in our proposed research is to take these mostly analytical methods and integrate them into an operational tool set that allows us to explore their generative potential.

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Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 10

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Prior Architectural Examples

We have also looked at recent real estate developments in London that are developing hybrid co-living / co-working schemes.

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Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 12

B 13

Guastavino Vault

Cristo Obrero Church

Guastavino vaulting is a technique for constructing robust, selfsupporting arches and architectural vaults using interlocking terracotta tiles and layers of mortar to form a thin skin, with the tiles following the curve of the roof as opposed to horizontally (corbelling), or perpendicular to the curve (as in Roman vaulting). This is known as timbrel vaulting, because of supposed likeness to the skin of a timbrel or tambourine. It is also called "Catalan vaulting" and "compression-only thin-tile vaulting

The walls and surfaces are covered with thin and folded brick laminate, designed by Dieste, and are so slim that never before had anyone been able to achieve the eďŹ&#x20AC;ect with traditional materials. This shows his constructive ingenuity and skill, contrasting sharply with its contemporary architecture (Le Corbusier and Candela, among others), made with reinforced concrete. Diesteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s method of building can be seen as a clear advance in sustainable architecture, for its eďŹ&#x20AC;ectiveness in the use of the material.

Guastavino

Eladio Dieste

The unique works of Dieste can only be understood from the technical leaps made in the masonry, and so one must be able to put aside previous knowledge acquired of the traditional construction of the land and materials.

Guastavino, Detail Sheet of Guastavino Vaults (1921)

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 14

B 15

Sagrada Familia

Armadillovault

Construction of Antoni Gaudí's already 133-year-old Sagrada Família in Barcelona is now being accelerated by one of the most modern technologies around: 3-D printing. As a matter of fact, the construction process in Barcelona has been utilizing 3-D printing for 14 years, introducing the technology in 2001 as a way of speeding up the prototyping of the building's many complex components. We also look at its structural geometry and element of compressive-tension structure.

Without any glue or mortar, with perfectly dry connections, this is really a milestone for stone engineering. The curving canopy features structural spans of up to 16 metres, but is supported entirely through compression rather than with the use of adhesives or fixings. ETH Zurich's Block Research Group worked with engineering firm Ochsendorf DeJong & Block and masonry specialist The Escobedo Group to create the Armadillo Vault – the centrepiece of the Beyond Bending exhibition at the Venice Biennale.

Antonio Gaudi

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Block Research Group

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 16

B 17

Villa Roccia

Post in Aix-En-Provence

Villa Roccia is the project of James Gardiner which we learned a lot more from him than just one project. In this project we've used it as the case studies on the segmentation of printing and how unit could be connected.

This 4m-high post supports the playground roof of a school in Aixen-Provence, France. In the initial project designed by architect Marc Dalibard, a complex truss-shaped post supporting the roof was already planned. XtreeE took over the final design and the first prototypes at the beginning of 2016, while construction started for the rest of the project. In collaboration with structural engineering oďŹ&#x192;ce Artelia and concrete precaster Fehr Architectural, XtreeE 3D-printed the post.

Gardiner

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XTree

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 18

B 19 1 English Medieval Longhouse 1500

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English Medieval Wine Merchant’s Home 1600

servant’s workshop

main workshop

worker living

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wc storage

kitchen/ dining front room

servant hall way

family lodgi

hallway

family lodgi

Case Studies on Work Home

reception hall

London Silkweaver’s Top-Shop 1800

warehouse

main workshop loading? RɝFH

work stair family sleeping

kitchen parlor

family sleeping family sleeping dining

hallway

reception hall

front room

London Watchmaker’s Home 1800

lobby

studio

kitchen

bedroom bedroom bedroom

the vernacular working home as outlined by Frances Holiss’ in her book Beyond live/work provides a base typology for customtailored homes. Historically speaking, there's a wide variety of custom-tailored homes that are optimized to the users needs. E.g. the English topshop or the japanese machiya are highly successful counterexamples to the generic developer block.

studio studio shared stairwell

London Artists’ Studio 1894

bedroom bedroom

kitchen wc

archives council hall

classroom

French Elementary School 1900

vestibule

Bauhaus Dessau 1926

Eames House 1949

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Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

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Tallensi Tribe Compound

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The Fortes on the Tallensi of Northern Ghana exhibits the relation between the spatial configuration with association with the social relationship in the network to create a commune living arrangement. The village form in circular manner to protect its settlers and create a system of community. Globally, the village is governed by a series of spatial procession. The first of the space is the immediate entrance to the compound from the outer world. The second space marked by the patriarch cattle yard which space is dominated by men worker and animal. The headman or the leader of the group sets his space in the patriarch yard area, although he does not necessarily lives there. Only by passing through these two procession of space one can arrive to the female compound, with the senior wife area as the subcompound as it the most furthest distance from the entrance node.

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AADRL | 2016-18

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Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

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R50 Baugruppen R50, a cohousing project in berlin, provides insight into how to design for communal building projects. The highly successful german Baugruppen model shows how to engage with an existing community and deliver user-centric housing.

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Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

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London Artist Studio

Traditional Machiya

We look back into house the typology of work live space in London was like before along with the context relationship. The subdivision of spaces inside and the relationship of the function and accesibility from the surroundings0

are traditional wooden townhouses found throughout Japan and typified in the historical capital of Kyoto. Machiya (townhouses) and nĹ?ka (farm dwellings) constitute the two categories of Japanese vernacular architecture known as minka (folk dwellings). Traditional Japanese work home. Highly flexible organisation allows it to be customised for many diďŹ&#x20AC;erent purposes.

http://www.japanitaly.it/products/machiya /https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiya

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Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

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Reich, The Diﬀusion of Innovations in Social Networks (2015)

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Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory, developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962, is one of the oldest social science theories. It originated in communication to explain how, over time, an idea or product gains momentum and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or social system. The end result of this diffusion is that people, as part of a social system, adopt a new idea, behavior, or product. Adoption means that a person does something differently than what they had previously (i.e., purchase or use a new product, acquire and perform a new behavior, etc.). The key to adoption is that the person must perceive the idea, behavior, or product as new or innovative. It is through this that diffusion is possible.

Reich

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Diﬀusion of innovation

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t: t:

eXF t: 136 r: 200 r:

The Social Logic of Space Ben Hillier

The book presents a new theory of space: how and why it is a vital component of how societies work. The theory is developed on the basis of a new way of describing and analysing the kinds of spatial patterns produced by buildings and towns. The methods are explained so that anyone interested in how towns or buildings are structured and how they work can make use of them. The book also presents a new theory of societies and spatial systems, and what it is about diﬀerent types of society that leads them to adopt fundamentally diﬀerent spatial forms. From this general theory, the outline of a 'pathology of modern urbanism' in today's social context is developed.

Hillier et al, The Social Logic of Space (1984)

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 28

B 29

e--h t: 200 c:

e-fh t: 180 c: e-fh 250

t: X

t: F

HH t: 400 c:

eXF t: 136 r: 200 r:

ex-h 250

250

i wd

e-fh t: 170 c:

H t: 300 r:

exft: 150 r:

e--h t: 270 c:

HH t: 500 r:

t: X

500

300

HH t: 500 c:

F t: 200 r: X t: 200

e--t: 70 r:

e--h t: 200 r:

300

250

F t: 400

---- 170 c:

---- 150 c:

---- 131 c:

H t: 300

100

o wc

AADRL | 2016-18

n: 3002

RAM TV (AADRL)

Pasta (AADRL)

Mass-customisation is provided through a web-based program called Cluster:Blaster, a tool that can be accessed by registered clients who will become members of the future community. They select activities that in turn generate the dwelling via digital morphogenetic processes ("loft" technique, or morphological transition of one shape section into another, along a path). Clients negotiate with each other in multiuser sessions regarding the specific spatial qualities of their future dwellings; this process of customisation continues on, shaping the eventual enclosure and connection between the built units defining their boundaries and interdependencies

The project focuses on a design system using an innovative fabrication method for the housing construction that is based on an on site layered manufacturing ptocess using a pasta like material developped from the customisation of existing CNC technologies and incorporative CAD tools and scripting platforms, the research work was aimed at finding an equilibrium between materiality design intent and fabrication processes.

