Kallol Shah ...................................................................... THE GENEROUS SKYSCRAPER ...................................................................... Dr. Philip OldďŹ eld & Ivan Ip The University of New South Wales Master of Architecture High Performance Technology 2017 Graduation Project
To all the farmers in the world who work relentlessly to bring food to our plates - Thank you.
A green patriot poster that represents the power of local farmers in the U.S.
Climate change and sustaining climate change are the most spoken topics about 21st century. The cause of climate change has been man kind. It is going to take few generations to reverse the clock on climate change. Lot has been spoken and written about climate change since Al Gore’s campaign, “An Inconvenient Truth”. This was the first time a political leader spoke about climate change on a world stage. It’s been a decade since and only recently there has been a political will towards the issue of climate change. One of the major criterion for climate change is self sufficiency which brings along carbon neutrality. Self sufficiency refers to sustaining independently. This project will explore and exhibit if Sydney or precisely, the Circular Quay precinct can be self sufficient with the help of vertical farming. The report will further dwell into master planning of the APDG site.
How can vertical farming sustain a mixed used development in a dense urban context?
How can vertical farming engage with the urban workplace?
CONTENTS
01
FRAMEWORK
02
THEMATICS
03
EXPLORATION
04
SITE ANALYSIS
05
CONCEPT
06
DEVELOPMENT
07
VISUALS
01 FRAMEWORK
Image 01 : Agricultural scenes of threshing, a grain store, harvesting with sickles, digging, tree-cutting and ploughing from Ancient Egypt. Tomb of Nakht, 15th century BC.
16
History of agriculture
Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. These regions were close to water and domesticated animals helped further in evolution of farming. These were the times when farming was a process without chemicals or pesticides. Today, we have gone back in time and are promoting organic farming.
17
World 10,000 Years ago...
The invention of agriculture dates back some 10,000 years and arose spontaneously at multiple sites throughout the world. Some of the prominent regions were Mexico, China, The Middle East, and Borneo. With the onset of written languages, records of what to do and what to avoid in agriculture were left behind. Planting schedules, what to plant, how to store grains and so forth all had to be written down. Equally important was to know what time of the year it is to grow crops. Population : 1 million equivalent to current Adelaide population
18
Australia First fleet settlement
Agriculture : First informed farming started in Sydney
Farm cove Paramatta (current Rose Hill)
Population : 25,000 white settlement + 40,000 indigenous people
In 1788, the first government farm was established at farm cove. Soon after the failure of crops at the farm, the land was converted into Royal Botanical Gardens. Simultaneously, First self sufficient farming developed in Paramatta for the first fleet settlement in Australia. Corn being one of the major crops grown in 1790.
19
World Demographics & Agriculture
Current Population Agriculture Land 2050 Population Agriculture Land
7.5 billion 17.84 million km2
9.7 billion 17.84 million km2 (South America) + 8.516 million km2 (Brazil)
Additionally, Every day 1 million people are added to existing urban areas through out the world.
20
Australia Demographics & Agriculture
Current Population Agriculture Land 2050 Population Agriculture Land
24.5 million 4.06 million km2 (52% of total land)
37 million 4.06 million km2 + 2.50 million km2
Additionally, Every day approximately 450 people are added to the existing population of Australia.
NSW Current Population Agriculture Land
7.75 million 72,850 km2 (9% of total NSW land
area)
2050 Population
10.45 million
With growing population of NSW, the land area required for agriculture to supply sufficient produce is extremely high.
21
Sydney Demographics & Agriculture
Hawkesbury Region
Current Population Agriculture Land
5.7 million 65.5 km2 (produce farm only)
2050 Population
7.7 million
Sydney CBD 2016 2036
8650 17869
Wollondilly Region
NSW is a net importer of large volumes of vegetables from other States and Sydney imports the vast bulk of its vegetables from outside the Sydney region. The major implication of the development of the Southern and North West Growth Centres is that the number of vegetable farms in the Sydney Region could fall by more than 50% and the area devoted to greenhouse vegetables could decline by as much as 60% Image 02-04 : source - harvest trails & markets
22
Australia The Agriculture Issue
Import of produce from all over.
