Office Design in Ahmedabad by Kanishk Bhatt

AA E+E ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY STUDIES PROGRAMME ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE GRADUATE SCHOOL MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN DISSERTATION PROJECT 2016-18

Office Design in Ahmedabad

Kanishk Bhatt January, 2018

ABSTRACT Building construction is rapidly growing in India, primarily in commercial sector with office type work. The construction boom, along with hot and dry climate and increase in purchasing power in metropolitan cities such as Ahmedabad, has led to an unprecedented growth for â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Grade Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; air conditioned buildings which are usually sealed and highly glazed. The awareness to the consequences of such design strategy, accompanied with the potential of the hot and dry climate highlights the need to rethink some of the core values that drive office buildings in India. From a theoretical starting point which identifies fundamental concepts and global trends, and field studies which identifies potential problems and opportunities that occur in a work environment, this research examines the local context by evaluating the challenges that can affect the performance of a building against the potentials of the climate and how to improve it. The analytic studies then move between different levels of optimisation, which identifies potential of each level to enhance comfort within the office space. Finally in consideration of the observations gathered throughout this research, an open and splitted office building typology is brought forward to reconnect with the local climate of Ahmedabad and substantially improve both performance and comfort.

Office Design in Ahmedabad

AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM AA E+E ENVIRONMENT & ENERGY STUDIES PROGRAMME ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE GRADUATE SCHOOL PROGRAMME MArch Sustainable Environmental Design SUBMISSION Dissertation Project 2016-18 TITLE Office Design in Ahmedabad NUMBER OF WORDS (excluding footnotes & references) 11154 STUDENT NAME Kanishk Pratimkumar Bhatt DECLARATION I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged. SIGNATURE

DATE January 12th, 2018

Office Design in Ahmedabad

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Authorship Declaration Form Table of contents Acknowledgements

i iii v vii

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1 What is â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;workâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and what is shaping how we work today? 2.2 How have the working environments evolved? 2.3 How is workplace design adapting to changing requirements? 2.4 Design standards and environmental standards for work environments 2.4.1 Workplace densities in India 2.4.2 Technology 2.4.3 Air quality and ventilation 2.4.4 Thermal mass and night purge ventilation 2.4.5 Visual comfort in a workplace 2.4.6 Thermal balance in a workplace 2.4.7 Solar gain and shading 2.4.8 Summary

6 7 10 12 12 13 13 14 14 16 17 18

3. Built Precedent and Field Work Analysis

4. Context

5. Site and site analysis

3.1 Built precedent 3.2 Field studies 3.2.1 bSafal Constructions corporate office 3.2.2 Kalupur Co-op Bank 3.2.3 GIFT Tower 1

4.1 Climate analysis 4.1.1 Location 4.1.2 Temperature 4.1.3 Relative humidity 4.1.4 Clouds 4.1.5 Wind 4.1.6 Sun path and solar radiation 4.1.7 Comfort 4.2 Ahmedabad's building design culture 4.2.1 Urban level 4.2.2 Building level 4.2.3 Office space layouts 4.2.4 Materiality 4.2.5 Occupancy pattern 4.2.6 Performance data and benchmark 4.3 Conclusions 5.1 Site 5.1.1 Site location 5.1.2 Site parameters 5.1.3 Proposed glass building 5.2 Site analysis 5.2.1 Shadow analysis 5.2.2 Solar radiation analysis 5.2.3 Wind flow analysis

22 24 24 28 30 34 34 35 38 39 40 40 42 44 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 56 56 58 59 60 60 61 62

6. Computational analysis

6.1 Defining the elementary unit for the analysis 6.1.1 The Width 6.1.2 The depth 6.1.3 Floor to ceiling height 6.2 Analytic work 6.2.1 Solar gains versus orientation versus window to wall ratio (WWR) 6.2.2 Window to wall ratio (WWR) versus depth of plan 6.2.3 Parametric study of passive strategies

66 66 66 66 68 68 70 71

7. Design application

8. Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendices

107

7.1 Design space calculation 7.1.1 Space budget calculations 7.1.2 Environmental design matrix 7.2 Design development concept 7.3 Project brief 7.4 The proposal 7.5 Shading device analysis 7.5.1 Facade design 7.5.2 Impact of shading devices on the internal gains 7.5 Building views

Office Design in Ahmedabad

77 77 79 80 82 83 86 88 90 92

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my tutor Mariam Kapsali for her guidance, motivation, inpiration and helpful assistance during my dissertation project. Her support was essential during the process. Also, I want to thank Simos Yannas, Paula Cadima, Jorge Rodriguez Alvarez, Klaus Bode, Gustavo Brunelli, Herman Calleja, Byron Mardas, Brian Ford, and Nick Baker for all the knowledge taught along the course. I am deeply grateful to my friends and colleagues Naitik Patel, Gunveer Singh, Ting Ting Gao, Pavithra Lakshmi, Daniel Ibarra, and Georgina for their participation and help on every step of my research. Without them it would be a very boring process and the final product would be much less compared to what it is right now. Many thanks to Architectural Association School of Architecture, for funding my studies. Special thanks to Abhi Bhatt, who has been incredibly supportive during the field studies. Finally, the heartiest thanks go to my parents (Pratim Bhatt-Jagriti Bhatt), for their unconditional, continuous love and support, from day one.

Office Design in Ahmedabad

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INTRODUCTION

Office Design in Ahmedabad

INTRODUCTION

Background "70 to 80 percent of the India of 2030 is yet to be built." -McKinsey & Company, 2010 With change in life style and increase in standards of living, typology of the building has changed. Many architects no longer bother to design buildings that consider the climatic constraints and focus more of their attention on aesthetic aspects. Present day architecture in the country blindly follows western architecture and has slowly lost contact with the environment. Moreover, with technological advancements, electrical and mechanical engineers claim to provide comfort in any type of building by providing 'practical solutions', which always incorporate high energy-consuming technologies. People work in offices that waste energy, and use inefficient lighting, heating and cooling systems and appliances. By following the high-carbon development pathways of warm/hot climate cities like Singapore and Dubai, the rapid expansion of 'Grade-A', air-conditioned office buildings are key contributor to India's soaring demand for electricity over coming years (Fig.1.1.1). As quoted above it is estimated that 70%-80% of the projected commercial building stock by 2030 is yet to be built. As per research done by TERI, about 50%-60% of energy consumed in commercial buildings is by air conditioning in India which would further increase due to increase in global temperature (Fig.1.1.2). Growing use of conventional air conditioning systems in offices and commercial buildings is having a major impact on electricity demand. These end-uses represent significant opportunities to reduce energy consumption, improve environmental comfort and reduce CO2 emissions since cooling demand is growing rapidly in country with very carbon-intensive systems. Other major factor which has a significant effect on the performance of the building is climate, especially in hot and dry regions. There is a high temperature difference between day and night in such type of climate. Due to very hot temperatures, the building materials absorb heat during daytime and gradually transferred to the inner spaces. This creates an uncomfortable environment in the inner part of the building due to increase in temperature which further promotes the use of air conditioning. Passive design techniques offer a potential solution to reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning systems.

Fig. 1.1.1: Demand remains tilted towards Grade A office spaces (Source: Colliers International, 2017; Picture: GIFT tower 2, Ahmedabad, Field study)

.... building use

35%

Aim The main target of this dissertation project was to create a design method for office building in Hot and Dry climate, establishing the principal factors, strategies and key design concepts to develop a project. As a design method, it should be flexible and applicable to different scenarios, according to the impact of new technologies and urban context, and the social and marketÂ´s trends. The goals of the new design method were to reduce the cooling load demand, improve the working space quality and create a new building image. A real proposed urban scenario was selected to apply the key finding and the design method concluding in an architectural project in Ahmedabad, India.

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of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total energy consumption, and is increasing by 8% annually

100%

Fig. 1.1.2: Energy consumption scenario in India (Source: Manu, 2016)

Methodology and structure The thesis was divided in six chapters. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework and research to support this dissertation project. It developed a critical review and analysed the tendencies of evolving work activities, office layout, internal gains, building form and highlights the required standards required for a work place. The third chapter was related to analysis of a built precedent, and field studies conducted in three office buildings in Ahmedabad. The research looks into the overall perceptions, performance and opinions about a workplace. The fourth chapter was related to the analysis of Ahmedabadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building design culture. The analysis highlights the overall characteristics of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate, which is mostly related to comfort; and new development trends that are happening within and around the city. At the end it also analyses possible strategies that could be applied to solve the overcooling problems in work environments. The fifth chapter was related to the selection of site and its analysis. It has heighted the site parameters based on regulations. The sixth chapter analyses an elementary unit of an office. Solar heat gains indentified ideal Window to wall ratios for different orientations. Later, different parameters were tested in order to reduce the cooling energy consumption Finally, the seventh chapter applied the design method and concepts proposed in an architectural project in Ahmedabad.

Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

‘ The city is one large workplace, so the workplace needs to be more like the city.’

PAST

- Despina Katsikakis, Transforming Workplace

‘Work’ of an infinite variety shapes a city’s urban landscape - from workshops in railway arches and tiny craft shops to glass and steel commercial towers of the iconic changing City skyline. But, as the quote above suggests, the entire city - including its streets, cafés, shops, parks, public spaces, libraries, community centres and homes is now synonymous with work, as the speed of change in technology becomes even faster and the boundaries between working, living and leisure ever more indistinct.

Work 9-5 Work in a corporate office Use company equipment

We work everywhere and at every time of day and night. Buildings and spaces for work are now often more than physical containers for economic activity - in the contemporary knowledge and service-led economies, they are often the expression of corporate values and identity.

Focused on inputs

Availability, affordability and most importantly for the built environment industries - the quality of the spaces across the city in which we work will become ever more important. As work becomes ‘boundless’ and costs remain high, the need to accommodate more uses in less space and thus for greater density and intensification of development can present new opportunities for innovative ways of thinking about how and where we work, and the places that we need for it.

Hoards information

Pre-defined work

Relies on email

Fig. 2.1.1: The evolution of work

2.1 What is ‘work’ and what is shaping how we work today? ‘If you ask people why they work, most will say for money’ - Joanna Biggs, All Day long, 2015 As Joanna points out, work is now not just ‘the essential but dull part of our lives’ in which we offer labour in return for wages. In the 21st century the technological revolution, globalisation and demographic shifts have radically changed the nature of work in every city around the world. Work is not just the output of products and services – it is also about the creation of personal and social value, meaning, identity and networks. This fundamental shift has and will impact on the types of space that we need for work and where these are in the city. Undoubtedly technological innovation – most recently mobile innovation, social media and cloud technology – is the underlying force that has shaped a new world of work, freeing us from our desks and enabling (almost) everyone to work in any location they choose (Fig.2.1.1). Technology – evolving at a phenomenally fast rate – has disrupted the hierarchical structures of work and the workplace, and the need for collaboration, flexibility, innovation and adaptability are of fundamental importance in business creation and growth. The once dominant ‘command and control’ structures of the corporate world especially are becoming fragmented and decentralised, and these are being reflected in the physical structures of work environments and management practices, such as ‘agile working’.(Fig.2.1.2)

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Fig. 2.1.2: Agile working space at White Collar Factory (Source: Arup)

FUTURE

Work anytime Work anywhere Use any device Focused on outputs Customized work Shares information Relies on cloud technologies

2.2 How have the working environments evolved? ‘Work has left the building’

- AECOM, 2016

The office environment has transformed beyond all recognition during the past century. As technology has progressed, office culture and communication have adapted accordingly. Creating the 21st-century office has involved far more than replacing typewriters and fax machines with computers and email. Here, we look at the decades that sparked key changes in office design and compare how different working life is now compared to 100 years ago (Fig. 2.2.2).

1900s: The industrial origins of the modern office (Taylorist office)

American engineer Frederick Taylor is credited with being one of the first people to design an office space. He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement that was highly influential during the progressive era of the late 1800s and early 1900s. Primitive office layouts were straight, linear and heavily influenced by the manufacturing industry. Much like on a factory floor, Taylor crowded workers together in an open-plan environment while those from the upper echelons of the organisation looked on from private offices (Fig.2.2.1). Rather than promoting efficiency, it was soon realised that these ‘Taylorist’ layouts discouraged productivity, instead generating discontent among employees.

1950s: Bürolandschaft and the dawn of office collaboration

Fig. 2.2.1: Scientific management of the workplace (Taylorism) in the Larkin Building (Source: Kuo, 2013)

Changes to office design during the fifties were largely politically motivated, with the socialist values of mid-twentieth century Europe permeating the workplace. Businesses began to steer away from top-down hierarchies and moved towards more socially democratic layouts that encouraged communication and collaboration. Bürolandschaft, the German concept used organic groupings of desks in patterns designed to encourage conversation and create a happier workforce. Typical designs used contemporary but conventional furniture, with lateral file cabinets and large potted plants used as partitions between desks.

Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The Bürolandschaft movement produced the first of what we now commonly call open-plan offices. Open plan layouts are still popular today, particularly with millennial workers. However, the high level of interaction between colleagues increased the potential for distractions, while lack of privacy and the easier spread of illness also presented issues with the layout.

1970s and 1980s: The advent of the cube farm

With open plan spaces the norm by the late 1960s, many organisations sought to bring a degree of privacy back to the office floor. The cubicle was invented – a way to stay open while having some personal space. While the original intention of the cubicle layout was never to compress as many employees into a space as possible, this is precisely what began to happen. In the 1980’s, profit-hungry corporations saw the rewards gained from squeezing as many workers into a space as possible. This resulted in the ‘cubicle farm’ layout, where linear rows of cubes were considered most efficient. The first computers were introduced, and staff became connected virtually rather than physically, calling from one cube to another instead of meeting in person.

Out of necessity building stock was responsive to both the climate and users. These buildings boast natural systems for lighting, ventilation, heating and cooling.

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, fluorescent lighting and suspended ceiling systems allowed for the uniform distribution of energy and light. This resulted in deeper floor plates and smaller, economical floor-to-floor distances.

1900s

Taylorist office In pic: Johnson Wax Building © Dezeen

1950s

Bürolandschaft/office landscape In pic: Osram headquarters © Walter Henn

Fig. 2.2.2: Time line showing the evolution of work spaces over the last century

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1970s

Action office 1 & 2 In pic: unknown © Herman Miller

2000s: Coffee shops, gamification and new technologies

The new millennium brought a new ideology: office flexibility. Businesses realised that employees didn’t really need to be in the office at all, for instance the rise of coffee shops and wireless technology freed employees from their cubicles. Companies also recognised that by paying more attention to staff morale, levels of productivity were likely to increase. The office environment was gamified to create work and leisure time in one space. Creative companies lost their corporate facade and filled their premises with bright colours, pinball machines, and pool tables.

2010s: The office community and sustainability

Businesses realise there is more to a well-designed office than vibrant furniture and a games room. Workplaces are now designed to encourage a sense of community and collaboration. Open plan layouts continue to be popular, with the addition of optimised spaces such as meeting pods, collaboration rooms and breakout areas. Permanent office space has become less essential.

Most of the buildings developed celebrated cheap power, defying the need for any consideration of the interior environment in their design and construction. The response to climate was mostly disregarded.

As the green building movement focused on the effects of materials and systems on office workers and the environment, the typology became responsive and environmentally responsible.

1980s

The Cubicle farm In pic: unknown © Getty images

2000s

Office flexibility In pic: Google’s Dublin campus © camenzind evolution

2010s

Towards sustainability In pic: White Collar Factory © AHMM Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK settings. Figure 12 illustrates how ‘space

(or less wasted space) meaning that the

budgets’ have changed in response to the

overall space required by an organisation has

new workplace agenda. This shift in space

generally reduced.

2.3 How is workplace to changing requirebudgets was seen asdesign universal adapting by those 6.3.3 Flexible floorplans ments?we interviewed.

As the level of agility in organisations grows, so it is becoming more important to provide

FIGURE 12 Changing space budgets ‘Workplaces are increasingly

a greater range of technology enabled backdrops to routine solitary

used less as static spaces that are more and work, and more as ‘hotel-style’ facilities, where ‘guests’ demand a high level convenient of Theexperience. proportion ’of non-desk space, such as comfortable for workers (Figure 13). Our service and collaborative space and meeting and social interviews suggested that the focus on - Ramidus, 2015 space, has generally increased in the ofﬁce

experimentation within businesses means that

support a higher level of knowledge organisations are bold enough to allow ‘Work is to nohelp longer where you go – it’s what you do’, runs a familiarthat contemsharingWork and interaction. Oneacompany we employees to ‘hack’ porary saying. is no longer linear process withtheir defined outputs, but or reconﬁgure interviewed currently undergoing such a their environments easily a more complex set of activities centred on less tangible concepts such as will leverage change linked the motivation directlytherefore, to a the workplace to provide even greater collaboration and innovation. The office, becomes a key business business need for a more collaboration and impacts. tool in communicating company’s values and ethosproductivity – especially imporknowledge sharing. In parallel, an increase in tant in seeking to attract workers of the millennial generation who tend to Fig. 2.3.1: Millennials will make up 50% of ﬂexible working arrangements, in conjunction the workforce by 2020 choose employers whose values reflect their own. (Fig.FIGURE 2.3.1) 13 with home-working and hot-desking, has

The ‘loose fit’ office

(Source: Cushman & Wakefield, 2014)

higher utilisation of desk space environments, used to create Flexibilityresulted will bein the key, and activity-based different experiences, will be used more efficiently than ever before (Fig. 2.3.2). Design and management of the workplace as a kit of parts that will support collaboration, concentration and community will become the norm, with a focus on the overall workplace experience. The increased focus on amenities will set the tone for organisations.

Collaboration space

Printing area

Filing area

Dedicated desk space

Focus rooms

Formal meeting space

Coffee corner

Social space

Hot desking space

Free address workplaces

Work spaces

Meeting spaces

Fig. 2.3.2: The ‘loose fit’ office: An idea of flexibility in a workplace (After Ramidus, 2015)

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Team meeting/ workstations

Support spaces

Cellular 9.3% Supports 33%

Open plan 39.5%

Circulation 18.2% Fig. 2.3.3: Pattern of current workplace areas and their distribution by zones Cellular 9.3% Open plan 29.5%

Supports 43%

The existing office layout can be divided into four zones- ‘Circulation’, ‘Open plan’, ‘Supports’ and ‘Cellular’ (British Council for Offices, 2009) (Fig. 2.3.3). Diverse activities happen concurrently in one space, affecting the comfort and the users´ efficiency, both key issues in new working environments. Also, it does not encourage the knowledge exchange and social interaction among users. The activities developed in an office space can be separated into ‘group’ and ‘individual’ categories that include different types of actions (Fig. 2.3.5). With the technological advancements, the user requirements are also evolving. The demand for office space with more support areas than open plan areas is increasing. This is increasing the complexity of the layout, changing the size of zones and dividing them into several activity-based areas (Fig. 2.3.4). Therefore, the zones are vanishing and there is no hierarchy in which the office spaces have to be designed. The rise of flexible working patterns has resulted in notable increases in workplace densities in the last two decades (Fig. 2.3.6). Research by the British Council for Offices in its Occupier Density Study (2013) showed that the average density of workplaces in the UK was 10.9 sqm per person per workplace compared to 11.8 sqm in 2008 and is more than a third less space per worker than the average of 16.6 sqm reported in 1997. 2010 10 sqm/person

Circulation 18.2% Fig. 2.3.4: Pattern of workplace with no zones and more support areas

2016 8 sqm/person

Fig. 2.3.6: The changing workplace. Increased density: Less space per person (After NLA, 2016)

Concentrated work

Thinking

Routine processig

Backup activities

rk Wo

OFFICE SPACES

Spaces

es Meeting

Collaborative

Spa c

c Spa

Individual

Sup po rt

Presentation

Meeting

Informal interaction

Collaborative thinking

Fig. 2.3.5: A.)Diagram of different work activities in a workplace, and B.) diagram showing different office spaces Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.4 Design standards and environmental standards for work environments Considering growing concerns about productivity, much more attention has focused on the indoor environment in offices in recent years. Standards typically address different environmental factors such as thermal comfort, indoor air quality, and aural and visual environments separately (Huang et al, 2012). The current Indian indoor comfort standards do not reflect the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climatic diversity (BIS, 2005). There have been very few reports on the actual environments in Indian offices in the last three decades. The National Building Code of India (NBC) recommends two temperature ranges for all the buildings in any of the five climatic zones, and these were modelled using the 1992 version of ASHRAE Std-55, which is now outdated (Indraganti et al, 2014). In the absence of a pan-India environmental comfort standard following comfort parameters were studied to develop a starting point for the analytical work.

2.4.1 Workplace densities in India

Typical Typical occupancy occupancy

Effective Effective density density 1:18 1:18

Maximum Maximum occupancy occupancy

Effective Effective density density 1:14 1:14

Planned Planned workplaces workplaces

Workplace Workplace density density 1:11 1:11

Building Building capacity capacity Designed Designed density density 1:10 1:10 Workplace density creates a relationship between technology, space, and people. It affects deeply the amount of internal gains and consequently, the FigureFigure x.xx: Effective x.xx: Effective density density Table. 2.4.1: Effective density based on Utilidesign parameters for analytic work, because both appliance and occupancy sation and Workplace density (After BCO, 2013) gains are linked with the density. Table Table x.xx: Utilisation x.xx: Utilisation and effective and effective density density

Workplace

In terms of density, India is below the rest of Asia Pacific region (CBREWorkplace Re-Workplace density density density 2 (m2 (m2 NIA) (mNIA) NIA) search, 2015), with density range from 4.5 sqm per desk to 9sqm per desk (Fig. 2.4.1). 95 100 100 Based on a study by CIBSE (2011), the utilisation rate of a workplace can reach up to 85%, which in this case, when we take the workplace density of 9 sqm per desk, the effective density of the workplace becomes 10.6 sqm per desk (Table 2.4.1). The utilisation and effective density are fundamental factors to define the internal gains in a project where each variation modifies the design parameters. 3

5.5

10.5

Potential Productivity Risk

11 Definite Productivity Risk

0 New Zealand Malaysia South Korea Australia Taiwan Singapore Japan Thailand Indonesia Phillippines China India Hong Kong

8 8 8 8

11 10 10 9

10 10

10 9

5 4.5 4.5 4.5

10.5 9 9 8.5

Figure x.xx: Static workplace density range in Asia Pacific by country (per sq. mt per desk)

Effective density 10.6

Fig. 2.4.1: Workplace density range in Asia Pacific by country (per sqm per desk) (After CBRE Research, 2015)

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Static Vs. Dynamic workspace density Lorem ipsum

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

7.4 7 8.4 8 9.5 9 10.5 10 11.6 11 12.6 12 13.7 13

Utilisation Utilisation

Utilisation (%) (%) (%)

55 60 50 65 55 70 60 75 65 80 70 85 75 90 90 80 95 85 11.7 10.8 12.7 10 11.7 9.3 10.8 8.8 10 8.2 9.3 7.8 7.8 8.8 7.4 8.2 13.3 12.3 14.5 11.4 13.3 10.7 12.3 10 11.4 9.4 10.7 8.9 8.9 10 8.4 9.4 15 16.4 15 12.9 13.8 12 12.9 12 13.8 10.6 11.3 10 10 11.3 9.5 10.6 16.7 15.4 18.2 14.3 16.7 13.3 15.4 12.5 14.3 11.8 13.3 11.1 11.1 12.5 10.5 11.8 20 16.9 18.3 15.7 18.3 14.7 16.9 13.8 15.7 12.9 14.7 12.2 12.2 13.8 11.6 12.9 20 21.8 20 17.1 18.5 16 18.5 15 16 15 17.1 13.3 13.3 14.1 12.6 14.1 21.7 20 21.7 20 23.6 17.3 18.6 16.3 18.6 15.3 17.3 14.4 14.4 16.3 13.7 15.3

14 12.7 16 14.5 18 16.4 20 18.2 22 20 24 21.8 26 23.6

50 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

2.4.2 Technology

(W/m2) 35 25 15

00:00 01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00

Basecase Energy conscious ICT Techno-Explosion

Fig. 2.4.2: Appliance gains throughout a 24 hour cycle in three office scenarios. (Source: Johnson et al, 2011)

On the other hand, new technologies are affecting the amount and efficiency of appliances in working spaces. Figures provided on CIBSE Guide A and study in ‘Trends in Office Internal Gains and the Impact on Space Heating and Cooling’ (Johnson et al, 2011) propose three possible scenarios: a base case according to current standards, a second one illustrating an energy-conscious ICT situation where offices would reduce the number of appliances and increase their energy efficiency, and a third one, based on the techno-explosion scenario, in which users would demand more and newer technologies to develop working activities, increasing by 300% the appliances’ gains. The distribution of internal gains for the three scenarios mentioned above are shown in Figure 2.4.2.

