LINK #139

LINK

AUGUST 15ST 2019

50 SHADES OF

POLLUTION

AND...

Cartoons and memes about pollution // The best quotes about pollution // Associação Mais Cidadania

#139

editor & designer

CONTENT

CONTACT

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VOLUNTEERS

6

K.A.NE TEAM

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WHAT KIND OF POLLUTION BOTHERS YOU THE MOST

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A TRAGIC NUMBER/ESTATISTIC ABOUT POLLUTION

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WHAT ARE YOU DOING EVERYDAY TO SAVE THE PLANET

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AIR POLLUTION IS STILL TO HIGH ACROSS EUROPE

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WHAT IS THE TRUE COST OF EATING MEAT?

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OUR CLOTHES ARE KILLING THE PLANET

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AMAZON IS BURNING

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WHY ARE YOU SO SERIOUS?

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WHY ARE YOU SO SERIOUS? / MILLENNIAL VERSION

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INTERVIEW WITH AN EVS VOLUNTEER / ON POLLUTION

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MY SENDING ORGANIZATION / MAIS CIDADANIA

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KANE VOLUNTEERS Catarina Silva Kasia Krzyminska Mariana Amaral Marine Kafer K.A.NE Filaretos Vourkos Jelena Scepanovic Nancy Kanellopoulou Nantiana Koutiva Georgia Griva

SALAMINOS 8 24100 KALAMATA GREECE

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VOLUNTEERS

CATARINA Olá! My name is Catarina and I’m from Porto, Portugal. My

background is in International Relations, so being a volunteer for a NGO is a useful way of gaining experience and developing valuable skills! I left my 5 cats and dog in order to embrace this project for 11 months and now my dog does not recognize me over our skype calls but I’m sure It will be worth it. In my project I’m assisting in the day care center for the kids with autism.

KASIA Dzień dobry! My name is Kasia, I am 24 years old and I am come from Poland. This year I finished my master degree in sociology field. I have been a volunteer in my town, I was working with disabled children and adults. I really like travelling and exploring new places. My passion is photography- I like to take a photos and also pose for photos as a photomodel. In Kalamata I am for two months, I am working in KEFIAP.

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MARIANA When I decided to come to Kalamata, I promised that I wouldn’t describe myself based on my work or studies. I believe that we are more than that and people tend to reduce their history to their worklife. So that will remain a mystery! My name is Mariana, born in 1993 and the oldest sister of the two most amazing human beings. I find an amazing refuge between books and cinema, music and other kinds of art make me feel very good as well. I think that we should see ourselves beyond our individuality and contribute to a better and more sustainable world.

MARINE Bonjour! My name is Marine, I’m 28 years old and coming from France. After studying Business Administration, working in Marketing and travelling the world, I will now stay in Kalamata for 10 months, working at the office of K.A.NE. I decided to volunteer here to get to know the functioning of an non-profit organisation and to set up my own European Projects! During my free time I like to play volleyball, go diving or read fiction books. This year, you also gonna find me at the German language workshop. See you there!

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KANE

FILARETOS Hello, I am Filaretos Vourkos. For the last 15 years I am working in the field of Non-formal education as a volunteer, youth worker and youth trainer. 10 years ago,I decided to create the Youth Centre of Kalamata, in order to initiate youth work in Kalamata and promote active citizenship as factor for change.

JELENA Hi, I’m Jelena Scepanovic,an EVS coordinator in K.A.NE. and a volunteer of the Youth center. I came from Montenegro in 2012 as an EVS volunteer. I really liked the idea of the youth center and the work that K.A.NE. does, so I decided to stay and be part of it.

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NANTIANA My name is Nantiana Koutiva and i am working in K.A.NE. as a project manager and EVS coordinator. I have studied greek philology and I am teacher of greek language as well. I love travelling and organizing festivals.

NANCY Hello World! I’m Nancy and I’m working in K.A.NE. since 2017 as a Project Manager and EVS/ESC coordinator. I’m passionate about meeting new people and exchange knowledge, experiences and ideas. I love the fact that many young people visit every year my hometown Kalamata and contribute to our society.