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 30

B 31

e-fh t: 180

e--h t: 200 c:

e-fh t: 180 c:

t: F

HH t: 400

HH t: 400 c:

eXF t: 136 r: 200 r:

ex-h 250

ex-h 250 HH t: 500 r:

250

i X

300

HH t: 500 c:

---- 150 c:

---- 131 c:

---- 170 c:

H t: 300

H t: 300 100

100

The Collective

n: 3002

o wc

500

300

F t: 200 r: X t: 200

e--t: 70 r:

HH t: 500 c:

---- 150 c:

---- 131 c:

n: 3002

e--h t: 200 r:

F t: 200 r: X t: 200

250

F t: 400

500

e--t: 70 r:

e--h t: 200 r:

250

F t: 400 300

e-fh t: 170 c:

H t: 300 r:

exft: 150 r:

e-fh t: 170 c:

e--h t: 270 c:

H t: 300 r:

300

250

exft: 150 r:

HH t: 500 r:

e-fh 250

t: t:

eXF t: 136 r: 200 r:

Startuphome

The housing crisis has, of course, not gone unnoticed. Various alternative commercial models have sprung up that promise to solve the problems that plague the current rental model. Most prominently, the idea of “co-living” has made a comeback, with a new dress of modern aesthetics and an arsenal of hip language. These new schemes can be most succinctly described as “student dorms for adults”. Personal space is spartan, while shared “amenity spaces” and work spaces are supposed to balance the lack of privacy by allowing one to mingle with a like-minded community of people. Arguably, the co-living model fails even to address the basic issue of housing, as rental costs are usually equal, if not higher than regular apartments. Yet the utopian visions of community-oriented social spaces attract enough tenants that it has gained substantial traction, evident by the increasing number of co-living developments sprouting everywhere with theit sleekly designed websites and kidult-focused vocabulary.

Start up home: Bringing together multi-national in the same place as the formula of a productive community for innnovation. Innovation and diversity can’t be a monopoly of Silicon Valley, London and a few other places. The idea is to bring together international talent to focus to a unique element of innovation. Proposing to provide housing to young single entrepreneur and metropolitan scenario

our mission is to redesign the world around our generation we create better places to live, work and play

co-living An innovative form of rental accommodation, designed around the lifestyle of young professionals living in London, offering a lifestyle that prioritises community, quality and convenience.

elevator workspace

COMMUNITY LED PROJECTS

A network of creative workspaces that provide the entrepreneurial generation with the space, support and connections they need to turn their ideas into reality.

Meanwhile space projects that provide exciting community destinations and are pioneering a new form of regeneration by helping independent businesses thrive.

Fig. 2.2 The Collective

THE COLLECTIVE STRATFORD, 304-312 HIGH STREET STRATFORD DESIGN AND ACCESS STATEMENT

AADRL | 2016-18

OCTOBER 2015

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

B 32

B 33

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Precedents

Perusing techniques from complex network analysis and graph theory, this research level looks into developing an operational tool that captures the social relationships of a community in order to generate the physical equivalent in form of a building.

ORGANIZATION: BUILDING LEVEL AADRL | 2016-18

The current testing site is occupied by a luxury apartment complex, which is the standard type of development found in London today. We are borrowing the site to propose a hypothetical alternative that could bring more to the local community. It is located right next to pullenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s yard, a 19th century housing block purpose-built for craftspeople and traders. When manufacturing disappeared from this area, the workshops have been converted by artists, designers and artisanal professionals into live/work spaces. Today the complex remains an important anchor point for the local community proviing services and public events. We see our proposal as a contemporary addition to the community, reinforcing this vernacular typology rather than push it out of the city. The site is shared by 3 diďŹ&#x20AC;erent communities, each with its own identity. We focused on one of them for the design development. Material.networks | Aggregation:community

Community roster

store 6

clean

sleep

store

Ivan

sleep 2

store 6

Vladislav

6 dine

clean

dine

live

clean

5 3

room Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space age closet storage room

Yes

dine

previous area desired area 10

2 15

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Yes

previous area desired area

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

11 5

store

live 1

ng room ary ng Room Dining Room Dining Space st room

Yes

14 2

live 2

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Yes

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

cook 1

14 5

1 2 5 5

AADRL | 2016-18

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Yes

previous area desired area 11 11 5

1 1 3

Services

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Yes

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

previous area desired area 11

Essential

cook 1

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Yes

previous area desired area 7

Extra 13

6 6

store

Yes

4 12

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Work

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

2 store

John

clean 4

dine 1

sleep 2

dine cook 5 4

Nicholas

sleep 2

clean 3

dine 1

cook 5

Sancho

sleep

store 3 dine 5

1 clean 4

previous area desired area

Services

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Services 6

Essential

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Work

2 sleep

cook

dine cook 5 6 dine 2

3 store

cook 1

sleep 6

Yes

cook 5

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

clean 4

live 1

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

Amy

live 1

Work

previous area desired area 12

2 5 12

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Yes

previous area desired area

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

5 8

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 51

Work

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

Services

Work

sleep 2

sleep 4

live 3

clean 6

live 1

Services

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

store 5

sleep 2

Valerie clean 4

Essential

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

14 5

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

store 3

Conway

dine cook 2 3

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room Circulation

sleep 4

read

Extra

clean 4

clean 7

live

store 6

Services

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 36

E 14 4

previous area desired area

Work k work et diwork ustrial work

Simon

store

Services

hroom Full bath WC hen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

sleep 2

clean 4

Essential

store store

Richard

dine

previous area desired area

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

cook

room Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space age closet storage room

Yes

Work

sleep 7 3

clean 8

guest 6

cook

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

6 2

sleep 4

Jude clean 6

Services

sleep 3

Wutian

dine 10

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

5 sleep 9

13 store

live

Extra 12

Work

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

previous area desired area

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

store

sleep 2 circ

cook 6

Services

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

dine

Yes

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Work

store 3

sleep 5

Alessandro

dine 5

Extra

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

k work et diwork ustrial work

store

clean 4

cook

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

clean 5

live

Extra

Espedito

store 7

Services

hroom Full bath WC hen Full kitchen Kitchenette

clean 6 read 2

Marmadoc

4 0

ng room ary ng Room Dining Room Dining Space st room

sleep 7

cook

sleep 2

clean

live 1

cook

store 7

sleep 3

3 2

Rodrigo

This prototypical community consists of 16 households or 35 .people through a series of conversations and questionaires, relevant data .is captured in the relational roster

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Yes

previous area desired area 6

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Work

Yes

previous area desired area 5 1

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Services

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Yes

previous area desired area 11

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Yes

previous area desired area 12 8

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Work

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 16

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Services

Work

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

Essential

Extra

Services

Work

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 29

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kid’s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Extra

Services

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Essential

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 26

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

store 6

sleep 2

Rodrigo clean

dine

live

5 3

cook

1 0

Essential

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Yes

previous area desired area 10

2 15

Services

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Work Household Profile

AADRL | 2016-18

For each household, we record its existing size and composition. we also record the characteristics of the previous home and the desired spaces and their squarefootage. with a relational bubble diagram, we also capture how these spaces should be related to each other.

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 41 Material.networks | Aggregation:community

work store 3

Richard

sleep 2

sleep 4 3 dine cook 6

5 guest 6

clean 4

store

Wutian

store

live 1

clean 7

live 1

0 work

Essential

Shared Households

Some households may be willing to share spaces in order to cut down on cost, but they might also have some kind of symbiotic relationship, for example one of them could be a caretaker and the other an elderly person.

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

Yes

previous area desired area 12

2 5 12

Services

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Bedroom Full Bedroom Kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room Sleeping Space Storage closet storage room

Yes

previous area desired area 11

Extra

Living room Library Dining Room Dining Room Dining Space Guest room

6 6

Services 6

Work

Bathroom Full bath WC Kitchen Full kitchen Kitchenette

Work

desk work meet handiwork industrial work 51

AADRL | 2016-18

Essential

desk work meet handiwork industrial work

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 10

D 11

Amy

competition Simon Cohesive group

Richard

Alessandro

Cohesive group

Nicholas

Communal Ties and Social Network Graph

in the same manner, the community is interlinked through a network of productive .relationships

Rodrigo

Ivan John Wutian

Vladislav

Espedito

Conway production

Jude Cohesive group Valerie

Marmadoc

Sancho

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 12

Multiscalar Data Structure

AADRL | 2016-18

D 13

The graph is useful because it allows us to capture all relevant information into one data structure that can be operated in an algorithmic way. The graph is multiscalar, revealing more and diďŹ&#x20AC;erent information as you zoom in.

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 14

Basic Mechanism fig (left): Turn when boundary collision. fig (right): branch after each node.

AADRL | 2016-18

D 15

The site is first subdivided into a 3d-dimensional grid. The grid acts as a world for a growth algorithm to operate in. A path finding logic is then used to generate schemes. Basically, we have a starting point where the pathfinding agent is seeded. Following its ruleset, it places units at a specified interval, traversing over the site. Rules are simple, but they can be stacked to form more complex behavior. E.g. turn randomly left or right when hitting a boundary, or branch every time a unit is placed. These rules give us distinct tree-like structures, which become the circulation of the building. Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 16

D 17

no penalty

Basic Mechanism

The movement is further controlled through a cost-tomove system. For example, traveling vertically carries a much higher cost than just travelong horizontally.

fig: Movement possibilities with their cost.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 18

D 19

AGGREGATION SEQUENCE AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 20

D 21

Aggregation Ruleset

AADRL | 2016-18

For our test site, we used the rule: Nodes are sorted by largest amount of connections. branch everytime after a node is placed. every unit has to touch the perimeter. Simply put, the algorithm can be explained as a game of tetris in 3 dimensions, with the ruleset as an operational driver. Here we have applied a diďŹ&#x20AC;erent ruleset to each site. You can see the resulting growth trees are very diďŹ&#x20AC;erent from each other.

