BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II PROJECT 1

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II (BLD 60703) SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION - TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER LIM ZHI KANG LIM LIH HAN LOCK TIAN JIUN YEOH HAN JOO YONG ZHI KANG

0330914 0326573 0327636 0330959 0327791

CONTENTS

01

02

06

11

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 DESIGN PROCESS

3.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

4.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

2.1 Design Consideration 2.2 Design Development 2.3 Orthographic Drawings

3.1 Construction Methods 3.2 Components And Materiality

4.1 Concrete Pad Footing 4.2 Skeletal Steel Base Frame 4.3 Timber Flooring 4.4 Seating 4.5 Steel Column Construction 4.6 Skeletal Steel Roofing System 4.7 Polycarbonate Roof Construction

25

31

33

34

5.0 CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

6.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS

7.0 CONCLUSION

8.0 REFERENCES

5.1 Load and Forces Distribution 5.2 Load Bearing Test

6.1 Design Strategies 5.2 Accessibility 5.3 Ergonomics

01

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In this project, we are compulsory to construct a temporary bus shelter with a maximum 400mm x 800mm base area and 600mm height structure. At the same time, the shelter structure that we are going to build must fit the requirements which can withstand vertical and horizontal load forces from external sources and also ease the users movement and match its function with its design.

To ensure the structure is being built practically, the main focus of this project is to understand the skeletal construction and demonstrate the knowledge into our bus shelter design nicely. In order to show the skeletal structure, we need to identify the construction elements such as roofs, beams, columns and slab joints through researches and analysis.

1

02

DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Weather Resistant

Stability

The design of bus shelter must be able to resist the hot and humid climatic condition. It should accommodate to the direct sunlight and rainfall to provide protection for the users.

Safety

The skeletal frame structure of the bus shelter should be able to withstand both horizontal and vertical forces imposed on it.

It should also prevent uplifting or overturning by wind load and resistance.

The bus shelter must have suitable openness to provide visibility to see traffic conditions .

Stability and maintenance of structure is taken into consideration for users’ safety, to provide strong sheltering purpose.

Anthropometrics and Ergonomics

Suitability of Materials

The bus shelter has to be built according to the human anthropometrics and ergonomics, providing the amount of comfort level and convenience for the user experience.

Materials chosen to construct the bus shelter must have high durability and strength to efficiently support the structure. Minimal impact to environment can be achieved using recyclable materials and better to be locally available.

2

DESIGN PROCESS

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

1. The design of the temporary bus shelter is initiated from the combination of a cuboid and two triangular prisms. The combination of forms creates a strong stability that can withstand both lateral and vertical forces.

2. The form further develops into basic joints and skeletal framing construction system used to construct the bus shelter.

3. Form addition takes place to increase the base area of the structure for a stronger stability.

4. The forms are shifted aside with each other to enhance the spatial layout of the bus shelter.

Moreover, the top surface creates a slanted roof structure which can direct rainwater downwards and increase the aesthetic value of the bus shelter.

5. Straight columns are integrated within the design to act as semi load bearing structures, separating the spatial layout of the bus shelter and to provide an extra supportive element for the users.

6. Seating areas are provided for the users in the design. Moreover, the roof structure is cantilevered to shade more from the direct sunlight and rainwater.

3

DESIGN PROCESS

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

(SCALE 1: 5) LEFT ELEVATION

3200mm

3200mm

FRONT ELEVATION

3770mm

2000mm

4

DESIGN PROCESS

2850mm

ROOF PLAN

5200mm

2000mm

FLOOR PLAN

4100mm 5

03

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS 1

2

PRE-CONSTRUCTION 1. A physical mock-up of scale 1:25 is produced with all bus shelter details made. The details are then generated in Rhino and Sketchup software.

Specification of details of the bus shelter are enhanced in the digital model.

2. The dimensions of the bus shelter from the digital model are scaled down to 1:5 for the construction of the physical final model.

FOUNDATION 3.

3

4

Wooden blocks are used as pad footings for the foundation to represent concrete footings in actual scale model. The blocks are cut to size and sprayed with aerosol paint to represent the materiality of the footings.