GEORGIA Hello, my name is Georgia Griva. For the past few years I am a youth worker and project manager. This journey in youth field started in 2014 with my first youth exchange and my EVS in Istanbul. I am proud to be member of K.A.NE. which represents my vision and my values as human and as an active citizen.

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Water and air, t all life depe

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the two essential fluids on which ends, have become global garbage cans.

Jacques Cousteau

Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1910 – 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, conservationist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water.

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WHAT KIND OF POLLUTION BOTHERS YOU THE M0ST? CATARINA

KASIA

Air pollution when it is too bad, because I struggle to breath properly. But that doesn’t happen often. What really bothers me is too see trash on the ground, specially when you have a bin close.

Pollution caused by meat production bother me the most. Meat is worse for the Earth than cars and smoking factories.

MARIANA

It’s hard to ‘classify’ the different types of pollution, as they are all bad. Also, the worst for the planet is not necessarily the most visible one, like air pollution. But what bothers me the most is the visible one, that no one cares about. For instance the plastic pollution: it is obvious, but there are still people to ignore it.

Plastic pollution is a major topic now and I believe that is a problem that we, as a global society should address because it affects all the ecosystems around us and is a consequence of a general lifestyle that doesn’t care about tomorrow or about the others.

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MARINE

A TRAGIC NUMBER / ESTATISTIC ABOUT POLLUTION CATARINA

KASIA

Amazon rainforest a.k.a the Earth’s lungs has suffered 85 percent more fires this year than last.

MARIANA One third of the food produced in the world for human consumption every year - approximately 1.3 billion tonnes - gets lost or wasted. Food loss and waste means that we are also wasting several resources, including water, land, energy, labour and capital and needlessly producing greenhouse gas emissions, that contribute to global warming and climate crisis.

MARINE Scientists have recently discovered microplastics embedded deep in the Arctic ice.

Every day approximately 8 million pieces of plastic pollution find their way into our oceans.

Plastics consistently make up 60 to 90% of all marine debris studied.

Recent studies have revealed marine plastic pollution in 100% of marine turtles, 59% of whales, 36% of seals

and 40% of seabird species examined.13

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WHAT ARE YOU DOING EVERYDAY TO SAVE THE PLANET? CATARINA

KASIA

I’m going to work by bike,

The topic totally hooked me! It started

I stop using straws, and I

with the innocent sorting of rubbish. Now

use the same bottle of water it’s a lifestyle. I’m gradually moving away everyday until it’s not good from everything that is not ecological. anymore.

MARIANA

I changed plastic straws to bamboo, and toothbrushes as well. For grocery or clothing shopping I always go only with my own cotton bag. I also have a reusable bag for

I am adapting small details of my routine: bamboo toothbrush, menstrual cup, reusable bags for shopping and grocery, soap instead

fruit and vegetables. I have my own bottle to which I pour water, and recently also a juice squeezer, so I make 80% juices myself For 3 years I have considered a menstrual cup, i.e. I have limited (90%) the purchase of hygiene products for women. I use public

of shower gel, reusable bot- transport everywhere! I am also vegetarian. tle and cups. I also try to buy fresh and local products as much as I can and it’s a way of knowing better what

MARINE I’m avoiding to drive by car if I can

are you buying, avoiding the go by bicycle or train. I’m trying to big ecological footprint of avoid the use of plastic in my daily

transportation from the oth- life, replacing the plastic shopping bags by cloth ones, replacing the plaser corner of the world and supporting local business.

tic coffee jar by a glass one. I’m sorting out my trash to recycle as much as possible. I’m also starting to reduce my meat consumption, or at least eating local produced meat.

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Pollu

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ution should never be the price of prosperity.

Al Gore

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (1948) is an American politician and environmentalist.

After his term as vice-president ended in 2001, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.

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AIR POLLUTION IS STILL TOO

by CATARINA

D

espite slow improvements, air pollution continues to exceed European Union and World Health Organization limits and guidelines, according to updated data and information published by the European Environment Agency (EEA).

Air pollution still poses a danger to human health and the environment.