2.4.3 Air quality and ventilation Information on ventilation is needed to assess: — the capability of air change for indoor air quality purposes — the impact of air change on cooling load — the applicability of ventilation in passive cooling and maintaining thermal comfort. In India, National Building Code (2016) recommends value of 6-10 Air Changes per Hour for offices. However, the standard is very general and has not been updated over the past decade.

Table. 2.4.2: Recommended outdoor air supply rate for offices (After CIBSE Guide A, 2016) Offices spaces

Suggested air supply rate (L/s per pers)

Board room, large conferene room

Small conference room, executive office

Open-plan

Based on CIBSE Guide A 2016, standard for required outdoor air supply rate, the following main points are established: — 10 litres per second per person are needed to guarantee the air quality in offices (Table 2.4.2). — At normal temperatures an air flow velocity of between 0.1 to 0.15 metres per second and up to 0.25 metres per second during the summer is recommended. Keep draughts to a minimum. The rate of ventilation by natural means through windows or other openings depends on, — direction and velocity of wind outside and sizes and disposition of openings (wind action); and — convection effects arising from temperature of vapour pressure difference(or both) between inside and outside the room and the difference of height between the outlet and inlet openings (stack effect) (Fig. 2.4.3).

Fig. 2.4.3: Driving forces of natural ventilation: A.) Wind pressure ; and B.) Stack effect (thermal buoyancy) (Source: Baker, 2007) Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.4.4 Thermal mass and night purge ventilation

Minimum ventilation

Day

In hot dry regions, the main problem in summer is to provide protection from sun’s heat to keep the indoor temperature lower than those outside. For this purpose, windows are generally kept closed during day time and only minimum ventilation is provided for the control of odours or for removal of products of combustion (NBC, 2016). Night purge ventilation is one of the most efficient passive cooling systems, applied in many office buildings due to the high ventilation rates obtained during the night time, when the building is not occupied (Yan et al, 2008; and Pfafferott et al, 2004). Night purge ventilation is the circulation of night cool air in the interior spaces to cool down the inside thermal mass, which will result in a reduction of the interior temperature (Fig. 2.4.4), and the cooling load of the HVAC systems.

internal temperature (oC)

Combining thermal mass with night purge ventilation, also reduces the cooling energy consumption (Shaviv et al) by pre-cooling of the building mass (Morgan, 2007; Baker, 2007), and provides thermal comfort during the day (Givoni, 1998)(Fig. 2.4.5). Thermal mass materials are those that absorb, store and later release the accumulated heat into the interior (ASHRAE, 2007). 36 36 34 34 32 32 30 30 28 28 26 26

Maximum ventilation

27oC

Night

36 34 32

23oC

17oC

28 26 0 0

6 6

time12(hr)12

18 18 18

24 24 24

Lightweight mass

Lightweight mass with night vent

Heavyweight mass

Heavyweight mass with night vent

Fig. 2.4.4: Effect of thermal mass and night ventilation on peak internal temperature (Source: CIBSE, 2005)

2.4.5 Visual comfort in a workplace ‘Even a room which must be dark needs at least a crack of light to know how dark it is’ - Louis Kahn Visual comfort is very important in an environment where the employees work continuously, as it can affect the employee’s productivity level. Visual comfort is created with the right amount of good quality daylight and a sophisticated light distribution. Assessing visual comfort in a critical indoor environment such as an office building is a challenging task.

23oC

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Fig. 2.4.5: Night ventilation can reduce daytime temperatures by as much as 4 K. However, it only works where there is thermal mass available internally, and high rates of night time ventilation. (Source: Baker, 2007)

direct reflected

reflected

Fig. 2.4.6: Imagine that surfaces on and around the task are mirror-like. If the person at work would see a light source reflected then in practice there may be reflected glare. (After GPG245, 1998)

Fig. 2.4.7: Sightlines to computer screens are best parallel to windows. (After GPG245, 1998)

Table. 2.4.3: Recommended illuminance levels for offices (After CIBSE Guide A, 2016) illuminance required Office areas (lux) Meeting room 300-500 Informal meeting room 300-500 Circulation 100 Hot desk 300 Team work area 300-500 Café 300 Hall and front desk 300 Team work room 300 Concentrated room 300-500 Cellular office 300-500 Workstation 300-500

Access to daylight in offices is known to be beneficial to the health and wellbeing of occupants (Plympton et al, 2000). Where daylight can be used to provide illumination of an office space, designers should see to make the most of this valuable lighting source. Regardless of the size and location of the office in question, designers should seek to give the occupants an appropriately well-lit space in which to work (CIBSE LG7, 2015). According to Good Practice Guide (1998) and CIBSE Lighting Guide 7 (2015), following main points were created as a starting point for daylight analysis: — The main issues in daylight are to achieve the lux required and a uniform distribution of light in the whole space; and to avoid contrast, reflections and dark areas — The direct sun is not comfortable on desks, but it could be acceptable in social areas or circulation, improving the space quality if it does not affect the thermal comfort — Good task lighting involves more than providing a sufficient level of illuminance. Also important are the directionality of the lighting and the avoidance of glare – ‘direct and reflected’. — Most working surfaces are partly glossy, so special care must be taken with the placing of horizontal tasks in relation to luminaires and rooflights and of computer screens in relation to side windows –as in Fig.2.4.6 and Fig.2.4.7. — The recommended lighting levels for an office are within the range of 300 - 500 lx. The lower range of 300 lx could be selected for the design and complimented with additional task lighting for higher lighting levels if required. (Table 2.4.3). — The recommended ranges for room surface reflectance and illuminance are shown in Fig.2.4.8. Depending on the type of lighting system (direct, indirect etc), each surface reflectance and relative wall illuminance should be chosen to provide the best overall visual environment for the space.

Effective wall reflectance 0·3 to 0·7

Ceiling cavity reflectance 0·6 minimum Relative ceiling illuminance 0·3 to 0·9

Relative wall illuminance 0·5 to 0·6 Task illuminance 1·0

Effective floor cavity reflectance = 0·2 to 0·4

Window wall reflectance = 0·6 minimum

Fig. 2.4.8: Relative illuminances from a ceiling-mounted direct general lighting scheme for the main surfaces in a commercial working interior with suggested reflectances. (After CIBSE LG7, 2015) Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.4.6 Thermal balance in a workplace As described in the previous section, workplaces are going through major changes which directly impact their thermal balance (Fig.2.4.9). Changes in density, technological advancements and lighting efficiency could result in different energy scenarios that could potentially offset current predictions in different manners; for example, the shift towards effective density or the extensive use of technology (Fig.2.4.10) could increase the heat gains accordingly. Thus, buildings design today should consider some margins which will allow them to address different internal future scenarios effectively: Correlating office activity scenarios with different spaces and schedules within the office, could serve as a useful tool to modulate internal gain: thus effectively (and passively) reduce extreme overheating or overcooling situations throughout the space. The heat transfer through the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skin could be modulated dynamically between different seasons and effect the energy balance within the office in the same manner.

Fig. 2.4.10: Extensive use of computers in the Lloydâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building, London

The range of acceptable comfort conditions is an important starting point to assess thermal performance and comfort levels. Throughout the years many comfort studies had offered different approaches to define the range of the comfort zone with different correlations between the mean outdoor temperature (To.av) and the neutral temperature of comfort (Tn). This research adopted the adaptive ASHRAE 55 model represented by the formula: tn= 17.8+0.32*To.av. Solar heat gains

Outside air

Ceiling Radiating heat Evaporation temperature through equipment Convection

Air Floor temperature temperature

Clothing

Fig. 2.4.9: Illustration demonstrating the thermal heat exchanges within the office space (After A Green Vitruvius, 2010)

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Radiating heat through lighting

Radiating heat through person

Wall temperature

Typical fixed external shading devices

2.4.7 Solar gain and shading

In hot climates, taming the solar gains is a key aspect in achieving thermal comfort within the internal space. The orientation plays major role in the ability to modulate these gains effectively, mostly when we would want to block solar gains while keeping as much clear views and air flow as possible through the windows. South orientation is preferable in which by the projection of relatively small overhangs the high sun angles could be effectively blocked in summer. Despite the common assumption, North orientation will also get considerable direct sun radiation during summer afternoon hours. East and West are considered problematic due to very low sun angles during mornings and afternoon respectively, and could pose a problem in balancing solar protection with views, glare control and adequate daylight levels. Movable dynamic external shading could be a viable solution to address these issues effectively and supply intermediate exposure or protection during mid-seasons according to the specific demand (Fig. 2.4.11). External shading is clearly more effective than internal as it blocks solar radiation before penetrating the space (Fig.2.4.12). Inter-pane shading which includes controllable blinds trapped between two panes of a double-glazed facade systems allows several benefits such as undisturbed air flow through the windows, physical protection for the blinds, and a rather homogeneous architecture look to the facade of the building.

Typical fixed external shading devices TypicalTypical fixedadjustable externalexternal shading devices shading devices

Solar radiation reflected andabsorbed heat from absorption radiated and convected away

Typical solar gain factor for external white louvers: 12%

B Radiated and convected heat inside room

relected radiation has to pass through the glass

Typical solar gain factor for internal white louvers: 46%

TypicalFig. adjustable external shading 2.4.11: A.) Fixed, and B.) adjustabledevicesFig. 2.4.12: External versus internal louvers shading devices (Source: A Green Vitruvius, 2010) Typical(Source: adjustable shading devices A Greenexternal Vitruvius, 2010) Office Design in Ahmedabad

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.4.8 Summary

Table 2.4.4 summaries preliminary comfort parameters for workspace, according to CIBSE Guide A (2016). The main points are: -10 litres per second per person is needed to guarantee the air quality in work spaces -In natural ventilated spaces up to 0.3m/s and 1.5m/s are acceptable in cold and warm period respectively. -The main issues in daylight are to achieve the lux required and a uniform distribution of light in the whole space; and to avoid contrast, reflections and dark areas. -The direct sun is not comfortable on desks, but it could be acceptable in social areas or circulation, improving the space quality if it does not affect the thermal comfort. -In terms of density, the market standard defined by CIBSE is 10 m2. Table. 2.4.4: Preliminary comfort parameters for work spaces (After CIBSE Guide A, 2016)

WORK SPACES Meeting room Informal meeting room Circulation Hot desk Team work area Cafe Hall and front desk Team work room Concentrated room Cellular office Workstation

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Comfort temperatures

Air quality

Winter(C) Summer(C) (lt/s pers)

22-23 22-23 19-21 19-21 22-23 19-21 19-21 21-23 21-23 22-23 21-23

23-25 23-25 21-23 21-23 23-25 21-23 21-23 23-25 22-24 23-25 22-24

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Air velocity (m/s)

<0.25 m/s unnoticed 0.25-0.5 pleasant 0.5-1 awareness of air movement 1-1.5 draughty >1.5 annoyingly draughty

Lux Density required (m2/pers) (lx)

300-500 300-500 100 300 300-500 300 300 300 300-500 300-500 300-500

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Office Design in Ahmedabad

BUILT PRECEDENT AND FIELDWORK ANALYSIS

Office Design in Ahmedabad

Gift

10%

70%

3.1 Built precedent White Collar Factory, London

WCF White Collar Factory (Fig.3.1.1) started off as a research project between

60%

Derwent London and AHMM, exploiting passive environmental principles to reduce energy consumption, allowing occupants to have more control over their environment, and offering flexible warehouse-type spaces (Astbury, 2017).

The building is said to be established on five design principles: high ceilings, use of thermal mass, concrete core cooling, windows that open, and flexible occupation (Ferguson, 2016). The principle of flexible occupation is a response to changing office use (as mentioned in section 2.3). Tenantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; requirements are increasingly diverse, some for example requiring large open spaces and others more cellular offices, and each tenantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements can change over time (Fig.3.1.2, 3.1.6). Open floor plates and high ceilings allow deeper daylight penetration and a variety of fit-outs, and quick subdivision of space if needed (Fig.3.1.3).

30% 10%

Open-plan Cellular spaces Circulation Fig. 3.1.2: Office space distribution based on WCF fourth floor layout. However, the layout can be modified according to the tenant's requirement.

Space cooling is provided by a concrete core cooling system, where chilled water pipes are embedded in the reinforced concrete slab, enhancing the natural effect of the thermal mass to regulate internal temperatures and provide radiant cooling(Fig.3.1.4).

...I like the openness and flexibility of this space...

Opening windows are provided throughout the building, with measurements demonstrating that, in conjunction with thermal mass and chilled slabs, the mechanical ventilation can be switched off for 50% of the year, with comfort maintained by natural ventilation (Fig.3.1.5). A traffic-light system provides guidance to occupants when the weather favours opening the windows, and office users can choose to activate localised additional boost cooling if required.

Fig. 3.1.3: Concierge area of WCF, and response of concierge when asked about what she likes about the building (After building visit, and picture credit: AHMM, 2017)

Year: Context: Area: Stories: Open-plan floor deph:

2017 urban 39,285m2 sixteen 12-18m

Lighting:

9W/m2

Plug load:

15W/m2

Min. outdoor air rate:

12l/s/person

Occupancy:

10m2/person

Fig. 3.1.1: View of White Collar Factory building (Source: Building visit), and building information (After: Derwent London, 2017)

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

rgy performance ment (reduced draughts) ation ime cooling atural ventilation and/or mechanical ventilation lings not required arts to maintain

Chilled waterpipes embedded in concrete slab

ion designed with openable windows throughout, to enable on whenever outside temperatures are between 14°C oximately 50% of occupied hours per year).

Concrete core cooling

Unlike conventional air conditioning, heated using low temperature hot water provided by works with the boilers. The water is circulatedConcrete throughout theCore buildingCooling via mps into trench heaters locatedthermal around the office perimeter. mass of the building’s concrete structure to absorb the heat generated in r Panels r hot water panels on the roofthe of White CollarThe Factory supply office. heat is then transferred by e hot water demand of the building. a network of chilled water pipes embedManually operated windows for natural ded in the concrete, providing radiant ventilation if required cooling and controlling the office environment.

Natural ventilation

Fresh air

Thermal mass

The building is designed with openable Trench heaters to provide space heating windows throughout, to enablenatural ventilation whenever outside temperatures are between 14°C and 25°C.

Fig. 3.1.4: Schematic section of WCF showing passive design strategies (Source: AHMM presentation, 2013) ºC

Weekly profile 18/07-25/07

40 35 30

Planet

52 53

25 20 15 10

External temperature readings

18/07

19/07

20/07

21/07

22/07

23/07

9:13

21:13

9:13

21:13

9:13

21:13

9:13

21:13

9:13

21:13

9:13

Comfort band (EN15251)

21:13

9:13

Datalogger readings

21:13

24/07

25/07

Fig. 3.1.5: A.) The 'Prototype' White Collar Factory (Source: AHMM, 2013), and B.) Temperature readings inside the prototype WCF during a hot week in July, 2013 showing the effect of passive cooling system on indoor temperature (After Arup, 2013) Informal meet

Open work space Café Booth seating

Copy area

41m

Fresh air

Meeting room

Comms/IT room Open work space

Meeting office

Meeting room

Informal meet office

Informal meet

Open-plan office

Support areas

Open work space

Cellular office Copy area

Meeting room

Café Booth seating

Booth seating

Comms/IT room

Open work space

Meeting rooms

Meeting room Meeting room

Café

Waiting lounge

Waiting lounge Informal meet

Meeting room

Boardroom

office

Utility Tea point

Meeting room Meeting room

Café

Office

office

Meeting room

Office

Meeting

Utility Tea point

Waiting lounge

Meeting room

53m

Boardroom

Fig. 3.1.6: Layout of fourth floor showing segregation of spaces (Source: Derwent London, 2016) Office Design in Ahmedabad

BUILT PRECEDENTS AND FIELD STUDIES

3.2 Field studies

conditions on performance

Field studies and survey were conducted to know overall perceptions, performance and opinions about a workplace(Fig.3.2.1). The survey encompasses the occupants of a sample of office buildings in Ahmedabad. The survey was conducted in person, 47 occupants from three different office buildings in Ahmedabad answered a questionnaire about their perception of space and environmental working conditions (see Appendix C). The survey was applied during the months of July and August in 2017. The field work varied in each building, internal and external environmental conditions were not measured simultaneously with the answers given to the questionnaire. For this reason, rather than providing quantitative database about the case studies, the results were useful for formulation of qualitative overview on the environmental and design improvements, in typical airconditioned office building in Ahmedabad.

57% drop in performance experienced by interviewed employees when exposed to artificial cooling and distracting noise

15%

Fig. 3.2.1: Influence of environmental conditions on performance report a higher level of wellbeing when exposed to natural elements

3.2.1 bSafal Constructions corporate office, Ahmedabad

experience more productivity when close to greenery and sunlight

Representative office (Fig.3.2.3) is of 3 levels each of 420 m2. Building longer facades are oriented to the east and west. Floor plate circulation is similar on each floor with cellular cabins and open-plan offices along the corridor (Fig.3.2.2,3.2.7). Room depth in western and eastern part are of 7 and 4.3 meters, respectively (Fig.3.2.6). Office envelope is built of exposed Safalreinforced concrete with no insulation. The windows are double glazed of sliding type. Operable vertical shading devices are provided on the west side (Fig.3.2.4-3.2.5), and no external shading on the east side. Office is equipped with a HVAC system without BMS. There is a mechanical ventilation of mixing type with both supply and extract in a suspended ceiling. However, employees are free to use windows for natural ventilation. First floor of the building was studied, which is usually occupied by 27-30 people (9 in cellular, 18 to 21 in open-plan work hall).

Kalupur

32%

52%

16%

Open-plan Cellular spaces Circulation

10% 10%

Fig. 3.2.2: Office space distribution

Results: Regarding the time spent in the office building, occupation of the actual workstation stayed between 60% and 80% for most of the population that responded the survey. The rest of the time is mainly spent in meeting rooms, visiting the construction site, and informal areas.

80%

Year:

2010

20%

Context:

Gift

Area: Stories:

70%

Suburban

10%

420m2 three

Floor depth dimensionOpen-plan: Cellular: Occupancy: 10m2/person U-value: 1.8 W/m2K

WCF Fig. 3.2.3: Image of bSafal office building, and building information

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

60%

30% 10%

7m 4.3m

Fig. 3.2.4: External versus internal louvers (Source: A Green Vitruvius, 2010) 7m

4.3m

Open-plan office

Fig. 3.2.5: Operable vertical shading devices

Passage

Fig. 3.2.6: Section of studied floor

Pantry

Cellular cabin

Openplan

Circulation

Lift

Cellular office

Director's cabin

Fig. 3.2.7: Layout of studied floor

Office Design in Ahmedabad

BUILT PRECEDENTS AND FIELD STUDIES

Fig.3.2.8 shows that people in cellular offices (33% of the sample) are more satisfied with their work space in winter and feel more comfortable than those working in open-plan workhall. This can be since it is easier for occupants to control their own environmental conditions, and therefore, adapt to the changes when sitting in cellular offices.

Open-plan office

Cellular cabin 1

Cellular cabin 2

However, it is not the same case in summer. The same people show dissatisfaction with the work-space in summer. This can be due to the orientation of the building (longer facade facing East and West), and lack of external shading device on the East facade. People in Open-plan office (67% of the sample) were relatively satisfied with their work space due to the provision of movable vertical fins on West facade. Both spaces faced the problems of glare while working on computers. Overall -3

bSafal bSafal bSafal bSafal

Kalupur Kalupur Kalupur Kalupur

-3

-2

-1

-3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 00 -3 -2 -1 0 -3Winter -2Satisfaction -1 0 0 1 2 3

-1

-3 -3 -3 -3

-2 -2 -2 -2

-1 -1 -1 -1

11 1 1

22 2 2

33 3 3

00 0 0

11 1 1

22 2 2

33 3 3

00 0 0

11 1 1

22 2 2

33 3 3

Summer Satisfaction

-3 -3 -3 -3

-2 -2 -2 -2

-1 -1 -1 -1

Open-plan office Cellular office Fig. 3.2.8: Question: In general, how satisfied are you with your office?

