October 2013
Link 46
EDITORIAL The “beginning of the year” in the Youth Centre is the permanent subject for the first Editorial of LINK so I hope I’m not writing the same as last year... but probably it is not easy to avoid saying, that this will be another fantastic year!!! Everybody is more fresh, more involved, more motivated and more experienced in order to make this experiment even bigger and more sustainable. Even more people registered already and even more local volunteers offering their time and knowledge to the public! This means that this year we are having bigger needs in terms of space... Knowing that we cannot cover the needs of the -over- 2500 members, we 2
can try at least to cover the needs of the half of them. So the space is one of our main goals for this year. We have to find extra rooms or to move to a bigger building. Nonetheless we started already will the 30 first workshops and soon more will be announced! Having the Youth Centre started already, the team of the volunteers is now heading to the initiation of the 8th Kalamata Street Festival’s organizing period! If you are interested in joining the volunteers’ committee you are more than welcome! Youth Centre people, have a great and creative year!!!!!! Congratulations to all!
Editor: Leonard Pristl Design: Lina Šuminaitė Staff Members Of Kane: Filaretos Vourkos Fotini Arapi Georgia Giannakea Panagiota Arapi Giwrgos Housenbelli Cover Photo: Lina Šuminaitė Long Term Evs: Jelena Scepanovič Leonard Pristl Melina Savvidis Fiachra Mckeever Carmelo Márquez Eda Tandoğan Ahmad Ayyash Amaia Vilas Erika Funa Danae Lehmann Lina Šuminaitė
Contact us: K.A.NE. Social Youth Development Youth Centre of Kalamata Plateia Othonos 10 Kalamata 24100 Greece Tel: +302721110740 e-mail:
amaiavilasarasua@gmail.com; info@ngokane.org url:
http://www.kentroneon.wordpress. com http://www.ngokane.org facebook page:
http://www.facebook.com/kentroneon
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WORKSHOPS 2013-2014
“From the registrations in the Spanish workshop last week.”
The workshops in the Youth Centre finally started!!! The registrations for the workshops on the second floor have been finalized, whereas this week we can finally finalise the registrations for the 1st floor workshops! The people who have already expressed their interest for the dance and yoga workshops, need to be present on the first hour of the workshops you are interested in. More specifically, the first hours of every workshop are: Monday 14/10: Salsa - 21:00 Tuesday 15/10: R&B for children - 17:00 Oriental - 19:00 Wednesday 16/10: Traditional Dances Beginners - 17:00 4
Traditional Dances Advanced - 18:00 Hip Hop - 19:00 Thursday 17/10 Yoga - 17:00 EXEMPTIONS: Modern Dance - 5th of November Salsa for kids and Latin: 21st of October
This year in the Youth Centre we 7) Greek traditional dances have: 8) Salsa for children Language exchange workshops 1) Russian 2) Arabic 3) Turkish 4) Lithuanian 5) Slovenian 6) Spanish 7) German 8) Georgian 9) English (discussion group) 10) Greek Sign Language 11) Greek for foreigners 12) French Dances 1) Salsa 2) Latin (cuban style – merengue, bachata, rumba, salsa, κτλ) 3) Ηip-Ηop (advanced) 4) R&B (for children 6-12 years old) 5) Contemporary dance 6) Oriental
Other 1) Yoga 2) Music and movement for children 3) Music and movement for teenagers 4) Guitar for children 5) Guitar 6) Choir 7) Art Workshop 8) Workshop on the culture of Flamenco 9) Chess workshop 10) Lute 11) Muai Thai 12) Experiential Groups For more information, visit: http://www.kentroneon.wordpress.com Or join us on facebook: https:// www.facebook.com/kentroneon 5
Workshops' program of KE
Youth Center is open fro
www.ngokane.org - T TIME
ΔΕΥΤΕΡΑ-MONDAY
2nd floor / 1st floor big room
17.00 18,00
2nd floor /small room
TIME
ΤΡΙΤΗ-TUESDAY
2nd floor / 1st floor big room
Spanish 17.00 - R&B for Lithuanian beginners 18,00 children Salsa for kids
18.00 19,00 MuyaiThai 19.00 20.00
T 2nd floor /small room
Guitar for children 1 begginers 1 part 1
musicokin etics contempor Turkish Turkish 18.00 education 1 ary dance beginners begginers 19,00 1 for Spanish begginers Part1 part 2 children advanced (6-10) musicokin etics Guitar for 19.00 education 1 children Oriental Greek for 2 20.00 for advanced children foreigners Russian Part1 (4-6)
begginers
6
20.00 21.00
Latin (Melina )
21.00 22.00
Salsa begginers
Choir
Guitar for contempor 20.00 german adults ary dance 21.00 begginers begginers advanced
2 2
Guitar for 21.00 Sign german adults 22.00 language advanced advanced
2 2
ENTRO NEON KALAMATAS
om Monday to Thursday
Tel: (+30)2721110740
TIME
ΤΕΤΑΡΤΗ-WEDNESDAY
2nd floor / 1st floor big room
17.00 18,00
Traditional dances beginners
18.00 19,00
Traditional dances advanced
2nd floor /small room
ΠΕΜΠΤΗ-THURSDAY
2nd floor / 1st floor big room
TIME
2nd floor /small room
17.00 English turkish 17.00 - yoga part conversati slovenian advanced 18,00 1 18,00 on Guitar for 18.00 Turkish children 18.00 - R&B for Russian Begginers 19,00 children Advanced begginers 19,00 part 3 part 2