3.6 million hectare of deforestation
4 million 2 million km2
Australia faces number of challenges in terms of agriculture. Australia exports fruits and vegetables but simultaneously imports from all over the world. Sydney not only imports from abroad but also from other states. Land clearing or deforestation for agriculture is one of the main issues facing Australia.
Current
5 degree temp. rise
Australia is the driest continent on earth. Adverse effects of climate change will lead to 10% loss of agricultural land with rise of 1 degree global temperature.
23
Australia Produce produced 46.0
42.7
48.5 1,212.0
56.3
296.0
271.5
TOTAL - 3,101 62.6
271.3 69.8
246.5
81.6
136.9
All ďŹ gures are in million tonnes
102.5 24
Sydney Finding food
Production
Retail
Grains
33%
Supermarkets, grocery store
62%
Meat
31%
Cafes, restaurants
14%
Fruits, vegetables
18%
Takeaway Outlets
10%
Milk
10%
Liquor retailing
7%
Other food
7%
Seafood
5%
Other food
3%
25
Food precincts Sydney
Australia’s tourism is thriving on the gastronomical variety offered through it’s food culture Sydney is a melting pot of different cultures, home to people from countries as diverse as Greece, Cambodia and Brazil. This has supplied Sydneysiders with a never-ending selection of multicultural cuisines. This food culture is reflected in culture driven precincts. Italian cuisine in Leichhardt & Asian near Central to name a few. The popular tourist precincts have multi cuisine food to offer like Darling Harbour. The variety of cuisine demands variety in produce. This produce is sourced either locally or is imported.
26
Self sufficient restaurants Sydney
The mapped restaurants in Sydney are self sufficient. These restaurants run on the ideology of ‘Paddock to Plate’. Apart from this, QT Sydney (marked with a bigger dot )produces its vegetables on the roof top, thus reducing food mile to near zero.Other restaurants in the precincts are self sufficient by growing their own produce outside greater Sydney. Hence, the food travels miles before reaching the plate. This gives an opportunity for these restaurants and many other food joints to self suffice food and reduce ‘food miles’ to ‘food feet’.
27
Markets and Trends Sydney
Food Trends - Food festivals + Food trucks - OzHarvest is a food rescue organisation in Australia, collecting excess food from commercial outlets and delivering it direct to more than 900 charities who support people in need across Australia. Most of the food markets are open only on the weekends. Majority of them are open once a week. Mapping the markets in Sydney show that they are either on the periphery of the CBD or away from the CBD in the suburbs. It is realised that the markets are away from the food precinct of the CBD. It shows that the weekend food markets cater only to the neighbourhood. The concept of paddock to plate experiences extra food miles for the food precincts, making them not self sufficient. The ideology of ‘Food Feet’ and not ‘Food Miles’ needs to be incorporated.
28
29
Urban farming Sydney
The Camperdown Commons & Sydney Park are two prominent urban farms in greater Sydney. There are few roof top food gardeners in and around CBD area. The research showed that size able number of people grow produce in their backyards or on their apartment balconies. The biggest urban farm is in the west at Horsely Park. There is awareness yet lack of Urban farming in Sydney.
30
31
Self sufficiency Sydney 2017-5-10
Best Sydney restaurants fo f r fresh produce | Daily Te T legraph
Sydney Taste
NEWS
BUSINESS
MARKETS
STREET TA T LK
REAL ESTA TATE
OPINION
TECHNOLOGY
PERSONAL FINANCE
LEADERSHIP
LIFESTYLE
ALL
Home / Life f sty t le / Food & Wine Mar 4 2016 at 3:11 PM
Updated Mar 4 2016 at 3:59 PM
Save Art r icle
License Art r icle
Top p Au A strallian restaurants are growiing g th heiir own prod duce
Related articles Danish brewery makes 'Pisner' beer f om urine fr Whine time: Frost fr f eezes Bordeaux Bliss balls, chia pods the next 'pit-stop' snack Meet the We W st's new ranchers Local tastes prove v a labour of love v fo f r chefs f Assaggio owner Davide Carapella (left f ) and head chef Nick Ta T dija source produce fo f r the restaurant from Davide's grandmother, Antoniett t a Parlett t a's garden. Morne de Klerk
Best Syd y ney e restau a rant ns f r fr fo f esh produ d ce: From Fa arm to Fo ork r buil i ds on paddock c to plat ae move v ment n Angela Saurine, DailyTelegraph A Septemb m er 1, 2015 12:00am
THERE was a time not so long ago wh w en a chef’ f s job mostly involved making fo f od look and taste good. But in a world wh w ere TV T cooking shows and multimedia has made customers more knowl w edgeable and demanding than ever befo f re, knowing wh w ere the produce they serv r e comes fr f om and ensuring it is as fr f esh, local and seasonal as possible has become increasingly important. Phrases like “paddock to plate” and “fa f rm to table” have become part of the vernacular, and menus commonly list the region wh w ere the fo f od comes fr f om, alongside the price of the dish.