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 22

D 23

Growth tree = Quality of Space

AADRL | 2016-18

The growth trees can be interpreted as the quality of the space. For example, site 01 has an active center hotzone, whereas Site 02 has distributed scheme with active pockets Site 03 has active perimeter with very private center.

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

D 24

AADRL | 2016-18

D 25

Material.networks | Aggregation:community

UNIT: HOME AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

ADDITIVE GEOMETRIC GENERATION The meaning of architectural geometry is that of a computational method that represents structural and manufacturing requirements in geometric constraints. Applied to the Relational Information Model, we achieve a complete architectural system. The goal is to enrich the computational geometry with as many physical constraints as possible in order to develop a system that allows us to work with geometry directly. Whereas conventionally one goes through several layers of abstraction to get to the 3d-printed artefact (3D environment - slicing software - machine code), by cutting out the intermediary steps, one can gain a much more intuitive working knowledge with the medium.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

w: 1cm h:1.5cm z-axis overhang layer not printable

a=b=0

w: 1cm h:1.5cm axis to normal

+ face to face connection overhang layer not printable

a>0 b=0

a w: 1cm h:1.5cm z-axis + all layer are connected face-to-face check angle; cantilever layer might fail

a < 45 b > 45

w: 1cm h:1.5cm z-axis

a > 45 b=0

+ all layer are connected face-to-face extra load bearing support check angle; cantilever layer might fail

Geometric Logic

AADRL | 2016-18

A simple, intuitive understanding of the printing process can be developed by thinking about the physics. Looking at the distance between each layer, we can immediately understand a basic limitation of prints: if the deviation from one layer to another is greater than its the toolpath width, then we will get unsupported, flying layers. This may work under certain circumstances, but generally speaking it will eventually lead to collapse. Starting from there, we are developing parameters in order to build a system that can generate form which inherently already contain the printing process.

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 10

E 11

Fan Vaults Rib Vaults

Dome Barrel Vault

Structural Grid

primitive translation geometry

segmentation study sizing variation

Compressive Structure Geometry

These network of curves are based on the primitive geometry of compressive structure such as vaults and domes. Starting with translating the grid primitive into feasible compressive structure such as vaults and domes. Along with the segmentation study of how it can be divided by parts in order to be feasible of diďŹ&#x20AC;erent printing tools.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 12

E 13

Stacked Unit Structural network organization : linear connection

These network of curves are based on the lopoly geometry of compressive structure such as Vaults and domes. Starting with translating the grid primitive into feasible compressive structure such as vaults and domes. Along with the segmentation study of how it can be divided by parts in order to be feasible of diďŹ&#x20AC;erent printing tools.

Compressive force diagram

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 14

E 15

Staggered Unit Structural network organization : staggered connection

Compressive force diagram

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 16

E 17

Compressive Structure Geometry Structural network organization : staggered connection

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 18

E 19

Spatial Connection

Geometry Generation Process

AADRL | 2016-18

Spatial Volume

Force Diagram

Low Polygon Model

Taking the community spatial information from the RIM, translating it into a spatial volumetric. After having a metaball diagram as the spatial volume, we incorporate force si,ulation diagram around the volume which is later become the main structural low polygon model of the unit.

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 20

E 21

UNIT AGGREGATION LOGIC The unit aggregation logic of the project derived from the process of RIM ( relational information model ) based on the social network of dwellers in combination with the basic living needs. The unit aggregation is the results of negotiated where the diďŹ&#x20AC;erent constraints come together. site constraints, unit constraints using a relational model allows the unit to adapt to the site while still maintaining the important connections.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 22

E 23

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 24

E 25

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 26

E 27

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 28

E 29

Conway

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 30

E 31

Wutian

Interior Court Yard

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 32

E 33

Richard

Main Road

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 34

E 35

Amy

Interior Court Yard

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 36

E 37

store 3

3 store

sleep 2

Conway

Amy clean 4

live 1

2 sleep clean 4

dine cook 5 6

dine 1 cook 5

store 7 clean 6

store 3 sleep 2

sleep 5

Alessandro

circ

13 store

store

Wutian

guest 6

dine cook 2 3

dine cook

10 clean 8

sleep 4

sleep 9

clean 7

live

live 1

store 3

Richard

sleep 2

clean 4

store 6 live 1

cook 5 0

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 38

E 39

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 40

E 41

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 42

E 43

Bedroom Working Space

AADRL | 2016-18

Private oďŹ&#x192;ce Space

Ceramics Workshop Living room

Share living Space

Bedroom

Kitchen

Interior Court Yard

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 44

E 45

bedroom

living room

dining room

house entrance

living circulation

meeting room

working cluster

working circulation

public gallery

Longitudinal section

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 46

E 47

Longitudinal section: Private unit

AADRL | 2016-18

Longitudinal section: Public unit

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 48

E 49

TECTONIC ARTICULATION

Local Modulation of Form

Aside from structural advantages, local modulation can also yield performative as well as aesthetic advantages. Local modulations of the toolpath can be added to stabilize the print. Shown here are a few methods that we have experimented with.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 50

E 51

Wave curve

Continuous tool path

contour height: 1.0 cm density: 0.5 Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

contour height: .65 cm density: 0.5 Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

Interweaving tool path

contour height: .75 cm density: n/a Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

height: contour height: .75 cm density: 1.45 Amplitude A: 2.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

geometry adjustment from slumping direction

contour height: .75 cm density: 2.0 Amplitude A: 4.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

contour height: .65 cm density: 2.0 Amplitude A: 8.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

contour height: .65 cm density: 2.79 Amplitude A1: 8.0 Amplitude B1: -2.0 Amplitude A2: -2.625 Amplitude B2: 3.445

contour height: .65 cm density: 1.69 Amplitude A1: 8.0 Amplitude B1: -2.0 Amplitude A2: -1.625 Amplitude B2: 1.445

Profile angle and overhang length

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 52

E 53

Wall B: Performative articulation

Wall A: Aesthetic articulation

AADRL | 2016-18

Wall C: Structural articulation

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 54

E 55

Branching column using non-horizontal plane technique allows the structure to appear light without ignoring the structural integrity

Floor Slab. Using the branching technique and minimalizing the surface area to support the floor

Shifting plane struccture increases the printing angle and smaller ceiling height ratio.

Structural Articulation

AADRL | 2016-18

3d printing makes it possible to fabricate diďŹ&#x20AC;erent elements of a building using one method. That includes structural elements such as columns, walls, floor support.

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 56

E 57

Brancing model. 90 cm height. Terra Cotta

AADRL | 2016-18

Brancing model. 30cm height. Professional Black Smooth Clay

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 58

E 59

Brancing model. 60 cm height. Professional Black Smooth Clay

AADRL | 2016-18

Brancing model. 15 cm height. Professional Black Smooth Clay

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 60

E 61

Perforation allows for opening and windows. additional segment is needed to complete the opening

Branching column could be customised according to the mechanical element of the building

Multi materiality, such as glass, clay, and concrete allows to bring diďŹ&#x20AC;erent performative element to the building

Performative Articulation

AADRL | 2016-18

Performative elements such as diďŹ&#x20AC;erent ways to create openings for light and ventilation, mechanical elements for plumbing and electricity

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 62

E 63

Connection by compressive force. Professional Black Smooth Clay

AADRL | 2016-18

Branching and perforation. Terra Cotta

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 64

E 65

Shifting plane experiment series. 45 degree angle. Professional Black Smooth Clay

AADRL | 2016-18

Mechanical detail drawing. Pipe work and light fixture

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 66

E 67

Aesthetic Articulation

AADRL | 2016-18

And ornamental elements, which basically come for free as side products of the printing process.

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 68

E 69

Pattern by structural infill. Horizontal print. Professional Black Smooth Clay

AADRL | 2016-18

Pattern by controlling toolpath Horizontal print. Professional Black Smooth Clay

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 70

E 71

Pattern by structural infill. Shifting plane print. Professional Black Smooth Clay

AADRL | 2016-18

Pattern by solenoid procedure Shifting plane print. Professional Black Smooth Clay

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 72

E 73

Segmentation Approach

AADRL | 2016-18

The size of segments depend also on the material. For example, glass has to be printed in a high temperature environment and is inherently limited to a kiln, whereas concrete can be printed at a much larger scale. To this end we studied diďŹ&#x20AC;erent ways of segmentation, and how to resolve the connection points.

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 74

E 75

Construction Sequence

construction sequence of one unit. Starting out the trucks carrying the robotic arms are constantly calibrated by beacon signals to pinpoint the correct location for each element. the segments are printed as following the choreography of the robots. The sequence follows: 1. Trucks are equipped with a beacon signal to locate their location on site for accuracy purpose 2. Segments are printed as following the choreography of the robots. 3. The size of segments depend also on the material. For example, glass has to be printed in a high temperature environment and is inherently limited to a kiln, whereas concrete can be printed at a much larger scale.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 76

E 77

AADRL | 2016-18

1. Main structure to be segmented according to the robot size and and material limitation

3. Robot printing on site column by column on top of concrete foundation

2. Robot locate its position using laser beacon to ensure accuracy of the print

4. Continue to the next segment. diďŹ&#x20AC;erent printing sequence required for unique condition

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 78

E 79

5. Finishing the structure by printing the last piece separately and placing it with crane as the final keystone

Segment dimension is to be adjusted by the size of the robot, layer height-to-nozzle ratio and the slumping limitation of the material.