4. The blocks are dried thoroughly and ready to be install as pad footing. It represents the concrete curing process

6

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS 5

6

7

8

STEEL BASE FRAMEWORK

9

5.

Metal plates are cut according to dimensions for the steel base framework.

8.

I beams are connected with using angle cleat and hex head bolt and nut to form the frame structure for the base.

6.

The metal plates are welded together to form I beams. The longer I beams represent the primary members of the frame whilst the shorter ones are the secondary members for the framework.

9.

To connect the floor joist to the framework, notch is created on the C-channel beam to fit nicely into the I beam. The presence of the notch allows the C-channel beams to be at the same level with the I beams of the framework itself.

C-channel beams are cut to size for further use as floor joists.

10.

7.

11.

11

The steel base framework has been constructed.

10

The C-channel beams are fitted into the framework subsequently. Butt plates are installed in advance for the construction of the column.

7

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS 12

COLUMNS

15

12. Metal plates are welded together to form I beams for the column. These columns are the main columns for the whole bus shelter. They are designated to be slanted columns.

13

14

13. Once the I columns are produced, they are situated firmly on the top of the butt plate with the aid of the bolts. Stiffeners were used to enhance the stability of the structure.

14. The main columns of the bus shelter is finished. The main beam of the roof is rested on top of the main column to support the roof frame and the polycarbonate roof afterwards.

ROOF FRAMEWORK 15. The roof frame is made from RHS, which is cut to size. The individual RHS are welded together to form a single roof framing system.

16

16. The roof frame is then laid on the beams of the roof. The roof frame is welded with splice plates which function as connectors to bolt together with the top flange of the roof beams below.

17

SEATING INSTALLATION

18

17. The triangle bracing of the bench is being made. It further enhances the supporting system against the live load. The screwing of the triangle bracing onto the sub-column provides a stronger grips, allowing heavier load to be applied.

18. Installation of the perforated metal seating. The perforated seatings allow air ventilation at the lower part of the seating, providing extra comfort for the user of the bus shelter.

8

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION METHODS 19

FLOORING

21

21. The base and cap system of the polycarbonate roofing is fabricated. The polycarbonate roof is sandwiched between the roof frame and the long metal plates which act as the glazing bars, to hold the polycarbonate roof in place.

19. Installation of the timber flooring.

All the dimensions being measured to enable the timber to fit accordingly to the surface and covered the exposed skeletal base frame.

20

20. A piece of acrylic sheet is cut according to the roofing dimensions. The acrylic sheet is to represent the usage of polycarbonate roofing in the real life structure.

POLYCARBONATE ROOFING

22

22. FINAL PRODUCT

9

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

COMPONENTS AND MATERIALITY SOLID POLYCARBONATE Polycarbonate is used for the roofing as it is lightweight, easy to install and visually aesthetic. It is also able to resist fire and virtually unbreakable. In addition, it provides a modernic ambience.

ALUMINIUM

CARBON STEEL

Aluminum beams are used for structural applications where greater strength, lightweight and corrosion resistance are required.

Due to the material strength and its lightweight properties, aluminum beams are available in a wider range of configurations than steel beams

Carbon steel is widely used in construction industry as it is affordable in price. Carbon steel has a higher carbon content, which gives the steel a lower melting point, more malleability and durability, and better heat distribution.

MERBAU PLYWOOD

CONCRETE Concrete is a suitable material to use as it has a good bearing capacity to resist the structures compression with its high compressive strength.

Merbau is reported to be very durable, and resists both rotting and insect. This wood is strong, along with excellent stability, making it ideally suited for use as wood flooring and other applications where strength is the main consideration.

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04

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

2500mm

1000mm

500mm

498mm 454mm

2496mm

898mm

947mm

4500mm

11

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING Mainly, the concrete pad footing is part of the foundation of the overall structures, which helps to distribute all the load carried from structures above the skeletal frames to the ground evenly. The concentrated load imposed by the columns can be distributed through the base plate to the pad footing without exceeding the concrete bearing pressure. Although pad footing provides a shallow type of foundation, it still managed to withstand loads and forces distributed onto the bus shelter and provides optimum level of stability.