Essential part of the fieldwork were temperature measurements of three different workspaces over 6-day period (29 July - 3 August). The selection was done to illustrate the difference between cellular and open-plan office spaces situated on East and West side respectively. The measurements reveal the -3thermal -2 behaviour -1 0 of each 1 2 3 clarify actual user response to condiroom and tions (3.2.10). -3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 00 11 22 33 are -3Following -2 -1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 -3 -2 -1 0 1 the0 main1 observations 2 3 from the -3 -3

-2 -2

-1 -1

2 3 2 3 temperature 22

readings:

— The outdoor temperatures are to summers due -3 -2 -1 relatively 0 1mild 2compared 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 to heavy rainfall during the whole week. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 — All three rooms-3use air-conditioning with manually operable set points. -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 00 11 22 33 — The set points observed are higher compared to typical 'Grade A' build-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 ing standard of 22 -3±1 °C.-2 -1 0 1 2 3 — The open-plan office (Fig.3.2.9, A) is occupied by engineers and accountants. The temperatures observed are within the comfort band. Occasional use of windows can be observed after break period. — The cellular office 1 (Fig.3.2.9, B), is a single occupancy cellular office. Again, the temperature observed are within the comfort band. This office was not always occupied, and when it was the occupant switched on the air-conditioning which can be seen as the temperature drops down to the set point temperature. — The cellular office 2 (Fig.3.2.9, C), is a double occupancy cellular office. Due to frequent change in occupancy; opening, and closing of door there are fluctuations observed in temperature. -3

-2 -1 0 1 AA-SED MArch 2016-18 -3 -2 -3 -2 -3 -2 -3 -2

3 -1 -1 -1 -1

00 0 0

11 1 1

22 2 2

33 3 3

Fig. 3.2.9: Pictures and location of the studied workspaces

90 26 80 70 25 60

Comfort band (ASHRAE 55)

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Office Design in Ahmedabad

Start @ 9.00

Cabin 1 datalogger readings

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door open to passage & no occupancy

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Holiday

EndEnd @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @ 18.00 @ 18.00

14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00

Break Break Break Break Break

30/07

14.00

Holiday Holiday Holiday Holiday Holiday

14.00

End @ 18.00

Break

30/07 30/07 30/07 30/07 30/07

13.30

Holiday

14.00

End @ 18.00

Break

30/07

Break

Holiday

End @ 18.00

14.00

30/07

Start @ 9.00

29/07

Holiday

29/07

Holiday

EndEnd @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @ 18.00 @ 18.00

Break

29/07

Holiday

29/07

14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00

29/07 29/07 29/07 29/07 29/07

End @ 18.00

29/07

Break Break Break Break Break

14.00

13.30

14.00

29/07

End @ 18.00

Start @ 9.00 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30

13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30

13.30

13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30 13.30

13.30

Break

StartStart @ 9.00 Start @ 9.00 Start @ 9.00 Start @ 9.00 @ 9.00

Start @ 9.00

Start Start @Start 9.00 @Start 9.00 @Start 9.00 @ 9.00 @ 9.00

Start @ 9.00

Start Start @Start 9.00 @Start 9.00 @Start 9.00 @ 9.00 @ 9.00

Start @ 9.00

29/07 29/07 29/07 29/07 29/07 Break

29/07 29/07 29/07 29/07 29/07

End @ 18.00

14.00

13.30

Start @ 9.00 Break

29/07

End @ 18.00

14.00

13.30

Break

Start @ 9.00

14.00

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Break

Start @ 9.00

End @ 18.00

End End @ 18.00 End @ 18.00 End @ 18.00 End @ 18.00 @ 18.00

End @ 18.00

EndEnd @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @ 18.00 @ 18.00

End @ 18.00

EndEnd @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @End 18.00 @ 18.00 @ 18.00

End @ 18.00

29/07

End @ 18.00

14.00

13.30

32 2228/07

Break

Fig. 3.2.10: Temperature readings in Open-plan office, Cellular cabin 1, and Cellular cabin 2 at bSafal corporate office

30 20 End @ 18.00

34 °C 90 24 26 34 80 °C 20 24 30 34 70 °C 22 24 60 32 34 22 24 50 32 34 22 40 28 32 %rH 20 30 22 30 32 27 90 20 22 30 32 80 28/07 20 26 30 70 20 °C 28 30 60 %rH 20 28 50 30 %rH 34 90 24 40 28 %rH 80 90 30 26 28 %rH 70 80 90 26 28 °C 60 70 32 80 25%rH 22 90 2628/07 50 60 70 25 80 90 34 24 26 40 50 60 70 25 80 24 26 30 40 50 60 30 25 70 20 24 30 40 50 25 60 32 2228/07 24 30 40 50 2228/07 24 30 40 °C 28 2228/07 30 %rH 30 2028/07 22 27 34 90 2028/07 22 26 80 20 70 28 32 20 °C 60 20 °C 27 50 24 34 °C 90 40 26 34 30 80 °C 90 30 34 70 80 °C 90 22 60 3228/07 34 70 80 90 50 60 24 32 34 70 28 80 90 40 50 60 32 70 80 30 40 20 50 27 70 60 30 32 30 40 50 22 60 30 32 26 28/07 30 40 50 30 30 40 °C 2828/07 30 %rH 30 20 2828/07 30 24 34 90 2828/07 80 2628/07 28 70 26 28 22 60 32 25%rH 26 50 25 90 24 26 40 25 80 24 26 20 30 30 25 70 24 25 60 2228/07 24 50 22 24 40 28 %rH 22 30 20 22 27 90 2028/07 22 80 26 20 70 °C 60 20 50 20 34 24 40 90 30 80 90 70 80 90 32 °C 2228/07 60 70 80 90 50 60 70 80 90 34 40 50 60 70 80 30 40 20 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 3228/07 30 40 50 2828/07 30 40 °C %rH 3028/07 27 30 3428/07 90 2628/07 80 70 28 32 60 50 24 40 30 26 30 25 2228/07 24 28 20

Start @ 9.00

20 24 90 34 80 70 60 22 32 50 40 90 30 80 20 30 70 29/07 30/07 6028/07 50 40 28 30 90 80 29/07 30/07 2628/07 70 °C 60 25 50 34 24 Open-plan datalogger readings 40 30

End @ 18.00

25%rH °C

End @ 18.00

22 26

End @ 18.00

22 27 °C 26 32 °C 27%rH 24 26

04/08

04/08 04/08 04/08 04/08 04/08

04/08

04/08 04/08 04/08 04/08 04/08

04/08

04/08 04/08 04/08 04/08 04/08

04/08

Cabin 2 datalogger readings

Cooling mode internal design 03/08 04/08 condition

Safal

16%

BUILT PRECEDENTS AND FIELD STUDIES

3.2.2 Kalupur Co-op Bank, Ahmedabad

Representative office (Fig.3.2.11) is of 4 levels, each of 200 m2. Building 10% longer facades are oriented to the North and South. Fig.3.2.12 shows the office space distribution of the studied floor, however it varies on each floor. -3 -2 -1 0 10% 1 2 Kalupur -2 -1 0 1 2 Room depth of open-plan, and cellular office area is 11m and 4m respec- -3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 tively, (Fig.3.2.15). Office envelope is built of plastered brick wall with AlbSafal 80% uminium Composite Panel cladding (ACP) on it.bSafal There is no insulation. -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 The windows are single glazed and are not openable. bSafal External shading is -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 only provided by the extruded ACP panels. Office is equipped with a HVAC -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 system without BMS. There is a mechanical ventilation of mixing type with -3 -2 -1 Open-plan 0 1 2 both supply and extract in a suspended ceiling. Employees have to use -3 -2 -1 Cellular 0 1 2 spaces air-conditioning all the time. Ground floor of the building was studied, -3 -2 -1 Circulation 0 1 2 which is usually occupied by 13 employees (3 in cellular, 10 in open-plan) 20% and the bank customers who usually come to deposit and withdraw money. Fig. 3.2.12: Office space distribution

Gift

70%

Results: Regarding the time spent in the office building, occupation of the actual workstation stayed between 75% and 85% for most of the population that responded the survey. The rest of the time is mainly spent in meetings, visiting the main branch of the bank, and informal areas. Fig.3.2.13 shows that people in open-plan office (77% of the sample) are more satisfied with their work space in winter. The same people show dis-3 to -2 -1 of satisfaction with the work-space in summer. This can be due the lack shading on the South facade of the building, and the disadvantage of the windows not openable. Problems with glare (due to daylight) wasWCF not expebSafal Kalupur rienced while working on computers, however, many people -3 were -2 dissatis-1 Kalupur fied with the artificial lighting in the space, as they were too bright. Kalupur

Following are the main observations from the temperature -3 -2 readings -1 (Fig.3.2.16):

-1

-3 -3

-2 -2

-1 -1

60%

0 0

-3 Gift Gift Gift

Fig. 3.2.11: Image of Kalupur Bank building, and building information

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

-2

-1

-2

-1

3 3 3

-3Winter -2Satisfaction -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 -3 -2 -1 0

-3 -2 -1 0 0 Summer 1 2 3 Satisfaction -3 -2 -1 0 -3 -2 -1 0 -3

-2

-1

2 2

3 3

2 2

3 3

1 1

2 2

3 3

10% 1

Open-plan office Fig. 3.2.13: Question: In general, how satisfied are you with your office?

2000s

Context: 1 2

Urban

-3 -2 Stories: 1 -3 -2

200m2 2

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

-3 Floor -2depth-1dimension0 1 -3

30% 1

Area: Kalupur

3 3

10%

Year: -2

Overall

— The outdoor temperatures are relatively mild, and in comfort compared to summers due to heavy rainfall during the whole week. — All three rooms use air-conditioning with manually operable set points. — The set points observed in open-plan is higher compared to typical 'Grade A' building standard of 22 ±1°C. However, cellular office justifies with the standard, and operates at 23°C when occupied. — The cellular office (Fig.3.2.14, A), is a single occupancy cellular office occupied by the branch manager of the bank. This office was not always oc-

-3

3 3

-3 Open-plan: -2 -1 1 2 Cellular: -3 -2 -1

0 0

1 1

2 3 four 2 3 2

211m 3 4m 2 3

-3

-2

-1 0 1 2 Occupancy: 11.6m2/person

-3 -3

-2 -1 0 1 -2 U-value: -1 3.20 W/m2K 1

2 2

3 3

-3

-2

-1

cupied, and when it is, the manager switched on the air-conditioning which can be seen as the temperature drops down to the set point temperature. — The open-plan office (Fig.3.2.14, B) is occupied by tellers. The temperatures observed are at the lower limit of the comfort band. However, the space is tightly controlled by the HVAC system, change in temperature readings is mainly due to change in occupancy and the opening of main entrance door. — The building envelope is very leaky. This can be seen during the night time when the indoor temperatures run parallel with the outdoor temperature.

Cellular office

Open-plan office

B 11m

Fig. 3.2.14: Pictures of the studied workspac-°C Fig. 3.2.15: Layout of the studied ground floor showing the es 0 30 location of the cellular office and the open-plan area

Comfort band (ASHRAE 55)

Cellular office datalogger readings 24/07

Cooling mode internal design 25/07 condition

14.00

End @ 17.30 End @ 17.30

13.30

Break 14.00

13.30

Start @ 9.30 Start @ 9.30

Break

End @ 17.30

14.00

Break

25/07

End @ 17.30

13.30 13.30

14.00

Start @ 9.30 Start @ 9.30

24/07

Break

End @ 17.30

14.00

Break

80 70 60 Open-plan datalogger readings 50

End @ 17.30

80 70 60 50

13.30

14.00

Break

30 27 29 26 28 25 27 24 26 23 25 22 24 21 23 20 22

13.30

°C 28

26/07

External temperature readings 26/07

Fig. 3.2.16: Temperature readings in Open-plan office, Cellular cabin at Kalupur Co-op bank Office Design in Ahmedabad

3.2.3 GIFT Tower 1, GIFT City, Ahmedabad

Kalupur Kalupur Kalupur

Representative office building (Fig.3.2.17) is of 28 levels each of 2400 m2. Building longer facades are oriented to the North and South. Fig.3.2.18 shows the office space distribution of the studied floor. Floor plates are very -3 -2 buildings. -1 0 Room 1 depth 2 for3 cellular and opendeep compared to previous -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 Office envelope is plan office is 6 and 12m-30m, respectively (Fig.3.2.21). -3 low-e -2 curtain -1 0 with 1 insulation 2 3near the floor slabs. built of double glazed wall -2 -1 on the 0 facade, 1 2 3 the curtain wall is No external shading-3 is provided instead Safal -3 -2 -1 by 0occupants 1 2 solar 3 control. tinted, and roller blinds are used for Office is -3 -2 3 equipped with a HVAC system-1 with0 BMS.1 The 2mechanical ventilation is provided by the district cooling there are no -3 -2 -1system. 0 Again 1 in 2this building 3 openable windows -3 for natural ventilation. The level -2 -1 0 1 2 of 3the study is not the same as the ones done before, were not -3 -2 -1since 0temperature 1 2 measurements 3 taken here.

32%

52%

A part of the twenty eighth floor of the building was studied, which is usually occupied by 95 people when fully occupied (5 in cellular, 90 in open-plan office).

16%

10% 10%

Kalupur

80%

Results: Regarding the time spent in the office building, occupation of the actual workstation stayed between 70% and 80% for most of the population that responded the survey. The rest of the time is mainly spent in meeting rooms, and informal areas. Overall -3

Gift Gift

-2

-1

-3

-2

-1

-3

-2

-1

Gift

-3 -3

1 1

2 2

3 3

-3Winter -2Satisfaction -1 0 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 -3 -2 -1 0

1 1

2 2

3 3

-3 -2 -1 0 0 Summer 1 2 3 Satisfaction -3 -2 -1 0 -3 -2 -1 0

1 1

2 2

3 3

-2

-1 -1

0 0

-3

-2 -2

-1

20% Gift

70%

Open-plan Cellular spaces Circulation

Open-plan office Fig. 3.2.19: Question: In general, how satisfied are you with your office?

10%

WCF

30%

Fig. 3.2.18: Office space distribution

60%

Year:

10%

Context:

Open

Area: -3

-3

-2

-1

2013

2400m2

Stories:

Floor depth dimensionOpen-plan: Cellular:

Twenty eight 12m-30m 6m

Occupancy: 10.1m2/person -3

-2

-1

Fig. 3.2.17: Image of Gift Tower 1 building, and building information

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

U-value: 1.9 W/m2K

Fig. 3.2.20: Image of the demolished building where the employess used to work before (Source: GIFT City Company Ltd)

Fig.3.2.19 shows that people in open-plan office (94% of the sample) are satisfied with their work space in winter, but underperforming than the previous cases. The same people show high dissatisfaction with the work-space in summer. This can be due to the lack of shading on the South, East and West facades of the building, and the disadvantage of the windows not openable. Problems with glare (due to daylight) was not experienced while working on computers. Additionally, people were dissatisfied with the air-conditioned environment, this was due to the fact that occupants could not control the set point of the system which is always set at 23Â°C. People find high discomfort (especially in summers) when they enter the office after coming from outside where the temperatures are high. Furthermore, they were very much satisfied with the previous building (now demolished) in which they used to work. Fig. 3.2.20 shows the image of that building, which has high floor to ceiling heights, shaded courtyard, openable windows, and external shading devices.

12m

30m

Open-plan

Meeting spaces

Reception area

Cellular cabin

Support spaces

Core and circulation

Open plan

Cellular cabin Services

Meeting spaces

Core Studied areaand circulation

Reception

Support spaces Services Fig. 3.2.21: Furniture layout of GIFT Tower 1 showing zoning according to space usage Office Design in Ahmedabad

72°35’E

CONTEXT

23°02’N

Fig. 4.1.1: World map with geographic location of Ahmedabad, India

Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONTEXT

4.1 CLIMATE ANALYSIS 4.1.1 Location India is a vast South Asian country with diverse terrain – from Himalayan peaks (in the North) to Indian Ocean coastline (in the South). The country is situated North of the equator between 8°4’ to 37°6’ north latitude and 68°7’ to 97°25’ east longitude. Because of the vastness of the country, there are a variety of climates, ranging from arid desert in the west, alpine tundra and glaciers in the north, and humid tropical regions supporting rainforests in the southwest and the island territories. (Fig. 4.1.2)

Monsoon climate (Am) Tropical savanna climate (Aw) Warm desert climate (BWh) Warm semi-arid climate (BSh) Cold desert climate (BWk) Cold semi-arid climate (BSk) Warm mediterranean climate (Csa) Humid subtropical climate (Cwa) Subtropical oceanic highland climate (Cwb)

Fig. 4.1.2: India map of Köppen climate classification (After: wikipedia.org)

Ahmedabad is the largest city and commercial capital of Gujarat, located on the banks of the Sabarmati River (23°02’N,72°35’E). Ahmedabad is classified under Köppen’s Type B climate and has a hot and dry climate. 23°02’N

72°35’E

Fig. 4.1.3: Schematic map showing location of Ahmedabad

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

4.1.2 Temperature The climate of Ahmedabad can be characterized as having three principal seasons: Summer: Hot and Dry (April-June); Monsoon (July–October); Winter: Cool and Dry (December-February). The monsoon season is oppressive and mostly cloudy, the dry season is mostly clear, and it is hot yearround. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 12°C to 41°C and is rarely below 10°C or above 44°C. (Fig. 4.1.4) The hot season lasts for 2.2 months, from April 9 to June 14, with an average daily high temperature above 38°C. The hottest day of the year is May 13, with an average high of 41°C and low of 28°C. The cool season lasts for 2.2 months, from December 6 to February 12, with an average daily high temperature below 30°C. The coldest day of the year is January 8, with an average low of 13°C and high of 27°C.

Winter

Trans.

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

°C

Wh/m2

2000

40.5

1800

1600

31.5 Winter

Trans.

°C

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

Wh/m2

13.5

°C Monsoon

45 36

31.5 Feb

22.5 18

13.5Winter Sep Oct

1800

40.5 Summer 36

4.5 Trans.

1400 Winter

31.5 27 Jan

%rh4.5 800

%rh4.5

Jan

Summer

Monsoon

1400 Winter 1200

Ahmedabad climate overview. Average, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures and

Wh/m2

1800

Ahmedabad climate overview. 1600 Average, minimum and maxi1400 Monsoon Trans. Winter mum monthly temperatures and

horizontal radiation (Source: Meteonorm 7)

1200

horizontal radiation (Source: Meteonorm 7)

Trans.

1000 2 Wh/m 800

1000 2 Wh/m 800 600 400 200

Average max. monthly temperature

2000

2000 1800 1600 1400

0 1200 Average monthly temperature 1800 June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1000 2 Wh/m 400 Average min. monthly temperature 1600 1000 800 22.5 200 Average daily global horizontal rad. Average max. monthly temperature 1400 2000 600 0 18June July Aug 800 Average daily diffuse horizontal rad. Average temperature 1200 Mar Apr May 1800 Sep monthly Oct Nov Dec 400 Average min. monthly temperature 1000 1600 600 200 13.5 Winter Trans. Summer rad. Monsoon Trans. Winter Average daily global horizontal 1400 800 Fig. 1. Ahmedabad climate overview. 0 daily diffuse horizontal rad. 600 Fig. Average and maximum monthly temperatures and average daily global and diffuse horizontal radiation of Ahmedabad 400 9 1200minimumAverage NovTrans. Dec 4.1.4: Summer Monsoon Trans. Winter 1200

1000

0 nsoon

Trans. 2000

1600

40.5

27 Jan

Winter

2000

Winter

Trans.

°C

22.5

Trans.

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

600

400

Average, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures and average 200 Office Design in Ahmedabad 35 Average daily relative humidity radiation. Meteonorm 7) 0 (Source: (Source: Meteonorm 7)

Fig. 1. Ahmedabad climate overview.200 600 Trans. Winter 0 Average, minimum and maximum 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Nov Dec Jan Jul temperatures Feb MarOctand Apr May Jun 400 monthly 100 average

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

F A m

CONTEXT

The Fig. 4.1.5 shows that there would be cooling demand during the 29.8% of the whole year. The reason for the percentage being low is that it represents both night and day time temperatures. If we look at the pattern of daily average maximum and minimum temperature, the temperatures which come in the comfort area usually occur during night time (Fig.4.1.4). And the difference between average day and average night temperatures ranges from 6.9K-8K except for the monsoon period when the humidity levels are high (Fig.4.1.6). Very high cooling demand is seen during 57.8% of the hot period. The amount of energy required to maintain a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temperature in the summer is proportional to the accumulated cooling degree days. To know which period requires cooling, Fig. 4.1.7 was made. The result shows that starting from the month of March to June there is a high demand for cooling.

Heating deficit 700

15.2% 0% 48.3% 0%

Hours of occurence

600 500

Comfort

Cooling deficit

55% 42.2% 46.3% 72.5%

29.8% 57.8% 5.4% 27.5%

400 300 200 100 0 1

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 Outdoor temperature (oC)

Whole year

Warm period

Cold period

Wet period

Fig. 4.1.5: Percentage of heating, comfort and cooling deficit according to annual outdoor temperature frequency (After: Meteonorm 7)

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Dry

40 0

humidi-

20 50 10 050 0

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

W/m

Winter

Feb Trans. Mar Apr Summer May Jun Feb Mar Apr May Jun JanWinterFeb Trans. Mar Apr Summer May Jun 60 K 350 hours 45 Jan 75 Jan

Jul Jul Jul

Monsoon Aug Sep Oct Trans. Nov Winter Dec Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon Aug Sep Oct Trans. Nov Winter Dec

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

9 135 150

Trans.

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

100

-70%) (>70) (<40) -70%)

90 100 5 75 90 80 90

on hor faces(E on hor norm faces(E norm

120 W/m 105

Summer

7 105 120

Dry Dry Comfort Comfort V. Humid V. Humid

Mar

Trans.

(>70)

mMeteo-

Feb

300 10 hours 150 350 30 Winter 8 120 135

(<40)

135 Jan

250 300 15 Winter Rh200 250 0 (%)

Rh150 (%) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 200

6 90 105

100 150 50 100

4 60 75

050

70 80 3 45 60 60 70

2 30 45

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Degree W/m hours 150 Degree hours

50 60 1 15 30

40 50 0 15

Jul

Fig. 3 days. (9 M Cool 5hr Heati M M (So (Sour M

F o F fo Fig. 3.fn days.3.n Fig. Coolin days. on hor Heatin Coolin faces(E (Sourc Heatin norm (Sourc

135 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec JanWinterFeb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon 150 Jan Feb Trans. Mar Apr Summer May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Trans. Nov Winter Dec 120 Fig. 4.1.6: Difference between average day (9hour 18hour) and night (20hour 5hour) temperatures 135 JanSchoolFeb Mar May 2016-2018 June Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Architectural30 Association of Architecture \Apr SED \ MArch \ July 30-06-2017 20 105 120 hours Degree Days 350 10 20 umidi90 105 300Winter Trans. Summer Monsoon Trans. Winter 150 0 10 umidi75 90 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 250 0135 60 75 (%) Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 200 120 Rh K on horizontal and vertical surW/m 45 60 150 on horizontal and vertical surfaces(E, S, W, N). (Source: Meteo105 K Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E (>70) 100 10 30 faces(E, S, W, N).Trans. (Source: Meteo- norm 7) 45 Winter Trans. Summer 100 Monsoon Winter 90 of global rad. vertical E Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S n Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul norm Aug 7) Sep Mean Octirradiance Nov Dec -70%) 90 910 Winter 15 Monsoon Trans. Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 30 75 50 Heating and cooling days. 0 Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W Mean irradiance of globaldegree rad. vertical N (<40) 80 89 0 15 Cooling base temperature: 30 °C Heating and cooling degree days. 0Winter Trans. Summer Monsoon Trans. Winter Mean irradiance of global rad. verticalMonthly N Mean irradiance of global 60 0 heating degree days rad. horizontal Jan Cooling Feb Martemperature: Apr May Jun Aug Sep 18.3 Oct Dec HeatingJul base temperature: °C Nov base 30 °C 70 Jan Feb Mar Jun Jul Aug Nov Dec Mean irradiance of Apr global rad.May horizontal 0 Monsoon 87 Trans. Winter Monthly heating degree days Monthly cooling degree days Sep Oct 0 (Source: Meteonorm 7) 45 Heating base temperature: 18.3 °C 0%) Monthly cooling degree Apr days Jan Feb Mar May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 60 (Source: Meteonorm 7) 76

30 40 0

F d F F C d o H fC (H Fig. 3.n ( days. Coolin Heatin (Sourc

V. Humid Comfort

Fig. 2. Average daily solar radiation 50 on horizontal and vertical surFig. 2. Average daily solar radiation 65 15 faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: Meteoon horizontal and vertical sur150 40 54 7) and cooling degree faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: MeteoFig. 3.norm Heating 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 135 days. July Aug Fig. Heating Jan Feb3.norm Mar7) and Aprcooling Maydegree June Sep Oct Nov 43Oct Nov Dec Jul Aug Sep 30 Cooling base temperature: 30 °C days. Degree hours 120 Cooling base temperature: 30 °C Heating base temperature: 18.3 °C 20 32 Monthly heating 0 7) degree days 105 Heating base temperature: 18.3 °C(Source: Meteonorm Monthly heating degree days Monthly cooling degree days 5 n Feb Mar Apr10 Aug SepMeteonorm Oct Nov 7) Dec 21 May June July (Source:

mMeteoumidim0 Meteo5 Sep

Degree hours

Dry

Aug

Oct

Nov

010

Dec

Monthly cooling degree days

75 Fig. 4.1.7: Heating cooling degree Cooling base base temperature 18.3 Jan and Feb Mar days.Apr May temperature Jun 30 °C, JulheatingAug Sep Oct°C

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Nov Dec 0 n Feb Mar Apr May 60 Jun Aug Sep Nov Dec Jan Jul Feb Mar OctApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Office Design Nov in Ahmedabad Dec Architectural Fig.\ 30-06-2017 3. Heating and cooling degree Aug Sep Oct Association Nov KDec School of Architecture \ SED \ MArch 2016-2018 45

Fig. 3. Heating and cooling degreedays. (9 hrs-18hrs) and night (20hrs-

Architectural10 Association School of Architecture \ SED \ MArch 2016-2018 \ 30-06-2017

F d

Winter

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

째C humidity 4.1.3 Relative

2000

36 The unpleasantly warm and humid period of the year lasts for 4 months, from June to September, during which time the comfort level is oppressive 31.5 Trans. at least 26% of the time. TheWinter muggiest day of the year isSummer August 2, with warm and humid conditions 100% of the time. 27

1600

1800

Monsoon

Trans.