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 80

E 81

Doll house model. Printed with segmentation procedure

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 82

E 83

Doll house model. Printed with segmentation procedure

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 84

E 85

Doll house model. Printed with segmentation procedure

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

E 86

E 87

AADRL | 2016-18

Material.networks | Unit:home

CONSTRUCTION: METHOD AADRL | 2016-18

Clay as proxy material

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2.0 In terms of fabrication, we seek to develop an architectural system based on the advantages of additive manufacturing. It stands to argue that, despite all the hype, 3D printing has remained a glorified buzzword when it comes to actual architecture. The standard image one finds is one of a fully-printed, mono-material form, typically printed under a giant gantry. This approach has weaknesses that make it impractical for applied architecture. It is highly inflexible, does not consider necessities of a building such as plumbing and wiring, and is impossible to maintain. Not to mention the implications of huge gantry systems required to print such giant sculpures, it is materially extremely diďŹ&#x192;cult to realize monocoque prints at a building scale. Based on these considerations, it is our belief that in order to develop a mature approach for additive manufacturing in architectural terms, the only choice is to consider multi-material, composite printing. We have experimented extensively with clay, and for the remainder of our course we are planning to tackle at least one other material in order to truly engage with multi-material printing. .

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

Wall Geometry

Printing Process

AADRL | 2016-18

Wall Segment

Toolpath Generation

Toolpath Choreography

Printing process is generated by segmenting the overall architectural geometry into printable segments. Then toolpath is generated from the segmentation, and finally a choreography of the toolpath to avoid obstruction

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

Max Threshold: 3.00mm

2.00mm

Information-rich Geometry

1.00mm

0.5mm

It is our goal to create an information-rich geometry that feeds into the project from the beginning. Pictured here is a first foray into this area. Scripted for compression only forms, it analyzes the toolpath and its overlay as though it were "micro-bricks". Basically, the toolpath is broken up into elements with a set resolution, if the local curvature of the form goes over a certain threshold, the geometric constraints will step in. This is, of course, only the most rudimentary version and it is planned to develop this over the course of phase 2. Figure (above): Toolpath treshold simulation Figure (right): Clay printing with bumpmap texture

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 10

Good Result 4000 g 350-400 ml 30 drops Too Dry 4000 g 550 ml 40 ml

Mixture 2 Eco-Clay Water Sodium Dispex

Too Wet - Gelatin melts 4000 g 700 ml 40 drops 100 g

Mixture 3 Eco-Clay Water Sodium Dispex Gelatin

Too Dry 4000 g 200-250 ml 30 drops 100 g 50 ml

ABB 4600 + end eﬀector v3 Mixture 1 Air-Dry Clay (Sheﬃeld Pottery) Water Sodium Dispex Sand White Glue

Good- Less Shrinkage 4000 g 200-250 ml 30 drops 100 g

Mixture 2 Air-Dry Clay (Sheﬃeld Pottery) Water Sodium Dispex Sand

Good Result 4000 g 200-250 ml 100 g

Mixture 3 Air-Dry Clay (Sheﬃeld Pottery) Water Sand

Good after baked 4000 g 200-250 ml 30 drops 100 g Good Result 4000 g 120 -150 g 30 drops

Clay Mix Ingredients

AADRL | 2016-18

F 11

Nachi + end eﬀector v2 Mixture 1 Nylon Reinforce Air-Dry Clay (New Clay) Water Sodium Dispex

Mixture 4 Fired Clay (Sheﬃeld Pottery) Water Sodium Dispex Sand Kuka + end eﬀector v4 Mixture 1 Nylon Reinforce Air-Dry Clay (New Clay) Water Sodium Dispex

At the moment, we are using clay as a proxy for engineered materials that act mainly in compression and that are printed layer by layer. That said, we see many advantages in using clay. it is dirt cheap, available anywhere in the world, and one of the oldest vernacular building materials.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 12

F 13

End-EďŹ&#x20AC;ector Design

Over the course of our experiments we have developed a number of extruders for clay. Starting out with a pneumatic system coupled with a progressive cavity pump, we have slowly simplified the mechanism to only a pneumatic chamber. Currently, a motorized version is developed, because it would allow for the easy swapping of cartridges.

Figure: Pneumatic chamber end-eďŹ&#x20AC;ector

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 14

F 15

Clay Extruder v1: Progressive Cavity Pump

AADRL | 2016-18

Clay Extruder temp: Pneumatic Chamber

Clay Extruder v2: Pneumatic Chamber

Clay Extruder v3: Progressive Cavity Pump

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 16

F 17

STEP MOTOR

FEED CHAMBER

MOTOR COUPLER

SHAFT

Clay Extruder v1: Progressive Cavity Pump Exploded Orthographic Projection

We are looking at diďŹ&#x20AC;erent deposition systems. for the moment, we are using a simple pneumatic system, as significant precedent research has been conducted using this method.

STATOR CHAMBER

Figure (above): Progressive cavity pump. photo and drawing Figure (right): Progressive cavity pump. Exploded axonometric NOZZLE

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 18

F 19 Air Regulator, connected to air compressor Air Regulator Adapter

Laser Printed Connector, connected to ABB Robot

Air Pressure Valve

Laser Printed Connector, connected to Housing Pressure Gauge

8 x M8 Nuts

Sealing Washer PVC Adapter

Laser Printed Housing 6 x M8 Bolts

PVC Adapter

Laser Printed Housing Laser Printed Housing Laser Printed Housing

3D Printed Piston

8 x M8 Bolts 12" 110mm Acrylic Pipe Heat Gun Mount Laser Printed Housing

PVC Adapter Heat Gun Mount

Clay Extruder v2 Exploded Orthographic Projection

PVC Adapter Metal Nozzle Heat Gun

3D Printed Nozzle AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 20

F 21

Figure (below): Progressive cavity pump v2. photos Figure (left): Progressive cavity pump v2. Exploded axonometric

Clay Extruder v3 Exploded Orthographic Projection

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 22

F 23

Robotic Arm Specifications

Over the course, few robots were made available to us, range from small personal robotic arm, Nachi MZ07 with payload of 12 kg, Kuka KR30 with payload of 30 kilograms, and ABB IRB 4600 with 45 kilograms payload. For the duration of the workshop at the Autodesk Buildspace in Boston, an ABB robotic arm with a payload of 45kg was made available to us. It served as the main interface between us and the work, as we had to translate our knowledge gained on other robotic arms within a short time.

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 24

F 25

The MZ07 robot series features ultra high-speed motion capability with advanced through-arm dress capabilities to simplify routing of hoses and cables for material handling, assembly, vision and many other applications. Through arm cabling minimizes interference and potential snags with peripheral objects in your work cell, helping to protect pneumatic and signal cables from damage http://www.nachirobotics.com/product/ mz07/.

AADRL | 2016-18

Nachi MZ07

Autodesk Build Space. Boston, USA Nachi MZ07 robotic arm with a payload of 12kg was made available to us. Gcode was generated through Alice interface in C++. It served as the main interface between us and the work, as we had to translate our knowledge gained on other robotic arms within a short time.

Figure (above): Nachi MZ07 with pneumatic chamber end-eďŹ&#x20AC;ector (v1) Figure (left): Nachi MZ07 specification http://www.nachirobotics.com/product/mz07/.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 26

F 27

Kuka KR30

AA Digital Prototyping Lab With its payload of 30 kilograms, its reach of up to 3,102 millimeters and flexible mounting position (floor, ceiling, wall or inclined position), the six-axis robot is a true automation professional . https://www.kuka.com/en-hu/ products/robotics-systems/industrialrobots/kr-30

AADRL | 2016-18

Kuka KR30 is available to us in the Architectural Association Digital Prototyping Lab. Kuka KR30 with a payload of 30 kg serves the main interface between the digital model and the physical model. The size of the robot also accomodates the total weight of the endeďŹ&#x20AC;ector. The gcode for this robot is generated from grasshopper plug-in, Robots.

Figure (above): Kuka KR30 with pneumatic chamber end-eďŹ&#x20AC;ector (v2) Figure (left): Kuka KR30 specification https://www.kuka.com/en-hu/products/roboticssystems/industrial-robots/kr-30

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 28

F 29

ABB IRB 4600

Autodesk Build Space. Boston, USA Being small and lightweight makes it easy to handle and fit on the floor. The tight robot density and its small footprint helps you get the most out of your production space. Even more interesting are the reduced cycle times IRB the 4600 can oﬀer, improving the cost eﬃciency of your production. Although it’s fast, light and compact, we have not compromised with the payload capacity of up to 60 kilos, which is similar to or better than some much heavier and bigger robots.

