Kristen Allen LAR Thesis Project by k2allen

North Market Plaza Design Landscape Architecture Thesis Project Kristen Allen

Acknowledgments To my fellow fifth years: the support, the struggles, and the time spent with all of you is something I will hold dearly. May our family adventures continue for years to come. Thank you to my professors for training me to see the world through the lens of a designer, and to Wendy Jacobson for pushing me to reach my greatest potential for my senior thesis project. To Ben Johnson, thank you for being a mentor, sage, and support in studio at times when support was running low. To my parents: thank you for supporting me throughout these past five years of college and instilling the value and opportunities that come with pursuing an education.

___________________________ Terry Clements, Program Chair

___________________________ Wendy Jacobson, Senior Project Advisor

___________________________ Dean Bork, Senior Project Coordinator

This senior project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture Degree in the College of Architecture and Urban Studies at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Table of Contents Project and Site Background.................................................................................. 1-2 Site Photos and Analysis ......................................................................................... 3-10 District and Historical Context ............................................................................... 11-18 Inventory Diagrams ................................................................................................ 19-27 Case Studies ............................................................................................................. 28-38 Concept Formulation .............................................................................................. 39-46 Site Plan ..................................................................................................................... 47-48 Illustratives, Materials, and Furnishings .................................................................. 49-62 Planting Palette ....................................................................................................... 63-64 Conclusion and References ................................................................................... 65-66

Project Background

“A cheeseburger with ketchup, mustard, and a side of cottage cheese” My love for this site, the North Market, can be traced back to an impressionable eightyear-old me on our usual family weekend trip to the Market for lunch. And while Mr. Heil is not present anymore to serve his “favorite customer” my usual, the North Market has remained one of my favorite cultural landmarks in my hometown of Columbus, Ohio. From the personal connection between the fresh supply of homemade/homegrown products to consumers, to the variety of cultures and cuisines represented in one place, the Market represents a bridge between knowing where your food comes from and who is selling it and the influx of new people that come with a rapidly growing city. Recently, plans were proposed to build a 34 story mixed-use residential tower on the site of the North Market parking lot that would still preserve, yet completely encapsulate, the North Market. Based on the significance the Market holds to community members, as well as an opportunity to re-purpose the parking lot into a space that can better represent the City of Columbus and the needs of its residents, I decided to take this on.

Site Location

Columbus

100 ft

My site, the North Market, is located just north of downtown Columbus, Ohio’s capital city. It is located just off of the main north/south thoroughfare of the city, High Street, and just south of the city’s innerbelt freeway, I-670. The market is located in a historic warehouse, and the site encompasses the parking lot and the bordering streets. 2

Site Photos

A handful of site photos were selected to display the qualities and character of the market interior as well as the parking lot and exterior building

Surrounding Area Character Study

View of the Park Street intersection near one of the central entries on the back side of the North Market

Surrounding Area Character Study

View of the Greater Columbus Convention Center (GCCC) from the Spruce Street intersection of High Street

Site Character Study

View of the North Market parking lot and the surrounding skyline

Site Character Study

View of the North Market facade near the utility area

Site Analysis

Bar Bar

VA Mental Health Clinic

Vacant Storefront, Offices

Greater Columbus Convention Center

Hotel

Bar

Restaurants, Bars, & Apartments Bar

Hotel, Bar, & Restaurant Offices

Parking Garage with First Floor Restaurants

Potential Crosswalk Connection

Primary Building/ Storefront Entrance

Existing Crosswalk Connection

One Way Circulation Direction

Areas of Congestion

Areas Needing Screened

Cultural/Historic Landmarks

0 100 200

100

200

500 ft

Opportunities & Constraints The opportunities presented with designing this site primarily relate to the potential for cohesion among different districts. Important to this is the design of the streetscape, and with a variety of widths and circulation patterns in surrounding areas, there is an opportunity to create safer crossings and expand traffic calming measures. Similarly, there is a potential to incorporate green streets and pedestrian malls in certain areas that can express the character of the districts they intersect with. While there are already existing healthy street tree corridors, we should protect those during construction and utilize similar strategies to recreate this effect in proposed planting areas. With numerous historic and cultural relics on site that serve as focal points, it will be a good design challenge to incorporate these elements into a new space, giving it some familiarity. Finally, finding opportune parking to replace the surface lot lost will not be a problem due to the presence of the overflow parking garage for the GCCC that fronts Vine Street and the surface lot. Some constraints to working with this site include areas of congestion along both Park and Vine Streets due to drop-offs along the street at night, as well as the side street parking alone Vine that causes congestion near the intersection of High Street. Also, views along the service/utility side of buildings and alleyways needs to be addressed to mask the different building front directions that line the site. Similarly, creating a unity among the wide gaps and vastly different heights of buildings that frame the space must be addressed in order to create a space akin to an outdoor room.

Columbus, Ohio: A Capital Is Formed

City of Columbus is incorporated, named capital of Ohio

Columbus gains “city” status with population of 4,000

Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (OSU) opens

First Union Station is constructed

1816 1834 Early Development

1873 1851

Industrial 1831 1836 Columbus becomes linked to Erie/Ohio Canal system

Since 1872, the North Market has evolved from a necessary support for the people of Columbus into a cultural institution. It has been built up, burned down, and brought into the 21st century. Inside, the North Market serves as a reflection of the hardworking Ohioans that represents a diverse Columbus. 11

Population of Columbus reaches 125,000

Nationwide Insurance is founded/the city’s first skyscraper is built (LeVeque Tower)

1900 1926/7 1897 Urban Renewal

Lincoln Goodale donates his land to form the first city park (Goodale Park)

The National Road connecting the East Coast to the Western Territories is routed through Columbus

Nationwide Plaza is constructed

1953

1978

Flytown neighborhood is demolished to construct the I-670 innerbelt

Union Station is rebuilt to add more rail lines and offer a striking gateway into the city

Short North revitalization begins when artists start Gallery Hop on Saturdays/ Ohio Penitentiary is razed

1983/4 Post Industrial 1979 1995

Union Station is demolished to make way for the Greater Columbus Convention Center

2018

Nationwide Arena is constructed on the site of the Ohio Penitentiary

Columbus is 14th largest city in the US with a population of 879,000

Columbus Public Market System Original North End Market building destroyed by fire, merchants pool money to rebuild market on site in a Quonset hut

North End Market House is constructed at 29 Spruce St.

North End Graveyard is founded Advanced Thresher Warehouse is built at 59 Spruce St. (the future home of the North Market)

Most bodies from North End Graveyard are exhumed and moved to Greenlawn Cemetery

1813 North Market

1870 1876

Central Market is razed during urban renewal with displaced merchants relocating to North Market

1900

1948

Central Market 1850

Central Market is constructed with Columbus City Hall located on the second story

East Market is constructed

1966

1966 1892 East Market West Market 1889 West Market is constructed

1947

East Market is destroyed by a fire

1926 West Market is converted to a recreation center due to decline

North Market reopens in their present location, 59 Spruce St.