1000 2 Wh/m

Winter

Mar

Apr

1400 Winter

1200

13.5 9

1800 1600

V. Humid

2000

1400July June

4.5 0

Comfort

70 60 50 40 30

Dry

Monsoon horizontal radiation Trans. (Source: Meteonorm 7)

1400 Winter

Jan

1000 2

200

2000

Average max. monthly temperature

1600

Average min. monthly temperature

Average min. monthly temperature1400 0 daily rad.1200 AugAverage Sep Oct global Nov horizontal Dec

Average daily global horizontal rad.

400

600

Average monthly temperature

200

Summer

800

800 600

Fig. 1. Ahmedabad climate overview. Average, minimum and maximum400 monthly temperatures and average200 0 Average daily relative humidity Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec radiation. Meteonorm 7) (Source: (Source: Meteonorm 7) Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical N

300irradiance of global rad. vertical W Mean

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical N

Mean irradiance of global rad. horizontal

RhOct (%) Sept Humidity Nov above comfortDec range (>70)

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E

100

250irradiance of global rad. vertical N Mean

Feb

Mar

200irradiance of global rad. horizontal Mean

Apr

May

Rh (%)

June

July

Aug

Humidity above comfort range (>70)

150

V. Humid

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

1000 800 600 400 0

Fig. Ave mon Av radi (S

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E

Comfort

1200

Fig. 1. Ahmedabad climate overview. Average, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures and average Average daily relative humidity radiation. Meteonorm 7) (Source: (Source: Meteonorm 7)

150 of global rad. vertical S 10 350irradiance Mean

Nov Dec

1400

Average daily diffuse horizontal rad.

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S

Jan 50

1600

1000 Average daily diffuse horizontal rad.

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E

1800

200

0 above Architectural Association School of Architecture \ MArch 2016-2018 30-06-2017 Humidity comfort range (>70) \ SED100 in comfort \range (40-70%) 100 0 Fig. 2.Humidity Average daily solar radiation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec in comfort range (40-70%) Humidity below comfort surrange (<40) 50 on90horizontal and vertical Fig. 2.Humidity Average daily solar radiation [Dry] pr May June July Aug Sept below Oct comfort Nov Dec Humidity range (<40) 80 0 School faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: MeteoonAssociation horizontal and vertical Architectural of Architecture \ SEDsur\ MArch 2016-2018 \ 30-06-2017 [Dry] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Dec 70 norm 7) faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: MeteoSED \ MArch 2016-2018 \ 30-06-2017 ar Apr May Junnorm Jul 7)Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Fig. 4.1.8: Average daily relative humidity (%rh) 60 10

Trans. Winter horizontal radiation (Source: Meteonorm 7)

Feb2000Mar Average Apr max. May Juntemperature Jul 1800Aug Average Sep monthly Oct temperature Nov Dec monthly

250

Dec

1200

600

Trans.

Nov

Ahmedabad climate overview. Average, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures and

1400 Winter

800

W/m

Oct

1000 2 Wh/m

1200

36 Average max. monthly temperature1800 2 400 1600 Average monthly temperature 200 27 1400July Average min. Jan Feb monthly Mar Aprtemperature May June

13.5Winter

Sep

Monsoon

1600

Wh/m

90 31.5

Dry

200 ar Apr May 0 Nov Dec

1600 Summer

Trans.

600 Trans. Winter Fig. 1.Monsoon Ahmedabad climate overview. 4.5 %rh 50 minimum Average, 350 and maximum400 0 monthly temperatures and average200 Jan Feb Mar Apr May 100 40 0 300 Average daily relative humidity Jun 90 Jul AugW/m Sep2 Oct Nov Dec radiation. (Source: Meteonorm 7) (Source: Meteonorm 7) V. Humid

400

10040.5

Aug

70 Average daily diffuse horizontal rad.1000 18

1000 600

Winter

Summer

22.5 daily rad.1200 AugAverage Sep Oct global Nov horizontal Dec

1200 800

Winter

July

Ahmedabad climate overview. 2000 Average, minimum and maxi1800 mum monthly temperatures and

Wh/m2

Monsoon horizontal radiation Trans. 4.5 22.5 째C %rh (Source: Meteonorm 7)

1000 2 Wh/m

Trans.

comfort range (40-70%) 100 Fig. 2.Humidity Averageindaily solar radiation Humidity below comfort surrange (<40) 90 on horizontal and vertical Aug80 Sep Nov Dec [Dry] Oct faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: Meteonorm 70 7) V. Humid

ans.

June

Comfort

ns.

May

2000

60 50

V. Humid

31.5

Monsoon

Wh/m2

Ahmedabad climate overview. 2000 Average, minimum and Trans. maxi13.5 Winter 36 1800 mum monthly temperatures and

1600 Summer

Winter

22.5

Trans.

Summer

Feb

40.5

1800

Summer

Trans.

2000

200 May 0

27 Jan

Winter

Monsoon

Wh/m2

400

200

31.5

째C

600

400

800

600

40.5

4.5

Summer

800

ho (S

1400 Winter 1200

22.5 째Cthe year is February 1, with warm and humid conThe least muggy day of ditions 1% 18 of the time 13.5

A A m

Wh/m2

45 Ahmedabad experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity. 40.5 (Fig. 4.1.8)

nter

Trans.

Comfort

CONTEXT

Fig. Rh (%)h on 100 face 90 norm 80 70 60 50

4.1.4 Clouds In Ahmedabad, the average percentage of the sky covered by clouds experiences extreme seasonal variation over the course of the year. (Fig. 4.1.9) The clearer part of the year in Ahmedabad begins around September 15 and lasts for 8.9 months, ending around June 13. On February 16, the clearest day of the year, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 89% of the time and overcast or mostly cloudy 11% of the time. The cloudier part of the year begins around June 13 and lasts for 3.1 months, ending around September 15. On July 31, the cloudiest day of the year, the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy 75% of the time and clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 25% of the time.

Winter

Trans.

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

clearer

100

cloudier

clearer

80 70 Winter

Trans.

Monsoon 100

Trans.

Aug

Mar

Apr 80 90

Sep

Oct

100

50 60

mostly cloudy

Feb

70 partly cloudy

clear

Jan

0 cloudy

mostly cloudy

cloudy10

clear

overcast

Feb

20 clear

clear

Jan

clearer

Winter

Trans.

clearer

cloudier clear

Winter clearer

rcast

Monsoon

ier

Summer

overcast

Mar

partly cloudy

Apr

May

June

Partly cloudy (<60%)

70 80

July

mostly clear Overcast May

(>80%) Mostly cloudy (<80%) July Aug Sep Oct Nov

June

Dec

mostly clear

100

Aug

Overcast (>80%) Sep cloudy Oct (<80%) Nov Mostly

Dec

100

Partly cloudy (<60%) Mostly clear (<40%) Clear (<20%)

Mostly clear (<40%)

Clearin(<20%) Fig. each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds Nov 4.1.9: DecThe percentage of time spent (After weatherspark.com) Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONTEXT

4.1.5 Wind

Winter WintT

Fig. 4.1.10 shows the annual average wind rose, which tends to indicate predominant wind direction as SW with predominant south-westerly wind sector, followed by SE & NW wind sectors. The predominant wind speed is in the range of 2 to 3 m/s followed by wind range of 3 to 4m/s and 4 to 5 m/s.

Annual

°C 45

rection as SW with predominant south-westerly wind sector, followed

Fig.4.1.11 shows seasonal average wind roses (summer, monsoon and winter). Summer and monsoon period experience higher wind speeds than rest of the year. Majority of the winds havebybeen observed are 5m/s. wind range of 3.0 to 4.0 m/sbelow & 4.0 to 5.0 m/s. Majority of the winds

°C

40.5 40.5 36

31.5 31.5 27

[Dry] ty (Source: ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) Meteonorm 07) 31.5 27

CONTEXT 4.1.6 Sun path and Solar radiation LOCATION & CLIMATE

22.5 22.5

Winter

Trans.

V. Humid

22.5 wind18 The annual average rose Fig. 4.1.10: Annual average wind rose [Dry] 18 ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) 0 predominant 70 ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) tends to indicate 0

Summer

350

Dry

Comfort

10 13.5 13.5 W/m2 Sep Oct Nov Dec Aug 31.5 Jan May Feb Jun Mar Jan Feb Mar Apr Figure 4.1.12 shows sun path variation between summer andJulwinter solwind direction13.5 as SW/SSW60 9 27 Winter Trans. Summer Monsoon CONTEXT stice and how the altitude, azimuth and sunsets vary along the year. During 950 9K Trans. Winter 9 K 22.5 8 winter&period, the direct solar radiation affects mainly the South facade, LOCATION CLIMATE Similarly, winter wind (January) rose tends to 18 indicate predominant 40is in 10 4.5 Predominent 10 wind speed4.5 4.5 7 but during summer, East, South, and wind West. Fig blowing 4.1.13asshows ideal distance W/m2 Fig. 4. Average daily relative humid direction NNW/NW followed by NE. 9 13.5 30 range of 2-4 m/s 90 between two building based on sun angles. ty (Source: Meteonorm 0 8 0 7) 6

Jan 20Feb Mar Apr May J

5 Feb Jan 7 Jan 4.5 300of the 7 winds have Fig. 4. Average daily relative humidiMajority Fig.4.1.14 shows the variation of annual global vertical radiation by orientaW/m210been 6 0radi- Meteonorm 250 4 6 ty (Source: 7)below 0 tion, along with the mean irradiance of global and diffuse horizontal 350 2 Mar 2De Febobserved Mar Apr May5 m/s Jun Jul AugJanSep Feb Oct Nov Apr m/s Jan W/m W/m 5 ation. The mean irradiance of global horizontal radiation has high fluctua- 2 5 3 200 300 W/m K4 10 tions throughout the whole year. During the winter period the main source 4 day (9am-6pm) [Dry] and night 250 2 (8p ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) 0 150 day (9am-6pm) and night (8pm70 tyof (Source: Meteonorm 7) 5 0 Average global horizontal rad. Dec 31.5 is from South followed by East and West. On 1400 May Jun solar radiation contrary, Janthe Feb Mar Jul Apr Jul daily Aug Septemperatures. Oct 3Nov 3 10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 200 5am) (Source: 0 5am) (Source: Meteo1 60from East and West fol100 Average daily diffuse rad. 27 1200Feb temperatures. the summer period receives more solar radiation July Aug horizontal Apr May Mar and Jan day night (9am-6pm) night (8pmWinter Trans. Summer Monsoon day (9am-6pm) Trans.150 Winter and 350 2June 9Sep Oct2 Nov Dec (8pmK norm 7) K control 50 norm 7) 50 22.5 demanding the need for solar 1000 lowed by South, on three sides. 5am) 0 temperatures. 1 8 5am) temperatures. (Source: Meteo- (Source: 1300 Meteo100 10 350 40 18 800 10 norm 7) 0 on Average daily radiation Fig. 1. 0Ahmedabad climate W/m2 norm 7) 50 7 overview. 0250 solar Comfort

V. Humid

by wind range of 3 to 4 m/s & 4 to 5 m/s and > 6 m/s. Majority of the

13.5 9

Dry

9 8

7 Fig. 4.5 4. Average daily relative humidi-

0 ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) 6 Jan Feb Mar Apr May

350 300

Jun

° Summer 77.9°/Alt: 39.5 : 9:00 Azi e tic lis so Summer lt: 80.5° : 85.4°/A 12:00 Azi

2°

r nte i: Wi 0 Az 0 17:

Jan

250 Jan 200

Feb

1. lt: 1

A .4°/ 238

Apr

May

June

July

100

7.6 °/A l

Aug

5 3

39.5°

Degree hours

150

Winter solistice 12:00 Azi: 168.2° /Alt: 42.6°

2 day 50 (9am-6pm) and night (8pm-t: 19.6 ° 5am)0 temperatures. (Source: Meteo1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul norm 7) 0 0.45h 0.45h

listice 80.5° 85.4°/Alt:

2 1

Jul

Aug Sep Oct 3Nov Dec

Degree hours

: 85.4

12:00 Azi

Sep

Oct

90 2016-18 AA-SED MArch

0.45h

Win

Nov

Dec

Mean irradiance 135 of diffuse rad. horizontal

120

1h 120 Fig. 2. Average daily solar radiation 90 105 W 9:0 inte on horizontal and vertical sur0A r 75 90 zi: faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: Meteo12 0.45h 60 7.6 75 °/A norm 7) lt 19 Aug Sep :Oct Nov45Summer Dec Summer solstice (80.51°) .6° °) 60 solstice (80.51 Jan Feb Mar 30 Apr May Jun JulEqinox Aug(67Sep °) Oct Nov Dec Eqinox (67°) 45 15 Winter solstice (42.29°) Winter solstice (42.29 °) 30 0 Monthly heating degree days

105

Jan

Fig. 4.1.12: Annual 120 sunpath

200

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Monthly cooling degree days 15

Architectural Association School of Architecture \ SED \ MArch 2016-2018 \ 30-06-2017

135

Feb400Mar

200

Jan Feb MarJ Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr MayMay June Jun horizonminimum ta l aJan nd veJan rticamaximum Average, and 6l s urfa ce s 200 Apr June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec (E, S,May W, N) monthly temperatures and average 5 (Source: Meteonorm 7) 150 4 radiation. (Source: 100 Meteonorm 7)

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical N 0 150 150 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aug ofSep Oct Nov Dec MeanJul irradiance global rad. horizontal Feb Mar Apr May Jun 135 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 6

W 9:0 inte 0A r zi: 12

° 1.2

150: 1

lt 4°/A

r 38. nte i: 2 Wi 0 Az 0 : 7 1

Mar

600

250 Jan

day 50 (9am-6pm) and night (8pm2 day 50 (9am-6pm) and night (8pm5am) (Source: Meteo 0 temperatures. 5am)0 temperatures. (Source: Meteo1 rad. vertical Mean irradiance ofJan global EApr May J Feb Mar ° r e .5 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Sum De : 39 norm 7) Summ 7norm 7.9°/Alt 7) 0 : zi Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S A 9:00 0.45h Jan Feb Mar Apr 0 0.45h 0.45h solistice Eqin .5° Summer °/Alt: 80Degree hours Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W

300

150 6 0 0 Jul AugJanSep Feb Oct Mar Nov Apr Dec 100 May Jun 5

day night (9am-6pm) 2 (8pm- 9 150 day (9am-6pm) and (8pm- and night 5am) temperatures. (Source: Meteo8 5am) temperatures. (Source: Meteo1 100 350 norm 7) norm 7) 50 7 0 0

Winter solistice 12:00 Azi: 168.2° /Alt: 42.6°

9°/Alt:

W/m

Sum 250 m 17:00 er Azi: 28200 4.4°/A .4°/A lt: 31 lt: 31 .2° .2°

Sum m 17:00 er Azi: 284

Fig. 4.1.13: Distance between buildings based on sun angles 0

Jan

0.45h 1h

Nov De

Feb Mar Apr May J

Architectural Association School of Architecture \ SED \ MArch 2016-2018

Summer solstice (80.51°) Eqinox °) Fig. 3.(67 Heating and cooling degree

Winter inter Winter Trans. Trans. Trans.Trans. Summer Summer Summer Winter Winter Winter Trans. Trans. Summer Summer Summer Summer

°C°C°C

Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Trans. Trans. Winter Winter Winter Trans. Monsoon Monsoon Monsoon Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Winter Winter Winter Winter Winter Winter Winter Winter Winter Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans. Trans.Winter Summer Summer Summer Winter Monsoon

Winter

2 2 2 2 2 2 Wh/m Wh/m Wh/m Wh/m Wh/m Wh/m °C°C °C °C °C °C

°C

Trans.

°C m/s

Average Average Average max. max. max. monthly monthly monthly tem te Average Average Average max. max. mont mon mo 2000 20002000 45 4545 45 4545 2000 2000 2000 45 -45 10max.

rection as SW with predominant south-westerly wind sector, followed

Average Average Average monthly monthly monthly tempera temper temp Average Average Average monthly monthly tet 1800 18001800 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 40.5 1800 1800 1800 40.5 8 monthly

0.5 5

Average Average Average min. min. min. monthly monthly monthly tem te Average Average Average min. min. month mon mo 1600 16001600 36 3636 36 36 3636 1600 1600 1600 36 6 min.

by wind range of 3.0 to 4.0 m/s & 4.0 to 5.0 m/s. Majority of the winds

1.5 5

Average Average Average daily daily daily global global global horiz hori ho Average Average Average daily daily globa glob glo 1400 14001400 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 31.5 1400 1400 1400 31.5 4 daily

Average Average Average daily daily daily diffuse diffuse diffuse horiz hor ho Average Average Average daily daily diffus diffu diff 2 daily 1200 12001200 27 2727 27 27 2727 1200 1200 1200 27

2.5 5

1000 10001000 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.5 1000 1000 1000 22.5

3 1 0

800 800800 18 1818 18 18 1818 800 800 800 18

3.5 5

- -

Summer Fig. Fig. Fig. 1.Fig. 1.Ahmedabad 1.Ahmedabad Ahmedabad climate climat clima Fig. Fig. 1.1.Ahmedabad 1.Ahmedabad Ahmedabad clc higher w Nov Dec Average, Average, Average, minimum minimum minimum and and and ma m Average, Average, Average, minimum minimum minimum an thethe year the year year wind direction as SW/SSW the year 400 400400 9400 9 9999 9 400 400 9 monthly monthly monthly monthly temperatures temperatures temperatures and and an monthly monthly temperature temperatur temperatu

Winter Winter Winter period period period experiences experiences Monsoon Monsoon period period period experiences experiences experiences The annual average wind experiences rose Summer Summer Summer period period period experiences experiences experiences Monsoon Fig. 4.1.11: Summer, monsoon, and winter average wind roses lower lower wind wind wind speeds speeds speeds than than than rest rest of rest of oflower lower wind wind wind speeds speeds speeds than than than sum sum sum -13.5 -13.5 - 13.5 tends tolower indicate predominant higher higher higher wind wind wind speeds speeds speeds than than than rest rest of rest of of lower 600 600 600 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5 600 600 600 13.5 Jul Aug Sep Oct

mer mer mer period period period

thethe year the year year

V. Humid

W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m 10 40 800 10 F W/m2 Mean Mean Mean irradiance irradiance irradiance of of global of global global rad ra Mean Mean Mean irradiance irradiance irradiance of of glo o g 9 13.5 600 A 30 9 Mean Mean Mean irradiance irradiance irradiance of ofglobal ofglobal global rad Mean Mean Mean irradiance irradiance irradiance ofof glo ora g 8 9 400 20 8 m Mean Mean Mean irradiance irradiance irradiance of ofglobal ofglobal global rad Mean Mean Mean irradiance irradiance irradiance ofof glo ora g 7 200 10 7 Fig. 4.5 4. Average daily relative humidi6 r 0 0 6 ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) 0 350 [Dry] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ty (Source: 0 Jan Febrad. Mar Apr May Jun 70 teonorm 7) Meteonorm 07) Average global 31.5 1400 May Jun 5Dec Jan May Feb Jun Mar5Jul Apr Jul daily Aug Sephorizontal Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Aug Sep Oct Nov 300 60 Average daily diffuse horizontal rad. 27 1200 2 Winter Trans. Summer Monsoon W/m K Trans. Winter K K4 50 22.5 1000 4 m/s

10 5

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

June

July

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Comfort

V. Humid

cDec

Dry

mm W/m W/m W/m

Comfort

[Dry] Similarly, winter (January) rose tends to indicate predominant Predominant Predominant Predominant wind wind direction direction direction - Predominent Predominent Predominent wind wind wind direction direction direction - 4.5 - 4.5 -4.5 Predominent wind speed is in -4.5 Predominent Predominent Predominent wind wind wind direction direction direction - - -wind Predomin ty (Source: Meteonorm 7) 0 wind 200 200 200 4.5 5ty (Source: 4.5 4.5 4.5 200 200 200 70 Meteonorm 7) wind direction blowing as NNW/NW followed by0NE. 31.5 1400 NNW /NW /NW /NW SW SW SW range NNW of NNW 2-4 m/s SW/SSW SW/SSW SW/SSW Jan May Feb Jun Mar Jul AprSW/SSW Ma Jan Feb0 0Mar Apr Aug radiation. radiation. radiation. (Source: (Source: (Source: Meteon Meteo Mete radiation. radiation. radiation. (Source: (Source: (Source: MM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 27 1200 by wind range of 3 to 4 m/s & 4 to 5 m/s and > 6 m/s. Majority of the nanFeb Feb Feb Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Dec Dec Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Jan Jan JanMar Feb Feb Feb Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr May May May Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Nov Jan Jan Jan Dec Jan Jan Dec Jan Dec Feb Feb Feb Feb Feb Mar Feb Mar Mar Mar Mar Mar Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr May May Jan May Feb Mar Winter Summerwind Trans. Winter Predominant Predominant wind wind wind speed speed is isinisin in Predominent Predominent wind wind speed speed speed is isinisin in Monsoon Majority ofPredominant the winds have been Predominent Predominent Predominent wind wind wind speed speed speed is Trans. isinisin in Predominent Predomin Kspeed K 50 22.5 1000 range range range of of 2-3 of 2-3 2-3 m/s m/s range range range of of 3-4 of 3-4 m/s 3-4 m/s m/s observed below 5 m/s range range range of of 4-5 of 4-5 m/s 4-5 m/s m/s range of 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2