Air pollution is an invisible killer and we need to step up our efforts to address the causes. In terms of air pollution, road transport emissions are often more harmful than those from other sources, as these happen at ground level and tend to occur in cities, close to people. That is why it is so important that Europe redoubles its efforts to reduce emissions caused by transport, energy and agriculture and invest in making them cleaner and more sustainable, said EEA Executive Director Hans Bruyninckx. ‘Tackling these sectors in an integrated way can deliver clear benefits for both air quality and climate, and will help to im18

prove our health and wellbeing.’

Road transport is one of Europe’s main sources of air pollution, especially of harmful pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, according to the EEA ‘Air quality in Europe — 2018 report’.

Emissions from agriculture, energy production, industry and households are also contributing to air pollution. The report presents the latest official air quality data reported by more than 2 500 monitoring stations across Europe in 2016.

Particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ground level ozone (O3) cause the biggest harm to human health.

High concentrations of air pollution continue to have a negative impact on Europeans, especially those living in urban areas.

Air pollution also has considerable economic impacts, cutting lives short, increasing medical costs and reducing

HIGH ACROSS EUROPE productivity across the economy through working days lost due to ill health.

Air pollution also negatively impacts ecosystems, damaging soils, forests, lakes and rivers and reducing agricultural yields.

Over the past 40 years, Europe has been putting in place policies to tackle

specific problems, such as air pollution and water pollution. Some of these policies have had remarkable results.

Europeans enjoy cleaner airand cleaner bathing waters. A greater share of municipal waste is recycled.

More and more land and marine areas are protected. The European Union has been reducing its greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels. Billions of

euros have been invested in more liveable cities and sustainable mobility.

Energy generated from renewable sources grew exponentially‌ In this period, our knowledge and understanding of the environment have also expanded, underlining the fact that people, the environment and the economy are all parts of the same system. In the 25 years since its founding, the European Environment Agency has been connecting and developing these spheres of knowledge to enhance our systemic understanding.

People cannot live well if the environment and the economy are in bad health.

Inequality in the distribution of benefits, such as economic wealth and cleaner air, and costs, including pollution and yields lost to drought, will continue causing social unrest.

These facts can be difficult to accept.

Similarly, established governance structures, consumer habits and preferences can be difficult to change. Yet, despite the magnitude of the task, it is still possible to build a sustainable future. This entails changing some 19

of our current practices, for example, by cutting environmentally harmful subsidies, phasing out polluting technologies and supporting sustainable alternatives.

A carbon-neutral, circular economy can reduce demands on our natural capital and limit the rise in global temperatures. Changing our course will also require changing our habits and behaviours, for example, in the way we move and what we eat. The knowledge to steer this transition towards long-term sustainability is there. There is also growing public support for change. Now, we need to assume responsibility and accelerate this change.

Our planet is facing unprecedented challenges to its environment and climate, which together threaten our well-being.

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Yet, it is not too late to take decisive action. The task might seem daunting but we still have the possibility to reverse some of the negative trends, adapt to minimise harm, restore crucial ecosystems and protect much stronger what we still have. To achieve long-term sustainability, we need to approach the environment, climate, economy and society as inseparable parts of the same entity.

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WHAT IS THE TRUE COST OF EA

by KASIA

N

ot only cars and f a c t o ries poison the Earth and make it increasingly unfit for life. Industrial animal husbandry has a similar effect - and maybe even more destructive. And they will thrive and grow until we limit our appetite for meat and animal products.

Greenpeace calls in a special report to cut meat consumption by half by 2050. One could say - crazy ecologists have reinvented some action taken away from reality again. Not this time, however. The co-authors of the report are recognized scientists, including prof. Allan Buckwell from the Institute for European Environmental Policy, and his demands did not come from nowhere.

They are the result of many years of research on the impact of animal husbandry on the environment.

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Eating energy-unprofitable meat As demonstrated by a huge analysis published earlier this year by scientists from the University of Oxford, we obtain only 18 percent from meat. consumed daily calories and 37 percent. protein, and we use 80 percent to produce it total arable land available on our planet. Not vegetables for direct consumption, not grains for bread, but animal feed covers almost all arable lands, although the food we obtain is not even 1/5 of our caloric demand. Is this not pure waste?

ATING MEAT? Scientists have calculated that animals bred by humans account for as much as 86 percent. all existing terrestrial animals currently on our planet. All others - from elephants to mice - are only 14 percent.