experimen tal groups
19.00 20.00
20.00 21.00
artistic workshop
TIME
19.00 20.00
French
19.00 20.00
MuyaiThai
hip-hop Arabic begginers
Introducti 21.00 on in the salsa 22.00 begginers history of Flamenco
Laoyto
20.00 21.00
21.00 - Yoga part Arabic 22.00 2 advanced
Greek for 20.00 foreigners 21.00 Part2
21.00 22.00
22.00 23.00
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ΜΙΚΡΕΣ ΑΓΓΕΛΙΕΣ With the Youth Centre opening again its doors to the public, for the 5th year, there are still some things, where we could use your help!!! For the beginning of the workshops, and throughout the year, the Youth Centre needs:
* CHAIRS
Strange as it may sound, the Youth Center is in need of chairs! As the Youth Centre acquires more and more members, and the use of the chairs is extensive, our poor old chairs are breaking down. As it is, it is impossible to have all the chairs that the workshops need. If you have any chairs that you do not use, or you think that you can spare, you can bring them!
* MARKERS for the white board
board, we consume approximately 3 markers per week!
* PENS
You can never have enough of those!
* COMPUTERS
Unfortunately, the Youth Centre at the moment has only 1 working (almost) computer to be used in the info-point. Temporarily, and only for the registrations, volunteers of the Youth Centre have brought their computers from home… however, eventually they will need them back… We need at least 1 more computer to be used in the dance workshops and 1 more for the outside activities… :(
* Guitars
As we are very musical this year, if you have any guitar As all of the language work- that you do not need anyshops make use of the white more and can give it to the Youth Centre, please do :) 8
NEW VOLUNTEERS ARRIVING
Hello! My name is Danae and I’m 20 years old. I live in a small village close to Munich in the south of Germany and I’m glad that I got to get away from this place for a little while. I like to see different places, different people and different cultures as well as experiencing new things. In Germany I just finished high school and I figured that now it is the perfect time to be part of the European Voluntary Service instead of going straight to university. I have often been to Greece and also to Kalamata. My mom is from Mani and therefore it is also more but time to improve my Greek language skills that until now only consist of the basics. I just love the region of Kalamata and I’m very lucky
that I can do my EVS here. The school I went to for the last 3 years also had a social focus and I did two internships, both half a year. The first one was at a home for the elderly and the second one at an elementary school. I like to work with people in general, so volunteering at the Kentro Neon will be great. In Germany I used to play theater, do some rock climbing and also do skiing during winter. I’m also interested in photography and I love good food. I hope that in the next 10 months I will make many new experiences and that I can contribute to the youth center. 9
ON-ARRIVAL SEMINAR – ATHENS By: Melina A week full of programme, new people and places, experiences, creativity and party. So where to start? Let’s start at the beginning: Our arrival. Sunday, the 22 of September, seven poor and innocent volunteers arrived in the worst part of Athens – Omonia. (Another very motivated volunteer arrived already 7 o’clock somewhere else in Athens). After passing junkies, prostituetes and other strange people we finally reached our hotel that was situated next to a policestation (jail inclusive). With these first impressions we couldn’t wait to discover more of Athens! So the brave girls went out to see Akropolis and more, whereas the scared boys prefered to stay in the safty hotel. Finally at 18:30 our first meeting of the seminar begun. Around 70 volunteers gathered themselves in one of the 10
small rooms and we started to get to know eachother in writing some special things about our character on post its. One of those had to be a lie and we had to discover those. Most of them were very obvious but someof them were very tricky especially of people that look centuries younger than they really are. Since it is impossible to know the names of 70 people in one hour, the whole next day was used to intodruce us to eachother. We were playing a lot of funny games like one group is painting a portrait of the other group and more. We were creating some of the most ugly portraits on the world. After our creative sucesses the previous day we had to
present our own EVS projects to the others. So with a lot of responsibility we tried to bring most of our activities understandable on the poster and presented them to the other groups of volunteers. This part of the seminar was really interesting because we’ve learned a lot about other projects that were all quite similar in some ways. So we could exchange our ideas, problems, we all had to face, and strategies to find a solution.