Ninety-ye y ar-old Antonietta Parletta is running a profe f ssional f rming operation fr fa f om her backy k ard in suburban Adelaide. The produce: tomatoes, eggplants, broadbeans and macadamias. The client: grandson Dav a ide Carapella. by Lucille Keen
Growing up, Carapella's fa f mily grew almost all their own fr f uit and ve v getables. "We W were fa f rmers in the middle of suburbia," he say a s. In line with the global trend towards more rustic fo f od, Carapella last ye y ar decided that his 10-ye y ar-old restaurant, Assaggio, would ove v rhaul its menu and fo f cus on fr f esh, locally sourced ingredients like those he grew up with.
“There’s defi f nitely been a shift f ,” Three Blue Ducks chef Darren Robertson says. “People are a lot more educated. The standard has been raised in terms of the general public’s knowl w edge about fo f od. That’s really, really cool. “Restaurants put a lot more info f rmation on their menus now. It isn’t the cheapest option, so it helps to justify f . News_Image_File: (From left f ) Chris Sorrel, Darren Robertson, Jeff f Bennett, Mark LaBrooy and Sam Reid are the team behind the new Three Blue Ducks at The Farm, Byron Bay. “But people aren’t afr f aid to spend a little bit more money on good quality produce as opposed to fa f st fo f od rubbish. “A lot of next-generation chefs f are more interested in produce, how it’s grown and wh w ere it’s f om. They are as interested in learning about the land as they are in techniques in the fr kitchen.”
32
How about proposing pocket farms?
33
02 THEMATICS
Pasona Precedent 1
Location : Tokyo, Japan Architect : Kono Designs
In the offices of Pasona, 20% of their 215,000 square foot office is to grow fresh vegetables, making it the largest urban farm in Japan. Refurbishing a 50 year old building to include office areas, an auditorium, cafeterias, a rooftop garden and urban farming facilities. The building actively engages with the neighbourhood through both a visual intervention in their busy lifestyle and educational programs focusing on farming methods and practices that are common in Japan. The building is an actively growing building, with plantings used for educational workshops where Pasona employees and community members can come in and learn farming practices. The building not only re-energises the occupants but also the neighbourhood through programs for a sustainable environment.
36
Reclaiming + Restoring + Re-energizing
37
Sunquio district Precedent 2
Location : Shanghai, China Architect : Sasaki Associates
With 24 million inhabitants to feed and a decline in the availability and quality of agricultural land, Shanghai is set to realize the Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District, a 100-hectare masterplan. Sunqiao will introduce large-scale vertical farming to the city of soaring skyscrapers by using urban farming as a dynamic living laboratory for innovation, interaction, and education. The master plan deploys a range of urban-friendly farming techniques, such as algae farms, oating greenhouses, green walls, and vertical seed libraries. It creates a robust public realm, celebrating agriculture as a key component of urban growth. An interactive greenhouse, science museum, aquaponics showcase, and festival market signal an attempt to educate generations of children about where their food comes from.