Dry

250 0 10global Average rad. Dec 140010 40 18 800 Jan Feb Mar Jul Apr May Sep Jun Jul daily Aug Sephorizontal Oct Nov Mar Apr May Jun Aug Oct Nov Dec 3climate Average daily solar radiation on Fig. 1. Ahmedabad overview. W/m2 3 10 Average daily diffuse horizontal rad. 1200 9 13.5 Trans. Winter 200 600 Average, 30 9 horizonminimum ta l a nd veand rticamaximum l s urfa ce s K 10008 8 2 9 400 monthly 20 (E, S, W, N) temperatures and average 2 9 150 10 800 7 7 4.5 200 (Source: Meteonorm 7) 10daily solar Average radiation on Fig. 1. Ahmedabad climate overview. . 4. Average daily relative humidi1 90 600 6 Average, 6 radiation.8(Source: Meteonorm 7) 100 h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l s u r f a c es 1 0 minimum and maximum Source:Jan Meteonorm 7) 0 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul AugJanSep Feb Oct Mar Nov Apr Dec May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 350 8 400 (E, S, W, N) 5 monthly temperatures and average 0 5 7 50 0 7 W/m2 200 (Source: Meteonorm 7) Jan May Feb Jun Mar 300 K4 4 Jan Feb Mar Apr 6 radiation. (Source: Meteonorm 7) 0 0 6 Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E 3 3Jun Jul Aug 10 Sep gJanSep Feb Oct Mar Nov Apr Dec May250 5 Jan Feb Mar2 Oct Apr Nov MayDec June July Mean Aug irradiance Sep of global Oct rad.Nov vertical SDec day night (9am-6pm) 2 (8pm- 9 ) and (8pm- and night 5 Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W K4 5am) temperatures. (Source: Meteo1 8 ures. (Source: Meteo- 200 1 Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E Mean4irradiance of global rad. vertical N 3350 norm 7) 0 7 0 150 Jan May Feb Jun Mar Jul May Sep Jun Jul Aug Dec Oct Nov Dec MeanFeb irradiance global rad. vertical SApr Aug Mean irradiance ofSep global rad. horizontal 2300 Jan Mar ofApr Oct Nov 6 Mean irradiance of diffuse rad. horizontal Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W 3 250 June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1 Jan Feb Mar Apr May 100 5 Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical N 0200 2 west, north) 4Jul Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Augon Oct Nov Decsurfaces (east, south, Fig. 4.1.14: Average daily solar radiation horizontal vertical 50 irradiance ofSep global rad.and horizontal 150 Apr May Jun Jul Aug SepMean Mar Oct Nov Dec Fig. 2. Average daily solar radiation Mean3irradiance of diffuse rad. horizontal 100 Oct Nov Dec

day night (9am-6pm) day (9am-6pm) and (8pm- and night (8pm5am) temperatures. 5am) temperatures. (Source: Meteo- (Source: Meteonorm 7) norm 7)

Apr Aug Ma Jul

F o f n

day (9am-6pm) and night (8pmon horizontal 5am)0 temperatures. (Source: Meteo1 and vertical sur2 (9am-6pm) and night (8pmOffice Design in Ahmedabad 41 faces(E, S, (Source: 50 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JulW, N). Aug SepMeteoOct Nov Summer Dec normMeteo7) solstic 0 m)0 temperatures. (Source: 1 norm 7) Fig. 2. Average daily solar radiation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Summer solstice (80.51 ° ) 0.45h Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun m 7) 0 on horizontal and0.45h vertical sur- Summer solstice (80.51°)

CONTEXT

4.1.7 Comfort The adaptive ASHRAE 55 comfort band, was plotted against the outdoor running mean temperature (Fig. 4.1.15). The chart shows how the upper limit of the comfort band changes monthly between 26.2째C during the cold period to 30.5째C during the hot period, and the lower limit rises from 21.2째C to 25.5째C accordingly By correlating the information from this chart along with the frequency of hours in, above and below comfort levels (Fig. 4.1.16), it is possible to draw some preliminary assumptions regarding the comfort of a typical office building in AhmedabadHot period - The outdoor average monthly temperatures recorded between March - June, and September - October are above the comfort band which with additional temperature offset due to internal heat gains in the office space will pose the toughest climatic challenge. Cold period - These periods are relatively mild; thus, comfort could be easily achieved with an indoor temperature rise of as much as 4-6K by internal gains. Mild period - These periods are noticed for very short time over the whole year and mainly occur during the monsoon season which lasts from July-September. The temperatures are in the comfort band for 55-65% of the time. Coupling the building with the outdoor could be beneficial and help dissipate excess internal heat gains.

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Winter

Trans.

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

Winter

째C

Wh/m2

2000

40.5

1800

1600

31.5

Winter

Trans.

Summer

Monsoon

Trans.

1200

18 Trans.

Trans.

13.5

40.5

Summer

Winter

Trans.

Trans. 2000 1800 to.av 1600

600

Winter

2000

27 Jan

1800

22.5 Summer 1819

Ahmedabad climateMay overview. Feb Mar Apr June 1600 Average, minimum and maxi1400 Monsoon Trans. Winter mum monthly temperatures and

horizontal radiation 27.1 28.4 29.9 30.5 (Source: Meteonorm 7)

July

120031

1000 2 Wh/m

Aug

Sep

Oct

horizontal radiation (Source: Meteonorm 7) 28

Nov

200 Dec

250 200 150

29.9

800

0 50 60 Nov60 Dec350 50 50 40 40 40 300 30 30 30 250 20 20

20 10 10 0

radiation. Meteonorm 7) (Source: (Source: Meteonorm 7)

1600 1400 1200 800 600 400 200 0

F A m

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical N

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E

within comfort (%) Mean irradiance of global Hours rad. horizontal

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical S

200 Jan Jan 150

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical E

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical W Feb Feb

Mean irradiance of global rad. vertical N

Mar Mar

Apr Apr

May May

June June

July July

Aug Aug

Mean irradiance of global rad. horizontal

Sep Sep

Hours below lower comfortRh (%)(%) Hours above higher comfort (%) Humidity above comfort range (>70) 100 Oct Nov Dec Oct Nov Dec Humidity in comfort range (40-70%) 90 V. Humid

300

Dry

350

1800

W/m

V. Humid Comfort

Aug Sep Oct

2000

1000

29.3 29 29 29 27.7 26.8 Monsoon 13.5 Average max. monthly temperature 45 2000 band 1200 21.2 22.1 23.4 24.9 25.5 60024.9 180024.3 24 24 24 22.7 21.8 Average monthly temperature 40.5 9 2 1000 Wh/m 400 Average min. monthly temperature 36 1600 800 200 4.5 %rh 2000 Average daily global horizontal rad. Average max. monthly temperature 1400 31.5 600 0 Average daily diffuse horizontal rad. Average temperature 27 1200 Jan Feb Mar Apr May 1800 June July Aug Sep monthly Oct Nov Dec 400 0 on ASHRAE Average min. monthly temperature 1600 22.5 1000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Comfort Jul band Aug(Based Sep Oct 55)Nov Dec 100 200 19 22 27 31 33 1400 31 29 28 28 28 24 21 Average daily global horizontal rad. 800 18 Fig. Ahmedabad climate overview. 0 30.5ASHRAE 4.1.15: 55 comfort plotted against the average minimum and1.maximum monthly temperatures of Ahmedabad 26.2 27.1 28.4 Fig. 29.9 29.9 29.3 29daily 29 27.7horizontal 26.8 229 band 90 Average diffuse rad. 600 1200 13.5 Oct Nov Dec Sep Average, minimum and maximum 21.2 22.1 23.4 24.9 25.5 24.9 24.3 24 24 band24(Based 22.7 on 21.8 % 1000 Comfort ASHRAE 55)400 9 monthly temperatures and average 80 28 28 24 21 800 4.5 200 %rh Average daily relative humidity Fig. 1. Ahmedabad climate overview. 29 29 27.7 26.8100100 600 Average, minimum and maximum 0 70 radiation. Meteonorm 7) 0 (Source: (Source: Meteonorm 7) 90 90Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mar 24 24Jan 22.7Feb 21.8 400 monthly temperatures and average 60 80 80 W/m2 200 Average daily relative humidity 70 1400 Trans. Winter Comfort

26.2

400

Ahmedabad climate overview. Average, minimum and maximum monthly temperatures and

Wh/m2

31.5

Wh/m2

째C

Monsoon

4.5 Winter 0

800

째C

1000 2 Wh/m

째C

22.5

Winter

1400 Winter

Hours above higher comfort (%)

V. Humid

Hours below lower comfort (%)

Comfort

(%) Fig. Rh 2. Average daily solar radiation Humidity55 below comfort range (<40) 80 100 100 on horizontal and vertical Fig. 4.1.16: Frequency of hours annual break down of thermal comfort based on ASHRAE comfort bandsur0 [Dry] Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Humidity Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec above comfort range (>70) 100 70 faces(E, S, W, N).Sept (Source: 50 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug OctMeteoNov Dec 50 Humidity in comfort range (40-70%) 90 norm 7) 60 0 School of Architecture \ SED \ MArch 2016-2018Fig. 2. Average daily solar radiation ation \ 30-06-2017 Office Design in Ahmedabad 43 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Humidity Jul Aug below Sep comfort Oct Nov Dec range (<40) 80 50 on horizontal and vertical sur0 School [Dry] Architectural of Architecture \ SED \ MArch 2016-2018 \ 30-06-2017 Sept Oct Nov Association Dec 70 faces(E, S, W, N). (Source: MeteoJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Hours in comfort(%)

F o f n

CONTEXT

4.2 AHMEDABAD'S BUILDING DESIGN CULTURE 4.2.1 Urban level Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. In the last decade, significant number of urban regeneration projects and business districts have been developed/developing within and around the city. One of the project is trying to bring Ahmedabad Internationally by providing, as they say, 'Next Class Infrastructure'. Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT), is an under construction central business district between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in the Indian state of Gujarat. Its main purpose is to provide 'Grade-A' physical infrastructure, so that finance and technology firms can relocate their operations there from Mumbai, Bangalore, Gurgaon etc (Fig.4.2.1). The location of GIFT City is shown in Figure 4.2.2. Fig.4.2.2 shows the master plan of GIFT City. It encompasses an area of 886 acres (358 Ha) which is to be developed in three phases as Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) and Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The predominant land use is Commercial 67%; Residential 22% and Social 11% (Fig.4.2.3-4.2.4).

Fig. 4.2.1: Illustration of GIFT City showing government's vision (Source: Envac, 2015)

23Â°16'N

Gandhinagar

72Â°68'N

Ahmedabad

10 km

10 km Fig. 4.2.2: Gift city is strategically located between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar

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500m Fig. 4.2.4: Spacial Economic Zone in GIFT City (After Topotek 1)

Commercial- office, hotel and retail spaces

Social

Residential-Tower space

Utilities/Amneties

Open space/Green

Site location

Special Economic Zone

i at

rm ba Sa Ri r ve 1 km Fig. 4.2.3: Zoning of GIFT city (After Topotek 1) Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONTEXT

4.2.2 Building level High rise office buildings are becoming common within the Special Economic Zone of GIFT City, usually with a central core rectangular form layout due to core & shell costs and effective internal space considerations. However, high rise typology of linear wings around a central core is also becoming popular with floor areas between 1000 m2-2000m2 serving as a reference for an economical configuration (Fig.4.2.5). Mid-rise and lowrise buildings usually account for higher floor areas which usually require 2 cores or more, and appear within a linear building layout to extend the desirable connection with the exterior for views and daylight. The height of buildings in SEZ range from 40m to 400m (Fig.4.2.6). The tallest buildings are planned to be built on the south of SEZ facing the river. At present only two buildings have been finished and occupied. The public OFFICE BUILDINGS HOTEL SPACES SOCIAL SPACES UTILITY/AMNETIES transport infrastructure in GIFT city has been planned to have Mass Rapid Transit(Metro) and Bus Rapid Transit (Fig.4.2.7). GIFT ONE TOWER

GIFT TWO TOWER

PROPOSED SITE

Rentable Floor Space Floors: 28 Year: 2013 BUA:

Private Floors: 15-16 Year: 2019-2020

12m 22m 30m

A=1200m2 6m

Fig. 4.2.5: Partial layout of GIFT tower 1- an example of central core and shell structure typology

120m

30m 120m

60m

40m 120m

40m

120m

Commercial- office spaces

120m

Commercial- Hotel space

120m 350m

Social

OFFICE BUILDINGS

HOTEL SPACES

SOCIAL SPACES

UTILITY/AMNETIES

OFFICE BUILDINGS

HOTEL SPACES

SOCIAL SPACES

UTILITY/AMNETIES

Utilities/Amneties

Fig. 4.2.6: Axonometric view of a SEZ area showing zoning, and assigned height for the buildings that are going to be built GIFT ONE TOWER

GIFT TWO TOWER

PROPOSED SITE

Rentable Floor Space Floors: 28 Year: 2013 BUA:

Private Floors: 15-16 Year: 2019-2020

Gift tower 1 Gift tower 2

M M

Road connectivity Metro connectivity

OFFICE BUILDINGS

HOTEL SPACES

METRO CONNECTIVITY

ROAD CONNECTIVITY

SOCIAL SPACES

UTILITY/AMNETIES

Fig. 4.2.7: Axonometric view of a SEZ area showing connectivity and location of the two towers that have been built

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4.2.3 Office space layouts

Potential PotentialProductivity ProductivityRisk Risk

11buildings, the12 12 — Single-sided open space: Within central core11 surrounding 10 11 10 or divided 11to cellular offices space could be either single sided open space, 99 10 with an adjacent inner corridor and service space towards the core area. 10

Definite DefiniteProductivity ProductivityRisk Risk

10m

— Cellular office: The demand for enclosed private offices is still relatively high, global workplace trends (as discussed in section 2.3) are just beginning to influence the internal layouts towards more open and diverse office spaces. The common practice is of 5m-6m deep office spaces with changing widths, usually considered in correlation to the envelope modules and num33 ber of workstations. 5.5 88 10.5 13 5.5 10.5 13

office

18m New New Zealand Zealand Malaysia Malaysia South South Korea Korea Australia Australia Taiwan Taiwan Singapore office Singapore Japan Japan Thailand Thailand Indonesia Indonesia Phillippines Phillippines China China India India Hong Kong Hong Kong

25m

office

25m

11 11

— Double-sided open space: 8Open spaces are becoming more and more 10 8 10 common, with depths ranging 8from 12m to 30m; most commonly in linear 10 8 10 buildings or within linear wings. (Fig.4.2.8) 88

99 10 10 10(2015), to align growing 10 Based on CBRE research headcounts with budget 10 9 10costs, corporates 9 in India are reconfiguring their allocations for real estate 55 have more open-plan workspaces (Fig.4.2.9). 10.5 buildings to 10.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

8.5 8.5

99 99

Effective Effective density density 10.6 10.6

12min Asia Pacific by country (per sq. mt per desk) Figure Figure x.xx: x.xx: Static Static workplace workplace density density range range in Asia Pacific by country (per sq. mt per desk)

30m 6m

Static Static Vs. Vs. Dynamic Dynamic workspace workspace density density Lorem Lorem ipsum ipsum

B Fig. 4.2.8: Two examples of contemporary office buildings in GIFT city A.) Hiranandani 'The Signature' building, underconstruction (Source: Gujarat Property) B.) GIFT Tower 1, completed (Source: Field study)

Share of total office space

(Share (Shareofofthe thetotal totaloffice officespaces) spaces)

100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0%

Upto 2000 2000 Upto

Reception Reception Meeting Meeting Rooms Rooms Toilet/Shower Toilet/Shower Recreational Recreational Area Area

2001 -- 2005 2005 2001

2006 -- 2010 2010 2006

2011 -2015 -2015 2011

IT Area Area IT Cafeteria Cafeteria Storage Storage Support Services Services Support

Anticipated by by Anticipated 2020 2020

Cabins Cabins Lounge Lounge Service Area Area Service Open Plan Seating Open Plan Seating

Fig. 4.2.9: Office space segregation- variation over the past 15 years (Source: CBRE Research, 2015)

Figure Figure x.xx: x.xx: Office Office space space segregation segregation -- variation variation over over the the past past 15 15 years years (Source: CBRE Research, Q3 2015) (Source: CBRE Research, Q3 2015)

Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONTEXT

4.2.4 Materiality â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Construction methodology: Reinforced concrete frame & floor slabs are the prevailing framing methodology, cladding is usually done with different variations of curtain wall systems which combine glazing and opaque cladding materials (Commonly Aluminium Composite Panels/ACP). The service systems are usually ceiling mounted. Most of the buildings in GIFT city are leasable office space, the services are usually fitted out by the tenants.

RCC frame & floor slab

Curtain wall glazing

ACP frame

Fig. 4.2.10: Concrete frame cladded by fully glazed curtain wall on GIFT Tower 1 in GIFT city, Ahmedabad (Source: DNA India, 2012)

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Interior design: The internal fitouts are usually decided by the tenants. The internal layout of the office spaces is generally light weight with plaster interior cladded wall, carpeted or stone tiled floors, and acoustic suspended ceilings. The workstations showcased in Fig.4.2.11 are heavy and fixed, made up of solid wood.

Fig. 4.2.11: Pictures showing interior fitout, and circulation space of the open-plan work area at 28th floor in GIFT tower 1 (Source: Field study)

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Open

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Solar control: Fully glazed buildings are very common and solar control is usually being applied by reflective or tinted glazing combined with internal venetian blinds or roller blinds (Fig. 4.2.12; 4.2.13). External shading is rarely used now-a-days and is applied mostly in low to mid rise buildings. The application of double glazing low-e systems is encouraged by the new green building code.

Fig. 4.2.12: Use of venetial blinds in cellular office in bSafal corporate building (Source: Field study)

Fig. 4.2.13: Use of roller blinds in open-plan office in GIFT Tower 1 building (Source: Field study)

4.2.5 Occupancy pattern People typically work 45-54 hours per week, from Monday to Friday, with few offices working half day during Saturday. Work is not being conducted during bank holidays and national holidays. Work hours are typically between 09:00 to 19:00 (Fig.4.2.14). 9 hr 3 hr

5 hr

0.5/1 hr Fig. 4.2.14: Infographic showing typical working hours of an employee based on field studies Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONTEXT

Contrary to ASHRAE 90.1 2004 recommended diversity factor for use with an 'office occupancy', a research done by Duarte et al (2013) shows that the measured occupancy data has a significant lower diversity factor that the ASHRAE 90.1 2004 practice (Fig.4.2.15). Data showed as much as 46% reduction in average day profile peaks for private office occupancy and about a 12% reduction for open-plan office spaces. 1 12% 0.8 Diversity Factor

46% 0.6

0.4 ASHRAE weekday Corridor

0.2

0 00:00

Open-plan office Cellular office Meeting room

03:00

06:00

09:00

12:00

15:00

18:00

21:00

24:00

Time Fig. 4.2.15: Comparing Occupancy diverity factor of ASHRAE 90.1.2004 and diversity factor by space type based on research done by Duarte et al. (After Duarte et al, 2013; and ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G, 2004 )

4.2.6 Performance data and Benchmark The last decade has seen a significant increase in the share of the service sector in Indian economy leading to an ever-increasing demand for office space. Modern office buildings provide higher quality working standards, for attracting customers as well as employees. The energy performance index of such spaces in India ranges from 200 to 400 kWh/m2/year whereas similar buildings in developed nations have an EPI of less than 150 kWh/ m2/year. BEE has developed the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) which provides minimum energy performance standards for energy efficient commercial buildings with connected load of 100 kW and above. Both Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) rating systems have adopted ECBC as a minimum compliance requirement. BEE has developed a Star Rating programme for the buildings which is based on performance of a building in its energy usage in kWh/m2/year (Fig.4.2.16). This programme rates office buildings on a 1-5 Star scale, with 5 Start labelled buildings being the most efficient (Table 4.2.1). Table 4.2.2 shows EPI benchmark for hot and dry climate as 173 kWh/m2/year. Finally, according to Manu et al (2011), average energy use per unit area due to HVAC systems in conditioned buildings in India is 205 kWh/m2/year. 50

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Fig. 4.2.16: BEE Star Rating of Office Buildings Label (Source: BEE, 2009)

Table 4.2.1: Building Energy Star Rating Programme for Hot and Dry climate More than 50% air conditioned built up area (Source: BEE, 2009)

Fig. 4.3.1: Orientation should be optimized early-on, along with massing, and can be the most important step for passive design.

Table 4.2.2: EPI Benchmarks for Office buildings - More than 50% air conditioned (Source: BEE, 2009)

EPI (kWh/m2/year)

Star Label

Climate zone

180-155 155-130 130-105 105-80 Below 80

1 Star 2 Star 3 Star 4 Star 5 Star

Warm & Humid Composite Hot & Dry Moderate

kWh/m2/year 182 179 173 179

4.3 CONCLUSIONS Based on the climate and the building culture analysis, the following guidelines can be suggested for an office building in a hot and dry climate region (Fig. 4.3.3): â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Building orientation: Appropriate orientation of the building can reduce the annual cooling load significantly. Longer walls of building should face North & South so that the building gets minimum solar exposure (Fig. 4.3.1).

m o t e H e at L o s

Pro

st Heat Gain Resi

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Shading: The reduction in solar gain by shading of windows causes a decrease in the heat gain and hence the annual load is reduced. Shading should be designed based on wall azimuth angle and site obstructions (Fig.4.3.2).