On Wednesday we became even more creative. The title of our programme was Greek Language and we were expecting something like a lessen in greek. But we were totally wrong! Our task was to make an advertisement about
a thing a volunteer really really needs in his daily life. If this wouldn’t be difficult enough, the whole video had to be in greek and finished in two hours. Surprisingly all groups were making really awsome and funny videos about Ginnies, Language-Drinks, Shoes, Mobiles etc. (If we can gather them some together, we will also publish them! Be excited!) I think nobody was even dreaming about such good results… crazy! Our last seminar day started in contrast to the previous days very therotical but with very necessesary things. We’ve been informed (once again) about our responsibilities and rights, about the youth pass and the national agency. I think a lot of volunteers heard this the 3rd or the 4th time (pre-departure seminar, onarrival seminar, other seminars… ) but every time you are in a different and more experienced situation so that you can focus on more specific information and ask more concrete. 11
Then our final task begun: The Ralley. We were splitted once again in different groups but this time every group was categorized in culture, history, crisis, underground movements, food etc. Every group had to fulfill different task concering their topic and present their results afterwards in front of the others. Since this part of the programme was called “The Ralley�, we had to run around through whole Athens (some parts of the centre), to find buildings or monuments and to talk with local people 12
to get to this information. But of course: We finally managed and we could spread a lot of interesting information to the other volunteers, some in a funny and some in a serious way of presentation. This week in Athens was really motivating because we have been so creative like we’ve never imagined we could ever be in such a short time. After this seminar all of us went home with a lot of great ideas, new friends and even some of us with a more self-confident and positive feeling than before.
SOFIA By: Jelena
1. Please make a short presentation of your self that let us know you better (name, age, studies,what you like...) Hi! I’m Sofia Konstantinea and I’m an English Language teacher at the Greek state school. Sometimes my students jokingly ask me: “Why do they call it a “Youth Centre if people YOUR age go there?” That just proves though (apart from the fact that my students have a sense of humour and love to tease me) that the Youth Centre is actually for people of all nobody here. The first year ages who feel “young at was pretty lonesome for me, but after participatheart”! ing in the “Square Movement” of the Indignants 2. How and when did in Kalamata, I met a lot of people with common interyou discover YC? I was transfered from Ath- ests and beliefs (solidarity, environmental ens to Kalamata 3 years equality, ago and knew practically 13
consciousness, embracing diversity, etc.). Those introduced me to the YC and after a couple of months I started to regularly participate in events. The rest, as they say, is history. 3. What do you think about YC and what it means for this city? I believe that the YC is based on a very innovative idea, which is relatively unknown in Greece. This is a country where diversity has become a part of life only in the past 10 years. When I was a student, quite a few years back, it was unthinkable to have in our class people from other countries. Moreover, the notion of offering which was common in Greek villages, is lost today in the modern life of a city like Kalamata. So it is rather difficult for people to comprehend and accept an organisation where people offer their time and knowledge 14
freely, exchange ideas and views and creatively interact with each other regardless of social status, sexual preferences or ethnicity. The YC, as an organisation that promotes all that, is invaluable! And not just for Kalamata! My sister who lives in Athens has often deplored that she hasn’t got the opportunity to participate in something like that there. 4.Since when are you a volunteer? In which point are you involved in activities of the YC? I have participated with enthusiasm in most of the activities organised by the YC since the beginning. At first, by helping run events, then by attending classes offered here and this year by offering to assist in the Oral English class as a teacher. I’ve also promoted the YC in the schools I teach, support activities for schools in cooperation with the YC and I have translated
some documents in Greek, when required. Next year, I’d love the opportunity to be a mentor for one of the foreign volunteers!
