Little India
a bustling ethnic district
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
SITE LOCATION DEVELOPMENT CONTROL MEASURES
Site Area: 3,260.83m2 Gross Plot Ratio: 2.6 Maximum Permissible GFA: 8,478.16m2 Road Buffer: Nil Green Buffer: Nil Planting Strip: Nil Building Height control: 6 Storey (24m)
SITE B Site Area: 3,143.23m2 Gross Plot Ratio: 2.6 Maximum Permissible GFA: 8,172.40m2 Road Buffer: Nil Green Buffer: Nil Planting Strip: Nil Building Height control: 6 Storey (24m)
ZONING
Commercial
Hotels Residential with 1st Floor Commercial Residential White Educational Institution Parks and Recreation Place of Worship
SITE A: SITE B:
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
URBAN GRAIN ANALYSIS
FIGURE GROUND • Unorganized development over the years •
Mix use of town planning
•
Possible road congestion along the narrow roads of shophouse
•
Large open spaces above
•
Largely conserved shophouses
URBAN GRAIN ANALYSIS
FINE GRAIN • Declared as conservation in 1989 • Planned in rectilinear grid like layout • Entrance of the shophouse is orientated towards northeastern
• Shaped and weave Singapore historical culture • Handful of the shophouses were converted to accommodations, temples, mosques or even public housing.
• Narrow lanes with pockets of open spaces • Indirect navigation
URBAN GRAIN ANALYSIS
MEDIUM GRAIN • Public housing scheme was introduced in the 1980s due to the dense and over crowding population.
• Wide space open space • Clustered vertical housing • Substantial public housing along north-west
URBAN GRAIN ANALYSIS
COARSE GRAIN • More compact developments was introduced • Construction for recreation amenities • Generous open spaces • Commercial and service uses have been placed away
URBAN GRAIN ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION • Possible future development of commercial activities. • Uneven distribution of town planning. • A distinctive mixture of amenities used by different civilization, culture and heritage.
• Multi-use of space
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Swampy Rural Area
Cattle Farming
Early Shophouse
Commercialized
Redesign Shophouse
Conservation
DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS
Main Roads
PATHS
•
•
Acts as predominant navigation through the site Increase both vehicular and visitor involvement with the surrounding
Secondary Roads • •
Plays in integral role in establishing the region Almost-parallel networking provides a sense of connectivity to bounded areas
Organization Structure •
Presents a structure where highrise erections are scattered amongst the condensed shophouses
PATHS
Serangoon Road •
•
One of the main thoroughfares on the site. Heavy usage as pedestrian and vehicular pathways
Kitchener–Rangoon Road •
Often heavy with traffic as people and cars are travelling through the region from CTE highway
Pedestrian Paths •
•
Most traffic cuts across the site towards Mustafa Centre Major roads provide a direct means of travel between important nodes
NODES
City Square Mall • •
Expresses a modern architectural language Popular for its commercialized retail shops
Mustafa Centre • •
Most identifiable landmark and nodal point Generates the heaviest foot traffic on any day
Connexion • •
A junction between services of hospitality and lodging Caters to locals and tourists staying in the area
NODES
Green Open Spaces •
•
Unrestricted plots of land that caters to various intimate uses of the space Heighten physical interaction with one another
Tekka Centre • •
Becomes densely populated especially on weekends Popular stitched marketplace for all ethnicities
Typical Shophouse Stall Fresh and beautiful fruits and vegetables are presented out as a communal market.
NODES
Shophouses Beautiful old shophouses line-up along the streets contribute to the colour atmosphere of Little India
As one walk into the mini-mart the background of traditional old india music and the smell of india spices contributes to its culture.