1982/3

1995

Merchants plan to renovate nearby warehouse to add outdoor market stalls and upgrade facilities/North Market becomes first commercial warehouse district in Columbus to be placed on National Register of Historic Places

2018

Plans are revealed for a mixed use tower to be constructed on the surface lot of the North Market

The Evolution of Columbus

1856: Old North Cemetary

1899: Completed Market Ho

1910: Warehouse District Exp

1812 1842 1872 1901

1951: Before Razing Blocks f

1994: Before Quonset Demo

Diagram illustrating the growth of Columbus. Understanding the layers of history on the site was a critical first investigation into my understanding of how important the North Market truly was to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s founding. 13

1856 The site, located just north of the newly platted capital of Ohio, has its roots as a public cemetery. Around the 1870s, the cemetery reached its capacity and most of the bodies were exhumed to the new Greenlawn Cemetery outside city limits.

1899

1910

Adjacent to the major north/south thoroughfare and with more housing, businesses, and industries occupying the cusp of downtown, the need for a public market became evident. The North End Market was established in 1872.

Quonset Hut

Current Market House

1955 When the market house burned down in 1948, merchants pooled their money to build a Quonset hut on site. The closing of Central Market a few years later and consolidation of merchants helped bolster the North Market during this financially difficult time. The surrounding districts started to take their current shape when construction of I-670 leveled many of the nearby blocks.

The growing advancements in transportation technology and expansion of Union Station on the opposite side of High Street transformed the area into a warehouse district, with working class housing packed together nearby.

While other markets languished due to low profits, building failure, or urban infill development, the North Market persevered. The layers of history on the site as well as the market itself have ties reaching back to the very founding of the city. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position on the edge of downtown has been key to its founding, both as a marketplace and a graveyard. Its resiliency in the face of losing an entire surrounding neighborhood to urban renewal is a testament to the support from residents and visitors of Columbus and the vendors who have bolstered this establishment for generations.

1994 The Quonset warehouse can be seen above, now roughly 50 years old and in poor condition. As the transformation of downtown Columbus continues without much thought given to the market, public interest grew and a plan was proposed to renovate the neighboring warehouse to be the new home of the North Market. The move was completed in 1995. 14

The Present Day Surroundings of the North Market

Goodale Park Victorian Village

I-670

Short North Arts District

North Market District

Greater Columbus Convention Center

Park Street District

Express Live Pavilion

Huntington Ballpark

Downtown Nationwide Arena

Nationwide Plaza

Arena District

250

500

100

200

1000 ft

500 ft

Neighborhood Diagrams

Downtown: The Scioto and Olentangy Rivers are integral and influential to the founding, layout, and success of the City of Columbus

Arena District: Variety and concentration of different event venues tied together by a strong, distinct streetscape and materiality

Identifying and analyzing characteristics that make up this patchwork of districts can help bring to light spatial patterns, continuity among site and surroundings, and be a resource for case study on the benefits and setbacks to the neighborhood. The following diagrams illustrate the unique qualities that set each of the surrounding districts to the North Market apart, and simplifying them into their most impressionable qualities. The challenge for my design will to be to find a way to incorporate the site into this rich mosaic of districts while creating a hub that is unique in itself.

Goodale Park: Pathways are the destination and are intended to frame the views of the English landscape style park

Greater Columbus Convention Center: Providing niche spaces to break up the large facade and bring the scale down to fit and act as a transition point between downtown and the Short North

Park Street District: Informal hub of street activity drawing from surrounding businesses and neighborhoods

Short North Arts District: Revealing artwork/murals draws visitors off of main axis of High Street and into surrounding neighborhoods

The City of Columbus has redefined itself from a small city with a big university into a rapidly growing cultural hub in the Midwest. Columbus is home to one of the highest concentration of designers per capita in the US, thanks in part to key investors as well as the city being located within a days drive of 50% of the US population. With a low cost of living relative to other similar sized metropolitan areas, space for artists and cultural institutions have been well supported by community members. Now more than ever, the importance of recognizing, supporting, and preserving the Arts has taken the forefront for Columbus as a betterment of the quality of life for its residents.

Key Players

Total Population: 879,170

in the Columbus Renaissance

8th Fastest Growing City in the US

Setting the Stage Top 2 Creative Business Locations in Columbus

{

1. Downtown

North Market

2. Short North

Strategically located between these two districts The City of Columbus invested in a public arts strategic plan for the adjacent segment of High St.

The Other Market

The rich history of the market coupled with the burgeoning arts scene in the surrounding areas provide an opportunity to tell the story of the evolution of the market along with the city of Columbus through public art

Wexner Center for the Arts at the Ohio State University

High St.

& the Arts

Citywide Stats

On the Rise

Columbus

A breakdown of the largest creative fields in Columbus 1. Design & Publishing 2. Performing Arts 3. Film, Radio, & TV 4. Visual Arts

There has been a consistent increase in community funding & financial support from the Greater Columbus Arts Council over the last decade (up 34% from 2014)

North Market has partnered with the Columbus Arts Council to match funding for performers/musicians

Short North Stage: one of five historic theaters in the Short North/ Downtown

One of many art galleries open to the public in the Short North during monthly â&#x20AC;&#x153;Gallery Hopâ&#x20AC;?

Columbus Museum of Art & Columbus College of Art & Design

North Market

Highball Halloween: a showcase of local fashion designers creating otherworldly costumes

Pizzuti Sculpture Garden & Collection

The Convention Center has one of the largest collection of local art throughout their facilities

CD 102.5: a longstanding independent radio station in adjacent Brewery District 18

Circulation Diagram

< Goodale Blvd<

-c art hig -n an wi -h aro pro pe ve

I-670

Park St

> Vine St >

High

Wall S

<Spruce St<

Neil Ave e Blvd

Arterial Road

Collector Road

> Freeway

> >

Nationwid

Local Road

Alleys (Private)

Bus Stop

Bus Route

One

> Way

Circulation

A Well Connected Market... The North Market is within close proximity to arterial roads and highways that bring people in and around the city, with a central and accessible location for visitors in cars. Similarly, numerous bus stops and routes are located within walking distance of the market, further increasing access to the location for people who rely on public transportation or are visiting the city without a car. The varied street hierarchy in the areas surrounding the site promote safe and efficient commutes for people deciding to walk or drive to the site.

cre be

Land Use Diagram Building Footprint

Surface Parking

Goodale Park

- co of m de civ are - di an allo ma - va de sup ran

Greater Columbus Convention Center

Nationwide Arena

Civic

High Density ResidentialOfďŹ ce/ OfďŹ ce Commercial Med. Density Residential

Low Density Office/ Parking Office Industrial Residential Commercial Garage Med. Dens. Low. Dens. Parking Residential/ Industrial Vacant Municipal High Dens. Retail/ Park Residential Commercial Residential Residential Garage Commercial Residential/ Park Civic Commercial Municipal Commercial

Vacant

... With Varied Land Use... As more people flock to the immediate neighborhoods surrounding downtown Columbus, there has been a concentration of mixed use development and civic centers surrounding the North Market, making it a lively area at all hours of the day. Coupled with the variety of housing types in historic neighborhoods such as Victorian Village, a variety of housing densities and types support a diverse range of residents around the site. Additionally, many niche markets and services are located around the area which are largely present due to a well supported arts district as well as Columbus being the largest city in the state of Ohio.