38
Urban Sustainability
39
Markthal Precedent 3
Location : Rotterdam, Netherlands Architect : MVRDV
Markthal includes a huge market oor on the ground oor under an arch of apartments. Unique is not only its shape and size, but especially the way the different functions are combined. The combination of an apartment building covering a fresh food market with food shops, restaurants, a supermarket and an underground parking is unprecedented. After the refurbishment the outdoor market will be reconďŹ gured, the market lanes will connect seamlessly to the entrances of Markthal, to allow the public to easily enter and exit the building and to create incentives between the two markets, indoor and outdoor. Markthal is a building without a backside. All sides of the building are accessible or shop windows. The entire supply for the hall, the shops and restaurants is therefore located underground.
40
The Marketplace
41
New York Sun works Precedent 4
Location : New York, New York
NY Sun Works is a non-profit organization that builds innovative science labs in urban schools. Through our Greenhouse Project Initiative they use hydroponic farming technology to educate students and teachers about the science of sustainability. In 2007, New York Sun Works created the Science Barge; a floating, sustainable urban farm located on the Hudson River. It was the first demonstration of a high-yield, commercial-grade urban food production facility which was powered by wind and solar energy, heated with vegetable oil, and irrigated by rainwater.
42
Celebrating Sustainability
43
Wake Spaces Up Precedent 5
Location : HĂ Noi, Vietnam Architect : Farming Studio
Hanoi has lot of balconies which are unused due to dust, noise and burglary problems of the urban area. Citizens hardly communicate - interact with the external environment, with surrounding neighborhood The steel girder-tree system works as a new look for the house in order to create double space for the balcony area. Maximum expansion of glass doors system into balcony takes advantage of the natural light–wind source to the building. Creating microclimate as well as minimizing the adverse effects of climate and surrounding environment by dint of the steel girder-tree system at balcony acting as a sun-proof barrier and a rain-proof structure.
44
Biophilia
45
Casablanca new sustainable market Precedent 6
Location : Morocco Architect : Tom van Odijk, David Baars
The proposal feature an elevated plaza and an underground services level, providing an infrastructure for both the legal and illegal markets that currently dominate the surrounding streets. The towering concrete structures would shade the markets from intense sunshine and shelter them from the rain. Rainwater would drain off the surface of the oversized petals and be channelled into underground storage tanks so it could be reused for cleaning the paving in the square or for ushing the new public toilets. Rubbish disposal chutes would be tucked between the columns, directing litter into concealed underground bins.
46
Social sustainability
47
03 EXPLORATION
Farming sans soil
Aeroponics The principle of aeroponics is to grow plants suspended in a closed or semi-closed environment by spraying the plant’s dangling roots and lower stem with an atomized or sprayed, nutrient-rich water solution. The leaves and crown, extend above. The roots of the plant are separated by the plant support structure. Often, closed-cell foam is compressed around the lower stem and inserted into an opening in the aeroponic chamber, which decreases labor and expense; for larger plants, trellising is used to suspend the weight of vegetation and fruit.
50
Cocoponics Dry coconut strands are very rich in nutrients. Cocoponics is a simple methodology of growing plants in coir. The plant seeds are embedded into the a pot of full of coir and is water everyday for its growth,
Farming sans soil
Hydroponics Hydroponics is a subset of hydro culture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution, or the roots may be supported by an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel. The nutrients in hydroponics can be from ďŹ sh waste, duck manure, or normal nutrients.
Aquaponics Aquaponics refers to any system that combines conventional aquaculture (raising aquatic animals such as snails, ďŹ sh, crayďŹ sh or prawns in tanks) with hydroponics (cultivating plants in water) in a symbiotic environment. In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is fed to a hydroponic system where the by-products are broken down by nitrifying bacteria initially into nitrites and subsequently into nitrates, which are utilized by the plants as nutrients, and the water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.
51
IKEA DIY spherical garden Growing methods
Developed by the IKEA innovation lab Space10 alongside architects sine lindholm and mads-ulrik husum, the spherical “Growroom” is a DIY garden structure intended to help people “grow their own food much more locally in a beautiful and sustainable way.” Designed for communities to affordably start their own urban gardens, the Growroom takes up only 2.8 x 2.5 meters of space, using a spherical shape that allows plants to receive ample light within a vertical setup. It is designed to support our everyday sense of well being in the cities by creating a small oasis or ‘pause’-architecture in a high-paced societal scenery, and enables people to connect with nature.