LANDMARKS
Masjid Angulia •
•
A prominent cultural building strategically adjacent to Mustafa Centre Conserved to cater to Muslim migrant workers
Indian Heritage Centre •
A modern hub showcasing Indian culture, heritage and history in Singapore
Sir Srinivasa Perumal Temple
LANDMARKS
Sri Veeramakaliamman •
•
•
One of the earliest Hindu Temples built in Singapore Intricate architecture remains an important landmark in the area
Praying to Krishna in little India
Push Cart Stall •
Flower garland are a important part of worship to the India culture of Hinduism to the god.
DISTRICTS
Little India District boasts a distinct culture and social landscape not found anywhere else in the region
Roadside carts are often found in the area of Little India, they often sells traditional items such as Spices, Saris and Flower Garlands.
Tourists and locals often traversing the winding streets to sample local cuisines
Most explore Mustafa Centre to shop for genuine local brands
DISTRICTS
Deepavali Celebrated by Hindus across the world to mark the triumph of the good over evil and light over darkness with simple lighting such as an oil lamp.
EDGE
Edges The edge clearly segregates the vertical high-rise housing with the central business districts of shophouses
EDGE
SPIRIT OF THE PLACE
Genius Loci The Pathways, Nodes, Landmarks, Districts and Edges we have identified has crafted a unique, cultural and social identity to the region around our site. This is supported by the historical significance the region boasts as many of the events, structures and people have contributed to its inevitability.
Throughout the years, the region has seen much change in its urban landscape, yet, it’s spirit has never diminished. Since the 1900s, the region has always been recognized as a place of commerce, and as such, many people have settled there.
Locals and Tourists alike have been known to sample the food, culture and architecture that has been developed over the years.
The site itself, is centrally located among the various distinct atmospheres. Therefore it is important that the site should be crafted in favour of the visitors, who have come to experience the rich culture, history, and architecture of the region.
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
VISTAS View from 1st Storey
Connexion Looming structure located directly next to the two sites.
Rangoon Road Less imposing faรงade.
Birch Road Shophouse Facing with a sense of linearity due to the continuous horizontal screens elements of the facade.
Serangoon Road Site A: Potential Comfort Open Space (Beware of Future Public Plaza) Site B: Restricted Views
VISTAS View from 6TH Storey
Connexion Obstructs views, less appealing vista
Rangoon Road It pose a reflection of the Site due to its tinted glass façade panel.
CBD Skyline Panoramic view of Singapore’s conservation districts
Serangoon Road Site A: Panoramic View Site B: Semi Panoramic View
GREENS
Less Greens Back then shophouse districts were not as concerned towards green environment and favour towards a more pragmatic approach of city planning.
Greens Greeneries are mostly found within developments of housing estates. Little pockets of greens can be found within Little India communal parks.
HUMAN DENSITY WEEKDAY
High Density • •
Mustafa Shopping Centre State Bank of India
Medium Density • • • • • • • •
City Square Mall Park Hotel Park Royal Hotel Connextion Fortuna Hotel Claremont Hotel Shophouse Restaurant SME - Shophouse
Low Density • • •
Communal Green Space Retail Shophouse Site
HUMAN DENSITY WEEKEND
High Density • • • • • •
Mustafa Shopping Centre City Square Mall Site Shophouse Restaurant Retail – Shophouse Temples
Medium Density • • • • •
Park Hotel Park Royal Hotel Connextion Fortuna Hotel Shophouse Restaurant
Low Density • • •
SME – Shophouse Claremont Hotel State Bank of India
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
PEDESTRIAN + TRANSPORT NODES
NOISE POLLUTION
BUILDING HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS
24,000mm
24,000mm
24,000mm
PROPOSAL
PROPOSAL SERVICES
PROPOSAL SPACES
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
PECULIAR FAÇADE ANALYSIS LITTLE INDIA’S IDENTITY
Greenish Tone
Bluish Tone
Reddish Tone
Yellowish Tone
Distinctive mix use of colors in response to the Hindu Temple
Distinctive response reflected on the façade of Little India
FAÇADE STUDY NEW DEVELOPMENT
TEXTILE ANALYSIS
Material Analysis
Terracotta Tiles
Flooring throughout Little India varies, ranging from colourful mosaic, to the iconic terracotta tiles that guides the journal of Little India corridors.