Freeway

Arterial Road

Collector Road

Figure Ground Diagram

> >

veh Local Road

Alleys (Private)

Bus Stop

Bus Route

One

> Way

Circulation

-e w lo -s co cu ar po ar -v he cr be Building Footprint

Surface Parking

... A Dense Urban Fabric... On the cusp of a new and rapidly developing neighborhood, the Arena District, and the already dense downtown grid, the surface lots in surrounding areas are full of potential. With this increasing density of buildings and a focus on the live/work aspect of development, walkability has been a priority all along High Street and the Arena District, encompassing the North Market. While this area is dense, that does not necessarily mean each neighborhood has skyscrapers like the Nationwide Building two blocks south. The variety of building heights, footprints, and setbacks within the Arena District, Short North, Park Street, and Downtown districts create distinctions between one another.

Public Space Network Diagram

North Market

les

Legend Park Property Community Parks MUT Neighborhood Park Neighborhood Open Space Park Land Reserve Regional Park Special Use Park

.125 .25

.75

Miles 1

tr o lit o h p b ty sp th sp

... In Need of More Public Space. As noted earlier, the development and growth in the area surrounding the North Market has been ceaseless over the past 20 years. But while the areas surrounding the site have developed into the entertainment, arts, civic, and workforce hubs of the city, there has been little contribution to the public open space fabric. While Goodale Park, a 58 acre English garden style park a block north of the site, supports many passive recreational activities and events during the summertime, there needs to be a greater range of open space types in order to maintain a thriving public life for all community members. The current North Market parking lot provides a tremendous opportunity to be a destination and resting point for pedestrians crossing between districts.

Inventory and Neighborhood Analysis Takeaways Overall, the addition of a public plaza and event space on this site is conducive to the local needs for different types of open space, the density of the built fabric, the variety of land uses, and is highly accessible by car or alternative transportation. This area of town has seen an influx of development and activity as people are drawn in for sporting events, concerts, shopping, and conventions. The high connectivity in a centrally located area within the city allows for a much wider range of populations to access and support the space and have it function as an event space for both the surrounding communities and the entire city. In picking a theme that celebrates the evolution of the City of Columbus and the North Market in this new public space, utilizing the expanding arts scene to tell this story seemed like a natural fit.

Design Goal Create a public space that draws from three of the most prominent segments of the Arts in Columbus: the catwalk, the gallery, and the auditorium, to showcase the North Market and its continued evolution to serve the city.

Case Studies A series of case studies were utilized to better understand the workings of multifaceted spaces similar to those proposed for my project. Analyzing public spaces such as parks and plazas was intended to understanding what makes a successful public space within an urban context, and issues that these places face that differ from other park types. Similarly, looking to different types of streetscape designs that reclaim pedestrian space from roadways and allow surrounding blocks to be more conducive to pedestrian activity. This will inform the kinds of height-towidth ratios, design criteria, and principles that successfully bolster pedestrian activity. Finally, with the recognition that this plaza will be an extension of the North Market and celebrate the evolution of the market and the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s renaissance, it was important to look at contemporary markets, as public markets have been steadily growing in popularity and revamped with modern amenities in mind. Analyzing what draws people to public markets in their city and if or how these places have addressed the public space realm to compliment the market will be a strong influence to the programming and design decisions made for this site.

Civic Space Studies M i dt ow n P a r k ( Ho u s t o n , T X) M id t o w n P ar k is loca ted wi thi n a si m i l ar gent ri f yi ng ne i g h b o r h o o d simila r to th ose su rround i ng the Nort h Market, a nd h a s e st a blish ed itself a s a popul ar nei ghbor hood f or yo u n g p ro f e s sion als a n d n ig h tl i f e. It al so has a st rong a nch o r in g e lemen t, in th is ca se a mul ti - f ami l y resi denti al d e ve lo p m e n t b u ilt tan g en t to the park, w hi ch al l ow s f or a co nsist e n t u se r ba se an d occu pat i on of the area. It d oes a t er r if ic jo b a t u n ify in g sepa r a te programmat i c el em ent s wi t h a u n iq u e sen se of place th at can host di f f erent scal es o f p e o p le a n d ev en ts comfor tabl y. B el ow , the d i agram e x pl a in s t h e n etwor k of con n ec t i ons w i thi n el em ent s and ho w t h e y t r a n sition between one another w i t h a sense of co nn e c t iv it y an d coh esion .

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AeroGRID, IGN, and the GIS User Community

Flexible Program:

Applicable Scale:

Similar Neighborhood: (Land Use)

Population Density: & Built Fabric 29

Civic Space Studies

Charlotte Knights Baseball Field

T h e G re e n ( C h ar lo tt e , NC) T h e Green is a n u n der ground parki ng garage cap p a r k t h a t is fla n ked by mix ed use condos and restaurant s i n d o wn t o w n Ch a r lotte. Cou p l ed w i th the proxi m i t y t o ci vi c ve n u e s, a sh a red con dition with the North Market, thi s space co n t in u a lly is b u z z in g with resi d ent s and vi si tors at al l hours o f t h e d a y . A ddition ally , th e re i s a st rong narrati ve and l i t e r a t u re t h eme th at is ev ident and i nf or mat i ve t hrough s u b t le d e sig n deta ils an d la r ger desi gn el em ent s. It has a n e xc e lle nt b a lan ce of n iche spaces, w here guests can f o llo w m e a n der in g p a th s to shad ed, more encl osed and s em i- p u b lic a reas, an d la r g e f l exi bl e l aw n spaces t o hol d e v e n t s su c h a s Sh akesp ea re reenact m ent s and f esti val s. Th e d ia g r a m b elow illu str a tes the rel at i onshi p betw een t he nic h e sp a c es to th e main law n areas and t he connecti on o f p r iv a t e restau r an t sp a ce to publ i c park space.