52
Trellis Growing methods
Th e A-frame “trellis” design was the fi rst commercially successful hydroponic system to exhibit a vertical orientation. Varieties of this design consist of pipes configured either vertically or horizontally to form a triangular extrusion of its footprint, thus increasing the available growing surface without meaningfully reducing sunlight access.
Growing length = 4.27 m Linear footprint = 1.50 m
The primary advantage of the A-frame design is its simplicity, as it achieves a high degree of space effi ciency while utilizing technology that has been standard in the hydroponic industry for decades.
53
Stacked beds Growing methods
The design is merely a stacking of the standard in-line pipe beds that continue to be the system of choice for commercial hydroponic farms. Much like the ramification of stratifying floors in a vertical farm, the design’s stacked configuration doesn’t allow sunlight to penetrate each layer, making artificial lighting a necessity. The best commercial example of the stacked bed approach is the design used by TerraSphere Systems, which has implemented systems with five tiers of growing surface within a 3 metre fl oor to ceiling height.
54
Growing length = 7.50 sq.m Linear footprint = 1.50 sq.m
Stacked drums Growing methods
Though it is the least common commercial hydroponic system listed here, the drum design likely offers the most promise for the future of indoor agriculture. It consists of growing plants within the interior of a drum structure positioned around a central artiďŹ cial light source, resulting in an extraordinarily low space and energy use per unit of production.
Growing area = 5.65 sq.m Footprint area = 0.80 sq.m
Today the most popular variant is produced by Omega Garden™ of Victoria, B.C., which features a mechanism that rotates the drum through a tray containing nutrient solution.
55
Living machine Technology
A Living Machine is a self-contained biological wastewater treatment system designed to purify water using microorganisms, algae, plants, snails, and ďŹ sh. Physically it consists of a number of containers or cells housing the various biological entities, through which the water is circulated to increasing purity. The micro-ecosystem of a Living Machine system can be integrated with the macro-ecosystem just as ecosystems fade into one another naturally. This connection is commonly made with an outdoor constructed or natural wetland into which the effluent ows. Some living machines are partially or completely open to the outdoors, and this promotes interaction with the surrounding environment.
56
PURIFIED WATER
BLACK WATER
Water system Technology
57
Anaerobic digester Technology
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste or to produce power. Its a closed loop system in terms of vertical farming. (as shown in the diagram) Incorporating modern waste management strategies into the vertical farm model works without the need for new technologies to come to the rescue. It must be emphasised that urbansustainability will be only realised through the valuing of waste as a commodity.
58
Controlled environment agriculture Technology
Light is source of energy for photosynthesis as well as a source of signal or information activating photomorphogenesis and other physiological processes such as secondary metabolite production in plants. The wavelengths of photosynthetically active light and physiologically active lights overlap, so that photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis are often concurrent. Thus light helps in controlled environment agriculture.
59
Vertical farming Requirements
1
60
Capture sunlight and disperse it evenly among the crops.
2
Capture passive energy for supplying a reliable source of energy.
Vertical farming Requirements
3
Employ good barrier design for plant protection.
4
Maximize the amount of space devoted to growing crops.
61
04 SITE ANALYSIS
64
65
66
APDG Site Introduction
Circular Quay is a harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the northern edge of the Sydney central business district on Sydney Cove, between Bennelong Point and The Rocks. It is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The Circular Quay area is a popular for tourism and consists of walkways, pedestrian malls, parks and restaurants. It hosts a number of ferry quays, bus stops, and a train station. APDG is a block of land in the CBD of Sydney near Circular Quay with a premium value. The block is named after the surrounding four streets: Alfred St, Pitt St, Dalley St and George St. The APDG block proposal is “to provide for additional building height on parts of certain sites, if the development provides for publicly accessible open space, lanes and other links through the site.� The urban design outcome of the proposal is an improved public square location with improved solar access. As per the City of Sydney proposal, the DCP addresses the following key design considerations: -Streets, lanes and through-site links -New squares -Active frontages
67
Site Analysis : Sun The advantage of the APDG site is that it allows maximum solar access for the building standing tall on Alfred Street. The problem arises when the buildings behind do not receive maximum sunlight during winter.