SIDE ELEVATION OF CONCRETE PAD FOOTING

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS I-column Anchor bolt

I-section steel column is being welded to the metal base plate which is bolted into concrete pad footing through grout.

Base plate Grout Concrete pad

DIagram 4.1.3 Pad footing perspective view

Concrete Pad Footing Footing contributes to the transmitting of load from the whole structure to the ground where the bigger surface area of the pad prevents sinking of the bus shelter.

I-section steel column is further connected to the slanted column on top together with splices. The metal base plate and concrete pad footing are being connected using the cast-in anchor bolt.

Dimensions Width : 500mm Length : 500mm Height : 200mm

L-type anchohr bolt

DIagram 4.1.4 Pad footing sectional view DIagram 4.1.1 Pad foundation base

Steel Base Plate The plate acts as a stand as well connector to the column. Plates can used when there is a difference dimension of two columns needed to connected.

200mm as be in be

Dimensions 15mm Width : 315mm Length : 295mm Height : 5mm

150mm DIagram 4.1.2 Base plate

9mm 230mm DIagram 4.1.5 I-section steel column

DIagram 4.1.6 L-type anchor bolt 12

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

SKELETAL STEEL BASE FRAME Steel base frame is a construction technique with a skeletal frame of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the building components like floor, wall and roof. It is being situated above the concrete footing layer and connected by steel connections techniques which provides enough strength. All the forces applied on it will be transfer through the skeletal steel base frame secondary members to concrete pad footing through the main girders.

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

PLAN VIEW OF BASE FRAME 1

I-beam (Girder) Angle cleat

Girder is connected to the I-column after fabrication via angle cleat which is bolted using hex head bolt.

Base plate Grout Concrete pad

2

Diagram 4.2.3 Girder to I-column connection

I-beam (Girder)

C-channel is attached to the girder via angle cleat which is bolted using hex head bolt.

Girders (Main Beam) I-beam acts as the main horizontal support that supports the secondary beam. These chief supports transfer load from joists to the columns and down to the pad footings.

C-channel (Secondary beam)

Diagram 4.2.4 Steel C channel to girder connection

Dimension Width: 100mm Height: 150mm Diagram 4.2.1 I-sectional steel beam

Joists (Secondary Beam) C steel channel transfers load and distribute them evenly throughout the whole framing system. They help in making the frame structure stronger by sharing the loads beared by the main beams.

Angle cleat

Dimensions Width: 50mm Height: 150mm Diagram 4.2.2 C channel steel beam

I-beam spans across and connected to the flange surface of the vertical I-column. Angle cleat is used and bolted both the steel together.

I-beam (Girder) Angle cleat

Diagram 4.2.5 I-beam to flange connection

13

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

SKELETAL STEEL BASE FRAME DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

C steel channel being notched at both sides before bolting it together with the I-beam web to achieve the same surface level on top.

Diagram 4.2.7 C steel channel connection

50mm

150mm

2.5mm Diagram 4.2.8 Angle Cleat

Diagram 4.2.9 C section steel channel

100mm

132mm

6mm

150mm

9mm DIagram 4.2.6 Isometric view of skeletal steel base frame

Diagram 4.2.10 Hex head bolt and nut

Diagram 4.2.11 I-section steel column

14

1615mm

400mm

2150mm

1000mm

3234mm

15

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

TIMBER FLOORING The flooring used in the bus shelter is made of merbau plywood panel, which is excellent in resisting the weather problems. By using fastener to connect timber with the below steel joist frame, the timber panel can firmly inserted to construct a strong flooring footage.

PLAN VIEW OF FLOORING CONSTRUCTION

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

Self-drilling screw

To connect both layers, fastening self-drilling screws promote better stability and also allow the drill point to penetrate through thicker material. Drilling of screws along the line of the floor joist helps in strengthening the firmness of the panels.

Plywood panel

Floor joist

Diagram 4.3.2 Exploded floor layerings.

The plywood panel is laid on the steel skeletal after fabrication of the sizes to fit the dimensions of the steel frame. Each panel is laid carefully on top of the joist.