Bank of America Stadium

Spectrum Center The Green

Charlotte Convention Center

Flexible Program:

Applicable Scale:

Similar Neighborhood: (Land Use)

Population Density: & Built Fabric

= 30

Civic Space Studies D i re ct or P a rk ( Po r tlan d , O R ) D i re c t o r P a r k is loca ted in th e h eart of dow nt ow n Portl and , ne s t le d b e t w een sky scr a p er s. Whi l e t hi s space i s m uch more o ccu p ie d b y tou r ists an d wor ke rs t han the Nort h Market, i t s fu n c t io n a s a p u blic p laz a in an urban envi ronment has s e ve r a l k e y t akea way s th at coul d appl y t o t he proposed p l az a a t N o r t h M ar ket. F ir st, it h a s successf ul l y i mpl emented a va r ie t y o f micro-clima tes in an area w i t h hi gh i mpervi ous co ve r, wh ic h p rov ides in cen tiv es f or occupat i on on hot a nd c o ld d ay s. Similar ly , th e space i s f l exi bl e enough t o ac c o m m o date ev en ts an d l ar ge gatheri ngs w i t hout s acr if ic in g spa ce for key des i gn el ements, t he w at er f e a t u re a n d sh a de str u ctu re. T he d i agram i l l ustrates how t he m a jo r d e s ig n elemen ts th at occupy t he space overl ap t o s u p p o r t dif feren t micro-climat es throughout the d ay a nd d if f e re n t sea son s.

Director Park

Flexible Program: 90 ft

Applicable Scale:

Similar Neighborhood: (Land Use)

Population Density: & Built Fabric 31

Streetscape Studies G a y S t re e t C o r r id o r ( C o lumbus, OH) Th e G a y S treet Cor r idor rede vel opm ent provi d es a great l oc a l e xa mp le of creatin g a saf er, pedestri an- ori ented gre e n st re et th a t ca n b e appl i cabl e to t he peri meter s tre e t s a lo ng th e site. I t h a s opened up ci rcul ati on and t ra n sf o r m e d a on e-wa y stre et i nto a l ush corri d or t hat f a c ilit a t e s con trolled p edestr i an crossi ngs and separat i on f rom t r a f f ic. W ith widen ed si d ew al ks, the pot ent i al f or b u sin e ss a ctiv ity to spill ou t int o t he publ i c real m i ncreases wh ile c re a tin g a more in timate scal e t hat creat es a respi t e f rom t h e im posin g sca le of skyscrapers and traf f i c that d o m in a t e s down town Colu mbus. There i s al so a sense of co n t in u it y alon g th e cor r idor based on a shared m ateri al i ty a n d d e sign details th at g iv es the space an i denti t y separat e f rom o t h e r n eig h bor in g b loc ks. The secti on bel ow i s an e xa m p le o f th e streetsca p e and the use of pl ant i ng buf f ers t o c o n t ro l p edestr ian crossings and m ai ntai n a sense of s ep a r a t io n from tr af fic a n d p ri vacy f or hom es.

Nationwide Arena

Columbus College of Art and Design

Gay Street Corridor Ohio Statehouse

Promotes Wayfinding:

Pedestrian Safety:

Integrated with Public Space Network: 32

Streetscape Studies

P i a t t P a r k ( C in c in n at i, O H) P i at t P a r k , a histor ic media n pa rk i n dow nt ow n C i nci nnat i , p ro v id e s u se fu l lesson s on re-purposi ng w i d e st reet ri ghto f -w a y s t o a d d to th e pu blic sp ace real m f or pedestri ans. A nch o re d o n both en ds b y statues of C i nci nnat i â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s US p re sid e n t s James Gar field an d W i l l i am Henry Harri son, p a s s e r sb y g lea n a qu ick h istor y l esson and qui ckl y real i ze t he p ro m in e n ce of th is sp a ce as m ore than an ordi nary m e d ia n . L a r ge, matu re sh a de trees com pl et el y shad e t he sp a c e s b etween blocks, with rai sed pl ant ers f or mi ng t he n ic h e s f or seatin g areas and add i ng pri vacy and s e par a t io n b etween p a r k u ser s and street traf f i c. Met al a rch wa y s lin e th e ma in cor r idor, creati ng an outdoor room a nd giv in g t h e spa ce a more in ti m ate scal e f rom the l ar ge t re es o v e r h e a d. T h is cou ld b e key f or act i vat i ng out door s pac e d u r in g th e su mmer mon t hs, and coul d hel p bri ng d o w n t h e c lash of sca les b etween the varyi ng bui l di ngs f ra m in g t h e si te. Below is a p lan and sect i on draw i ng of a t ypi c a l se a t ing a rea in P ia tt P a rk and the rat i o of park t o ro a d wa y t o si dewalk th at ma kes thi s space successf ul .

Cincinnati Public Library

Piatt Park

Mixed Use Civic Office Church Low Density Res. Commercial Parking Garage

Promotes Wayfinding:

Pedestrian Safety:

Integrated with Public Space Network: 33

Streetscape Studies

P S t re e t C o r r id o r ( L in c o ln , NE) T h e P Street Cor r idor provi des a successf ul l esson i n re d e sign in g th e street r ig h t-of - w ay to maxi mi ze ef f i ci ency o f c irc u la t ion an d street pa r ki ng w hi l e ad di ng t o the publ i c s p a c e a n d u n ify in g th e ident i t y of a l ar ge transect of d o w n t o wn Lin coln . I t crea tes a com m onal i t y i n f ur ni shi ngs, s i gn a g e , a nd n ativ e h a rdsca pe and pl ant m ateri al s, gi vi ng t h is a re a a common iden tity . How ever, i t l ays out speci f i c p ro gr a m g oa ls for dif feren t areas based on the need s of t h a t c o m mu n ity , wh eth er itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s pl aza space, out door d i ni ng, o r p u b lic a r t areas. T h ese kinds of d i st i ncti ons based on ne igh b o r h ood n eeds len d a uni que i d ent i t y t i ed w i t hi n a c o m m o n n a r r a tiv e. T h is is hi ghl y appl i cabl e to the si t e giv e n it s location a t a crossroad s betw een several very d if f e re n t d istr icts, an d fin din g a uni f yi ng l i nk t o l ead vi si t ors t h ro u g h e ach distr ict with en hanced w ayf i nd i ng can be a t re m e n d o u s asset to th e area. B el ow are several secti ons a n d a n e xa mple in ter section al ong P St reet show i ng how e le m e n t s bu f fer th e sidewalk f rom the road f unct i on and ho w t h e st reets were modified to bett er ut i l i ze space f or ca r s a n d p eop le.