When we realize what damage our appetite for meat leads to, it’s hard not to consider limiting it. - If each of us would like to do something specific to limit our negative impact on the planet, we should go on a vegan diet. This action will mean more than, for example, limiting flying or buying an electric car - argues in “The Guardian” Joseph Poore, a zoologist from Oxford.

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OUR CLOTHES ARE KILLING THE

by MARIANA

F

ast fashion is a business model that promotes rapid production of cheap clothing to meet the most recent fashion trends. The rapid rise and success of these brands in bringing cheap, trendy clothes to the masses has lead to a major shift in consumer behaviour. The average person in 2014 owned 60% more clothing items compared to the average consumer in 2000 whilst wearing those clothes for only half as long.

The ultimate cost of this unfettered rise in conspicuous consumption is waste, pollution and sweatshops. In order to provide such rapid turnovers of cheap clothing, companies have gone to extreme lengths to minimise cost margins.

The most famous and well documented consequence of this is sweatshops.

In the drive to cut costs, companies have outsourced their labour to economically developing countries where it is much cheaper and labour laws are often far more lax. Repeated scandals over labour conditions including a total disregard for basic safety measures, low wages and violence in the workplace alongside the industry’s seeming addiction for child labour has created much conversation but little change.

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Fast fashion also encourages the production of lower quality clothing. Quality and durability have been pushed aside in favour of cheap clothing that meets the current trend in fashion but will be out of vogue the following season. The biggest problem with this is that it has lead to enormous quantities of clothing ending up in landfills. 10.46 million tonnes of clothing ended up in US landfills in 2014. A testament to the true scale of this problem is that only around 15 – 20% of the clothing that is given to charity shops each year ever makes it to the charity shop shelves. The volume of clothing they receive is just too high.

The materials with which our clothes are made also affect the planet: Cotton is a highly water intensive plant.

Though only 2.4% of the world’s ag-

E PLANET ricultural land is planted with cotton, it consumes almost 10% of all agricultural chemicals and 25% of pesticides; ynthetic polymers, on the other hand, are not grown but manufactured. Production of nylon produces nitrous oxide which is a greenhouse gas 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Both polyester and nylon also break down in washing machines leading to the build up of microplastics in our water systems.

Scientists are now finding microplastics to be working their way into our food chain, an issue which we do not yet know what the full consequences will be. Cheap, low quality clothing breaks down much faster than higher quality clothing so exacerbating this problem.

Factories are major energy consumers and therefore greenhouse gas emitters. An estimated 80% of the energy used in the fashion industry is used in textile manufacturing. Electricity is needed to run machinery such as sewing machines and air pumps in textile factories. Huge amounts of heat is needed for washing, drying and dying the cloth. Most of these factories operate in China which is largely dependent on coal for producing energy. The further costs of transporting the garments produces additional CO2 as the vast majority of garments have travelled by ship.

The solutions The problem of fashion industry’s pollution is huge and difficult to solve. We can adopt some individual measures but we also need to act as a community, demanding new policies that call accountability to big companies. These policies should be implemented at a nacional and global level. With the globalization, companies have their businesses spread around the globe and each service is granted by a different company, with different nationalities.

So the action needs to happen at a global scale, so we can tackle all the steps of fashion industry’s process.

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On our daily actions, simple gestures can make a big difference. Buying quality and durable clothing that is produced in an environmentally sustainable manner. This includes buying environmentally sustainable fabrics like linen, hemp, silk, ramie, organic cotton and sustainable wool or recycled fabrics.

Fashion ecolabels also aim to inform consumers about where a garment comes from and how it was produced.

Choosing second hand shops, reusing clothes and avoiding new uses of resources. Repairing our clothes instead of throwing them away or finding new purposes for them.

Also buy less clothes. Avoiding the consumerism tendency that the world imposes to everyone nowadays, it’s a very good way of not participating in this insane system. And when you buy them, buy them wisely and spend some time thinking about it. Consider avoiding fast fashion brands, look for brand transparency, consider smaller local brands/businesses and buy timeless designs, transcending trends, expanding the life of every piece of clothes.