Merbau Plywood Panel This hardwood is placed on top of the steel base frame and screwed it onto the floor beams.

Self-drilling screws

C-channel

Dimension Thickness: 20mm

Timber panels

Diagram 4.3.1 Merbau Plywood panel

Diagram 4.3.4 self-drilling screw

Diagram 4.3.3 Sectional timber panel connection

16

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

SEATING Usage of perforated steel panel as seating. The perforated steel panel itself is lighter compared to the solid steel panel, allowing ease of installation while allowing the triangle supporting bracket to pick up lesser load at the same time allowing sufficient ventilation from below.

PLAN VIEW OF PERFORATED PANEL SEATING

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

The triangle brackets are connected to the RHS column behind, screwed directly into it with self-drilling screw.

Perforated Steel Panel Triangle Bracket

Diagram 4.4.3 Triangle bracket and column connection Perforated Steel Panel

Perforated steel panel screwed with the upper bench frame. The triangle bracket is screwed to the lower frame to provide a structural support for its above elements.

Perforated Steel Panel Functioned as the seating for the users. Lighter in weight at the same time enhances air ventilation from below.

Dimensions Length: 1615mm Width: 400mm Thickness: 20mm

Diagram 4.4.1 Perforated steel panel

Triangle Bracket

Lower frame Diagram 4.4.4 Perforated steel panel connection

Triangle Bracket These triangle brackets act as the main support for the perforated steel panel, contributing itself to transmit and withstand live load of the users.

Bench frame

Dimensions Length Vertical: 500mm Horizontal : 400mm Thickness: 20mm

Diagram 4.4.2 Triangle bracket

Diagram 4.4.5 self-drilling screw 17

2665mm

2083mm

1663mm

557mm

1550mm

18

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

STEEL COLUMN CONSTRUCTION Vertical steel column is part of the steel skeletal system structure. Mainly, the bus shelter required vertical steel columns together with slanted steel columns to support the overall design of the bus shelter roofing structure. Vertical steel columns are made of square hollow structural section (RHS) while the slanted steel columns are made up of I-column.

FRONT ELEVATION OF SLANTED COLUMNS

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS 80 degree slanted I-column rested on the butt plate before connecting them together using the angle cleat and stiffeners.

Welding of the connectors to the main column is applied to further strengthen the connection.

Stiffener Angle cleat

Diagram 4.5.2 I-beam main column connected to floor beam

80 degree slanted column erected from the ground to withstand lateral force such as wind load and earthquake. The slanted roof is being supported by the axially design of the column

Slanted I-Column Plays one of the main role in supporting the whole skeletal frame. This main column holds the load especially from the roof. The slanting configuration withstand lateral force.

80 degree

Diagram 4.5.3 Slanted main column

126mm 12mm

Dimensions Width: 89mm Height: 150mm

I-beam main column

DIagram 4.5.1 Slanted column

89mm 6.5mm 150mm

Diagram 4.5.4 I-section steel column

Diagram 4.5.5 Angle Cleat

Diagram 4.5.6 Stiffener 19

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

STEEL COLUMN CONSTRUCTION FRONT ELEVATION OF VERTICAL COLUMN

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

Welding of SHS column to a steel plate before bolting to both the floor and roof beam.

DIagram 4.6.3 I-beam main column connected to floor beam

The flat part of the haunch is purposely used to perform as a connective media, allowing screwing of self-drilling screw to attach itself to both the vertical column and roof frame. Haunch links the roof and column together to provide an alternative route for load transferring.

Vertical SHS Semi-load bearing where it helps the main column to take up some load. Channeling load from roof beams and roof frame to the floor.

Dimensions Width: 50mm Height: 50mm

Roof beam Haunch

Sub-column

DIagram 4.6.4 Perforated steel panel connection DIagram 4.6.1 SHS column

Haunch System Branched supportive elements from vertical RHS to further support the roof beam. Function in a similar way as a bracing.