Promotes Wayfinding:

Pedestrian Safety:

Integrated with Public Space Network: 34

Public Market Studies

PNC Park

M a r k e t S qu are ( Pitt s b u r g h , PA) Mark e t S q u a re is a g rea t ex a mpl e of a si m pl e desi gn t ha t is e v e r - ch a n g in g ba sed on the ti m e or d ay, as w el l a s t h e im p o r ta n ce of b r in g in g pri vate busi nesses i nt o t he p ub lic re a lm . T h e flex ib le, lar g el y empty, space w orks w el l d ue t o t h e h ig h con cen tr ation of bui l di ngs and peopl e d o w n t o wn , a n d is on e of th e few t rul y publ i c pl azas, unl i ke t he n u m e ro u s cor p or a te plaz a s surround i ng i t . Si m i l arl y, t he p e r im e t e r of th e spa ce is lin ed w i th bot h f ast casual as we l l a s f in e d in in g restau r an ts that ut i l i ze out door seat i ng whe n w e a t h e r p er mits, a n d g u est s can get takeout and e a t w it h in t h e p laz a if th ey so choose. Al so, the streets t ha t lin e t h e per imeter of th e square w ere convert ed i nto p e d e st r ia n st reets, crea tin g a z one w here peopl e can f reel y a nd c o m f o r t a b ly mov e a b ou t busi nesses and the pl aza. B e l o w is a d iag r a m illu str a tin g h ow pri vat e busi nesses ad d a l a y e r o f se mi-p u blic spa ce an d bri ng peopl e out, m aki ng t he sp a c e a p p ea r more fu ll a n d ent i ci ng.

Heinz Building Point State Park

Market Square

Flexible Program:

Applicable Scale:

Similar Neighborhood: (Land Use)

Population Density: & Built Fabric 35

Public Market Studies We st S i de Mar k e t ( C le v e la nd , OH) We st Side M ar ket ser v es as another successf ul hi stori c m a r k e t h o u se in Clev ela n d that has a publ i c pl aza across t h e st re e t to su pp or t its open space need s. The m arket o p e r a t e s si mila r ly to th e N or th Market i n t hat i t has shi f t ed t o se llin g prepa red meals a s w el l as produce, and i s a d e st in a t io n p oin t for man y Cl evel and ers i n an i nners u b u r b a n area. T h e M ar ket Square Park i t sel f has a vari et y o f p ro g r a ms th a t su p p or t b ot h the market and t he l ocal co m m u n it y . I t a cts as a tr an sit hub f or t he R TA and peopl e co m in g t o an d from O h io Ci ty t o dow nt ow n C l evel and, i s a c iv ic space for O h io City event s, as w el l as bei ng an o u t d o o r e v en t sp a ce for the market. Ad di ti onal l y, the m u r a ls o n th e bu ildin g s fr a ming t he pl aza tel l a narrati ve o f t h e im p or ta n ce of a g r icu l t ure i n the C l evel and metro a re a w h ile ty in g th e p laz a b ack i n w i t h the market across t h e st re e t . Below is a dia g r a m show i ng i ts program m ati c f u n c t io n s an d h ow th e sp a ce can support one or more of t h e se f u n c tion s at th e same ti m e.

Ohio City Neighborhood (Single Family Residential)

Commercial Industrial Institutional

Flexible Program:

Applicable Scale:

Similar Neighborhood: (Land Use)

Population Density: & Built Fabric

+ 36

Public Market Studies

River North Arts District

T he S ou rc e ( D e n v e r, C O ) The So u rc e p rov ides a n ex ample of a retrof i tt ed w arehouse t ha t h a s b e e n con v er ted in to a cont em porary publ i c m a rk e t in a n in du str ial, g en tr ify ing nei ghbor hood . It draw s f ro m t h e t y p i ca l p u blic mar ket i n that i t st i l l of f ers f resh p ro d u c e a n d local g oods wh ile al so servi ng prepared f ood, b ut w it h a c o ntemp or a r y ma ter ial pal ett e and remodel i ng t he b u ild in g t o su pp or t in door /outdoor connect i ons bett er t ha n a n im p er mea b le wa reh ou s e. Si mi l arl y, i t i s anchored b y a h o t e l t h a t wa s b u ilt in conj uncti on w i t h the market, whi c h k e e p s people in th e a rea t o support the market at d i f fe re n t h o u rs as well as fu r th er sol i d i f yi ng the Source a l au n c h p o in t for p eop le v isitin g the d i st ri ct. Keepi ng w i t h a mo d e r n in du str ial desig n , th e l and scape ut i l i zes nat i ve p l an t in gs t o remedia te th e soil and capture runof f , and ga b io n w a lls f rom recy cled mate ri al s f l ank outdoor eati ng s pac e s. B e lo w, a diag r a m sh owi ng types of moder n and t ra d it io n a l m ar ket fu n ction s and d esi gn and w here they o ve r la p , t h e big g est takea way f rom t hi s st udy.

Curtis Park Neighborhood The Source

High Density Res. Office Industrial Commercial Mixed Use

Flexible Program:

Applicable Scale:

Similar Neighborhood: (Land Use)

Population Density: & Built Fabric 37

Case Study Takeaway Principles Offer Various Microclimates

Reclaim the Right-of-Way

Create a Network of Spaces that Support Various Activities

Support Access for Multiple Modes of Transportation

Design should offer hubs for all microclimatic conditions for all seasons. Similarly, it should incorporate design elements that provide a microclimatic service (i.e. trees, fountains/water features, overhangs).

Design should reincorporate under-utilized street right-of-ways to add to public space network. Streets should be designed to encourage areas of separation from traffic for pedestrian safety.

Design should provide a strong primary design/programmed element with well connected supporting parts. Small, semi-public spaces should be accommodated/ designed for as much as larger event spaces.

Provide Private/Public Space Connections

Program Spaces to be Usable During Different Times/Seasons

Pay Homage to Past with Modern Programming and Symbolism

Integrate with Existing Public Space Network

Design should allow space for outdoor eating and differentiate between flexible spaces and walking corridors. It should also preserve visual connections between public and private spaces.

Design should support a program that includes nighttime activities with an emphasis on sight lines (i.e. well lit, clear sight lines). Sheltered indoor/ outdoor spaces should also provide protection from the elements.

Thematic and historical aspects of the site should help guide/inform the design. There should be a balance between historic and contemporary elements of the program/design.