Winter Solstice
9 am
68
12 pm
3 pm
Site Analysis : Sun
Summer Solstice
9 am
12 pm
3 pm
69
Demographics Site Analysis
Population
Age Distribution
Sydney CBD
Household Types
0-19
20-39
40-59
60+
Singles
Couples
Group
Families
2016
8,650
2016
22,250
110,650
48,050
26,350
2016
42,065
23,250
15,600
18,600
2036
17,869
2036
46,053
165,027
72,929
41,888
2036
57,121
42,439
20,166
29,612
Users 14 & below
4.1%
Professionals
15-24
Uni Students
Renters
Long term residents
10%
11%
56%
56%
24%
14%
65%
65%
Managers
Traders
Clerical Workers
Service Workers
44%
24%
0
13%
8%
33%
15%
8%
12%
12%
Housing
Public Housing
4.1%
70
Bedrooms
Cars
Density residents/km2
1.5
0.5
1669
1.7
0.7
5039
Site Precinct Sydney CBD
Restaurant Mapping
The mapping of ďŹ ne dine restaurants is key to the project. The restaurants mapped can source the produce locally and reduce the food miles. The produce grown on site can be delivered on deiiivery carts.
71
Site Analysis : Transit
Overcrowding between train and ferry at Circu-
Vehicles Buses Railway Pedestrian Proposed Light Rail
Amongst all the transit systems at Circular Quay, the maximum interchange is between the railway and ferries. This congestion needs to be relaxed. The bus route shown in blue also operates as bus terminal at Circular Quay. This allows for unwanted inactive street frontages. Also, the movement of heavy vehicles is not a desirable site for a heavy pedestrian traffic. The footfall is supposed to grow as per data predictions. Alternatively, the bus terminal needs a rethink and allow for pedestrian friendly roads.
72
Site Analysis : Transit
With the intent of proposing the light rail, the transport hub corridor will act as a threshold for the city to the harbour. The transit between different transport systems as show in the above diagram will hamper the movement of pedestrians in every direction. This also results in undesirable public spaces where people cannot appreciate the beauty of the precinct. As seen in the contextual map, maximum public areas are beyond the transport threshold. There are very few prominent public spaces to the south, of which some are almost dead after business hours. This project gives an opportunity to engage people and activate these spaces throughout the day.
73
05 CONCEPT
76
77
CELEBRATE • LIVE • WORK S U S T A I N A B L Y
78
Conceptual Brief
Keeping to the theme of the studio, High Performance Technology meaning optimising every aspect of the architectural proposition, the project aims to achieve self sustainability not only in terms of produce grown for the occupants but making the project self reliant in all aspect. This includes generating electricity for the buildings and also treating water to make it drinkable. This approach brings sustainability into the core and celebrating it by spreading awareness. Since the project is located in Australia’s costliest real estate, it will throw a light on making construction projects self reliant. The project design is a mix of education on sustainability, work around sustainability and live with self reliance. With this concept, the project will comprise of research labs on vertical farming, showcase vertical seed library and hold workshops for eager urban farmers. Boosting new jobs in the industry.
79
Comparison
80
Relationship diagrams
81
Building life cycle
82
Farming concepts
Farm
Public space
Private work spaces
Multiple green oor planes
Eco-balconies for offices
Ground oor permeability through green
83
The Australian City The city grid
1
0.5
1
The Hoddle Grid is the contemporary name given to the approximately 1 x 1/2 mile grid of streets that form the central business district of Melbourne.
84
Similarly, the APDG site is laid out on a grid with the introduction of laneways and marketplaces in different blocks of the grid.
Laneways Activating the streets
Circular Quay is a vibrant precinct, but the lane ways are either inactive or are loading zones for the buildings. The lane ways have a strong potential to connect people in east - west direction along with making them ow towards the Quay. The mapping is a proposal to make the precinct pedestrian friendly.
Connect all corners of the site with lane ways and bring East-West & North-South connectivity. The building mass to the north creates a canyon effect and minimal exposure to north light due to broken mass. Existing laneways
Proposed laneways
85
Public space connections
Proposing a strong ground oor plane which acts as a congregation space. Simultaneously, activating laneways for a vibrant atmosphere that connects different plazas near the site.