operated in the Anti-Fascism Movement and I run a lot of projects at my school, outside my work hours and official duties.
5. What do you think about volunteerism? Have you ever done voluntary work before? This is a controversial issue... I understand the objections raised, as the state has often used volunteers to avoid paying its due to society. Yes, people should get paid for a job done and that is unquestionable. However, when voluntary work covers aspects of public life that cannot be otherwise covered, such as promoting friendship and understanding among peoples, solidarity and love of nature - to name but a few - then it becomes an institution in which everyone wins. I work as a volunteer in Kalamata Freespace and ReThink Project, which are environmental non-profit organisations, I have co-
6. Is there anything that you would like to change in the YC? I’d love the classes offered to be more professional. It’s nice that people want to offer their time, but sometimes that’s not enough to maintain a good level in classes. I think that it is better not to offer a class at all if it’s not going to be done well. Other than that, it wouldn’t hurt to allow “older” people on some travel opportunities. Just saying... :)
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OPENING OF THE YOUTH CENTER By: Erika Funa
The time of the year when the Youth Center of Kalamata opens its doors wide and greets the new-comers as well as the familiar faces finally arrived on Monday, the 14th of September. Even though the first day of registrations was rainy and the sky was cloudy, there were many Kalamatans who bravely took their umbrellas out for a walk to Platheia Othonos after the long and hot summer, and brought smiles and sunshine to the lounge of the Youth Center’s first floor, where the team of 16
this year’s volunteers first took our positions at the info point, the café, and the registration desk. Thus we tested our barman skills, made our first frape’s, which – we promise – will get perfect very soon, practised our Greek conversation skills at the info point and exchanged some café cards for donations at the registration desk. It has been lovely seeing the Youth Center vibrate with positive energy, laughter, chatter in Greek and various other
languages, and experiencing it in its full glory. For us new volunteers it has been an experience at a whole new level, since despite the fact that some of us have been here for two months already, it is only now that we are getting
to see what life at the Youth Center is really like. People of all ages and different backgrounds come in, often in groups, they ask about this year’s workshops program, check the lists and timetables, and sometimes discuss the choices over a cup of coffee with their friends or family. Salsa, Latin Dances, Yoga, and Muai Thai are topping the list of popularity this season. Also, there is also a lot of interest in foreign languages, especially Turkish, German, and Spanish, all taught by native speakers. According to the policy of inscription the Youth Center has adopted, every registered 17
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member can apply for maximum four workshops, which they are asked to list according to their priorities. However, because of great demand and limited capacities, they get selected for maximum two of them. The criterion for the selection process is simple: the people who apply first get the places. If the workshop
Children are only some of the many options. Surely there is something for everyone!