Fig. 4.3.2: Using building mass or overhangs to create shade

Building in Hot & Dry climate

Decrease exposed surface area -by orientation and shape of the building

Ventilation of appliances -Provide windows/ exhaust

Increase thermal resistance -by insulation of building envelope

Increase air exchange rate (night time) -by Courtyards/ wind towers/ arrangement of windows Increase humidity levels -by trees, water ponds, evaporativecooling

Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) -by massive structure (High density) Increase shading -by overhangs, fins and trees Increase surface reflectivity -by Pale colour, glazed china mosaic tiles etc. Fig. 4.3.3: Comfort objectives and physical manifestation

Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONTEXT

— Wall type: A wall having low U-value - Insulating type such as autoclaved cellular concrete block, reduces the load compared to the concrete block wall. — Colour of the surface: Dark colours on the walls of an office building should be avoided. — Air exchanges: The air changes should be scheduled to promote air entry during cooler periods (such as nights or winter) and controlling it during hotter periods (during daytime or summer) can lead to significant reduction of annual load. — Thermal capacity: Heavy construction materials such as concrete should be used to increase the thermal capacity (time lag) of the building. — Glazing: Fully glazed curtain walls should be avoided to reduce solar gains. Window to wall ratio should be optimized for different orientations based on internal gains and site obstructions. — Performance: The aim should be to reduce the cooling load of the building, as it is the major factor which consumes a lot of energy. Thus, the target should be to achieve lower cooling loads than what benchmarks specify. Which according to this research is 205 kWh/m2/year

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Office Design in Ahmedabad

SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

Office Design in Ahmedabad

SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

5.1 SITE 5.1.1 Site location The site selected for analysis and design is in GIFT city's SEZ zone 5 (Fig. 5.1.1). The plot is allocated for a commercial office tower with a Built-up area of 18,853 m2. Based on the requirement of the SEZ, the building should aspire to be Green Platinum Rated building. At present, only two towers have been built (refer section 4.2.2), and they are two blocks away on the West side of the site. The site, and its surrounding context have not been built yet. The construction in Zone 5 is scheduled to start in mid of 2018, targetted to be completed by mid 2019. The site will be well connected with a Mass Rapid Transit line (Metro Rail) and is well connected by road with Ahmedabad, and the international airport. The site is not located in a densely populated area. Fig.5.1.2 shows the surrounding buildings around the site and the overall urban context. Based on zoning the site will be surrounded by two 120m high commercial towers on West and North, and by a 60m high hotel tower on the East.

Office space

Hotel space

Amnities space

Site Fig. 5.1.1: Location of site in Zone 5 of SEZ, GIFT City (After Topotek 1)

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Metro-station

MM SU

ICE IST L SO

PREDOMINANT SOUTH WEST WINDS

Fig. 5.1.2: A view of Special Economic Zone, GIFT City showing the site and the neighbouring context. Office Design in Ahmedabad

SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

5.1.2 Site parameters Fig.5.1.3 shows the dimensions and area of the building footprint where the building must be constructed. The set-back taken from North and East is 10m, and from South and West is 3m. The permissible height of the building is limited to 65m, with floor to floor height of 3.9m (Fig.5.1.4).

.5m

m 55

Area=

1807.5 m2

3.9m

65m

30 26

.5m

Fig. 5.1.3: Dimensions of the site

14m

Fig. 5.1.4: Maximum permissible height for the building

Fig. 5.1.6: Streetscape (Source: Topotek 1) Vehicular driveway Pedestrian walkways Site offset based on regulation Building construction area Green zone Metro rail Fig. 5.1.5: Site access and circulation

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Fig.5.1.5 shows the access routes to the site. The vehicular entry and exit have been already decided by the planning authority, to avoid traffic congestion in the future. The pedestrians can access the site from tree shaded footpaths from South and West side of the site (Fig.5.1.6).

5.1.3 Proposed glass building 180 m²

ace

1890 m² 1350 m² 1350 m² 1380 m² 1400 m² 1420 m² 1440 m² 1450 m² 1460 m² 1460 m² 1460 m² 1460 m² 1760 m²

(2)

1400 m² 1580 m²

Central support spaces

Concierge spaces

Open-plan & cellular offices

Circulation

In near future, construction will start to house the largest bank in India’s new Local Head Office. Fig.5.1.8, shows the visualization of the proposed building. The design of the building mimics the current building trend, that is to have a clear glass façade, deep floor plates, and some external façade treatment (Aluminium Composite Panel/ACP) that differentiates the building from others. Fig.5.1.9, shows the internal layout of the proposed building. The cellular offices are placed facing North and South side of the building, while the open-plan offices are placed in the centre of the building, thus disconnecting it completely from the external environment. The East side of the building is used for vertical circulation, toilets and local supports. Fig.5.1.7, highlights general design programme of the proposed building. The building is planned for approximate 1800 people, and based on bank requirements the building should include chambers for chairman, MDs, cabins for GMs, AGMs, and workstations for other junior staff; backed with central and local support areas. The ground floor of the building should include a Bank branch and e-Lobby (ATMs). Information regarding the number of people and spaces required, was helpful in calculating the number of workstations, and the area of space required to accommodate 1800 people (See Space budget calculation).

Fig. 5.1.7: Program of the already proposed building

26.5m

55m

Fig. 5.1.8: View of the proposed building (Source: GIFT City Company, Ltd, 2017)

Fig. 5.1.9: A typical floor layout of the proposed building (Source: GIFT City Company, Ltd, 2017) Office Design in Ahmedabad

SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS January

SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS

5.2 SITE ANALYSIS

January

Hours

5.2.1 Shadow analysis

Fig.5.2.1, shows the range of shadows casted by the adjacent buildings during the occupied hours of an office (09:00 to 18:00 hour). The darker regions are the areas which remain shaded throughout the day. From the analysis the site is mostly overshadowed in the morning hours (between 09:00 hour and 10:00 hour) by the hotel building on the East. This happens in all the months. Buildings on the South do not cast shadows on the site, except during the winter period when the range of the shadows are deeper. Shadow For range analysis for a typical day in January09:00 example, one of the buildings on South casts itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shadow at 14:00 hour in 10:00 the month of January. The building on the west casts shadows in the late SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS 14:00 evening hours of the summer period. January January

SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS January

SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS January January

8 7 609:00 510:00 4 14:00 3 2 1 0

SITE SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS

Shadow range for a typical day in January Marchanalysis Hours January Hours Hours

Hours

00:00 March

Hours Hours

9 98 87 76

9 8

Hours

7 09:00 9 9 65 6 9 8 8 54 5 8 7 7 43 4 7 609:00 609:00 3 3 609:00 18:00 2 09:00 510:00 510:00 21 2 5 10:00 410:00 4 10 1 414:00 314:00 23:00 0 3 14:00 0 3 Shadow range analysis for a typical day in March09:00 Shadow range analysis for a typical day in January09:00 2 2 JANUARY 09:00 Shadow range analysis for a typical Shadowday range in January analysis for a typical Cumulative solar radiation analysis 10:00 for January 2 day in January 10:00 1 1 10:00 1 14:00 0 0 14:00 0 Shadow range Shadow range June analysis for a typical day in March Marchanalysis for a typical day in January Ho Hours Shadow range analysis for a typical day in January March March March Hours Hours 00:00 9 June March 98 9 Hours Hours March Hours 87 8 7 7 09:00 6 9 9 65 6 9 8 8 54 5 8 7 7 43 4 709:00 609:00 6 3 3 09:00 609:00 18:00 2 516:00 510:00 21 2 510:00 10:00 418:00 4 10 1 4 23:00 3 3 0 range analysis for a typical0day in June 09:00 MARCH JUNE 09:00 Shadow 3 Shadow range analysis for a typical day in March09:00 2 2 Shadow range analysis for a typical Shadowday range in March analysis for a typical Cumulative solar radiation analysis 16:00 for March 10:00 2 day in March 1 1 10:00 1 18:00 0 0 0 Shadow range analysis for a typical day in June Shadow range June analysis for a typical day in March Fig.range 5.2.1:analysis Shadow for analysis on the siteininMarch the month of January, March, and June from 09:00 hour to 18:00 hour. Hours Shadow a typical day June June June (Source: Ladybug, Grasshopper) Hours Hours 00:00 60 AA-SED MArch 2016-18 9 June 98 9 Hours June Hours 8 8

SITE SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS January 00:00

5.2.2 Solar radiation analysis

Fig.5.2.2,09:00 shows the amount of solar radiation falling on the site during the occupied hours of an office (9:00 hour to 18:00 hour). From the analysis the site receives more solar energy in the month of March than in June. It is the time when the sun is level with Earth’s equator. Therefore, it will be suitable to design shading based on this period. However, building orientation should be18:00 considered too.

During summer period, due to sun’s high altitude the north side of sur23:00 rounding buildings also receives high amount of solar radiation. Thus, North façade would also require having shading to for tackle with this Cumulative solarsome radiation analysis January situation.

SITE SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS

During winter period,SITE the sun’s altitude is lower, andANALYSIS days areANALYSIS shorter hence SOLAR SITE SOLAR RADIATION RADIATION the North side of the buildings receive less amount of solar radiation. March

00:00

January January 00:00 138 00:00 124

138 124

110 09:00

09:00

110

09:00 09:00

23:00 23:00 23:00 Cumulative solar radiation analysis for January

00:00

March 00:00 00:00

June March 187

SITE SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS

March

kWh/m2

Cumulative solar radiation analysis for March JANUARY Cumulative Cumulative solar radiation solar radiation analysis for analysis January for January

169

09:00

94 56

19 JUNE

19 165 165 149 149 132 132 116 116 100 100 83 83 66 66 50 50 33 33 16 16 0 0

Cumulative solar radiation analysis for June Cumulative Cumulative solar radiation solar radiation analysis for analysis Marchfor March January

187 187 169 169 150 150 131 131 112 112 94 94 75 75 56 56 37 37 19 19 0 0

23:00 23:00 23:00 MARCH Cumulative solar radiation analysis for March kWh/m2

55 41 41 28 28 14 14 0 0

23:00

kWh/m2

18:00

41 37 28 19

16 18 14

112

18:00 18:00

69 75 55 56

187

131

112 75

18:00

97 11 82 94

150

131

09:00 09:00

12 15 11 13

14 0 0

169

150 09:00

18 13 16

0 110

23:00

124

18:00

18:00 18:00

138

18:00

Cumulative solar radiation analysis for January

January

16 13 15 11

13 10 11 83

94 66 75 50

56 33 37 16

19 0 0

132

Office Design in Ahmedabad

lysis for June lysis for June

149

23:00

165

09:00

00:00

sis for March sis for March

sis for January sis for January

00:00

18:00

June

Fig. 5.2.2: Solar radiation analysis on the site in the month of January, March, and June from 09:00 hour to 18:00 hour. June June (Source: Ladybug, Grasshopper)

61165 149

132

SITE AND SITE ANALYSIS

5.2.3 Wind flow analysis Wind flow simulation was tested to understand the impact of the urban built environment on wind. As discussed in section 4.1.5, the predominant wind direction over the whole year is South-West with wind speed ranging from 2 to 5 m/s. For the analysis, as initial input wind speed of 5m/s was used from South-West direction. The result showed that the wind changes directions after flowing through the built environment. The wind flow tested at 40m height (Fig.5.2.3) show PREDOMINANT PREDOMINANT WIND FROM SWspeeds DIRECTION FROMranging SW DIRECTION that the site receives wind at WIND the between 1 and 6 m/s. Vertical profile of the wind coming from the same direction showed that the tall buildings in front of the site, due to varying wind speeds creates turbulence on the leeward side of the building (Fig.5.2.4). From these observations, it can be concluded that there is a potential for wind driven ventilation in the buildings. And, so it will be advantageous to PREDOMINANT PREDOMINANT WIND FROM SW DIRECTION FROM SW DIRECTION have open breakout areas forWIND natural cross ventilation within the buildings.

v (m/s) 10.5

10.5

v (m/s) 7.5

Wind test on horizontal Wind test on plane horizontal at 40 m plane heightat 40 m height

v (m/s)

v (m/s) 7.5

10.5

7.5

0 Site

Fig. 5.2.3: Wind test on horizonal plane at 40m height Wind test on horizontal Wind test on plane horizontal at 40 m plane heightat 40 m height

v (m/s)

8.5

v (m/s) 7

5.5

8.5

0 Site

Fig. 5.2.4: Wind test on vertical plane on the site Wind test on vertical Wind test plane on vertical on the site plane on the site

5.5

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Office Design in Ahmedabad

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS -An analysis of an elementary unit

Office Design in Ahmedabad

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS

6.1 DEFINING THE ELEMENTARY UNIT FOR THE ANALYSIS To study the explored offices, with it's various spaces at the same time is out of control of an architect during the life cycle. Hence, it is considered reasonable to begin the flow of the analysis of the most simple one aspect unit. Subsequently, the the results of the established unit (fig.6.1.1) helps to plan the design of the actual building, however it is of interest to design it passive in a detached condition, as this scenario is highly possible. 4m

The width parameter is set according with ergonomics and usability (fig.6.1.4). A width of 4 meters is suggested (Fig.6.1.2). It would be loose enough to allow reasonable freedom in layout forcing occupants to place desks at the right angle to the window in front of each other what would limit the glare (refer section 2.4.5). Additional suggestion is to provide the fenestration unit with a set back from transversal walls of at least 0.3m. This would allow the placement of casework (box type storage) without the risk of light obstruction.

0.3m

casework

6.1.1 THe width

casework

-For all the analytic work the unit was tested with the context of the selected site.

0.95m

1.5m

0.95m

0.3m

Fig. 6.1.2: Parameters of the elementary unit

6.1.2 THe depth The depth parameter is based on BCO's (2014) recommended average depth of 9m for a deep plan office. Again, according with ergonomics and usability, the depth can accommodate three workstations (Fig.6.1.3), along with circulation space in between. In total 6 workstations can be placed facing each other, which brings the density of the space to 6m2/person. The depth of the unit will be analysed later, to identify the passive zone for the space on South and North orientations.

2 Fig. 6.1.3: Three workstations can fit the depth of 9m

6.1.3 Foor to ceiling height Along with the overall building height, the structural floor to floor height of 3.9m is also constrained by the Area Development Control Regulations. And, the imposed minimum requirement for floor to ceiling height is 3m, which leaves 0.7m of space for services, and HVAC systems.

9x4x3 DXWXH Fig. 6.1.1: An example of basic unit following the parameters of 9m depth, 3m height, and 3.2m width

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Fig. 6.1.4: Office ergonomics and required distances between the workstations (Source: Neufert, 2012) Office Design in Ahmedabad

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS

6.2 ANALYTIC WORK

THERMAL ZONES

6.2.1 Solar gains versus Orientation versus Window to wall ration (W.W.R)

The elementary unit was tested in OpenStudio according to the parameters of Table 6.2.1 in four orientations (Fig.6.2.1), with different W.W.R (40%,50%,60%, and 70%) and without shading devices. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) construction parameters were considered to define the building materials. The main aim of this analysis was to detect the worst orientations for offices Fig. 6.2.1: Arrangement of the elementary in terms of the annual sensible solar heat gains (kWh/m2) through the win- unit for solar gain analysis dow. Thus, the low internal gains areas could face this orientation or cores INPUT PARAMETERS and services block them. Fig.6.2.2 illustrates that as the W.W.R is increased, OpenStudio Version: 1.13.0 parameters for solar gain the amount of solar gains rises in the indoor spaces. In comparison with Table 6.2.1: Input analysis Period Annual 70% of W.W.R, the solar gains in 60%, 50%,and 40% of W.W.R are reduced Orientation North, East, South, West by 14%, 28%, and 42% respectively. From Fig.6.2.3(A), the South (S) and Software OpenStudio 1.13.0 Output variable Window sensible solar gains (kWh/m ) west (W) are the worst orientations, having up to 220% more annual solar Period Annual 70% W.W.R Orientation 40%, 50%, 60%, N,E,S,W gains than the best one (North (N)). Moreover, the low sun altitude in E and 15 m Depth of plan Output variable Solar gains(kWh/m2) W orientation (11.2°-39.5°) makes the solar control difficult, and hence it is W.W.R 40%,50%,60%,70% 10 m Width of plan advisable to place core and services in these locations. In contrast, the South Roomheight dimensions 9x4x3-DxWxH 3m Floor to ceiling (S) is a good orientation even with its high solar gains, because of the easier Facade Single side facade Single side facade Facade Solar control No shading solar control (42.6° - 80.5° of sun altitude). No Shading Solar control 2

Context

Yes

Yes Context Occupancy hours 09:00hr - 18:00hr Finally, it was important to define W.W.R by orientation according to solar Occupancy hours wall9 - 18 hrs 0.45 Wm2/K External gains during the occupancy hours. For that, a relation between high W.W.R 2 Internal wall0.45 WK/mAdiabatic External walls and equivalent values of solar gains defined one option per orientation, tryGlazing Adiabatic 5 Wm2/K Internal walls Density 6 m2/ person ing to balance the impact of solar gains with the other internal conditions. 5 WK/m2 Glazing Infiltration 0.3 ach The Figure 6.2.3, illustrates the W.W.R selected by orientation. As a conclu4 m2 per person Density Fresh air requirement 2 ach sion, 70% W.W.R was not considered for any of the orientation., 60% was 0.15 ach 120 W People activity selected for North, 50% for East, and 40% for South and West. This results, Fresh air requirement 2.5 ach Appliance definition 15 W/m2 (cibse g.f) Lighting definition 6 W/m2 (cibse g.a) were are used to analyse passive depths for South and North orientations. People activity 120 W 25 W/m2 8 W/m2

kWh/m2 29.2 29.2

30 30

Solar heat gains through window

Solar Solarheat heatgains gainsthrough throughwindow window

35 35

25.2 25.2

25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10

8.1 8.1

10 10

11.9 11.9

13.7 13.7

11.4 11.4

14.1 14.1

16.1 16.1

19.3 19.3

21.1 21.1

19.7 19.7

17.1 17.1

22.8 22.8

16.5 16.5 13.3 13.3

5 5 0 0

North North

East East 40% wwr 40% wwr

50% wwr 50% wwr

South South 60% wwr 60% wwr

West West 70% wwr 70% wwr

Fig. 6.2.2: Annual sensible solar heat gains (kWh/m2) with 40%, 50% 60% and 70% W.W.R in the four orientations

NORTH NORTH

Z-A 37Z.1-37.1 9° 9°

NORTH NORTH

.19°.1 352 352 AZ-AZ-

NORTH NORTH

.19°.1 352 352 AZ-AZ-

NORTH NORTH

AA-SED MArch 2016-18 Z-A 37Z.1-37.1 9° 9°

9° AZ37.1

9°

EAST

16.5kWh/m

5kWh/m 16.WEST

WEST

EAST

AZ-

37.1

9°

37.1

AZ-

9°

.19°

2 17 AZ-

37.1

AZ-

9°

37.1

AZ-

.19°

NORTHNORTH .19°

.19°

11.9kWh1/1m.9kWh/m

352 AZ-

50% 50% WWR WWR

9°

.19°

AZ37.1

9°

9° AZ37.1

AZ37.1

EAST

13.3kWh/m WEST

WEST

13.3kWh/m

Wh .1kWh/m 17.1k 1/7m 2 17

SOUTHSOUTH .19°

AZ-

Wh .1kWh/m 21.1k 2/1m

.19°

AZ1 .19° 27.19°

127

172 AZ-

2 17

AZ-

172 AZ-

AZ-

° ° 2.19 262.19 AZ-

9°

352 AZ-

9°

26 AZ-

.19° 82.19° AZ-

82 AZ-

26 AZ-

27.1

.19°

27.1

NORTHNORTH .19°

AZ-

352 AZ-

.19°

352 AZ-

WestWest

172 AZ-

SOUTHSOUTH

40% 40% WWR WWR

2.19

AZ3 .19° 07.19°

14.1kWh/m

9°

0 kWh/m 10 kWh/1m

14.1kWh/m

27.1

2 AZ-

.19°

11.4kWh/m

South South

NORTHNORTH

307

82 AZ-

wwr 0% wwr 60% wwr wwr 70%70% wwr AZ- wwr AZ9° 60% 9° 1 1 62.1 62.1 2 AZ-

AZ-

.19° 82.19° AZ-

352 AZ-

.19°

.1kWh/m 8.1kWh/8m

11.4kWh/m

352 AZ-

AZ3 .19° 07.19°

307

NORTHNORTH .19°

AZ-

352 AZ-

.19°

352 AZ-

13.7kWh1/3m.7kWh/m

AZAZAZ9° .19° Architecture .19° 82.19° Architectural Association Association School of Architecture MArch \ MArch 2016-2018 2016-2018 \ 01-11-2017 \8201-11-2017 3 Architectural 307 \ SED 3 \ \SED 82.1 ZSchool 82of .19° 07.19° .19° 07.19° AZA AZAZ-

.19°

217

.19°

AZ-

217 AZ-

.19°

AZ217

EAST

22.8kWh/m

22.8kWh/m WEST

WEST

EAST

19.7kWh/m

19.7kWh/m WEST

.19°

Wh Wh 25.2k 2/5m.2k /m

AZ217

Wh Wh 29.2k 2/9m.2k /m .19°

172

AZ-

SOUTHSOUTH .19°

Solar heat gains through window

AZ1 .19° 27.19°

127

172

.19°

60% WWR 60% WWR

70% WWR 70% WWR 29.2

30 30

25.2

25 25

22.8 21.1

19.7

19.3

20 20

16.1 13.7

15 15 10 10

AZ-

172

Solar Solarheat heatgains gainsthrough throughwindow window

° ° 2.19 262.19 Z A

26 AZ-

AZ-

71-2017

.19°

35 35

SOUTHSOUTH 172

kWh/m2

AZ-

AZ1 .19° 27.19°

127

19.3kWh/m

AZ-

19.3kWh/m

° ° 2.19 262.19 Z A

16.7kWh/m

WEST

307

11.9 11.9

11.4

17.1 17.1

16.5

14.1 14.1

13.3 13.3

8.1

5 5 0 0

North North

East East 40% wwr 40% wwr

50% wwr 50% wwr

South South 60% wwr 60% wwr

West West 70% wwr 70% wwr

Fig. 6.2.3: W.W.R selected by orientation

NORTH NORTH

Z-A 37Z.1-37.1 9° 9°

NORTH NORTH

.19°.1 352 352 AZ-AZ-

NORTH NORTH

.19°.1 352 352 AZ-AZ-

NORTH NORTH

Z-A 37Z.1-37.1 9° 9°

Office Design in Ahmedabad

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS

40% WWR on South facade

6.2.2 Window to wall ratio (W.W.R) versus Depth of plan 9m

60% WWR on North facade

South passive zone

The results (Fig.6.2.5) show that the depth at which the useful daylight illuminance (100-2000lx) is maintained at 100%, and which prevents the 'light switch on at arrival' is 4.5m for the South and 5.5m for the the North. It can also be seen that the North still has decent level of UDI achieved at the deepest point in the base case(9m). Thus, it is possible to provide uses like circulation which require less light levels. And, there is a potential to have large floor depths in the north orientation when provided with windows on the other side of the unit.

4.5

South passive zone

100

2h 3m

Approx. limit of working daylight

9m Table 6.2.2: Input parameters for Daylight analysis

Software

Radiance & Honeybee Annual S&N UDI 40% & 60% 9x4x3-DxWxH Single side facade No shading Yes 9 09:00hr - 18:00hr

Period UDI 100-2000(%) Orientation 100 Output variable 80 W.W.R Room dimensions 60 Facade 40 Solar control Context 20 m Occupancy hours 4.5

40 20

80 60 40 20 0

100 80 60 40

UDI 100-2000lx(%) North passive zone

100

UDI 100-2000lx(%)

North passive zone

UDI 100-2000(%)

5.5

South passive zone

60% WWR on North facade

40% WWR on South facade

60% WWR on North facade

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

100 80 60 40

20m

5.5

Fig. 6.2.5: Useful Daylight Illuminance study defining the passive depth in the South and North Orientations for 40%, and 60% glazing ratios (Source: Radiance)

100

5.5

4.5

UDI 100-2000(%)

UDI 100-2000lx(%)

North passive zone

60% W.W.R on North facade

Fig. 6.2.4: Passive depth based on theory- A 40 rule of thumb 20 (After GPG245, 1998)

40% W.W.R on South facade

South passive zone

UDI 100-2000(%)

40% WWR on South facade

The lux levels required for the work spaces can vary from 100 to 500 lux (refer section 2.4.5), depending on the activity. Table 6.2.2, shows the parameters used for this study. The analysis was tested on the workplane at 0.76m height . Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) annual metric wasm used, 4.5 which provides the percentage of time the illuminance level on a surface is between 300 lux to 2000 lux.