Design should blend the streetscape with the boundary of the site. It should compliment the adjacent public spaces with a unique program and support wayfinding to key landmarks/spaces nearby. 38

Concept Development The concept development process was first built upon the notion of the North Market being situated at the cusp of so many unique districts within Columbus, and the potential the site has for being a place for visitors to learn about elements of each neighborhood and gain a sense of what makes Columbus such a unique city. While this idea remained important throughout the entire design, the idea shifted more critically to the question of what makes Columbus so unique? What direction is the city headed in that has made its population boom in recent years? With my knowledge as a local, I realized so much about the great quality of life that Columbusites enjoy is related to the tremendous arts scene, with many of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s defining annual community events related to the arts. Ultimately, the concept of â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Market Exhibitionâ&#x20AC;? was decided on, highlighting the three most prominent segments of the Arts that have been at the forefront in the continuing evolution of Columbus. This site could not be a better place for this concept to be expressed, as it provides a central hub in the city for tying all these elements of the Arts together, and is a testament to how the North Market has continued to evolve to meet the needs of the people of Columbus to be the cultural institution we see today. Focusing on an entry threshold to welcome visitors into the plaza 39

Niche spaces that bring patio activities into plaza

Focusing and framing attention to a central space

Developing the niche spaces that support the Gallery

Finalizing the flexible edge of the Catwalk 40

Preliminary Concept Plans

From Gallery Hop in the Short North, where studios open their doors until late at night to showcase work, and festivals such as Community Festival and the Columbus Arts Fest drawing out people by the tens and hundreds of thousands to celebrate artists from Columbus and across the country. 41

There are countless fashion designers that live and work in Columbus for some of the biggest brands in the country such as Express, Victoriaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Secret, and Abercrombie & Fitch, with Columbus having the highest number of designers per capita behind New York and Los Angeles.

The opportunities to see a performance in Columbus are countless, with several historic theaters within the downtown grid, some dating back to the 1800s. Similarly, Columbus has established itself as a hub for Alternative music, lead by the independent radio station CD 102.5 that hosts countless acts every year.

One of the last iterations, this conceptual plan illustrates how the paving pattern was approached, with the change in size based on the scale of the space and how to highlight the Catwalkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strong corridor while giving leeway for variations along the edge and tying it in with the plaza space 42

Concept Diagrams: The Market Exhibition

The Gallery

The Auditorium

The Catwalk

Shipping container stalls are arranged in a way that creates outdoor rooms, where visitors walk through a sequence of spaces between the containers and allee of trees with various media of art on display. Doors to stalls are painted with murals and, when not open, share the stories and works of local artists and the history of Columbus and the North Market. A climate controlled public gallery will be located on site in the cluster of containers nearest the farmers market stalls.

Elements along the perimeter of the main plaza area create a frame for a “stage” where large scale activities can be viewed from 360 degrees. Paving accents help give subtle delineation to areas of traffic and help create a sense of “fullness” when the area is not in use for large events.

Variety of seating types and temporality of site furnishings create spaces that direct views towards the catwalk while supporting crowds large and small. Strong paving elements that end along the same plane show a strong linear direction with room for manipulation along the building face edges

Concept Map

While these elements may look like isolated entities, they are all support each other in terms of program and design. The Auditorium would not have the support to frame an event space if not for being flanked by farmers market stalls and the allees with seating from the Gallery. Similarly, the Catwalk and Auditorium act as a lobby, containing people during events and allowing people to trickle into the more personal scale of the Gallery for respite. However, each element has the strength to operate as a separate entity as well. Each space could serve as its own venue, with the potential for multiple festivals to go on at once, or one or more areas could be utilized for the same event (i.e. an arts fair, food and drink festival, etc.) 44

Functionality Diagram

This map illustrates how people circulate, perceive, and use the site. From identifying key entry thresholds that signal a transition into the site. Similarly, key pedestrian circulation routes were identified to support and justify key entry points and certain spatial configurations of design elements. Areas intended for extended stays, “passive edges”, as well as areas for quick breaks and areas used for lingering during peak times, the “active edges”, were identified. This is important to consider due to the program and scale of events that are supported in each space and whether the space encourages spectating, lingering, or privacy. 45

Legend Key entry points into site

Active Edge

Key pedestrian corridors

Passive Edge

Program Diagram

Legend Outdoor dining and lounging The variety of scales of spaces within the site lends itself to having a wide array of programmatic functions. Generally, the Gallery supports small arts festivals and events, while the Catwalk supports street fairs and block parties, and the Auditorium supports the farmers market as well as large scale performances and festivals. There is also a permanent, climate controlled public art gallery for display of art mediums that canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be displayed outdoors by local artists.

Farmers market stalls Public art gallery Flexible seating/ lounge area

Pop up shops and temporary event spaces Public performance and large festival/ event area Street festivals and smaller public performance space 46

Site Plan and Details

3 11

5 6

7 9 2

8 10 12

L eg e nd

1. Farmers market stalls

5. Elevated lawn

9. Patio Overhang Expansion

2. Shipping container stalls

6. Bike share/parking area

10. Allee with Seating Area

3. Inset plaza

7. Daytime dining & drop-off area 11. Tiered Seating (nighttime) 12. Public Art Gallery 8. Dining Patio Expansion

4. Mural walls

100 ft

Inset Plazas and Mural Walls

Elevated Lawn

Allee with Seating Area

Dining Patio Expansion with Movable Planters

Looking Down the Catwalk

When walking towards Park Street, to the south thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a deck area where people can sit and watch others go by on the Catwalk under the cover of the market building. The decking areas and trees add a more personal scale and flexible edge to the strong linear corridor that is the Catwalk. These spaces are intended to host activities such as outdoor dining or cornhole that people can seek out when wanting to take a break from the main activity along the Catwalk. 49

Looking north are one of the two inset plazas, featuring a bosque of trees to provide adequate shade and a place for people to create, display, and learn about the North Market and surrounding neighborhoods. The goal of these plazas is to create â&#x20AC;&#x153;outdoor roomsâ&#x20AC;?, with each side nestled between a building or wall and cordoned off by corten steel planters. This space is intended to be more reflective and semi-private in nature compared to the decking, with a softer groundplane, movable furnishings, and mural walls that support creating and displaying art. 50

Catwalk Sections

Allee of trees with a clear pathwayBike share stations andLarger plaza can of accommodate group tangent to the Catwalk provide parking on both ends the Catwalk promote seating with a greater ease of access for visitors from Park bike use during off times sense of refuge from (not shown in section) Street the Catwalk

Tiered seating can Tiered seating can be be lounging when in usedused for for viewing the sun during off times staged events occur

Larger plaza Larger plaza can can accommodate group group accommodate seating with a greater seating with a greater sense of refuge from sense oftherefuge Catwalkfrom the Catwalk

Tiered seating can be usedTiered for seating viewing when can be staged events occur used for viewing when

Allee of trees with a clear pathway Allee ofto trees a clear provide tangent thewith Catwalk pathway tangent to the ease of access for visitors from Park Catwalk provide ease of access Street for visitors from Park Street

staged events occur

50 ft

20 20

50 ft 50 ft

n be when ccur

SeatingMovable can be seating allows for people to rearranged and use the space in a combinedway during high that best suits occupancy their needs