50mm Dimensions 1.6mm

Length: 520mm

50mm

DIagram 4.6.2 Haunch DIagram 4.6.5 Bolt and nut

DIagram 4.6.6 SHS section column

20

615mm

1065mm

2788mm

4165mm

21

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

SKELETAL STEEL ROOF SYSTEM The framework for the roof structure is quite identical towards the base framework as both are using the same structural support system, which is the temporary steel framework. This requires the usage of fasteners, fabricated steel beams and frame. As the roof layer is supported by columns, the steel roof being designed to be lighter compared to the base frame weight, to ensure that the whole structure is strong and lightweight.

PLAN VIEW OF SKELETAL STEEL ROOF SYSTEM

1

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS

The roof frame welded to a splice plate is then connected to the main beam through bolting. To create a lightweight structure, the size of the roof beams are slightly lighter than the ground beams.

2

DIagram 4.7.3 Main beam to main column connection

The overhanging beams is framed within the depth of the primary beam, which is continuous over the main beam support. Ends of beams are tapered to lighten them with cutouts.

Roof Main Beam Dimensions I-beam is used as the roof’s main supporting beam. Mostly supporting the load of the sub-beams and roof frame.

Length: 2080mm Width: 147mm Height: 112mm

DIagram 4.7.4 Roof Sub-beam connection

DIagram 4.7.1 I-beam

14mm

Roof Sub-Beam RHS frames itself to become the sub-beam of the roof, The whole frame rests on top of the main beam to support the upper polycarbonate roof sheet.

112mm

Dimensions Length: 934mm Width: 50mm Height: 70mm DIagram 4.7.2 RHS steel beam

7mm

50mm

98mm

1.8mm

70mm

147mm DIagram 4.7.5 Splice plate

DIagram 4.7.6 RHS section beam

DIagram 4.7.7 Splice plate

22

615mm

1500mm

2850mm

4353mm

23

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

POLYCARBONATE ROOF CONSTRUCTION The roof layer, polycarbonate roof is chosen as our sheltered roof as it promotes sufficient light penetration and easy to install. However, due to the material properties of polycarbonate, there are few construction details during installation we need to understand in order to ensure it carries its performance nicely.

PERSPECTIVE OF POLYCARBONATE LAYERS

DETAILS AND CONNECTIONS Sealing Rubber Gasket

Aluminium Extrusion Cap Profile Solid Polycarbonate Base Profile Santoprene Gasket RHS beam Self-drilling screw

Solid Polycarbonate The proper construction method of using polycarbonate roofing with base and cap system helps to grip the structure firmly away from the turbulence wind uplift. It makes the bus shelter roof to become a windproof and waterproof structure.

DIagram 4.8.3 Base-and -cap system sectional details

Dimensions Thickness: 10mm DIagram 4.8.1 Material texture

50mm

Glazing Bar

1.8mm

Glazing bars are being used to secure the top and below profile of the polycarbonate panel. Mostly prevent the lightweight structure to slip.

DIagram 4.8.2 Glazing Bar

DIagram 4.8.4 self-drilling screw

70mm

DIagram 4.8.5 roof frame section (RHS)

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05

CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

LOAD AND FORCES DISTRIBUTION Steel skeletal frame construction consists of primary structural elements and secondary structural elements in both vertical and horizontal way to support the load applied onto the skeletal frame structures. The steel skeletal frame must be able to resist vertical forces and lateral forces, such as live loads and seismic loads.

Primary structural elements

Secondary structural elements

Mainly, the loads carried by secondary structural elements will direct towards primary structural element in a concentrated load form. It holds the form of the design up.

Secondary structures provide a more stable and firm support system to enhance the structural behaviour of primary structural elements. It helps to withstand more loads and distributes the overall forces uniformly.

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CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

LOAD AND FORCES DISTRIBUTION Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Load Distribution

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Concentrated Load

Skeletal load distribution system of the temporary bus shelter is supported by beams into the ground from one direction only. All the concentrated load distributed to each concrete pad footing uniformly under the substructure.

Load Distribution

Load Distribution

Load Distribution

Load System: One-Way System

Concentrated Load

26

CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

LOAD AND FORCES DISTRIBUTION

Dead Load

Live Load

Mainly, the loads carried by secondary structural elements will direct towards primary structural element in a concentrated load form. It holds the form of the design up.