they have chosen is already full, they can re-apply at the info point and select different ones. Greek Folk dances, Choir, Lithuanian, Flamenco, Slovenian, Lute, and Guitar for
stimulate them into sharing and exchanging their unique personal knowledge, skills, and talents in order to create an environment of solidarity, integration, creativity and mutual support. With the co-
But there is more to the Youth Center than just the possibility of registering and attending workshops free of charge. The main idea behind it is to activate the local community, to connect its people and
operation and involvement of foreign people from countries all around the world, the international dimension is brought into the picture as well, and an open space is created where cultures, languages and per-
an experiment. It was created as a result of an initiative of a small group of people with a dream. Ideally, its aim is to become a self-sufficient longterm project of many generations – from the people, for
spectives meet and interact without prejudice, with respect and openness for learning as foundational guiding principles. Essentially, when people come together with the desire and motivation to learn and to create, the sky is the limit. All in all, the Youth Center is
the people – and managed by the community. Hopefully, this dream will continue inspiring more and more individuals to become involved in contributing to it and keeping it alive. If you are one of them, do not hesitate to visit us at Platheia Othonos in Kalamata. 19
φ By: Fiachra McKeever Hello again! So this week I said I’d write about φ. Yes, φ. I have received a lot of questions about the tattoo I have on my left forearm so I decided to dedicate an article to it. As I’m sure a lot of you already know, φ is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. It’s English equivalent is ‘f’ or ‘ph’ and it is a wonderful letter altogether! The reasons I have on my arm forevermore are fourfold: Firstly, it is the first letter of my name when spelled in Greek (Φίαχρα). Secondly, as is common with tattoos in general, it marks an important time in my life; me moving to Greece. Thirdly, and in my opinion far more interestingly, it is a mathematical ratio (Geek snort!). Ok Ok I know what you 20
are thinking: “A mathematical ratio??? BORING”, but let me explain. φ is an important ratio and can be seen everywhere, if you know where to look. But before I show you where it is, I must elaborate on the maths a little, I promise I’ll be brief! So you know that π = 3.14? Well φ’s numerical value is 1.618 and it can be defined as: “In mathematics and the arts, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to their maximum”, as below….
OK so now that some of the maths are out of the way we can move onto where you see it. Well it can be found everywhere in nature. And I mean EVERYWHERE! For example
in the proportions of beautiful faces: In snail shells, vegetables and flowers:
In the fingers:
In the proportions of the body in general: And also in Cosmic Order:
It seems also the Ancient Greeks were very aware of 21
this ratio as it can be found in son for getting this tattoo is to the architecture of the Parthe- solicit questions from people non: who are interested, and little by little introduce into the consciousness of anyone who will listen, a fragment of the divine.
The discovery of this ratio is usually attributed to Pythagoras or one of his followers and has fascinated Western intellectuals for at least 2,400 years. As many people believe, the Greeks have an uncanny eye for beauty, both natural and architectural, which is probably why every western city is full of Greek architecture, which itself is based on the mathematics of natural beauty. Because this ratio describes natural beauty and cosmic order it has been dubbed the ‘Golden Ratio’ or the ‘Divine proportion’. 22
And fourthly, my last rea-
Interview with Erika
By: Leo Hello, my name is Leo, I Do you like drinking frappe want to make an inter- or do you like tea more? view with you. What is your name? I prefer tea if its herbal tea or fruit tea, I don’t like black or My name is Erika Funa Papa- green tea so much. dopoulos. What would you like me to Ah, that means you are ask you in the next queshalf Greek? tion ? Yes, the parents of my father Ehm, something where I could are from Ioannina but he was choose between two things. born in Poland. Ok, classic or rock music? Ok and you are making an EVS here, right? How long Rock of course! you will stay here? And why? Yes, I will stay here for 10 months! I love the music that has lyrics. I guess the lyrics are more Why did you decide to important for me than the come here to Greece? And melody. not to another country? What kind of lyrics do you I wanted to live here in Greece prefer in songs? to see what the life here is like and to learn the language. I love socially critical lyrics, also humorous ones. And 23
those that express moods and In the last years I have not feelings in a creative way al- watched so much TV because ways capture me. I don’t own one but otherwise I like movies that are not HolIf you are sad do you lis- lywood style and strange huten to sad songs or happy moristic series like Scrubs, or songs that make you feel Seinfeld. I also like Felicity - a better? little embarrassing but true. Another thing I enjoy watchActually if I am sad or mel- ing, especially at night, are ancholic I like to listen to sad forensic crime scene investisongs, but if I am really sad gations with real crimes, even about something I switch to though it makes me scared. something more positive because otherwise the sad songs What is your favourite colmake it even worse and I am or? even more sad. I like all the colors, lets say Do you like watching TV? rainbow. 24