Warm and matte finish acts as a distinct guiding path along the shophouse corridor.
Aggregate Finish
Peranakan Tiles An eccentric pattern that relate back to the traditional identity of the shophouses.
Grey Stone Tiles
Rough Stone Finish Commonly found around commercial developments Brown Sand Stone
Peranakan Tiles
Rough Stone Finish Pebble Wash
Terracotta Tile
FAÇADE MATERIAL
Rectilinear Squarish Window Tinted Glass Window Cement Plaster Concrete Overhang
Long Rectangular Alum. Cladding with Screens Colorful Sun-Shadding Device
Glass Panel Alum. Cladding with Circular Holes for Ventilation
Glass Panel Flower Petal Tiles
FAÇADE RHYTHM
3.5m
3.0 / 3.5 / 4.5m
3.5m
3.0m 5.0m
Vertical Rhythm
FAÇADE PATTERN
• • •
FAÇADE PATTERN
• • • •
FAÇADE PATTERN
• • •
FAÇADE PATTERN
• •
CONCLUSION FAÇADE ANALYSIS
Peculiar Façade Response - Distinctive use of Polychromatic Colours in response to the Hindu Architecture
Commercial (Response)
Shophouse (Response) Horizontal Façade Rhythm
3.5m
3.5m Vertical Façade Rhythm
3.5m
5.0m
Façade Material Alum. Cladding Glass Panel
Clay Material
Façade Pattern Intersection of Building Form
Continuous Concrete Screen Flooring Material
Rough Stone Tiles
Ceramic Tiles
PROPOSAL CULTURAL IDENTITY
Temporary / Flexible use
Polychromatic Colour Container to be stack above Flat Roof
Temporary / Flexible use
Polychromatic Colour Lighting
Stacking System
PROPOSAL TEXTILE MATERIAL Faรงade Material
Flooring Material
To depict the aging qualities of the historical value pertaining to the site.
In contrast to the rough texture of the site with time. (Lobby Driveway, Communal Plaza) Cortel Steel
Stone Paving
A Typical commercial material for natural day lighting.
A distinct setting that could only be experienced along the corridor of the shophouses. Glass Panel
Red Terracotta Tile
To response the colour contrast of the New Angullia Mosque.
Can be use as an alternate material surrounding the Red Terracotta Tiles Yellow Gold Composite Alum. Panel
Brownish Sandstone Tile
PROPOSAL FAร ADE PATTERN
Sun-Shading Screens
Column Member
Glazing
Typical Faรงade Elevation
PROPOSAL FACADE RHYTHM
Typical Faรงade Section (Response to Shophouse)
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISION
OSAKA JAPAN
SINGAPORE
TROPICAL WET
TROPICAL DRY
TEMPERATE
CONTINENTAL
POLAR
Singapore: Consistently high temperatures, very little variation. Usage of heat reduction strategies such as overhangs, sun shading and solar film (3M) are ideal. Osaka: 4 seasons, with high temperatures from June to August during summer, and low temperatures from November to January during winter. Heat retention strategies such as central heating and South-facing windows are required.
SINGAPORE
OSAKA
HUMIDITY Singapore: Consistently high, ranging from 80 – 90%. Usage of mechanical ventilation and passive dehumidification is necessary. Osaka: Overall slightly less humid than Singapore. Humidity levels increase with the temperature, causing humidity to be highest from June to August, ranging from 60 – 80%. Usage of mechanical ventilation and passive dehumidification during summer, while active ventilation is required in winter.
SINGAPORE
OSAKA
RAINFALL Singapore: Consistently high rate of precipitation, particularly between November and December, when the North-East monsoon takes place. Usage of overhangs to protect occupants from rain and spray, and extensive drainage to eliminate stagnant water are ideal. Osaka: Experiences a lower and overall more varied rate of precipitation due to having 4 seasons and a temperate climate. Design strategies and detailing are more varied, and tend to focus less on water seepage compared to Singapore.