Businesses fronting the Catwalk can add informal fences to prevent overcrowding during events

n be when ccur

Seating can be Seating can be rearranged and rearranged and combinedcombined during high during occupancy high occupancy

Businesses fronting Businesses fronting the Catwalk the Catwalk can add can add informal fences to informal fences to prevent overcrowding prevent overcrowding during events during events

50 ft

Auditorium Sections

Market takes prominence in the space during off peak times

Seating can be added or rearranged to direct views to the Auditorium

Prominence of central space from pathway and intentional break in the tree line makes it a conducive space for garnering crowds

Observation of the murals on shipping containers while not in use

Seating can support oneon-one conversation or be combined to support small group activity

Visitors can cross through one of two breezeways made from stacked shipping containers with large murals

Vendors can spill out of shipping container stalls and display their wares outside, drawing people in

Gallery Perspective This rendering, looking up along the allee of trees and into the shipping container market, illustrates the how the arts can combine highlight the market and the City of Columbus. A market in itself at times, the shipping container stalls provide a look into the craze of temporary architecture captivating audiences across the world. As vendors come and go, this space takes on a new life of its own. With murals commissioned by local artists, the richness of the surrounding neighborhoods as well as the North Market can be expressed for visitors and locals to appreciate when visiting the site, even during off peak times.

Pavement Patterns and Details Relates to the scale of programmed activities:

Brings prominence to spaces:

Responds to intended traffic types:

Darker pavers with accented brick crosswalks and lighter pavers bring prominence to areas of pedestrian crossing along Vine Street into the site

Paving in expansive areas that aren’t as consistently utilized, such as the auditorium, differentiate in 4x4 concrete unit blocks, while spaces at a more intimate scale, such as the gallery, differentiate in smaller groupings of 4x2 unit blocks. Each concrete unit paver measures 3’x3’x3”.

Maintaining a strong linear corridor without sacrificing flexibility on active edges on the catwalk, and providing way-finding cues and adding emphasis to the central performance space of the auditorium Level change from the main walking corridor into the deck and gravel plazas, plus a change in materiality, implies these areas support idling or lingering versus walking through

Primary Seating: Seating Program by Concept Areas:

Seating Guidelines:

The Gallery

Modular/Movable: Allows for movement and combination to add to the dynamic and temporal element of the site

- Support small group/individual respite from larger events - Provide areas for extended lounging and eating during non-peak times - Seating must be easily movable with the potential to move or add furniture on the edge of the auditorium area during events

Lingering, Lounging, Eating: Needs to provide the comfort and support for people choosing to use the furniture for extended periods of time Interpersonal: Orientation of seating should promote face-to-face conversation, or individual respite

Seating Typologies: Modular Seating: (found in catwalk & gallery)

The Auditorium - Primarily consists of secondary seating along patio as well as the primary patio seating - Needs to support large number of people while not making the plaza and patio seem empty during non-peak times - Seating should be oriented towards the central node of the auditorium and should utilize seating from the gallery to provide ample viewing from all directions during events

Cafe Seating: (found in gallery, catwalk, & auditorium)

Group Seating: (found in auditorium & catwalk)

The Catwalk - Blends the directional seating elements that are present for the auditorium as well as the interpersonal, movable seating of the gallery - Secondary seating can easily support different scales of crowds while still being an enjoyable amenity during nonpeak times - Needs to focus viewing on the catwalk while providing areas of social respite within the inset plazas and decking Primary seating materials: metal, wood, and concrete 58

Secondary Patio Seating Tiered Seating (peak vs. non-peak use)

Main Entrance Steps (peak vs. non-peak use)

Tiered seating with wood insets provide a comfortable area for lounging for extended periods of time while still being oriented towards the auditorium for events.

The main stairway is on axis with the main entry to the market, and functions as the main flow of people between the market building and surrounding plaza. Similarly, it is one of the few areas on the patio where sitting is not encouraged, adding a wayfinding element during peak times. Dining Patio Stadium Seating (peak vs. non-peak use)

The stadium seating fronts the main stairway and is intended to be a permeable edge to the patio while being a space that supports quick stops, like to finish eating an ice cream cone before heading out, and can be comfortably occupied during events for tiered viewing into the Auditorium. 59

Patio Sections

Group Seating Area

Section across area designated for large group seating, showing the relationship between the secondary, tiered patio seating and the primary seating. Movable planters can be placed to buffer both seating types while still allow for adequate viewing of the Auditorium

Cafe Seating Area The more formal seating area with easily movable cafe tables and seating with back and arm support is designed to support smaller group or individual seating. It is close to the main entry to the market and does not have the level change to transition between walkway and dining area, which is more conducive to people with limited mobility. Additionally, the stadium seating borders the edge of the patio, occupied primarily during peak events. 60

Secondary Seating Perspectives: Elevated Grass Lawn

The elevated grass lawn along the Catwalk provides the useful function of a cool, sunny spot to lounge on as well as a place to fit lots of people that is oriented towards the Catwalk for events. People can either sit along the concrete retention wall or sprawl out on the lawn, which is sloped to provide optimal viewing for when it becomes heavily used during events. 61

Secondary Seating Perspectives: Tiered Deck Seating

Much like the tiered seating along the patio, this seating lining the deck in the center portion of the Catwalk provides a sunny spot to sit during the day and provides prime viewing of any events that occur along the Catwalk. It supports two levels of seating, with a backdrop of ornamental grasses planted at the level of the first riser and small corten divider reaching above the second riser, making the seating feel less expansive when not in peak use.

Planting Palette

Legend:

Planting Palette description Understory plantings were selected to express the artistic theme of the plaza, with bold and unique colors accenting the shipping containers, murals, and colorful metal cafe seating across the site.

Katsura Tree

Siberian Dogwood

Beauty Berry

Lacebark Elm

Winter Jasmine

Purple Wintercreeper

European Hornbeam

Blue Star Juniper

Overdam Feather Reed Grass

Tree Palette

Shrub Palette

Katsura tree

Siberian Dogwood

Winter Jasmine

Lacebark Elm

Blue Star Juniper

Beauty Berry

Groundcover Palette

European Hornbeam

Overdam Feather Reed Grass

Purple Wintercreeper

Conclusion The North Market Plaza was the first urban design project I have ever done, with countless lessons on how to approach designing a plaza and pedestrian street. Like every public space, the connections and access to and from the space are critical, and urban design creates an added layer as different transportation routes, storefronts, and building entrances to consider. Similarly, striking a balance in my design efforts so as not to â&#x20AC;&#x153;over designâ&#x20AC;? a space, while still showcasing my concept and creating a lively space that is flexible and adaptable to different programs and events, was one of the greatest challenge throughout the design process. Additionally, taking an objective, outsider perspective to try to better understand the issues, needs, and constraints that my site and my preconceptions of how the North Market has worked and changed over time has guided me away from personal biases and to a design I feel best serves the public space network and community members of Columbus. Overall, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m grateful to have been able to study one of my favorite places in my hometown, and begin to think of creative solutions to design problems that improve the quality of life and character of a city.