Mainly, the loads carried by secondary structural elements will direct towards primary structural element in a concentrated load form. It holds the form of the design up.

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CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

LOAD AND FORCES DISTRIBUTION

Wind Load

Eccentric Axial Load

The vertical columns are designated to allow the wind to flow through the structure in and out horizontally. It helps to reduce the resistance of the strong wind and lateral forces applied onto the structures. At the same time, the rigid roof to column structure helps to prevent the roof layer from being blown away by the uplift wind force.

The line of action of the axial load is not parallel to the central axis of the column. In this case, the columns will need to withstand axial load, shears and moments. The inclined structures are being design in a way that rigid frame can resist bending moment applied on it and less. The columns inclination help to achieve an equilibrium in the structural stability.

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CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

LOAD BEARING TEST MERBAU TIMBER FLOORING Test Subject : Human Weight Unit : 1 person Total Load : 45kg Representation : Live load applied onto merbau timber floor.

Test Result : Successful. The hardwood flooring is able to withstand the weight of the imposing human weight.

POLYCARBONATE ROOF Test Subject : Paint Containers Unit : 4 Units Total Load : 10kg Representation : Live load applied onto the roof.

Test Result : Successful. The polycarbonate is able to bare with the heavy load applied onto it.

Successful. The steel columns are able to withstand the loads applied onto the structure.

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CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

LOAD BEARING TEST BENCH Test Subject Unit Total Load Representation benches.

Test Result the

: Water bottles : 1 x 600 ml water bottle (0.6 kg each), 2 x 1500 ml water bottle (1.5 kg each) : 3.6 kg : Water bottles that are placed onto the bench represents live load imposed onto the : Successful. The triangle bracing carried out its function as structural support to withstand live load. Successful. The benches are able to withstand the loads imposed onto the structure.

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06

DESIGN ANALYSIS

DESIGN ANALYSIS

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Sunlight

Rain

The roof of the temporary bus shelter is constructed with polycarbonate which is a strong thermoplastic material that can resist the high climatic temperature. The semi-transparent polycarbonate panels reduces direct sunlight penetration into the interior environment, thus creating a thermal comfort for the users.

The bus shelter is designed to provide protection for the users from rainfall acted on the structure.

Rainwater will be channelled down from the roof to the ground by the slanted roof structure. The roof panel is also tilted at a 10° angle to ensure a smooth rainwater drainage. Besides, silicon sealant is applied in between the polycarbonate roofings to prevent rainwater from seeping into the bus shelter.

Humidity

Ventilation

Merbau wood panels are used as the flooring material for the bus shelter. It is a very stable wood that does not shrink that much if contacting with moisture as it can withstand the high humidity of the local climate.

Natural ventilation is able to occur at all sides of the bus shelter as the structure is designed to have the amount of openness for wind flow. The usage of perforated steel panels for the seatings instead of steel plate enhances the natural ventilation from the ground. Wind movement through the bus shelter is at its maximum to reduce the humidity level, thus providing the maximum thermal comfort for the users.

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DESIGN ANALYSIS

DESIGN ANALYSIS

ACCESSIBILITY

ERGONOMICS

The temporary bus shelter is designed to be placed near a shopping complex in a city center. The maximum openness of the bus shelter creates an ease of accessibility as there are entrance exposures from all sides of the structure. Main entrance exposures from the front and back of the structure are more wider to allow free movement in where users can come and go with ease.

The temporary bus shelter is designed with consideration of human anthropometrics and ergonomics to provide a comfortable user experience. For instances, the height of the interior space and the seatings are taken into consideration based on the basic measurement of the human body. Also, the capacity of the interior space to be able to accommodate five to six people whilst providing the resting comfort is taken into account. The simple design of the bus shelter complements the modern lifestyle of the city.

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07

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our temporary bus shelter is a combination of cuboid and triangular prism forms, which promotes a stable and firm skeletal structure using steel as the main supporting structures along with the usage of polycarbonate and timber material. It was designated to accommodate up to 6 users and protect users in a safety environment. Being a steel frame skeletal construction, it undergoes further experimental testing to ensure the load applied distribution equally onto the structure to form an unified whole.

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08

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