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To see and learn

3 documentaries about Fashion Industry

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AMAZON IS BURNING

by MARINE

While the Amazon has been burning for nearly three weeks, a Brazilian institute said Amazon’s forest fires have increased 83 percent since early 2019. President Jair Bolsonaro’s environmental policy has been singled out.

T

he “lung of the Earth” smokes.

The Amazon rainforest has been burning continuously since July.

According to data published by the National Institute of Space Research (INPE) - a Brazilian organization that observes in particular the evolution of the forest in Brazil -, the fires have increased by 83% since the beginning of 2019. A dramatic rise attributed to the drought but also increased deforestation, driven in particular by the takeover of far-right President Jair Bolsonaro.

according to the INPE, which uses real-time updated satellite data.

Darkened sky in Sao Paulo On Monday, August 19, the fires even caused an eclipse during the day in Sao Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. For more than an hour, the sky was obscured by the smoke of the fire in the states of Amazonas and Rondonia, more than 2,700 kilometers away.

The smoke releases were so impressive that they were visible from space, an Between January and August, 72,843 firings American agency revealed. were recorded in the country, against 39,759 for the whole of 2018. This in- The fires were most numerous in the crease follows two consecutive years of states occupied in whole or in part by decline and is the highest since 2013, the Amazon rainforest. But they are not 28

limited to these: they affect the entire region of the Triple Frontier between Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil. The most affected Brazilian state is Mato Grosso (center-west), with 13,682 fire departures, an increase of 87% over the whole of 2018. The state of Amazonas has meanwhile declared emergency state.

“What we are seeing is the consequence of the increase in deforestation revealed by the recent figures,” says Ricardo Mello, of the Amazon program of the World Wildlife Fund Brazil.

Deforestation questioned Fires in the Amazon are notably caused by slash-and-burn clearings used to transform forest areas into crop and livestock areas or to clear already deforested areas, usually during the dry season that ends in two months.

According to the INPE, deforestation in July was almost four times higher in the same month of 2018. Figures that the far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro, fierce criticism of environmental protection policies, hastened deny. In the process, he had sacked Ricardo Galvao, president of the INPE, accusing him of lying and harming the image of Brazil.

“Scientists can not remain silent, we must show our strength, we can not let our guard down!”, Ricardo Galvao warned shortly after his dismissal at a meeting at the University of Sao Paulo (USP ) during which he was applauded by hundreds of students and colleagues. “Authorities are always indisposed when data say things they do not want to hear.”

Bolsonaro under fire from critics As the fire continues to ravage the Amazon rainforest, many netizens have expressed their support and outrage via social networks by organizing with the hashtag #PrayforAmazonas. While some were indignant at the lack of media coverage of the fire of this jewel of biodiversity in comparison with that of 29

Notre-Dame-de-Paris, many messages made the link between fires and politics regarding environment of Jair Bolsonaro and his ministers. Some go so far as to blame these for their inaction.

Asked AFP Tuesday on the sharp rise in fires, Environment Minister Ricardo Salles said that “the government has

“For Jair Bolsonaro, the wealth of Brazil is based on industrial culture,” summarized Marie-Pierre Ledru, interviewed in early August by France 24 on the Amazonian policy of the Brazilian president. “His will is to turn the Amazon into a huge soybean crop, Brazilian agribusiness lobbies have been active

mobilized all the staff of firefighters and all aircraft”, which are now working with regional governments “.

for a long time and are starting to explore the north of the Amazon, with the goal of cultivating in the north when winter is rife. south ... The Brazilian president supports these steps.”

On Wednesday, August 21, the Brazilian president gave in the bidding war by suggesting that the associations could be at the origin of the fires in the Amazon region in order to “draw attention” on the government of Brazil, reports the Brazilian media Globo.

Since the inauguration of Jair Bolsonaro as President of Brazil, his various policies have indicated a clear preference for exploitation instead of preserving the Amazon. While previous governments had managed to slow down deforestation through controls and fines, his government is gradually unraveling the old advances.

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You cannot get throu an impact on the world a difference, and y

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ugh a single day without having d around you. What you do makes you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make.

Jane Goodall Jane Morris Goodall (1934) is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Considered to be the world’s foremost expert on chimpanzees, she is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and the Roots & Shoots programme, and she has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.

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WHY ARE YOU SO SERI OUS?