For the duration of the workshop at the Autodesk Buildspace in Boston, an ABB robotic arm with a payload of 45kg was made available to us. It served as the main interface between us and the work, as we had to translate our knowledge gained on other robotic arms within a short time.

Figure (above): ABB IRB 4600 with pneumatic chamber end-eﬀector (v2) Figure (left): ABB IRB 4600 specification http://new.abb.com/products/robotics/industrialrobots/irb-4600

http://new.abb.com/products/robotics/industrialrobots/irb-4600

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 30

F 31

ABB IRB 4600 at the Autodesk Build Space Changing clay chamber AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 32

F 33

DESIGN PARAMETERS We also understand clay as a proxy material for materials with similar behaviour but much higher technical diďŹ&#x192;culties, such as concrete. It is important to mention here that the material has inherent limitations. Not everything is printable. The first step for us was to establish these limitations.

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 34

F 35

Figure (below): Printed catalog with black smooth pre-mix clay Figure (left): Printed catalog analysis diagram

experiment: Perforation print:

experiment: Perforation

opening:

print:

100

experiment: Perforation

opening:

print:

120

opening:

result:

xxx

layer of recovery:

xxmm

plan

iso

extruded model 177mm

layer of recovery:

plan

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

layer of recovery:

print:

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

experiment: Branching

result: printing by branch, model deformed

plan

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

experiment: Branching print:

xxmm extruded model 2xxmm

extruded model 2xxmm

xxmm extruded model 2xxmm

plan

layer of recovery:

xxmm

extruded model 2xxmm

layer of recovery:

140

slumping distance: xx

140mm

xxmm

slumping distance: xx

120mm

xxmm

layer of recovery:

slumping distance: xx

100mm

xxmm

slumping distance: xx

85mm

experiment: Perforation

opening:

print:

result: Printing layer-by-layer Human solenoid 2 seconds delay

experiment: Branching

print:

result: Printing layer-by-layer Human solenoid Inaccurate delay

result: Printing layer-by-layer Human solenoid 2 seconds delay

6ROHQRLG RÎ? Inaccurate delay

Solenoid

acting force from printing by branch

1st branch printed

RÎ?, 2 seconds delay

Solenoid on, Inaccurate delay

Flat surface after:

6 layers

Solenoid ON, 2 seconds delay

2nd branch printed

3 branches inconsitent delay time

Flying layer distance:

70 mm

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continuous toolpath end

150 mm

continuous toolpath end

inconsistent pressure, slumping layer

7UXQN SURČ´OH

experiment: plane shift print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

result:

WFS GHČľHFWHG

-----

WFS GHČľHFWHG

model deformed

-------

model deformed

inconsistent pressure

tcp angle:

inconsistent pressure

20Â°

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inconsistent pressure

actual tcp

actual tcp GHČľHFWLRQ PP

30Â°

actual tcp

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tcp angle:

digital toolpath

r tcp angle:

digital toolpath

50Â°

digital toolpath digital toolpath

extruded model 2xxmm

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extruded model 2xxmm

GLJLWDO PRGHO PP

extruded model 205mm

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extruded model 150mm

digital model 150 mm

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 36

F 37

Nozzle Size vs Layer Height

Even though printing with clay is very forgiving, one parameter is critical in getting right: the nozzle size-to-layer height ratio (n/l) . While it changes slightly depending on a given clay mix, it is roughly 2:1, or in other words, the nozzle size needs to be about twice the size of the layer height. If the ratio comes to close to 1.0, the natural slumping of the layers will cause the print to collapse.

1 32

4 5

6 7 8

Figure (above): Variation of nozzle shape and size Figure (left): Nozzle size-to-layer hieght ratio

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 38

F 39

Local Modulation of Form contour height: 1.0 cm density: 0.5 Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

contour height: .75 cm density: n/a Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

contour height: 1.0 cm density: 0.5 Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

height: contour height: .75 cm density: 1.45 Amplitude A: 2.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

contour height: .75 cm density: 2.0 Amplitude A: 4.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

AADRL | 2016-18

contour height: 1.0 cm density: 0.5 Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

contour height: .65 cm density: 0.5 Amplitude A: n/a Amplitude B: n/a

Local modulations of the toolpath can be added to stabilize the print. Shown here are a few methods that we have experimented with. Aside from structural advantages, local modulation can also yield performative as well as aesthetic advantages that we have yet to explore.

height: contour height: .75 cm density: 1.45 Amplitude A: 2.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

contour height: .65 cm density: 2.0 Amplitude A: 8.0 Amplitude B: -2.0

contour height: .65 cm density: 2.79 Amplitude A1: 8.0 Amplitude B1: -2.0 Amplitude A2: -2.625 Amplitude B2: 3.445

contour height: .65 cm density: 1.69 Amplitude A1: 8.0 Amplitude B1: -2.0 Amplitude A2: -1.625 Amplitude B2: 1.445

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 40

F 41

contour height: 1.0 cm frequency: 0.5 amplitude: 1.5

AADRL | 2016-18

contour height: 1.0 cm frequency: 0.5 amplitude: 2.5

contour height: 1.0 cm frequency: 0.5 amplitude: 6.0

The parameters that are inputted are: contour heigth, wave frequency, and amplitude. Modulation of the toolpath results in more stable structures. Our hypothesis is that structurally the form gets broken up smaller series of domes and vaults, thus increasing the relative toolpath thickness.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 42

F 43

Overhang Angle

AADRL | 2016-18

We explore the overhang angle with a standard horizontal layer-by-layer print to know the maximum angle we can achieve. The experiment extends from printing simple dome structure to adding extra infill reinforcement structure

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 44

F 45 experiment: overhang print:

experiment: overhang

print:

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print:

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO

print:

result:

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model deformed

-------

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30Â°

40Â°

r È&#x2014;

40Â° 1/20

xxx

digital model 150mm

digital model 320mm

digital model 400mm

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO print:

print:

40Â°

digital model 130mm

digital model 140mm

digital model 440mm

digital model 420mm

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO G

print:

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result:

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r Î&#x2039;

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40Â° 1/8

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40Â°

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40Â°

Digital model 147mm

40Â° digital model 150mm

digital model 130mm

digital model 150mm

digital model 440mm

digital model 400mm

digital model 440mm

AADRL | 2016-18

result:

extruded model xxmm

40Â°

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40Â°

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30Â°

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xxx

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extruded model 147mm

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xxx

Digital model 147mm

xxx

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 46

F 47

experiment: overhang print:

experiment: overhang

print:

result:

WFS GHȵHFWHG

-----

model deformed

-------

30°

40°

xxx

AADRL | 2016-18

extruded model xxmm

30°

xxx

Digital model 147mm

extruded model 147mm

extruded model 150mm

xxx

40°

digital model 150mm

digital model 320mm

digital model 400mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 48

F 49

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO

AADRL | 2016-18

print:

result:

WFS GHÈµHFWHG

model deformed

r Î&#x2039;

r È&#x2014;

xxx

40Â°

extruded model xxmm

40Â°

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extruded model xxmm

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print:

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO

digital model 150mm

digital model 130mm

digital model 440mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 50

F 51

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO

AADRL | 2016-18

print:

result:

WFS GHÈµHFWHG

model deformed

r È&#x2014;

40Â° 1/20

xxx

40Â°

Digital model 147mm

40Â°

extruded model xxmm

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print:

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO

digital model 130mm

digital model 140mm

digital model 440mm

digital model 420mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 52

F 53

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO G print:

print:

result:

WFS GHÈµHFWHG

model deformed

40Â° 1/8

40Â° 1/16

xxx

40Â°

Digital model 147mm

40Â°

Digital model 147mm

AADRL | 2016-18

H[SHULPHQW RYHUKDQJ LQÈ´OO G

digital model 150mm

digital model 400mm

digital model 440mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 54

F 55

Plane Shift

we have started developing a method for printing in a variable axis, thus expanding our range of movement, allowing the production of more complex shapes. Experiment progresses from 20 degree angle with increment of 10 degree for the next print. The first series of the experiment resulted in deformed shape because of the inaccuracy of the Toolpath Center Point (TCP). Thus the second series resulted to be more accurate after the TCP is corrected

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 56

F 57 experiment: plane shift print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

result:

WFS GHȵHFWHG

-----

WFS GHȵHFWHG

model deformed

-------

model deformed

inconsistent pressure

actual tcp

GHȵHFWLRQ PP tcp angle:

20°

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actual tcp

30°

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digital toolpath

50°

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extruded model 205mm

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GHȵHFWLRQ PP

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extruded model 150mm

digital model 150 mm

experiment: plane shift print:

print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

result: WFS GHȵHFWHG model deformed

inconsistent pressure

XXXX

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actual tcp

GHȵHFWLRQ [[PP

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tcp angle:

60°

digital toolpath

extruded model XXXmm

digital model 205mm

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<35°

digital model 220mm

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digital model 231mm

tcp angle: digital toolpath

80°

digital toolpath

extruded model XXXmm

digital toolpath

70°

digital model 188mm

tcp angle:

extruded model 150mm

extruded model 150 mm

digital model 150mm

digital model 150 mm

AADRL | 2016-18

90°

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 58

F 59

experiment: plane shift print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

result:

WFS GHȵHFWHG

-----

model deformed

-------

inconsistent pressure

actual tcp

GHȵHFWLRQ PP tcp angle:

20°

GHȵHFWLRQ PP tcp angle:

30°

digital toolpath

AADRL | 2016-18

extruded model 2xxmm

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extruded model 150mm

digital model 150 mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 60

F 61

experiment: plane shift

experiment: plane shift print:

print:

result:

WFS GHȵHFWHG

model deformed

inconsistent pressure

actual tcp actual tcp

GHȵHFWLRQ PP GHȵHFWLRQ PP

tcp angle:

r tcp angle:

50°

digital toolpath

AADRL | 2016-18

extruded model 2xxmm

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extruded model 150mm

digital model 150 mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 62

F 63

experiment: plane shift print:

experiment: plane shift

print:

result: WFS GHȵHFWHG model deformed

inconsistent pressure

XXXX

actual tcp GHȵHFWLRQ [[PP

tcp angle:

60°

digital toolpath

AADRL | 2016-18

extruded model XXXmm

<35°

digital model 220mm

extruded model 220mm

digital model 231mm

tcp angle:

70°

digital toolpath

extruded model 150mm

extruded model 150 mm

digital model 150mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 64

F 65

experiment: plane shift

experiment: plane shift print:

print:

result: WFS GHȵHFWHG model deformed

consistent pressure

inconsistent pressure

actual tcp

GHȵHFWLRQ [[PP

AADRL | 2016-18

80°

digital toolpath

digital model 188mm

extruded model XXXmm

digital model 205mm

tcp angle:

extruded model XXXmm

digital toolpath

tcp angle:

extruded model 150 mm

digital model 150mm

digital model 150 mm

90°

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 66

F 67

corrected: plane shift print:

corrected: plane shift + cantilever

print:

result:

WFS GHȵHFWHG

-----

model deformed

-------

45° +100mm

inconsistent pressure

actual tcp

tcp angle:

70°

anchor point

digital toolpath

extruded model 150mm digital model 150 mm

AADRL | 2016-18

iso

45°

extruded model 2xxmm

digital model 242mm

tcp angle:

anchor point

extruded model 150mm

iso

digital model 150 mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 68

F 69

corrected: plane shift+cantilever

corrected: plane shift print:

print:

result:

.......

----

.......

----

45° +150mm extruded model 2xxmm

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anchor point

extruded model 150mm digital model 150 mm

AADRL | 2016-18

45°

iso

m digital toolpath

tcp angle:

extruded model 2xxmm

tcp angle:

digital model 242mm

extruded model 150mm

45°

iso

digital model 150 mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 70

F 71

corrected: keystone print:

result: ---extruded model 150mm

----

45Â° keystone

.................

extruded model 180mm 00

extruded model 2xxmm

tcp angle:

extruded model 150mm

anchor point

extruded model 150mm digital model 150 mm

extruded model 150mm

deviation xxmm

iso

digital model 150 mm

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

45Â°

F 72

F 73

Perforation

AADRL | 2016-18

Although perforation study is not scaleable, it is beneficial experiment to explore the material performance and viscosity of the particular clay. The maximum flying layer that we anc achieve with the professional black smooth clay is 140mm and the capacity of recovery within average of 10 layers.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 74

F 75 experiment: Perforation

print:

experiment: Perforation

50 01mm

opening:

print:

opening: print:

result: xxx

opening:

slumpingresult: distance: xx

opening:

85mm

layer ofslumping recovery: distance: xx layer of recovery:

plan

layer of recovery:

50mm

iso

85mm

layer of recovery:

plan

xxmm

iso

extruded model 177mm

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

100mm

result: xxx

slumping distance: xx

100mm

xxmm

opening:

xxx slumping distance: xx

result: slumping distance: xx

120mm

plan

layer of recovery:

opening:

140

result:

xxx

xxx 75mm

120

result:

xxx

slumping distance: xx layer of recovery:

layer of recovery:

140mm

iso

extruded model 177mm

slumping distance: xx layer of recovery:

layer of recovery:

7 plan

xxmm

digital model

plan

xxmm

plan

extruded model 300mm

digital model

extruded model 2xxmm

opening:

print:

xxmm

layer of recovery: iso

experiment: Perforation

xxmm

layer of recovery:

print:

xxmm

plan

experiment: Perforation

extruded model 2xxmm

print:

xxmm

result:

experiment: Perforation

extruded model 2xxmm

opening: layer of recovery:

slumping distance: xx layer of recovery:

xxmm

print:

extruded model 2xxmm

layer of recovery:

opening:

experiment: Perforation

xxmm

plan

digital model

print:

layer of recovery:

xxmm

slumping distance: xx

experiment: Perforation

xxx

extruded model 300mm

layer of recovery:

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

result:

extruded model 177mm

plan

digital model

extruded model 177mm

experiment: Perforation

60mm

plan

iso

extruded model 177mm

85mm

layer of recovery:

100mm

xxmm digital model

extruded model 185mm

plan

iso

opening:

xxx

slumping distance: xx

xxmm

layer of recovery:

extruded model 185mm

xxmm

extruded model 150mm

xxmm

extruded model 150mm

layer of recovery:

30mm

print:

100

result:

50mm

30mm

extruded model 177mm

opening:

xxmm

layer of recovery:

extruded model 2xxmm

layer of recovery:

xxx

slumping distance: xx

print:

result:

result: slumping distance: xx

xxx

experiment: Perforation

extruded model 2xxmm

xxx

experiment: Perforation

3000mm

opening: print: result:

xxmm

print:

experiment: Perforation

AADRL | 2016-18

digital model

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

extruded model 177mm

digital model

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 76

F 77

experiment: Perforation print:

experiment: Perforation

opening:

print:

opening:

50mm

result:

xxx

slumping distance: xx

layer of recovery:

50mm

plan

extruded model 185mm

xxmm

extruded model 150mm

xxmm

30mm

plan

iso

extruded model 177mm

AADRL | 2016-18

digital model

extruded model 177mm

digital model

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 78

F 79

experiment: Perforation

experiment: Perforation print:

opening:

print:

opening:

result:

xxx

slumping distance: xx

layer of recovery:

xxmm

layer of recovery:

plan

xxmm

plan

extruded model 300mm

xxmm

layer of recovery:

slumping distance: xx

75mm

60mm

xxmm

75mm

result:

xxx

extruded model 300mm

iso

extruded model 177mm

AADRL | 2016-18

digital model

extruded model 177mm

digital model

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 80

F 81

experiment: Perforation print:

opening:

print:

85mm

opening:

result:

xxx

slumping distance: xx layer of recovery:

layer of recovery:

100mm

slumping distance: xx

100mm

extruded model 2xxmm

xxmm extruded model 2xxmm

layer of recovery:

plan

xxmm

plan

iso

extruded model 177mm

AADRL | 2016-18

xxmm

85mm

experiment: Perforation

digital model

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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experiment: Perforation print:

opening:

print:

120mm

opening:

result:

xxx

slumping distance: xx layer of recovery:

layer of recovery:

140mm

slumping distance: xx

140mm

layer of recovery:

xxmm

plan

xxmm

extruded model 2xxmm

plan

xxmm

extruded model 2xxmm

xxmm

120mm

experiment: Perforation

iso

extruded model 177mm

AADRL | 2016-18

digital model

iso

extruded model 177mm

digital model

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 84

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Branching

AADRL | 2016-18

Branching experiment requires unique choreography and additional solenoid to the extruder. Printing branch-by-branch is not a good strategy because the print will go inbalance. Thus we need to print it layer-by-layer and using the solenoid to turn on and oďŹ&#x20AC; the print.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 86

F 87

experiment: Branching print:

experiment: Branching

print:

result: printing by branch, model deformed

result: Printing layer-by-layer Human solenoid Inaccurate delay

acting force from printing by branch 6ROHQRLG RÎ? Inaccurate delay

1st branch printed

Solenoid on, Inaccurate delay 2nd branch printed

inconsitent delay time DFWXDO SURČ´OH

continuous toolpath end

150 mm

continuous toolpath end

7UXQN SURČ´OH

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 88

F 89

experiment: Branching

experiment: Branching print:

print:

result: Printing layer-by-layer Human solenoid 2 seconds delay

Solenoid

RÎ?,

2 seconds delay Solenoid ON, 2 seconds delay

ON, 2 seconds delay Solenoid

Solenoid

ON,

2 seconds delay OFF, 2 seconds delay Solenoid continuous toolpath end

100 mm

150 mm

Inconsistent delay time, Not enough time for material extrusion

inconsistent pressure, slumping layer

7UXQN SURČ´OH

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 90

F 91

experiment: branch

experiment: Branching print:

print:

result:

result: Printing layer-by-layer Human solenoid 2 seconds delay

WFS GHȵHFWHG model deformed

branches

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Flat surface after:

6 layers

3 branches digital toolpath

Flying layer distance:

70 mm

continuous toolpath end

tcp angle:

63°

digital model 200mm

150 mm

xxx

66mm

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 92

F 93

experiment: branch print:

result: WFS GHČľHFWHG model deformed

branches

tcp angle:

63.5Â°

digital model 200mm

digital toolpath

66mm

66mm digital model 150mm

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 94

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AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 96

F 97

Figure (above): Adding heatgun to the end-eﬀector Figure (right): Pneumatic Chamber end-eﬀector on ABB IRB 4600

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F 98

F 99

Autodesk Build Space. Boston, USA The Autodesk BUILD Space (BUILD for Building, Innovation, Learning, and Design) is a place for exploration and innovation around ‘making’ in the building and infrastructure industries— fabrication and construction. It is a research and development workshop and innovation studio for professionals in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry— from startups to industry leaders and academics—to experiment in a shared collaborative space. Our mission is to create a shared vision for the future of building with our industry.