References Site Location: “Maps and Data.” City of Columbus Development, City of Columbus, www.columbus.gov/planning/maps/.

Case Studies: “Midtown Park.” Midtown Park :: Design Workshop, www.designworkshop.com/projects/midtown-park.html.

Columbus Timeline: Evans, Walker. “LeVeque Tower Documentary to Be Screened at The Drexel.” Columbus Underground, 11 Nov. 2011, www.columbusunderground.com/leveque-tower-documentary-to-be-screened-at-the-drexel.

“The Green.” Wagner Murray Architects, wagnermurray.com/project/the-green/.

“Historical Maps and Information.” Franklin County Engineer’s Office, www.franklincountyengineer.org/historicalmaps-and-information/.

“Gay Street Corridor Improvement.” MKSK Studios, 15 May 2018, www.mkskstudios.com/projects/gay-st-corridor.

Seymour, Jon. “Ready or Not, Columbus Is Booming.” Columbus Navigator, 10 Jan. 2019, www.columbusnavigator. com/ready-or-not-columbus-is-booming/.

“Simon and Helen Director Park.” OLIN, www.theolinstudio.com/simon-and-helen-director-park.

“Piatt Park.” Cincinnati Parks, www.cincinnatiparks.com/central/piatt-park/. “Lincoln P Street.” Lincoln P Street :: Design Workshop, www.designworkshop.com/projects/p-street.html.

“Photos: A Look Back at Union Station.” The Columbus Dispatch, 23 May 2018, www.dispatch.com/photogallery/ OH/20180523/PHOTOGALLERY/523009996/PH/1.

Rosado, Evelynn. “Pittsburgh Market Square.” Project for Public Spaces, www.pps.org/projects/pittsburgh-marketsquare.

“Small Business Saturday Favorites.” Chute Gerdeman, 2 Aug. 2017, www.chutegerdeman.com/small-businesssaturday/.

“Market Square Park.” LAND Studio, www.land-studio.org/project/market-square-park.

Market Timeline: Canaday, John. “North Market North Entrance.” My History, Columbus Metropolitan Library, 9 Apr. 2018, digitalcollections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/ohio/id/24111. “Advanced Thresher Warehouse - circa 1979 the Future Home of the North Market at That Time | Our Roots | Places, Warehouse, Space.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/390687336394933017/?lp=true. Evolution Maps: Hendren, Sam. “A Tower Will Rise Above North Market. Below, A Graveyard Awaits.” WOSU Radio, 27 Apr. 2017, radio. wosu.org/post/tower-will-rise-above-north-market-below-graveyard-awaits#stream/0. “Historic 1899 Plates.” Department of Technology and Geographic Information System, City of Columbus, maps. columbus.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Imagery/Historic1899Plates/MapServer. “Historic 1910 Plates.” Department of Technology and Geographic Information System, City of Columbus, maps. columbus.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Imagery/Historic1910Plates/MapServer. Arts Info: Leopold, Todd. “Do You Remember Rock ‘n’ Roll Radio?” CNN, 17 May 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/05/17/showbiz/ hfr-music-radio/index.html. “Wexner Center for the Visual Arts and Fine Arts Library 1989.” EISENMAN ARCHITECTS, eisenmanarchitects.com/ Wexner-Center-for-the-Visual-Arts-and-Fine-Arts-Library-1989. “Columbus College of Art & Design.” Experience Columbus College of Art and Design in Virtual Reality, www.youvisit. com/ccad. “Columbus Museum of Art.” Downtown Columbus, downtowncolumbus.com/listing/columbus-museum-art/.

Columbus

Downtown

Development

“The Source Hotel and Market Hall.” Zeppelin Development, zeppelindevelopment.com/the-source. Plant Palette: “Bodinier’s Beautyberry - Callicarpa Bodinieri Profusion.” Jardins Du Monde, www.jardins-du-monde.be/en/shrubsbushes/40-bodinier-s-beautyberry.html. “Plant Finder.” Spring Meadow Nursery, springmeadownursery.com/plantfinder/filter/common_name/Juniper. “Pyramidal European Hornbeam.” Monrovia, www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/694/pyramidal-europeanhornbeam/. “Katsura Tree - Cercidiphyllum Japonicum, Zone 4, Medium Street Tree.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/74421990 7144167403/?lp=true. “Overdam Feather Reed Grass.” Rum River Tree Farm & Nursery, www.rumrivertreefarm.com/ProductsDetail. cfm?ID=2559&show1=40&show2=66&show3=0&PID=141&siteID=1&ProdID=2559. “Buy Purple Wintercreeper Plants.” Wilson Bros Gardens, www.wilsonbrosgardens.com/Purple-WintercreeperEuonymus-fortunei-Coloratus.html. “Siberian Dogwood Cornus Alba ‘Sibirica’” Amazon: Garden & Outdoors, www.amazon.co.uk/Siberian-DogwoodSibirica-Thompson-Morgan/dp/B076FDTGBL. “Allee Elm, Ulmus Parvifolia ‘Allee’.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/503066220857824613/?lp=true. “Winter Jasmine - Climbing Plants.” Bakker, www.bakker.com/en-gb/p/winter-jasmine-M25968.

Corporation,

“Fourteen Foot Interactive Sculpture Projects Your Face to Re-Contextualize Different Cultures.” Edited by Maria Erman, Designboom, 5 Dec. 2017, www.designboom.com/art/matthew-mohr-interactive-sculpture-12-04-2017/. “November: A Hop to Remember.” 83 GALLERY, 7 Nov. 2012, 83gallery.wordpress.com/category/events/. Lindstrom, Kendall. “Columbus’ HighBall Returns in Costume Oct. 26-27.” CityScene Magazine, 25 Oct. 2018, www. cityscenecolumbus.com/arts-and-entertainment/the-scene-weekend-rundown/columbus-highball-returns-incostume-oct-26-27/. “Rental Inquiries.” Pizzuti Collection, www.pizzuti.columbusmuseum.org/rental-inquiries/. Sanford, Richard. “Short North Stage’s Rapturous La Cage Aux Folles.” Columbus Underground, 7 Nov. 2018, www. columbusunderground.com/short-north-stages-rapturous-la-cage-aux-folles-rs1.