J

okes don’t tell us what to think, but

instead they tell us what to think about.

Satire can create solidarity

and

mobilize

people who are already “on the side of” the comic, moving them from beliefs

to

actions.

Satire can also bring issues and themes to the mind of the public, helping to shape the

kinds

of

things

the public is thinking about. Satire can also shape

public

opinion

(and

knowledge)

on

what we call “low salience” issues; issues with which the public is not especially familiar.

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WHY ARE YOU SO SERI OUS? MILLENNIAL VERSION

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37

\

The climate We already have a we have

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crisis has already been solved. all the facts and solutions. All to do is to wake up and change.

Greta Thunberg

Greta Thunberg (2003) is a 16 years old Swedish environmental activist who is credited with raising global awareness of the risks posed by climate change, and with holding politicians to account for their lack of action on the climate crisis.

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INTERVIEW WITH AN EVS VOLUNTEER

ON POLLUTION with KASIA and MARINE Thank you for agreeing to take part in the interview. What in your opinion is Pollution Control? What do you think?

In my opinion pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil.

What do you think? What are the major causes of pollution?

I think the burning of coal greatly contributes to air pollution because the smoke coming from factories, chimneys, wood burning and vehicles releases sulphur dioxide into the air. A major cause of water pollution is disposal of industrial waste in the ocean.

How To Control Noise Pollution?

The source of noise must be reduced.

The path of transmission of sound must be stopped and the receiver of noise must be safe guarded. The amount of traffic must be reduced near the residential homes, educational institutes and hospitals.

I understand, what are the effects of noise pollution?

There are many side effects of the noise pollution. It affects the general health and hearing power of the 40

human beings. The high intensity of noise and its continued use can cause injury to the ears. It may lead to the permanent loss of hearing. A large explosion can cause the injury to tympanic membrane.

And the last question: in your opnion what are sources of water pollution?

It is estimated that 75% to 80% of water pollution by volume is caused by domestic sewage. The major industries causing water pollution include: distilleries, sugar, textile, electroplating, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, pulp & paper mills, tanneries, dyes and dye intermediates, petro-chemicals, steel plants etc.

Thank you a lot for the answers!

Thank you!

MY SENDING ORGANIZATION

MAIS CIDADANIA with MARIANA from PORTUGAL

M

ais Cidadania is my Portuguese sending organization. Is localizated in Lisbon, in a typical neighborhood very well known for its night life, for its historical buildings and narrow streets full of restaurants, shops, bars and old styled cafes.

Mais Cidadania was founded in 2003 and is the promoter of two Youth Centers, one localizated in the same building - +Skillz,that is open during the afternoon for the youngsters to come after school. A big part of this youngsters leave in or near Bairro Alto and most of them have a difficult life, with lots of problems at home and among their families. The other Youth Center is in Apelação, a neighbourhood with people with low opportunities and a sensitive background, in a city right next Lisbon – Loures.

Besides the work it does with the EVS projects, Mais Cidadania focus its action on communities that face social and economic obstacles, like unemployment and low scholar level. With the youth centers, Mais Cidadania aims to fight against social exclusion creating opportunity

of training for adults (professional and informatics) and by organizing daily activities for children and youngsters in order for them to have a safe place where to go after the school or in substitution of the school/family. At the youth center they can do their homeworks with a professional helping them with the “school support”, they can find workshops of plastic art, dance, painting, manual activities and also do some trips in the city or visit nice places during the holidays.

Their Mission • Promote citizenship trough local and international partnerships.

• Educate youngsters and adults to share skills and abilities with the society and for the society • Contribute for the sustainble and active participation of citizens in society and for the construction of solutions for our society’s problems.

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THE VOLUNTEERS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS PUBLICATION ARE HOSTED IN GREECE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EUROPEAN ERASMUS+ PROGRAMME, KA1/YOUTH - EUROPEAN VOLUNTARY SERVICE. THIS PROJECT HAS BEEN FUNDED WITH SUPPORT FROM THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION. THIS PUBLICATION [COMMUNICATION] REFLECTS THE VIEWS ONLY OF THE AUTHOR, AND THE COMMISSION CANNOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY USE WHICH MAY BE MADE OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED THERE.