SINGAPORE
OSAKA
WIND ROSE
SINGAPORE
OSAKA
Singapore: Winds come mostly from SSW and NNE, influenced mainly by the North-East and South-West monsoons. Periods in between tend to receive less wind and rain.
Osaka: Wind speed is influenced mainly by the surrounding geographical topography, such as hills and typhoons.
Measures taken to prevent and reduce unpleasant drafts from entering buildings via windows on the North and South facades would be ideal.
Measures should be taken to prevent and reduce drafts running from East-West, as well as withstand typhoons.
NORTH EAST MONSOON
13M/S
PLOT B
PLOT A
2M/S
PLOT B
PLOT A
The tall mass of Connexion forces wind to flow over the building, resulting in an interruption to the airflow reaching our site, creating a pocket of still air behind. The site as a result receives very low amounts of wind from the North. This is the same for low speed winds.
Mechanical ventilation is necessary to cope with the lack of wind flow. However, it can be supplemented by incorporating wind-harvesting strategies into the building design, especially around the area at which the wind speed increases.
NORTH EAST MONSOON The site is filled mostly with low-speed currents, flowing mainly along Serangoon Road. There is also a substantial amount of higher-speed currents being directed from Birch Road to the West. Fortuna and Clarendon Hotel obstruct most of the wind from the site, though there are still currents that flow through and curl along both sites. They receive direct currents of wind. PLOT B
PLOT A
13M/S
The wind currents would be disrupted by any street level developments on site. Solid structures on site A would block the flow to currents to site B, and vice versa. Building massings should be porous so as not to obstruct current flow across the site.
SOUTH WEST MONSOON
13M/S
PLOT A
PLOT B
2M/S
PLOT A
PLOT B
Higher level winds pass through relatively uninterrupted over the rooftops of low-level buildings and shophouses of Little India, filling the site area with wind.
Natural ventilation can be used as a main cooling strategy. However, cautionary measures need to be taken as high wind speeds on the upper levels can be disruptive to occupants if allowed to flow freely through the building.
SOUTH WEST MONSOON Higher speed wind currents flow mainly along Racecourse Road, causing less wind currents to flow into the site. Connexion disrupts most of the wind flow, causing there to be weaker wind currents and overall less wind flowing into the site.
PLOT B
PLOT A
13M/S
Surface wind is relatively low across both site. Taking this into consideration, designs must be careful not to completely block the limited wind flow. Site B will potentially not receive wind at all, therefore requires the use of alternative cooling strategies such as passive cooling.
SUN PATH
SINGAPORE
Singapore: Equinox passes directly overhead Strategies to shade roofs such as green roofs or double roofs; airwells or skylights can be used to capitalize on light provision. Overhangs on the North and South faces can also be used in the building
OSAKA
Osaka: Equinox passes further South, resulting in less light in the North faces Strategies to bring daylight into the building such as having Southfacing windows or openings can be used.
EQUINOX
NORTH FACE
SOUTH FACE
SITE
SITE
EQUINOX NORTH FACE
SOUTH FACE
PLOT B PLOT A PLOT A
PLOT B
0800 - 1700
0800 - 1700
0900
1300
1700
0900
Plot B receives ample shading on the Northern half. While Plot A receives shading mainly on the Southern façade Areas with most sun exposure: Mid to late afternoon – North West and South West facades Extensive shading is required for the Southern facades, including strategies such as brise-soleil, overhangs, and use of vertical louvres or fins
1300
1700
JUNE SOLSTICE
NORTH FACE
SOUTH FACE
SITE
SITE
JUNE SOLSTICE NORTH FACE
SOUTH FACE
PLOT B PLOT A PLOT A
PLOT B
0800 - 1700
0800 - 1700
0900
1300
1700
0900
Site is largely shaded by Connexion and Park Hotel, especially plot B in the morning and afternoon. Areas with most sun exposure: Mid-morning – South East façade; Mid-afternoon – South East and South West facades Sunshading measures such as overhangs and recessed windows help reduce heat gain.