PROTOTYPING WORKSHOP During the summer of 2017, we were invited to participate in a 3 week long residency at the Autodesk Buildspace in Boston. Since before then we mainly worked on the design and concept side, it was our objective to push the fabrication side. Given the time constraints, we focused on developing connection details. Assuming that a monocoque print is impractical, how would printed pieces fit together? Objectives: Our latest protoyping round is a culmination of the various techniques that we have learned. Following that, these are the goals that were set out to be achieved:

http://www.autodeskbuildspace. com/

AADRL | 2016-18

- Segmentation Strategy of larger pieces - Patterning of surfaces -Openings within the print using continuous printing method.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F100

F101

Design Prototype

AADRL | 2016-18

After many iterations, we settled on a Gaudiesque column as our prototype that is to be fabricated by the end of the 3 weeks. It would allow us to test several key areas of our research: -component-based objects -connection details -complex compound shapes

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F103

1598 mm

F102

Design Intention

The main objective of the Autodesk Residency was to explore the full meaning of 3d-printing building-scale objects. It became clear early on that printing a full column in one piece was impractical, if not impossible. From issues such as how to transport the piece to the drying area to what happens if a print fails, all clues point to the necessity to develop a component-based system. Thus, for the residency, we developed a range of connection details that could tie 3d-printed components together, this being an area that has been largely overlooked so far.

150 mm AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F104

F105

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F106

F107

Segment 2 out of 8

Printing Catalog

For prototype in Autodesk Buildspace, the column was divided up into 8 segments. The segmentation is based on the slumping rate, drying rate, and transportation considerations, as well as the time constraints that came with working at Build Space.

Segment 1 out of 8

AADRL | 2016-18

Segment 2 out of 8

Segment 1 out of 8

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Segment 5 out of 8

Segment 3 out of 8

AADRL | 2016-18

Segment 5 out of 8

Segment 3 out of 8

Segment 5,6,7,8 out of 8

Segment 6,7,8 out of 8

Segment 5,6,7,8 out of 8

Segment 6,7,8 out of 8

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F110

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Locking Mechanism

AADRL | 2016-18

A range of connections details was developed for the workshop. In the end, we decided on a simple bolt and nut mechanism to put the pieces together.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Variations of connection detail using additional hardware

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Hyp Hy pe erp rprodu rro od du uct ctive Networks | Construction:method

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Locking Mechanism Connection Plate

AADRL | 2016-18

Each segment had its own custom-fitted connection plates which we lasercut on site. the pieces were then glued onto the segments with construction-grade glue. However, we also had options using concrete, expanding foam and built-in connection pieces. Given the time constraints, this proved to be the most eďŹ&#x192;cient, as well as forgiving, option.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F1 11 116 16

F117

Connection plate assembly process. Connection detail using additional hardware AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Hyperrrp pro rodu ducctttiv duc iv ve Ne N Networks etw tworks two orks or ks | C Construction:method onstruction:method

F118

F119

Connection plate getting glued ont its segment.

AADRL | 2016-18

Close-up shot of fixing detail.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F120

F121

Assembled Model

Key insights from our residency: 1. connection details can be custom-fitted onsite. 2. When issues such as transportation, drying time, slumping rate , etc. are considered. monocoque printing becomes exceedingly impractical. 3. The process is flexible, adjsutments can be made on the go.

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F122

F1 123 12 23

Figure: Column prototype at Autodesk Buildspace. Linear and shifting plane segments with additional hardware connection AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Hy ype perp rprro rp odu duct ctiiv ve N Networks etworks | Construction:method

F124

F125

Column 02

AADRL | 2016-18

Our latest protoyping round is a culmination of the various techniques. The primary goal was to test the feasibility of more complex forms. Before this, all prototypes were roughly cylindrical. This prototype served to study whether openings are feasible using segmented prints. As shrinkage is always an issue with clay prints, it had to be confirmed whether the pieces could be put together after drying.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F126

F127

layer 130 height: 454.75 mm Z-axis: 6.75° LQȴOO SRLQW SDWWHUQ

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AADRL | 2016-18

374 mm

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F128

F129

height: 240 mm OD\HU FRXQW

height: 135 mm OD\HU FRXQW

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Design Rationale

AADRL | 2016-18

The column is segmented where an opening occurs in the geometry. Each segment is roughly 40cm high, as that is the current height limit of our setup. The cutlines follow a logic that considers the balancing of the pieces.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

F130

F131

cut 04

cut 03 center of gravity

cut 02

moment cut 01

fig.: printed and assembled

Segmentation & Balancing

AADRL | 2016-18

The angle of the cutline may appear wrong on an intuitive level, as it should follow the curvature of the arch. However, given that our prototype is only one half of an arch, thus an incomplete compression structure, gravity dictates that the cuts be angled the opposite way to counteract the slab which now functions as a cantilever.

fig: Diagram of balancing The prototype shows that the segmentation itself can respond intelligently to the structure. By balancing the pieces, construction scaďŹ&#x20AC;olding can be minimized as they neutralize each other.

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Branching Column

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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experiment: branch print:

result: WFS GHȵHFWHG

WRS SURȴOH

368mm

model deformed

branches sequence 3

sequence 2

end

PT-3 start end

sequence 1

550mm

730mm

digital toolpath

PT-2

start

end

PT-1 start

200mm 414mm

AADRL | 2016-18

200mm 414mm

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Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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F139

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Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Figure: Shifting plane printing series. 70 degree angle

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

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Hyperproductive Networks | Construction:method

APPENDIX AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

RELATIONAL INFORMATION MODEL APPENDIX Previous iteration of our research is to quantify the diďŹ&#x20AC;usion of knowledge among the community. A principle challenge in our work has been the question of how to transform "knowledge productivity" into a quantifiable measure. In other words, how do we materialize productivity into something tangible, and how do we determine whether a community is productive? What makes hyperproductive communities diďŹ&#x20AC;erent from normal communities? How do we measure the level of productivity?

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

Cluster

measure of the degree to which nodes in a graph tend to cluster together. Evidence suggests that in most real-world networks, and in particular social networks, nodes tend to create tightly knit groups characterised by a relatively high density of ties; this likelihood tends to be greater than the average probability of a tie randomly established between two nodes

Node

Nodes can most easily be defined as the individual players -- or actors -- inside the network. An actor's location inside the social network can be an indicator of the strength of the ties associated.

Periphery

The extent of the social network with weaker ties that the core

Core

The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others.

Social Hub

a node with a number of links that greatly exceeds the average. Emergence of hubs is a consequence of a scale-free property of networks.

Link

The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others. Similarity can be defined by gender, race, age, occupation, educational achievement, status, values or any other salient characteristic.

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

Research on Personal Belongings So we set out to determine how people actually use the spaces and functions of their homes. The easiest, and most apparent method was to look at our own habits. So we have collected the data on our belongings, space usage, space dimensions and the such to draw some initial conclusions. Of course, with just a pool of 3 samples, inaccuracies are bound to occur, but as we are developing a system, rather than a definite design, we can still make some useful conclusions from this initial study, merely the parameters will change and slowly settle into more accurate graphs as a large sample pool is analyzed. From our own lives, we can see, that for all three of us, around 30% of belongings is shareable, while we all have a remarkably small number of belongings. Around 140, which is indeed insignificant when compared to numbers from other studies. For instance, in the book "find title", the typical American household has "find number" belongings. In our further research, we will attempt to collect as much information as possible to correct our initial findings. However, as time is very limited and we lack the expertise of trained sociologists, we take our findings as heuristic conclusions and move on quickly to design the system .

Side Entrance

Bike Storage 1.09m

2.50m 6.05m Laundry

Common Room

Courtyard Reception

Main Entrance

2.90m

5.05m

TOILET SHOWER

ROOM 1: 20SQM

3.8

2.8 ROOM 2: 24SQM

5.2 4.7

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 10

H 11

node = metaball

node weight = size

= fig.: Pictured are the 4 basic mechanisms that

fig. : two networks are negotiated in order to

construct the full spatial configuration

deduct a spatial solution

living preferences +

spatial configuration

edge = charge

local topology change

working preferences

From Social Relations to Spatial Configuration In a nutshell, the RIM constructs a multidimensional relationship model that consists of productive relationships and social relationships of a given network. These two are synthesized to create a customized spatial configuration that responds to the social network.