86
Solar Study
Rectifying the north mass allows sunlight onto the lane ways during winter. Another challenge is to maximize the solar gain in the courtyard created in the centre. Different building heights can achieve solar gains Shorter building to the north and taller to the south.
87
Summer Solstice
9 am
88
12 pm
3 pm
Winter Solstice
9 am
12 pm
3 pm
89
Site speciďŹ c massing strategy
90
Ground plane behaviour
The cores of the buildings should open into a central plaza which keeps the spaces active. The core of the south tower is split with the intention of opening up views to the south and easy approach to the site from either side of the site.
A public plaza needs a considerable amount of ground oor plane. To keep it alive it is mandatory to have a permeable site and buildings.
Simulataneously, the groundoor interface needs to be engaging and programs like retail outlets, food markets and public facilities will enhance the objectives.
91
Ground plane exploration
92
Massing Strategy
The facade of the two buildings facing North will attract more light. Hence, vertical farming will ourish with natural light.
The top oors of the buildings can produce beautiful views looking into the harbour, over looking the Sydney Opera House, the Harbour bridge and North Sydney.
Given by the complexity of the brief and aim of the project, it is important to link the towers together. Not the physically but visually too.
93
06 DEVELOPMENT
Masterplan
1:1000
9 96
Programmatic brief offices
labs and workshops
marketplace
exhibition spaces
cafes and bars vertical circulation for people
service elevators for vertical farm
97
1:1000
98
Ground oor plan qualities of space
Cafe / Bar
Retail
Active laneways
Lobby / Co-working spaces
Markets
Plaza as a strong public space
Food kiosks
Pop-up stalls / Food trucks
Active street frontage
99
Tower 1 Tier 1 Level 1
100
1:200
Tower 1 Tier 1 Level 2
1:200
101
Tower 1 Tier 2
1:400
102 02
Tower 1 Tier 3 Level 1 & 2
1:400
103
Tower 1 Tier 4
104
1:200
Section 1:1500
105
106
Marketplace relationships
107
Key Sections
Active ground floor plane
108
Active street frontage
Visual relationship to the other towers
Greening the urban workplace
109
Bay study section
110
SUMM
ER SO LSTICE
ESD sections
E
ER
IC ST OL
S
T IN
W
THERMAL MASS
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL + MECHANICAL VENTILATION
NATURAL VENTILATION
111
Typical node detail 1:20
112
Servcing strategy
BLACKWATER
POTABLE WATER
WATER STORAGE
FILTERATION SYSTEM
RAIN WATER
LIVING MACHINE GREYWATER
FERTILIZER
IRRIGATION
RESTAURANTS
VERTICAL FARMING
OCCUPANTS WATER
MARKET
COOKING
REFRIGERATION
HEATING
FOOD WASTE
ELECTRICITY
COOKING
HVAC
PV PANELS
CO-GENERATION PLANT
METHANE
FARM WASTE
BIO-DIGESTER
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Growing statistics
12 Pods
6 Levels
Footprint
:
Usable floor area
1,292 sq.m.
Footprint
:
: 1,292 sq.m. - 20 % = 1,034 sq.m.
Usable floor area
: 24 sq.m. - 20 %
= 19.2 sq.m.
Total floor area
: 1034 sq.m. x 6
Total floor area
: 19.2 sq.m. x 12
= 230 sq.m.
Famring Method
: Stacked Bed
Farming Method
: Conventional
(access/circulation)
Growing Area (w/ stacked beds) : * ratio of growing area to footprint of 5 tier stacked bed design hydroponic system is 5:1
120
= 6,204 sq.m.
6,204 sq.m. x 5* = 31,020 sq.m.
24 sq.m. (access/circulation)
Growing Area (w/ soil) :
230 sq.m.
16 Villages
Footprint
:
96 sq.m. (approx.)
Usable floor area
: 96 sq.m. - 20 % = 76.4 sq.m.
Total floor area
: 76.4 sq.m. x 6 floors/village x 16 villages = 7,335 sq.m.
Famring Method
: Stacked Circular Columns
Total Footprint
:
1412 sq.m. (approx.)