The aim of this analytic work was to identify the depth of plan, that is related with the idea of passive zone (Fig.6.2.4), which is a depth of the room from the window within which comfort is maintained by passive means. The location of constant activities within the floor plate should be constrained to this distance. According to original definition, passive zone should be able to deliver sufficient amount of daylight and fresh air.

6.2.3 Parametric study of the passive strategies`

Table 6.2.3: Input parameters for solar gain analysis Software Period Orientation Output variable

OpenStudio 1.13.0 Annual S Cooling loads (kWh/m2) W.W.R 40% Room dimensions 4.5x4x3-DxWxH Facade Single side facade Context Yes Occupancy hours 09:00hr - 18:00hr External wall 0.45 Wm2/K Internal wall Adiabatic Density 9m2/ person Infiltration 0.3 ach Fresh air requirement 1.3 ach People activity 120 W Appliance definition 15 W/m2 (cibse g.f) Lighting definition 6 W/m2 (cibse g.a)

The aim of this analysis was to study and identify building elements based on their effect on cooling load. The target is to achieve the cooling energy consumption below the benchmark of 205 kW/m2. The previously defined southern elementary unit (with W.W.R of 40%) is used for this analysis. Table 6.2.3, shows the parameters used for this study.

Glazing and Insulation thermal properties Glazing thermal properties study (table 6.2.4) has shown that double glazing can be considered as an optimal one as it provides 24% reduction in cooling energy consumption. The triple glazing was not selected due to it's negligible reduction compared to double glazing. Parametric analysis also reveal high room sensitivity to the levels of thermal insulation (table 6.2.5). The study has shown that insulation 100mm can be considered optimal one as it provides 25% reduction in cooling energy consumption. Increasing, the thickness further by 100mm shows a nominal defference in terms of reduction, and it also increases the thickness of the STUDY AND SELECTION OFwall. DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS BASED ON THEIR EFFECT ON COO

STUDY AND SELECTION

Table 6.2.4: Single parameter study. Comparison of performance of different glazing type on cooling loads OFbased DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS BASED ON THEIR EFFECT

Cooling (26째C)

234.1

177.7

177.6

Glass Cooling panes (26째C)

1 234.1

2 177.7

3 177.6

number

Glass panes

number

ON COO

Table 6.2.5: Single parameter study. Comparison of performance of different levels of insulation based on cooling loads

Cooling (26째C)

234.1

175.9

175.1

174.4

Insulation Cooling (26째C)

No 234.1 insulation

50 175.9

100 175.1

200 174.4

Insulation

No insulation

100

200 Office Design in Ahmedabad

COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS STUDY AND SELECTION OF DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS BASED ON THEIR EFFECT ON COOLING LOAD

Thermal mass Thermal mass effect (table 6.2.6) on its own did not provide considerable effect. However, having thermal on both ceiling and floor can be said to be optimal, and it reduced the cooling energy consumption by 10%. It can be stated that thermal mass is rather a complementary tool saving heat during the day, releasing it during the night. or heat during the night. Hence, final conclusion of its effectiveness should be done in combination with the rest of the strategies. Table 6.2.6: Single parameter study. Comparison of performance with different types of thermal Coolingmass exposure, based on cooling 234.1 loads 177.7 177.6

(26°C) Glass panes

number

Cooling (26°C)

261.9

241.1

236.4

234.2

No thermal mass

roof

mass

Shading Table 6.2.7, shows the effect of different type of shading devices on the cool energy both horizontal and vertiCoolingconsumption. Providing 234.1combination of175.9 175.1 cal shading devices can be considered as an optimal one as it provides 25% (26°C) reduction in cooling energy consumption.

Insulation

No insulation

100

174.4 200

Table 6.2.7: Single parameter study. Comparison of performance with different types of shading devices, based on cooling loads

Cooling (26°C)

235

234.1

235.9

Window type

No insulation

100

Cooling (26°C)

234.1

200.2

201.8

175.4

Shading type

No shading

Horizontal

Vertical

Horizontal + Vertical

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Cumulative study of the parameters defined Parameters that have been tested and appeared reasonable (based on their reduced effect on cooling loads) for Ahmedabad's climate conditions, are tested to get the idea of their cumulative effect.

Benchmark 205kWh/m2

The results show that the amount of cooling energy consumption is reduced by 40% when compared to the worst case scenario (Fig.6.2.6, A).

23%

Furthermore, the result achieved is 23% lower than the national benchmark of 205kWh/m2.

Achieved 157.3 kWh/m2

FFECT ON THE COOLING LOAD BASED ON COMBINING DIFFERENT BUILDING EFFECT ELEMENTS ON THE STUDIED COOLING PREVIOUSLY LOAD BASED ON COMBINING DIFFERENT BUILDING ELEMENTS STUDIED PREVI

ing C)

ing ss C)

1” plaster

100mm insulation

200 mm AAC blocks

1” plaster

1” plaster 261.9

150mm AAC blocks

Single glazing

No insulation

261.9

No shading

Cooling241.1 (26°C)

1” plaster

No thermal 1” plastermass

50mm insulation

mass roof

No thermal mass 217.1

200mm AAC blocks

Double glazing

No thermal mass

261.9 236.4

50mm insulation

Horizontal shading

261.9

Cooling241.1

No 235 thermal mass

Cooling234.1 mass (26°C) roof

Fig. 6.2.6: Cumutive Study(26°C) of the analysed parameters

No thermal mass

261.9 236.4

No 235 235.9 thermal mass

100mm insulation

241.1 234.2

Horizontal+ vertical shading

236.4

1” sandstone render

234.2

100mm insulation

roof

1” plaster

157.3

150mm AAC blocks

RCC

Carpet

Single glazing

158.4

RCC

Carpet

Double glazing

100mm insulation

241.1 234.2 234.1 roof

Horizontal+ vertical shading

236.4

234.2

. Office Design in Ahmedabad 235.9

DESIGN APPLICATION

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

7.1 Design space calculations 7.1.1 Space budget calculation In recent years many public and private sector occupiers have focussed attention on occupational space efficiency as they have become more rigorous in their management of property costs, whilst also focussing on improving the quality of the work environment. The purpose of this calculation (Table 7.1.1) was to recommend a floorspace efficiency standard for office accommodation. Table. 7.1.1: Space area calculation and identifying the work place density for the design

Tablex.xx: Space Budget Calculations People

Workstations

1800

1500

OpenEnclosed plan 2 1 20% 5%

Open plan 1 20%

OpenEnclosed plan 3 2 40% 5%

People

Workstations

1800

1500

Enclosed 3

Open plan 1

Open plan 2

Open plan 3

10%

20%

40%

Work Area 75 75 150 300 300 600

Enclosed 1 14.4 1080 E9n.c6l ose d 2 720 E4n.c8l ose d 3 720 O8p.4e n pl an 1 2520 Op6e n pl an 2 1800 O3p.6e n pl an 3 2160 Work Area Calculated 9000 Per workstation 6

75 75 150 300 300 600

14.4 9.6 4.8 8.4 6 3.6

1080 720 720 2520 1800 2160 9000 6

15 30 60 150 300 300 15

30 13.5 5 0.15 0.56 1.13 20

450 405 300 22.5 168 339 300 1984.5 1.3

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

150 180 240 300 240 180 150

300 360 480 600 480 360 300 2880 1.9

Local Support 15 30 60 150 300 300 15

Large (1 per 100 workstations) 30 meeting space450 Small (1 per 50 workstations) 13.5 meeting space405 Print and copy (1 per 25 workstations) 5 300 Mail 0.15 boxes (1 stack per 22.510 workstations) Filing 5 workstations) 0.56 (1 cabinet per168 Storage (1 cabinet per 5 workstations) 1.13 339 Break out area (1 area per 20 300 100 workstations) Local Support Calculated 1984.5 per workstation 1.3 Central Support

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

C1o5n 0 fe re nce room 300 S1e8m 0 i nar room 360 R2e4s0ource room 480 R3e0s0taurant/cafe te ri a600 S2t4o0rage 480 M 18a0i l /re pro 360 I1T5/0comms 300 Central support Calculated 2880 per workstation 1.9 1 2 3 Net Usable Area 13864.5 Per workstation

Office Design in Ahmedabad

2 3 13864.5 9.2

Local Support DESIGN APPLICATION

Large meeting space (1 per 100 workstations) 15 30 450 Small meeting space (1 per 50 workstations) 30 13.5 405 60 5 300 Print and copy (1 per 25 workstations) Mail boxes (1 stack per 10 workstations) 150 22.5average Based on HOK's data (Fig.7.1.1.) for financial0.15 services firms, the Filing (1 cabinet per 5 workstations) 300 0.56 168 sharing ratio between people out to be 1.2:1 (Fig. 300to seats is found1.13 339 5.1.3). Storage (1 cabinet per 5 workstations) When applying this ratio to15the required occupancy of the building (reBreak out area (1 area per 100 workstations) 20 300 Local Support Calculated 1984.5 1800 fer section 5.1.3), the number of workstations required to accomodate per workstation 1.3

people is 1500.

1.2 Support : 1.0 Central Co(People nfe re nctoe Seats) room

Se mi nar room Re source room 3 Re staurant/cafe te ri a Storage Fig. 7.1.1: Ratio Mai l /ofrepeople pro to seats (Source: HOK, IT/c2014) o mms Central support Calculated per workstation

Of the 1500 workstations, 5% are enclosed type 1, 5% are enclosed type 2, 10% are enclosed type 3, 20%2are open plan type 1501, 20% are open30plan 0 type 180 360 2, 40% are open plan type 3. 2

2 240 480 2 300 600 The gross external area calculated is 18,157.5m2 the 2 240 which satisfies48with 0 allowable built-up area 18,853m2.(refer section 5.1.1). At the end the overall 2 180 360 2 is achieved for the 150proposed building. 300 density of 12.1 m2/workstation 2880 1.9

Table. 7.1.1: Space area calculation and identifying the work place density for the design(continued)

2 3 13864.5 9.2

Net Usable Area Per workstation Primary circulation Per workstation

Net Internal Area Per workstation

0.9 1540.5 1.0

5 15405 10.3

Hygiene Area 7

Toi l e ts (1 pe r 25 workstati on)

4.25

255

Hygiene Area

330

Entry Area 8

Entrance Hal l

145.8

Entry Area

235.8

Vertical Circulation 9 Vertical Circulation

1019.3

Technical Area 10 Te chni cal Are a Calculated

Gross Internal Area Inte rnal structure (0.75% of GIA) Ex te rnal structure ( 3% of GIA) Gross External Area per workstation 78

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

511.1 6

9 10 17501.2 131.3 525.0 18157.5 12.1

7.1.2 Environmental design matrix Each space in an office building is different and require different environment conditions. Thus, it was important to understand which parameters are important and which are not for each space. Table .7.1.2 shows the matrix made to understand the environmental parameters required for each space. Table. 7.1.2: Environmental Design matrix to show the requirements for environmental paramters for various spaces in an office for a better design proposal (After: Bode, 2017)

6750 6000

Area (m2)

5250 4500 3750 3000 2250 1500 750 Staircase

Lift lobby

Toilets

Print and copy

Locker room

Large/Small Meeting space

Breakout area+circulation

Storage

Dining /Cafeteria

Training/resource room

Seminar room

Conference room

Open-plan office

Private office

ENVIRONMENTAL Daylight Natural Ventilation Solar Access Views out Acoustic Isolation Close control thermal comfort range Individual Control OTHER Privacy Glare Control Security

Critical

Desirable

Not Important

Not Desirable

Office Design in Ahmedabad

9m Social interaction

DESIGN APPLICATION

7.2 Design development concept

Legend

Social interaction

To apply the overall key ideas developed based on field studies and research findings, an architectural concept was proposed to give the project a different design expression. Unconventional building units, openings for5daylight m and new office building identity that questions the current regular glazed Huddle spaces, Utilities, services boxes, were the main factors to determine this architectural concept. Cellular oﬃce spaces Fig. 7.2.1 shows the stages of the of design development. Huddle spaces, Utilities, services

Social interaction

5m Huddle spaces, Utilities, services

Social interaction

Cellular oﬃce spaces

Open-plan workstations

Social interaction

Core

Open-plan workstations Core

Cellular oﬃce spaces workstations First, basedOpen-plan on the regulations the building mass was extruded up to the per-

missible height of 65metres

Then the required set-backs were applied to the building mass 10m form North and East, 3m from West and South

Splitting workspaces to bring in more central space Based on findings from the analytic work, open-plan officedaylight spacesinto were placed on the north because of their high internal gains, and low solar heat energy from north. To counteract with the high solar energy from south, the cellular offices were placed on the south because of their low internal heat gains. 9m 9m

And then, based on required areas the spaces were placed, creating a central spaces for informal interactions, and circulation

Social interaction

5m 5m Fig. 7.2.1: Stages of design development

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Huddle spaces, Utilities, services Cellular oﬃce spaces

Social interaction Open-plan workstations

Core

Then, the workspaces were splitted to bring in more daylight andworkspaces natural ventilation intodaylight the central space space Splitting to bring in more into central

Social interaction

Further the spaces were rearranged based on program reFurther rearranging the spaces based on program requirements quirements. The cellular rooms in the south were arranged alternatively after every two levels, which created open pockets for natural in social and work spaces Huddle spaces, ventilationSocial interaction Core Utilities, services

Cellular oďŹ&#x192;ce spaces

Open-plan workstations

Social interaction

The cellular blocks from the east were rotated to shelf shade the southern facade from morning to late noon. It also also Rotating the blockpenetration from the east to near shelf shade southern faced from increases theCellular daylight the the core and circulaHuddle spaces, moring to late Social interaction Core noon tion spaceUtilities, on theservices East Cellular oďŹ&#x192;ce spaces

Open-plan workstations

a. Social interaction

b. Office Design in Ahmedabad Social interaction

DESIGN APPLICATION

7.3 Project brief

Location

Separation of workspaces based on internal gains

Urban Context

Independent workspace Flexibility

Key design concepts

Programme

Project

Program City Latitude Climate

Office building Ahmedabad, India 23º16’N/72º68’E Hot and dry

Zone Site area Building height Distances Inclination from north Built-up area allowed

Urban 1807.5m2 23º16’N/72º68’E 10m from N/E; 3m from S/W 14.67o 18,853 m2

Open-plan 1

area: 188.72m2

Open-plan 2

area: 130m2

Cellular spaces

area: 114m2

Meeting rooms

area: 70m2

Training room

area: 33m2

Huddle spaces

area: 60m2

Breakout spaces

area: 120m2

Lift lobby

area: 22m2

Toilets

area: 31m2

Other:

Design concept

Security space Air Handeling Unit (AHU) room Hub room Server room

Splitted mass

Strategies

Thermal mass

External wall Slab Internal wall Glzed divisions

Plaster+100mm ins+ 150mm AAC block+plaster Concrete Concrete Single glazed

Natural ventilation

Day time Night time

0.15-0.3 ach 12-15 ach

North East Solar control South

overhang - 24.5 cm No (no habitable rooms in East) Vertical+horizontal combination Hor. - 1.45m Vert. - 0.64m as building is 14.67º from N. No (no habitable rooms in West)

West Air quality Glass type

Benchmarks

Fig. 7.3.1: Project brief diagram

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Benchmark annual cooling load

0.3 W/m2K 1.9 W/m2K 1.9 W/m2K 5 /m2K

10 l/s per person - CIBSE Double glazing argon filled

all areas

205 kWh/m2/year

1 W/m2K

7.4 THe proposal Fig. 7.4.1 shows the program division in the proposed design. To the south, both private and shared cellular areas of height 3.5m height face the central atrium with all the informal areas. Both spaces are were divided by glass partitions, isolating the private areas from the noise and internal conditions of other zones, but allowing a visual connection. To the north, open-plan areas are close to the circulation areas due to the fact that people generally do not have personal workstations, and the people's mobility is a constant factor in the space. The bigger open-plan area shares it wall with the central atrium, and is visually connected with informal space. The smaller open-plan area being offsetted in the north-east corner, benefits from the natural daylight coming from north and shaded south windows, and is visually connected with the outdoors. The building structure was based on two cores in the perimeters and shear concrete walls in all directions, and generating visual connection to the outdoors from the central space (Fig.7.4.2). Towards the openings, different and variable daylit areas are produced in circulations and informal/social areas. Near the west core, the pantry along with casual sitout spaces was located, defining the coffee break area near the atrium. Lifts, toilets, and fire exit escape staircase were set in the east core. Front desk and waiting area were located adjoining the lift lobby in order to control the access to the office spaces. Finally, all the areas in the layout were designed to be naturally ventilated directly to the outside, with both wind driven and stack effect ventilation (through atrium), trying to avoid the use of mechanical ventilation. However, during hot summer months when temperatures are between 35 to 45oC, the cooling will be required.

Open-plan workspaces

Structural

Open-plan - social and circulation Cellular areas - Cabins, and meeting rooms Vertical circulation - lifts Fig. 7.4.1: Areas in proposal

Fig. 7.4.2: Structural concept Office Design in Ahmedabad

DESIGN APPLICATION

Open-plan 2

Informal meeting Open-plan 1

Toilets Fire exit Cellular office Cellular office

Concentration pods Huddle space Hot desk

Informal meeting Meeting rooms Concentrated rooms

A.H.U Informal meeting

Cellular office with meeting room

Lift lobby

Board room Atrium

Cellular office Combination office Training room Informal meeting Waiting area Cellular office with meeting room

Fig. 7.4.3: Programmatic distribution in the proposal

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Huddle spaces

open-plan 1

Hot desk/Informal spaces

open-plan 2

Lift lobby

AHU Atrium

Cellular cabins 1

Toilets

Waiting Conc. room

Meeting rooms Cellu

0m Fig. 7.4.4: Floor plan type A

2.5m

lar c

abin s2

10m

Recreational area Cafe open-plan 1

Informal spaces

open-plan 2

Lift lobby

A.H.U

Atrium

Cellular cabins 1

Open meeting space

TOILETS

Waiting Training room

Com bi offic . e

Boar d room

0m Fig. 7.4.5: Floor plan type B

2.5m

10m

Office Design in Ahmedabad

DESIGN APPLICATION

7.5 Shading device analysis To cut down the solar heat gains in the south, combination of vertical and horizontal shading device was designed (Fig. 7.5.). Based on the wall azimuth angle of 194.67o, sun shading chart (Fig.7.5.1) was used to calculate the angles at which most of the hours the façade remains shaded. The horiDESIGN zontal and vertical shadow angles calculated are 38o and 45o respectively Shading (Fig.7.5.2). Fig. showed the initial analysis of shading device based on daylight penetration in the cellular workspaces. Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) metric simulation (Fig.7.5.3)showed that it was ideal to rotate the vertical fins further to the west, so that there is a uniform distribution of daylight through out the year. Winter Equinox

Summer Equinox

0°

270°

90°

194.67°

Wall azimuth : 194.67° VSA: 45° HSA: 38°

Warm/hot >32°C

Comfort >21°C

Cool/Cold <21°C

Warm/hot >32°C

Comfort >21°C

13 Hours Exposed

150 Hours Exposed

98 Hours Exposed

8 Hours Exposed

167 Hours Exposed

820 Hours Shaded

1493 Hours Shaded

4 Hours Shaded

1136 Hours Shaded

987 Hours Shaded

Winter Equinox

Summer Equinox

0° Equinox Summer

270°

0° Winter Equinox

Summer Equinox

90°

270°

90°

Architectural Association194.67° School of Architecture\SED\MArch 2016-2018\6-12-201

194.67°

Wall azimuth : 194.67°

VSA: 45°

0°

HSA: 38°

0°

HSA: 38° 270°

90°

270°

194.67°

Wall azimuth : 194.67° VSA: 45° Warm/hot >32°C

Wall azimuth : 194.67° Comfort >21°C

Cool/Cold <21°C

VSA: 45° HSA: 38°

38° 8 Hours HSA: Exposed

167 Hours Exposed

149 Hours Exposed

1136 Hours Shaded

987 Hours Shaded

87 Hours Shaded

Fig. 7.5.1: Shadow angle analysis using climate consultant Cool/Cold <21°C

98 Hours Exposed 4 Hours Shaded

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

90°

Fig. 7.5.2: Wall azimuth angle of the building

Warm/hot >32°C

Comfort >21°C

Cool/Cold <21°C

8 Hours Exposed

167 Hours Exposed

149 Hours Exposed

1136 Hours Shaded

987 Hours Shaded

87 Hours Shaded

Winter EquinoxWinter Equinox

Summer Equinox Summer Equinox

DESIGN 270°

Shading

194.67 Summer Equinox

DESIGN

Summer Equinox

Winter Equinox

Wall azim

Shading

HS 0°

0°

270°

90°

194.67°

Warm/hot >32°C Warm/hot >32°C

Wall azimuth : 194.67°

HSA: 38°

Comfort >21°C Comfort >21°C VSA: 45°

VSA: Cool/Cold 45°

8 Hours Exposed 8 Hours Exposed

167 Hours Exposed 167 Hours Exposed

1136 Hours Shaded 1136 Hours Shaded

987 Hours Shaded 987 Hours Shaded

Warm/hot >32°C

Warm/hot >32°C Comfort >21°C

8 Hours Exposed

8 Hours Exposed 167 Hours Exposed

167149 Hours Exposed Hours Exposed

1136 Hours Shaded

1136 Hours Shaded 987 Hours Shaded

987 Hours Shaded 87 Hours Shaded

90°

M DO

PREION

ION

A MIN DO

87 Hours Shaded

AN 87 Hours Shaded 87 HoursIN Shaded

M FRO

NDHours Exposed I149

AN MIN DO

149 Hours Exposed 149 Hours Exposed W

IRE

Cool/ColdS<21°C WD

Comfort >21°C Cool/Cold <21°C

<21°C Cool/Cold <21°C

IRE WD

D PRE

MS FRO

PRE

0% 100%

75%

50%

75%

100%

100% UDI (% Time 100-2000 lux)

t 40 ne a l pla

t eigh mh n st o

d te Win

00% 0-200075% lux)

25%

a ont oriz nh st o e t d Win

PRE

Architectural School of Architecture\SED\MArch Architectural Association School ofAssociation Architecture\SED\MArch 2016-2018\6-12-2017 2016-2018\6-12-2017

Architectural Architectural Association Association School of School Architecture\SED\MArch of Architecture\SED\MArch 2016-2018\6-12-2017 2016-2018\6-12-2017 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% UDI (% Time 100-2000 lux)

Fig. 7.5.3: Changing the vertical fins further towards west increases the UDI over the floor space Office Design in Ahmedabad 38

-2000 lux)

lane t al p izon hor

at 4

1.45m

1.5m

DESIGN APPLICATION

3.9m

0.64m

Fig. 7.5.4: Plan, and elevation showing the arrangement and dynamics of the shading device

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

7.5.1 Facade design The dynamic facade of the building was designed based on the identified shadow angles (HSA and VSA). The wooden vertical fins were placed in front of the fenestrations, and are designed to be operable by the users based on their comfort and activities. The fixed onces are placed in front of the opaque walls and are differentiated by contrasting blue colour. The combination of horizontal shading devices were place in such a way that they cancel out the unobstructed solar radiation coming from the shading device about.