AADRL | 2016-18

Communal Spaces While individual living units are relatively easy to respond to, communal spaces are a much tougher challenge. We can no longer deduct from a single node, or even two connected nodes, what kind of space is needed in order to capture the communal qualities of a given network. The solution is to look at the patterning of the network. However, how does one know which patterns matter and which do not? We have taken concepts from complex graph theory that allow us to define the inherent quality of a network. Terms such as "dispersed", "cohesive", and "centralized" have a specific meaning in graph theory.

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 12

H 13

type

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physical implementation

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(wdi)

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fig: Example of communal patterns. From abstraction to a proposed spatial solution.

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 15

+neg charge

Changing social parameters directly aďŹ&#x20AC;ect the physical morphology. In other words, while the fundamental spatial description of a space does not change, its morphological expression is highly determinant on the actual parameters fed into the description. Pictured below is a study on the morphology of a cohesive workspace. As can be seen, while the basic description is identical, the physical expression is diďŹ&#x20AC;erent depending on the number of nodes, charge strength and, in this case, cohesiveness of the workspace.

points

simple curves

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rotational

directional

H 14

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 16

H 17

ARCHITECTURAL GEOMETRY APPENDIX A principle challenge in our work has been the question of how to transform "knowledge productivity" into a quantifiable measure. In other words, how do we materialize productivity into something tangible, and how do we determine whether a community is productive? What makes hyperproductive communities diďŹ&#x20AC;erent from normal communities? How do we measure the level of productivity?

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 18

Network Logic: Formation

Radial Radial formations are very versatile, as they provide a focal point for essential functions, but also structure a community through branching, so there is a stronger order that is capable of organizing several, diďŹ&#x20AC;ering functions, yet is also capable of retaining the cohesion of the whole community.

AADRL | 2016-18

H 19

Linear The first pattern with rudimentary cohesion is a linear pattern. In a natural setting, linear settlements are formed mostly by their geographic location along elongated formations such as rivers, at the foot of a mountain or similar. In more modern environments, they might propagate along transportation lines: roads, railtracks etc. In simple terms, this means the settlement is always subservient to a higher function, such as supplying passing travelers.

Vertical Linear

Hybrid

The modern capitalist community is generally characterized by a dispersed pattern. People relocate frequently, change jobs and social contact is minimized through increased internet usage. Social relationships are almost completely transpatial. There is no apparent cohesion. Agents are free-floating particles.

The circular pattern is the most "classic" communal pattern. Evoking the image of a neolithic tribe congregating around a fire, this pattern is usually suited for small communities with simple functions. Thus, it is often found in rural communities, nomadic communities where there is not the need or not the time for the development for more complex functions.

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 20

H 21

Communal relationship

Household configuration

personal DNA

Network relationship

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

Living Preferences: Negotiated Balance

H 22

H 23

On the social level, we might be dealing with a completely diďŹ&#x20AC;erent situation. The same network of productive agents could be completely incompatible when you try to get them to live together. So the key goal in the living aspect is to negotiate personal living requirements and strike a balance between all agents. In order to achieve this, a more individualized, flexible process is used to generate optimal configurations. The graph algorithm starts out with existing social ties. so if people are friends, or couples, they get grouped first.

The depicted spatial configuration is now balanced and optimized. However, it should be noted that there is most likely no "optimal" configuration. As with human relationships, usually no black and white circumstances can be found. A "goodenough" configuration is the most practical and most eďŹ&#x192;cient solution.

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Each agent has a DNA strand of personal living preferences, telling the algorithm what can be shared with others and what cannot. unrelated agents are randomly added, each time cycling through a valence check for each node, making sure that households dont get overcrowded.

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AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 24

H 25

Household 5 Dweller 2

Household 4 Dweller 1

Communal relationship Household 3 Dweller 2

Household configuration

Household 2 Dweller 5

personal DNA

Household 1 Dweller 4

Network relationship

Local Interraction Space

Public Interraction Space

Spatial translation diagram from network relationship

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 26

H 27

household

geometric description

t: e-fh c: 180 e-fh 250

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AADRL | 2016-18

t: H r: 300

t: X

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t: e--r: 70

t: F

r: 200

t: X

r: 200

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 28

H 29 Pattern: SRLQW R΍VHW DV LQȴOO

layer pattern: 0 0 1 point distance: 50mm

point: 300 counter: 0.05

point: 150 counter: 0.05

layer pattern: 0 0 0 1 point distance: 70mm rotate

layer pattern: 0 0 1 1 point distance: 50mm rotate

point: 150 counter: 0.08 overhang > layer thickness

density >

Printable Geometries

layer pattern: 0 0 1 point distance: 50mm rotate

point: 150 counter: 0.02

perforated system

overhang > layer thickness

Pattern: wavy wall

DETAILED PATTERN

unstable print

GEOMETRY

WORKING SPACE

Roof

MASSING

column

private

LIVING SPACE

MASSING shared

assembled component number of user

wall

GEOMETRY Roof

DETAILED PATTERN

AADRL | 2016-18

column

private

rivate

shared

hared

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 30

H 31

primitive geometry study

AADRL | 2016-18

primitive geometry study

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 32

H 33

primitive geometry study AADRL | 2016-18

primitive geometry study Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 34

H 35

FABRICATION APPENDIX In terms of fabrication, we seek to develop an architectural system based on the advantages of additive manufacturing. It stands to argue that, despite all the hype, 3D printing has remained a glorified buzzword when it comes to actual architecture. The standard image one finds is one of a fully-printed, mono-material form, typically printed under a giant gantry.

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 36

H 37

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 38

H 39

Hot Glue Extruder

AADRL | 2016-18

As with clay, it serves as a proxy material. First, for transparent material like glass, second, as tensile elements such as plastics. We see it mainly perform a secondary function within the system with purely compressive materials such as clay or concrete performing the main structural function.

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 40

H 41

Hot Glue Extruder v2

AADRL | 2016-18

This one did not work properly, as the hobbed drive gear was too small for the hot glue sticks. It grinded into them, thus jamming the extruder.

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 42

H 43

Hot Glue Extruder v3

AADRL | 2016-18

Iteration 3 expended hot glue, although the gears were not strong enough to drive the filament smoothly.

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 44

H 45

Hot glue extruder v3 100 tooth gear connected motor

Extrusion Test.

Hot glue extruder v2 and v3. Prototyping hot glue extruder as a proxy material for glass printing

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

H 46

H 47

AADRL | 2016-18

Hyperproductive Networks | Appendix

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Ochsendorf, John. Guastavino vaulting: the art of structural tile. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013. Holliss, Frances. Beyond live/work: the architecture of homebased work. New York: Routledge, 2015. Spyropoulos, Theodore. Adaptive Ecologies: Correlated Systems of Living. London: AA, 2013.

Asaravala, Manish, Hayley Lam, Stephanie Litty, Jason Phillips, and Ting-ting Wu. Radiolaria: More on Morphology. University of California Museum of Palaeontology, May 2000. Link: http://www.ucmp.berkeley. edu/protista/radiolaria/radmm.html. Last accessed: 20 March 2017.

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Data Sources: Nomis Demographic Census. Link: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/ Open Source London dataset. Link: data.london.gov.uk/dataset/ Mapping London. Link: http://mappinglondon.co.uk/category/data/ Datashine London. Link: http://datashine.org.uk Lidar Environment. Link: http://environment.data.gov.uk/ds/ survey/index.jsp#/survey Open Street Map London. Link: https://www.openstreetmap.org/ Website: The Collective at Stratford, London. Link: http://www.plparchitecture. com/the-collective-stratford.html Baugruppen R50 Collective Housing. Link: https://www.theurbanist. org/2014/05/08/ready-set-build-collectively/ Baugruppen R50. Link: http://theconversation.com/reinventingdensity-how-baugruppen-are-pioneering-the-self-made-city-66488 Tallensi Tribe Compound. Link: https://bolgabloga.files.wordpress. com/2013/03/blog-6-14.jpg ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012. Link: http://icd.uni-stuttgart. de/?p=8807 Guastavino Masonry Shell. Link: http://www.structuremag. org/?p=2046 London Statistical Data: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/ housing_standards_malp_for_publication_7_april_2016.pdf All I Own. Link: http://sannahkvist.se/work/all-i-own/ Drawings of radiolaria. Link: Haeckel, Ernst. Kunstformen der Natur. 1904. Link: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Radiolaria Nine Bridges Country Club. Link: http://www.archdaily.com/490241/ nine-bridges-country-club-shigeru-ban-architects MIT Mediated Lab. http://matter.media.mit.edu/environments/details/ glass-ii Reinventing density: how baugruppen are pioneering the selfmade city. http://theconversation.com/reinventing-density-howbaugruppen-are-pioneering-the-self-made-city-66488 Architect Dr. James Gardiner Revolutionizes Construction and Coral Reefs Through 3D Printing .https://3dprint.com/152028/jamesgardiner-freefab-3d-printing/

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