And what is your favourite million euros? animal? I would give my family someGuinea pigs! Because their thing and then something for lower lip is smiling all the time, the world but not give only and they have this permanent- money for an organisation, I ly confused but excited look would want to invest in someupon their face like: “I know thing more sustainable and nothing about the world but I future-oriented, like educaam smiling nevertheless!” tion plan or a school. Did you have a guinea pig And for you? I like that at home? you are not thinking first about yourself and that I Yeah two! Piki and Cookie. have to ask you what you want to buy for yourself! You come from slovenia. Do you like it more there I don’t need a lot of things to or here in Greece? live! I want only a house from that money and make sure Well, it’s very different. In that I can live without having Slovenia I have my life, fam- to work in a job I don’t like. ily and everything and here all the things are new for me. What do you think is your But I like the mentality of the greatest strength? people here, it is more social, I think I am good in commueverything is going slowly and nication, talking and underthe sun is shining all the time. standing people. I mean, it is What I like about Slovenia, easy for me to connect with though, is that it very green. people because I see good things in everyone. I think What would you do if I they feel safe and relaxed with give you right know 10 me and I like that. 25
Lithuanian recipe: Kugelis By: Lina
Ingredients 1 pound bacon, diced 2 large onions, diced 1/2 cup butter 5 pounds russet potatoes, peeled and shredded 1 (12 fluid ounce) can evaporated milk 6 eggs salt, spices by your taste Directions Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Place bacon in a Dutch oven set over medium heat, cover, and cook until the bacon has softened and begun to release it’s grease. Stir in the onion and cook until softened and translucent. Remove the cover, and continue cooking and stirring until the mixture carameliz26
es and turns a deep, golden brown. Remove from heat and stir in butter to melt. Stir shredded potatoes into the onion mixture, then stir in the evaporated milk and eggs until well combined. Pour into a 9x13-inch glass baking dish. Bake in preheated oven for 1 hour, or until golden on top. Remove and let stand for 10 minutes before slicing into 3x3-inch squares. Serve hot.
When EVS met Grundtvig! K.A.NE. organized form the 5th to the 12th of October 2013 a Grundtvig In-Service training with the title “Formal Education meets Non-Formal Learning – The Competence Based approach�, with the participation of adult education professionals from 6 countries,
Turkey, the Netherlands, Poland, Cyprus, Spain and Montenegro. For one week, the participants worked together, exchanging ideas and experiences, debating on the definition of non-formal learning and its use for de-
veloping skills and competences in adult learners, that will give them a competitive advantage in the labour market, and explor-
ing the possibilities of using non-formal learning in formal education settings. On their free time, they got to discover the beauties of 27
Kalamata, visit its museums and historical places and taste the local specialities. Finally, the participants in the IST were able to create their own non-formal learning tools, which they tested with the help of K.A.NE.’s EVS volunteers. For 1 whole day, the 11 EVS volunteers of K.A.NE. and the participants in the Grundtvig In-Service train28
ing worked together, practiced the tools, evaluated them and gave feedback as to how they can be improved. Despite the difference in ages and backgrounds,
they all together managed to “save the penguins from extinction”, “seduce an exotic Princess” and “work together to solve the problems of the village” The next day they met again, exploring possibilities for future collaborations and combined their experiences and fresh ideas to create common follow-up projects! 29
Anti-Racist
Festival in Kalamata By: Ilias Krompas
Ιt was Saturday eve- could play and test their ning, when we began talends, imagination and from Othonos square creativity, while learnand moved towards the coastguard park in order to support the 2nd antiracism-antifascism festival of Kalamata. So, we set our stand, giving it a lot of colour with our paints, colored papers and cartons! Then we put a colourful floor on the ground, where children of different ages
ing about human rights. In parallel, we also tested our creativity, doing face-painting for both us 30
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and the children. Furthermore, the people who did not know about the Youth Centre and what we do, were informed about our activities and some even 32
experimented, making stencils that reflected the idea of anti-racism. At 21:00, we let Mano to paint childern’ s faces and we watched the concerts from different groups. At the end of the festival and being exausted we all helped to the cleaning of the space in order for the children not to play in a dirty area the next day.
WHO
WE ARE
OFFICE: Panagiota Arapi
Georgia Giannakea Giwrgos Housenbelli
Filaretos Vourkos
Fotini Arapi
LONG TERM
EVS:
Leonard Pristl Erika Funa
Melina Savvidis Eda Tandoğan Amaia Vilas
Carmelo Márquez
Fiachra Mckeever
Jelena Scepanovič
Ahmad Ayyash
Lina Šuminaitė 33
The volunteers responsible for this publication are hosted in Greece in the framework of the European Youth in Action programme, Action 2- European Voluntary Service. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the author, anvd the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. 34