(access/circulation)
Total growing area
:
82,595 sq.m. (approx.)
Growing Area (w/ stacked circular beds) : 7335 sq.m. x 7* = 51,345 sq.m.
* ratio of growing area to footprint of 7 tier stacked bed design hydroponic system is 7:1
1
:
58.5
121
Program : Project Statistics - Harvest
Produce
Basil
Cucumber
Coriander
Kale
Plant growth
10 plants
10 plants
10 plants
10 plants
Food growing area needed
8.25 m2
7425 m2
8.25 m2
1220m2
1
80
1
14
1,825 cups
32,850 cups
1,825 cups
14,600 cups
No. of farm pods ( 1 farm pod = 100m2 )
Total amount of produce ( per year )
122
Produce
Lettuce
Mushroom
Strawberry
Tomato
Plant growth
10 plants
10 plants
10 plants
10 plants
Food growing area needed
1,220 m2
9,900 m2
13,200 m2
2,500 m2
14
100
132
50
14,600 cups
11,230 cups
334,583 cups
73,000 cups
No. of farm pods ( 1 farm pod = 100m2 )
Total amount of produce ( per year )
123
On an average, one family requires 100 sq.m of plot to grow a yearly supply of vegetables in a 130 day cycle
124
Simultaneoulsy, awareness amongst people and restauranteurs about buying local produce is gaining popularity.
125
07 VISUALS
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
REFERENCES
TEXT REFERENCES Despommier, Dickson. “Farming up the city : the rise of urban vertical farm” Trends in Biotechnology Vol.31, No. 7, (2013) 388-389 Despommier, Dickson. The Vertical Farm : Feeding the world in the 21st century, New York: Picador, 2010. Australian Agriculture, accessed May 05 2017 , https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/ australian-agriculture. James Ruse, accessed May 05 2017 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ruse. Wilkinson, John. Agriculture in the Sydney region: historical and current perspectives, Parliament NSW 2/2011 (2011) 1-13 Domestic Vegetable Industry Snapshot, Ausveg, accessed April 15 2017, www.ausveg. com.au/statistics/Vegetable_Industry_Snapshot.pdf James, Sarah., Phillip O’Neill, Borce Dimeski & Louise Crabtree, Sydney’s Agriculture lands : An analysis, Sydney: University of Western Sydney, 2010 Graff, Gordon., Skyfarming, Waterloo: University of Waterloo, 2011 Gardening Site, Aeroponics – Benefits and Disadvantages accessed May 05 2017, https://www.gardeningsite.com/aeroponics/aeroponics-benefits-and-disadvantages/ Sylent, Jay, Everything you need to know about aquaponics, accessed 07.06.2017, https://sensiseeds.com/en/blog/everything-need-know-aquaponics/ AeroFarms - Our Technology, accessed May 20 2017, https://aerofarms.com/technology/ Open Agriculture, accessed April 02 2017, https://openag.media.mit.edu/about/ Beyond Meat accessed May 06 2017, https://www.beyondmeat.com/about Brown,A . End of meat as we know it. accessed September 17 2017, https://www.wired. com/2013/09/fakemeat/ Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings, London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
140
IMAGE REFERENCES https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture#/media/File:Tomb_of_Nakht_(2). jpg, accessed: 07.05.2017 http://www.harvesttrailsandmarkets.com.au/farm-gate-trails/wollondilly/ accessed 08.05.2017 http://www.archdaily.com/428868/in-tokyo-a-vertical-farm-inside-and-out accessed 10.05.2017 http://www.archdaily.com/868129/sasaki-unveils-design-for-sunqiao-a-100-hectare-urban-farming-district-in-shanghai accessed 10.05.2017 http://www.archdaily.com/553933/markthal-rotterdam-mvrdv accessed accessed 10.05.2017 http://nysunworks.org/ accessed 10.05.2017 http://www.archdaily.com/868906/wake-space-up-urban-eco-balcony-farming-studio accessed 10.05.2017 http://www.designboom.com/design/ikea-space10-the-growroom-at-pack-sphericalgarden-02-20-2017/ accessed 10.05.2017
141