1300
1700
DECEMBER SOLSTICE
NORTH FACE
SOUTH FACE
SITE
SITE
DECEMBER SOLSTICE NORTH FACE
SOUTH FACE
PLOT B PLOT A PLOT A
PLOT B
0800 - 1700
0800 - 1700
0900
1300
1700
0900
Site is largely unshaded, apart from the South East façade of plot B which is shaded by the adjacent buildings, Clarendon Hotel and Serangoon Building. Areas with most sun exposure: Mid-morning to late-afternoon – North West and South West facades . Extensive shading is required for the Southern facades, including strategies such as brise-soleil, overhangs, and use of vertical louvres or fins
1300
1700
PSYCHOMETRIC Singapore: Temperature and humidity rates are consistently high with 0% overlap with the recommended comfort zone. Comfort is impossible to achieve with the existing climate. Design strategies that are focused mainly on cooling and dehumidification are ideal. Examples include natural and mechanical ventilation, sun shading and passive dehumidification.
Osaka: Temperature and humidity rates are quite varied due to having 4 distinct seasons, having an 8.3% overlap with the recommended comfort zone. Design strategies are varied, but focus more towards internal heating and humidification to cater to the winter season, as well as sun shading and mechanical ventilation to cater to the summer season.
SINGAPORE
OSAKA
0.0% 28.7% 0.5% 1.3% 98.3%
8.2% 13.4% 3.4% 12.3%
Comfort Sun Shading of Windows Fan-Forced Ventilation Cooling Dehumidification only Cooling, add Dehumidification if needed
Comfort Sun Shading of Windows High Thermal Mass Night Flushed Fan-Forced Ventilation Cooling
21.8% 8.5% 34.8%
Internal Heat Gain Passive Solar Direct Gain Low Mass Heating, add Humidification if needed
CONTENT Site Introduction Urban Grain Analysis Historical Development Design Parameters Faรงade Analysis Environmental Analysis Design Strategy
SHADOW STUDIES Stacking • Provides sufficient self-shading
Park Hotel
during noon time (as building is constantly shaded by surrounding buildings)
• Helps
maintain
comfortable
outdoor spaces year-round
SITE A
Claremont Hotel
SHADOW STUDIES Stacking • Compare to Site A, Site B is even
Park Hotel
heavily
shaded
by
adjacent
building such as Park Hotel and The Claremont Hotel
• Provides opportunity for more
SITE B
exposed exterior space as not
Claremont Hotel
much shading is required from the massing itself
SUN PATH Slicing • Slicing and splitting increases the surface area of the massing • Allow more sunlight to penetrate the building mass • As the site is constantly shaded by
adjacent
SITE A
fenestrations
building would
sunlight into massing
large maximize
SUN PATH Slicing • Compared to Site A,
Site B’s
massing requires more surface area to be exposed to the sunlight
SITE B
• As the sunlight is constantly block by adjacent building
• According to the diagram, one of the massings has to be lowered • Does
not
block
the
towards the other massing
sunlight
WIND STUDIES Porosity • Abundant voids are introduced
Park Hotel
into the massing
Fortuna Hotel
SITE A
• An increase in the porosity of the building
• Wind flow is not obstructed • Water bodies can be strategically placed within corridors • Allows evaporative cooling to happen along wind paths
Void/ air pockets
WIND STUDIES Porosity • Compared to Site A, most of the
Park Hotel
wind flow is blocked by Park Hotel
SITE B
Fortuna Hotel
• More voids should be introduced into the massing, especially the
part of the massing facing the gap between Park Hotel and Fortuna Hotel, which is where the wind is able to flow through
Void/ air pockets
Fin.