Fig. 7.5.5: Section showing the elements of the facade

Location of the detailed units Office Design in Ahmedabad

DESIGN APPLICATION

7.5.2 Impact of shading device on internal gains To understand the impact of the shading devices on the internal heat gains thermal simulation was conducted on a typical winter week and a typical summer week. Winter week simulation showed that, the internal temperatures were reduced by 3K-4K, and the solar gains were reduced by 85%.The temperatures remain in the comfort band. Summer week simulation showed minor changes in terms of internal temperature reduction(1K-2K), and the solar gains were reduced by 60%. The internal temperatures remained on the upper limit of the comfort band during the occupancy hours. Winter

Key layout showing the location of the unit tested

Winter week 45

e (°

32°C 30

28°C 25°C

Air flow (ac/h)

15 12 9 6 3 0

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

ursday

Saturday

Sunday

Outdoor temperature

Air flow rate

Indoor temp. without shading

Comfort Band (ASHRAE 55)

Indoor temp. with shading

Night time

Transmitter solar radiation rate (without shading) Transmitter solar radiation rate (with shading)

Friday

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Table 7.5.1: Input parameters for thermal analysis People definition 8.3 m2/person

Infiltration 0.3 ach

Light definition 6 W/m

U-value 0.3Wm2/K

Electric equipment definition 7 W/m

Ventilation Day: 1 ach Night: 15 ach

5X5X3.7- DXWXH WWR - 40% Summer Summer week 45

37°C

e (°

33.5°C 31.5°C

Air flow (ac/h)

15 12 9 6 3 0

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

ursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Outdoor temperature

Air flow rate

Indoor temp. without shading

Comfort Band (ASHRAE 55)

Indoor temp. with shading

Night time

Transmitter solar radiation rate (without shading) Transmitter solar radiation rate (with shading)

Office Design in Ahmedabad

DESIGN APPLICATION

7.6 Building views

Fig. 7.6.1: View from the road level showing the front elevation of the building

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Fig. 7.6.2: Close view of the facade showing the shading devices and informal breakout spaces Office Design in Ahmedabad

CONCLUSION

A design method for office buildings was developed and applied in an actual proposed site in Ahmedabad, India. The process proposed goes from the small scale to the big one, starting with the literature review, the trends in current market, the analysis of an elementary unit, defining the work activities, generating the office layout, creating the building form and finishing with the shading device and facade design. The conclusions of this dissertation were to establish the factors, tendencies, strategies and concepts that office building projects should consider in the design process. We are working in an environment with limited resources. Current design practices are viewed as a process that is a resultant of financial and market forces, globalization, local conditions, prevalent traditions and technologies, and the community. The connection with the climate is almost gone. There is no other choice, but to re-engage by being responsive to nature. Sustainable environmental architecture is not a layer that can be applied to the design of a building; it is inherent and essential to the process of design, from concept to completion. Many sustainable rating systems suggest that energy efficiency can be achieved through their building codes, but the potential for energy efficiency is much higher when such measures are integrated into the design philosophy and approach. The high internal gains in offices affects the internal climate along with the external one in the hot and dry climate. The unbalanced internal gains distribution and comfort parameters demand different environmental design strategies by area. In this climate, the cooling demand is the main issue. Night ventilation, thermal mass and solar control are effective strategies to decrease the cooling loads, varying their rates and features according to the indoor necessities. The building flexibility is a key issue for developers, companies and building performance. The office layout should be able to be divided in several programmes, while maintaining the key design concepts. The building form must be flexible and offer different layouts, keeping the space proportion for each working activities. Finally, the shading device must respond to the internal requirements, climatic factors and the impact of the physical context. The computational analysis of an elementary unit achieved an annual cooling load of 157.3kWh/m2/year. Thus, the annual cooling energy demand was reduced in relation to a glass building in India which might reach upto 290kWh/m2/ year (Manu et al, 2015).

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Office Design in Ahmedabad

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Office Design in Ahmedabad

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CBRE Global Research, 2015. India Viewpoint: Real Estate & Workplace Strategies of Shared Service Occupiers, Unknown: CBRE.

CIBSE, 2005. Natural Ventilation in Non-Domestic Buildings. Applications Manual AM10. London: Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Colliers International, 2017. India office property market overview, s.l.: Colliers International. Cushman & Wakefield [DTZ], 2014. The Future of the Financial Workplace, s.l.: s.n. Derwent London, 2016. White Collar Factory: Inspirational Fit outs and Partitioning Options, London: Derwent London. Derwent London, 2017. Old Street Yard, London: Derwent London. DNA India, 2012. Local developers have no share in GIFT Ahmedabad pie. [Online] Available at: http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-local-developers-have-no-share-in-gift-ahmedabad-pie-1954078 [Accessed 8 January 2018]. Duarte, C., Wymelenberg, K. & Rieger, C., 2013. Revealing occupancy patterns in an office building through the use of occupancy sensor data. Energy and Buildings, Volume 67, pp. 587-595. Envac, 2015. Envac delivers ‘World First’ in India’s flagship Smart City. [Online] Available at: http://www.envacgroup.com/news-and-media_1/news/ gift-city_1 [Accessed 05 January 2018]. Fasi, M. & Budaiwi, I., 2015. Energy performance of windows in office buildings considering daylight integration and visual comfort in hot climates. Energy and Buildings, Volume 108, pp. 307-316. Ferguson, H., 2016. Built on Principles: White Collar Factory. Ingenia, December, Issue 69, pp. 18-23. Gibson, E., 2017. Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Johnson Wax offices as a forest open to the sky. [Online] Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/14/ frank-lloyd-wright-johnson-wax-administration-building-headquarters-racine-wisconsin-open-plan-office/ [Accessed 19 12 2017]. Givoni, B., 1994. Passive Low Energy Cooling of Buildings. 1st ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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Givoni, B., 1998. Effectiveness of mass and night ventilation in lowering the indoor daytime tempratures. Part I: 1993 experimental periods. Energy and Buildings, Volume 28, pp. 25-32. Gonçalves, J. & Fernández, J., 2015. The Environmental Design of Working Spaces in Equatorial Highlands Zones: The Case of Bogotá. Buildings, Volume 5, pp. 1105-1130. Guerrero, I., 2016. Why Open Office Spaces Are Negatively Impacting Productivity. [Online] Available at: https://www.business2community.com/strategy/open-office-spaces-negatively-impacting-productivity-01653496 [Accessed 20 December 2017]. Gujarat Property, n.d. Signature in GIFT City SEZ by Hiranandani – Commercial Office Space in IFSC. [Online] Available at: http://www.gujaratproperty.com/gift-city/sez/hiranandani-the-signature/ [Accessed 7 January 2018]. HENN, 1965. Osram Headquarters. [Online] Available at: http://www.henn.com/en/projects/office/osram-headquarters [Accessed 19 December 2017]. HOK, 2014. HOK Workplace Benchmarking Report: Financial Services, Unknown: HOK. Huang, L., Zhu, Y., Ouyang, Q. & Cao, B., 2012. A study on the effects of thermal, luminous, and acoustic environments on indoor environmental comfort in offices. Building and Environment, Volume 49, pp. 304-309. Indraganti, M., Ooka, R. & Rijal, H., 2015. Thermal comfort in offices in India: Behavioral adaptation and the effect of age and gender. Energy and Buildings, Volume 103, pp. 284-295. Indraganti, M., Ryozo, O., Rijal, H. & Brager, G., 2014. Adaptive model of thermal comfort for offices in hot and humid climates of India. Building and Environment, Volume 74, pp. 39-53. IPD Occupiers, 2007. Efficiency Standards for Office Space: A report to Office of Government Commerce, London: Office of Government Commerce. Johnston , J., Counsell, J. & Strachan, P., 2011. Trends in Office Internal gains and the Impact on space Heating and Cooling, Leicester: CIBSE Technical Symposium. Kuo, J., 2013. A-Typical Plan: Projects and essays on identity, flexibility, and atmosphere in the office building. Zurich: Park Books. Majumdar, M., 2010. Energy efficient buildings in India. New Delhi: TERI. Manu, S. et al., 2016. Field studies of thermal comfort across multiple climate zones for the subcontinent: India Model for Adaptive Comfort (IMAC). Building and Environment, Volume 98, pp. 55-70.

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McKinsey & Comapny, 2010. India's urban awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth, Bangalore: McKinsey Global Institute. Morgan, S. & Krarti, M., 2007. Impact of electricity rate structures on energy cost savings of pre-cooling controls for office buildings. Building and Environment, 42(8), pp. 2810-2818. Nayak, J. & Prajapati, J., 2006. Handbook of Energy Concious Buildings. Mumbai: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Neufert, E. & Neufert, P., 2012. Neufert: Architect's Data. 3rd ed. Unknown: Blackwell Science. New London Architecture, 2016. WRK/LDN: Shaping London's future workplaces, London: New London Architecture. Pfafferott, J., Herkel, S. & WambsganĂ&#x;, M., 2004. Design, monitoring and evaluation of a low energy office building with passive cooling by night ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 36(5), pp. 455-465. Plympton, P., Conway, S. & Epstein, K., 2000. Daylighting in Schools: Improving Student Performance and Health at a Price Schools Can Afford, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Ramidus Consulting Limited & IPD, 2013. Occupier Density Study, London: British Council for Offices. Ramidus Consulting Limited, 2015. Future Workstyles and Future Workplaces in the City of London, London: The City OF London Corporation and The City Property Association. Robinson, S., 2015. Lighting Guide 07: Offices - LG7. s.l.:CIBSE. Saval, N., 2014. A Brief History of the Dreaded Office Cubicle. [Online] Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-dreaded-office-cubicle-1399681972 [Accessed 19 December 2017]. Seth, S., 2011. BEE Star rating for buildings: An initiative to promote energy efficiency in buildings. Akshay Urja: Renewable Energy, 4(5), pp. 33-35. Shaviv, E., Yezioro, A. & Capeluto, I., 2001. Thermal mass and night ventilation as passive cooling design strategy. Renewable Energy, 24(3-4), pp. 445-452. Swett, T., 2013. Rethinking office building typology in continental mediterranean climate, London: Architectural Association School of Architecture. The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, 2016. CIBSE Guide A: Environmental design. 8th ed. London: CIBSE Publications. Tregenza, P., 1998. Good Practice Guide 245: Desktop guide to daylighting -for architects, s.l.: DETR.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Unknown, 1939. Johnson Wax Building. [Online] Available at: http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Johnson_Wax_ Building.html [Accessed 19 December 2017]. Unknown, 2015. Topotek 1, Landscape Master Plan for GIFT City (India). [Online] Available at: http://www.arquitecturaviva.com/en/Info/News/Details/7330 [Accessed 2 January 2018]. Unknown, 2016. Technology at Work v2.0: The Future in Not What It Used to be. Citi GPS: Global Perspectives and Solutions. Unknown, n.d. wikipedia.org. [Online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg [Accessed 16 December 2017]. USAID ECO-III Project, 2016. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC): User Guide. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Bureau of Energy Efficiency. Wang, C., Yan, D. & Jiang, Y., 2011. A novel approach for building occupancy simulation. Building Simulation, Volume 4, pp. 149-167. White Collar Factory, 2017. Space Planning. [Online] Available at: http://whitecollarfactory.com/space/white-collar-factory/ space-planning/high-rise [Accessed 20 12 2017]. World Economic Forum, 2016. The Future of Jobs: Employmen, Skills and the Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. s.l.:s.n. Yang, L. & Li, Y., 2008. Cooling load reduction by using thermal mass and night ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 40(11), p. 2052â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2058.

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APPENDIX

Office Design in Ahmedabad

107

APPENDIX

Survey data of bSafal building Sr. no

Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Work days in a week

Rajesh Javeri Champak Panchal Vineet Kanodia Raju Desai Vijay Shah Yash Shah Piyush Gohel Tapan Shah Deepak Panchal Maharshi Shah Deepak Chavda Bharat Jadav Rajesh Bhagat Dinesh Parmar Hetalben Dhaval Bhrambhat Nirav Patel Isha Maheshwari Kushal Rao

Work hours in a day 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Comfort Cool period Hot period Wet period 3 -2 1 -2 -1 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 -1 3 0 1 -2 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 2 1 -2 1 3 3 -3 2 2 0 2 3 -2 -1 -3 -2 -1 3 -1 0 2 1 1 -2 -1 2 -1 0

Cooling yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes yes no yes

Control over…(yes/no) Ventilation Lighting Noise yes yes no yes yes no yes yes no no yes no yes yes no no yes no yes no yes yes yes no yes yes no yes yes no no yes no no yes no no no no yes no no yes yes no no yes no yes yes no yes yes no yes yes no

Preference for Natural vent. Artificial vent. yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no no yes yes no no yes yes no yes no yes no no yes yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no

Preference for Daylight Artificial light yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no

Comfort Cool period Hot period Wet period 1 1 2 3 -1 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 -1 1 2 -3 -1 2 2 2 1 0 2 1 2 1 3 0 -1 1 -2 -1 2 -2 -1 -2 1 1 2 -3 -1

Cooling yes yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no yes no yes yes

Control over…(yes/no) Ventilation Lighting Noise no no no no no no no yes no yes yes no no yes no yes yes no no no no yes yes no no yes no no yes no no yes no no yes no no yes no no yes no no yes no

Preference for Natural vent. Artificial vent. no yes yes no yes no no yes no yes

Preference for Daylight Artificial light no yes yes no yes no no yes yes no

yes no yes yes

no yes no no

yes no yes yes

no yes no yes

yes yes no yes

yes no yes no

yes no yes yes

yes yes no no

Comfort Cool period Hot period Wet period 8 2 2 1 8 0 -1 1 9 3 -1 2 9 2 8 -1 -3 -3 8 2 9 2 9 2 -1 2 9 -1 -2 0 9 -2 -1 -3 8 1 -1 2 8 2 0 1

Cooling no no yes no no yes yes no no no no no

Control over…(yes/no) Ventilation Lighting Noise no no no no yes no no no no no no no no no no no no no no yes no no yes no no no no no yes no no no no no no no

Preference for Natural vent. Artificial vent. yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes yes no yes no yes yes no yes no yes no yes no

8 6 8 6 9 9 9 6 8 8 9 9 8 6 8 6 8 7 7

Comfort temp. 26-28 26-28 25-26 26-28 26-28 27-28 24-30 26-28 28-30 26-28 25-26 25-27 24-26 25-26 26-29 25-28 24-26 28-30 26-28

Survey data of GIFT city Sr. no

Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Work days in a week

Rasmikant Patel Bhavin Puja Shah Rutul Shah Kinjal Patel Darpan Shah Yash Chandhari Navdeep Verma Rajiv G. Sohan Rao Rituraj Gautam Animesh Singh Anupan Routh Fazeelabanu Aparna B.

Work hours in a day 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

7 8 8 7 8 8 9 8 7 9 8 9 8 9 7

Comfort temp. 23-24 22-25 23-25 23-24 20-23 24-25 23-24 25-27 25-26 23-25 23-24 22-23 25-28 23-28

Survey data of GIFT city Sr. no

Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

108

Work days in a week

Abhi Bhatt Umesh Surpali Chandresh Kapadia Sanjay Kumar Dhaval M. Kishan Nayak Jay Doshi Atul Bhargav Jashmir Shah Krunal Shah Krupa Mistry Hemangi Shroff

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Work hours in a day 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Preference for Daylight Artificial light yes no yes no yes yes no yes yes no yes yes yes no yes no yes no no no no no no no

Comfort temp. 23-24 27-29 25-28 25-26 24-26 20-23 23-25 24-27 25-26 27-30 28-32 25-26

Example of questionnaire conducted during field study

Office Design in Ahmedabad

109

APPENDIX

Drawings of bSafal corporate house

Front elevation UP

6 UP

3 LUNCH AREA 14'9" x 32'7"

5 LUNCH AREA 14'9" x 32'7"

BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN 1CAR PARKING 2 BASEMENT BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN 3 LIFT CABIN 1CAR PARKING 2 BASEMENT 4 LUNCH AREA 3 LIFT CABIN 5 PANTRY 4 LUNCH AREA 5 PANTRY 6 ELECTRICAL PANEL ROOM 6 ELECTRICAL PANEL ROOM 7 SUNKEN GARDEN 7 SUNKEN GARDEN 8 STORE 8 STORE

Basement floor plan

10 m

5 15

3010 ft

B15

30 ft

Safal Corporate House, AHMEDABAD

`Paritosh',Usmanpura,Ahmedabad-INDIA

ate House, AHMEDABAD

`Paritosh',Usmanpura,Ahmedabad-INDIA

Ground floor plan

Section BB'

7 1

LUNCH AREA 14'9" x 32'7"

5 6

5 15

BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN 1CAR PARKING 3 2 BASEMENT 3 LIFT CABIN 4 LUNCH AREA 5 PANTRY 6 ELECTRICAL PANEL ROOM 2 7 SUNKEN GARDEN 8 STORE

10 m 30 ft

Section AA'

5 BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN 1CAR PARKING 2 BASEMENT 3 LIFT CABIN 4 LUNCH AREA 5 PANTRY 6 ELECTRICAL PANEL ROOM 7 SUNKEN GARDEN 8 STORE

5 15

`Paritosh',Usmanpura,Ahmedabad-INDIA

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

Safal Corporate House, AHMEDABAD

110

LUNCH AREA 14'9" x 32'7"

Safal Corporate House, AHMEDABAD

`Paritosh',Usmanpura,Ahmedabad-INDIA

10 m 30 ft

OPEN PLAN APPLIANCE SCHEDULE

Open-plan office appliance schedule and internal gains

AREA Open-plan Open office

AREA m2

183.6

HEIGHT m

3.9

VOLUME m3

716.04

max no of people

N of instances appliances Time used in a day are used (out of 24 periods Load for each hour of Hourly Load Input per Appliance Power Rate (W) (min) Time used in a day (h) Total Load in a day (Wh) in a day) Appliances' Schedule (W) room floor area (W/m2) Desktop comp 2716 540 9.00 24444.00 10 2444.40 13.31 Laptop 155 180 3.00 465.00 5 93.00 0.51 Multi -functional printer 400 180 3.00 1200.00 4 300.00 1.63 coffee machine 600 60 1.00 600.00 3 200.00 1.09 Monitor 100 100 1.67 166.67 4 41.67 0.23 Multi-printer (standby) 20 1440 24.00 480.00 20 24.00 0.13 monitor for desktop 840 540 9.00 7560.00 10 756.00 4.12

TOTAL

34915.67

20.00

W/m2

20 15 10 5 0

hour

CELLULAR OFFICE APPLIANCE SCHEDULE

Cellular office appliance schedule and internal gains AREA Cellular office Living Room/kitchen

AREA m2

HEIGHT m

3.9

VOLUME m3

97.50

max no of people

N of instances appliances Time used in a day are used (out of 24 periods Load for each hour of Appliance Power Rate (W) (min) Time used in a day (h) Total Load in a day (Wh) in a day) Appliances' Schedule (W) Desktop comp 97 420 7.00 679.00 7 Laptop 31 120 2.00 62.00 4 Mul� -func�onal printer 200 30 0.50 100.00 2 coﬀee machine 0 60 1.00 0.00 3 Monitor 0 100 1.67 0.00 4 Mul�-printer (standby) 20 1440 24.00 480.00 22 monitor for desktop 30 420 7.00 210.00 7 washing mashine 0 10 0.17 0.00 2 microwave 0 5 0.08 0.00 2 computer 0 180 3.00 0.00 3 TOTAL 1531.00

97.00 15.50 50.00 0.00 0.00 21.82 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hourly Load Input per room ﬂoor area (W/m2) 3.88 0.62 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.87 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.5

9 8 7

W/m2

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

hour

Office Design in Ahmedabad

111

APPENDIX

Solar radiation analysis on different type of facades

1767 1592 1415 1238 1061 884 707

No shading

530 354 177 0 Cumulative solar radiation analysis for the whole year

1767 1592 1415 1238

0.7

1061 884 707

VSA: 89.76 Â°

530 354 177 0 Cumulative solar radiation analysis for the whole year

112

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

1767 1592 1415 1238

1.28

1061 884 707

VSA: 67 Â°

530 354 177 0 Cumulative solar radiation analysis for the whole year

1767 1592 1415 1238 1.28

1061 884 707

VSA: 67 Â°

530 354 177 0 Cumulative solar radiation analysis for the whole year

Office Design in Ahmedabad

113

APPENDIX

Atrium daylight analysis

0% 100% 50%

75%

100%

x) Time 100-2000 lux)

14th Floor

8th Floor

Section through atrium

3rd Floor

25%

50%

75%

UDI (% Time 100-2000 lux)

114

AA-SED MArch 2016-18

100%

THermal simulation of open-plan 1 in typical winter week Input parameters for thermal analysis People definition 5 m2/person

Infiltration 0.3 ach

Light definition 6 W/m

U-value 0.3Wm2/K

Electric equipment definition 20 W/m

Ventilation Day: 1 ach Night: 15 ach

Winter

9X20.6X3.7- DXWXH WWR - 60%

Winter week

e (°

31°C

28°C

Air flow (ac/h)

15 12 9 6 3 0

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

ursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Outdoor temperature

Air flow rate

Indoor temp.

Comfort Band (ASHRAE 55)

Transmitter solar radiation rate

Night time

Office Design in Ahmedabad

115

THermal simulation of open-plan 1 in typical summer week Input parameters for thermal analysis People definition 5 m2/person

Infiltration 0.3 ach

Light definition 6 W/m

U-value 0.3Wm2/K

Electric equipment definition 20 W/m

Ventilation Day: 1 ach Night: 15 ach

Winter

9X20.6X3.7- DXWXH WWR - 60%

Summer week

37°C 35.5°C

e (°

Air flow (ac/h)

15 12 9 6 3 0

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

ursday

Friday

Saturday

Sunday

Outdoor temperature

Air flow rate

Indoor temp.

Comfort Band (ASHRAE 55)

Transmitter solar radiation rate

Night time

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE GRADUATE SCHOOL PROGRAMMES COVERSHEET FOR SUBMISSION Jan 2018

PROGRAMME:

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

TERM:

STUDENT NAME(S): Kanishk Pratimkumar Bhatt SUBMISSION TITLE

Office Design in Ahmedabad

COURSE TITLE

Dissertation

COURSE TUTOR

Mariam Kapsali

SUBMISSION DATE:

12-01-2018

DECLARATION: “I certify that this piece of work is entirely my/our own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.” Signature of Student(s):

Date:

12-01-2018