AA SED 2016-2018 (Sustainable Environmental Design) Research Design Project by Kanishk Bhatt

I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM Term 2 Design Project : Refurbishing the City Part II TITLE :

PECKHAM MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

NUMBER OF WORDS:

11 013 words

STUDENT NAME(S):

Swati Bhargava, Nader Gebran, Kanishk Bhatt, Doaa Salem

DECLARATION: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.” SIGNATURES(s):

DATE: 22/03/2017

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

TABLE OF CONTENTS AcknowledgHments................................................................................................1

5. Chapter 5 -Strategies and Performance.........................................................47

Introduction and Summary....................................................................................3

Strategies...............................................................................................................48 Thermal performance-One bedroom apartment.....................................................50 Daylight performance-One bedroom apartment.....................................................53 Thermal performance-Two bedroom apartment.....................................................54 Daylight performance-Two bedroom apartment.....................................................55 Thermal performance-House.................................................................................56 Daylight performance-House.................................................................................58 Energy Consumption.............................................................................................60 Renewable Energy.................................................................................................61 Future Scenario : 2050..........................................................................................62 Conclusion.............................................................................................................64

1. Chapter 1- Site Overview...................................................................................5 Location....................................................................................................................6 London climatic data................................................................................................7 History - Peckham Hill Conservation........................................................................8 History - Character and appearance........................................................................9 The community.......................................................................................................10 Connectivity............................................................................................................11 Materials.................................................................................................................12 Services around the site........................................................................................13 Context and heights................................................................................................14 Conclusion..............................................................................................................16

6. Final conclusion...............................................................................................65

2. Chapter 2- Site Analysis...................................................................................17

7. Personal Statements........................................................................................67

Fieldwork - Spot measurements............................................................................18 Shadow Analysis....................................................................................................19 Solar Analysis.........................................................................................................20 WindAnalysis..........................................................................................................21 Conclusion..............................................................................................................22

8. Technical Report..............................................................................................69 9. References.........................................................................................................71 10. Appendix..........................................................................................................73

3. Chapter 3- Pre-design studies.........................................................................23 Term 1 learnings.....................................................................................................24 Design considerations............................................................................................25 Conclusion.............................................................................................................26 4. Chapter 4- Project Development.....................................................................27 Design brief and zoning..........................................................................................28 Impact of massing on site, Shadow Analysis.........................................................30 Impact of massing on site, Solar Analysis..............................................................31 Impact of massing on site, Wind Analysis..............................................................32 Impact of massing on site, UTCI............................................................................33 Site plan.................................................................................................................34 Site Activities..........................................................................................................35 Building plans-Typology 1-Terraced houses-3 bedrooms......................................36 Flexibility.................................................................................................................38 Building plans-Typology 2-Flats-1 bedroom...........................................................39 Building plans-Typology 3-Flats-2 bedrooms.........................................................40 Building plans-Commercial building.......................................................................42 Materiality and Construction details........................................................................44 General sections.....................................................................................................45 Conclusion..............................................................................................................46

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our team would like to express sincere gratitude to SED tutors Simos Yannas, Paula Cadima, Nick Baker, Herman Calleja, Byron Mardas, Jorge Rodrigue Alvarez, Gustavo Brunelli, Mariam Kapsali, for their guidance and valuable support . Swati Bhargava and Kanishk Bhatt would like to acknowledge the AA bursary committee for the term bursary that they were awarded towards the AA SED program. Doaa Salem would like to acknowledge Chevening Scholarship awarded to her. We all would like to express our gratitude to our families for their continuous support.

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY The team project has been a vehicle for design research, putting the principles taught by the SED course into practice to create visions of sustainable living and working in London. The emphasis has been on imaginative yet practical design exploration of future scenarios for the city. The emerging lifestyle trends based on social, economic and multi-cultural aspects of the city helped us in formulating the design brief for the project site in Peckham, South London. The project is a sustainable mixed use development which comprises of residential, commercial, retail and community areas. 7KH SURMHFW UHĂ&#x20AC;HFWV WUDQVSLULQJ OLIHVW\OH GULIW ZKHUH SHRSOH ZRXOG SUHIHU ZRUNLQJ IURP home or young professionals sharing the residential spaces. The design objectives have addressed to issues like connectivity, utilization of outdoor spaces, privacy and Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ EHLQJ WKH NH\ GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH XQLW GHVLJQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ RXU project aims at creating an extension to the existing Peckham Square where people could gather fostering the community life of the area. 7KH SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVHDUFK VWDUWHG IURP WKH OHDUQLQJV IURP 7HUP , DQG WKH ÂżHOG FDVH study in the beginning of the term. Site visits involved study of urban morphology and measurements of key environmental variables, carried out by the spot measurements taken on the site and further use of computational tools to assess WKH DGYDQWDJHV DQG GLVDGYDQWDJHV Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHG E\ WKH VLWH DQG LWV VXUURXQGLQJV :H organized our team work in a way that each member could conduct the outdoor as well as the analytical studies. This allowed each member to learn and develop his own understanding of the environmental performance of the various spaces. As we progressed further, we undertook individual technical studies to be carried out for either of the spaces studied in the report. The theoretical, methodological and computational inputs for the project were supported by the tutorials given during the term 1 course. The impact of the proposed massing was assessed in terms of the outdoor and indoor comfort level of the occupants. This informed the placement of blocks and activities in outdoor spaces. The design development started with the design and analysis of a single unit. Further, the interior layouts were prepared and the site OD\RXW ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG DLPLQJ DW ORZ FRVW GHVLJQ SULQFLSOHV Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HULQJ DGDSWLYH opportunities to the occupants. The presentation of work in this report commences with the site overview, where the location, weather data and urban context have been highlighted, followed by the site analysis studies and site observations made by the team over subsequent visits. Further, the pre design studies have been detailed out, followed by the project development which involves the design brief, zoning, the site and building plans. Lastly, strategies and performance analysis to achieve inhabitant- centered adaptive architecturing aiming at occupant thermal and visual comfort have been worked out and explained. The design research has helped the team to take an insight into the environmental features that would be needed to make the building free running. The learning outcomes from this project would further help the team members to take up design research work for their dissertation projects. Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW The Project is a proposed mixed-use development in the Peckham area of South London. A site overview has been undertaken to assess weather data, background and connectivity with respect to surroundings. The constraints and RSSRUWXQLWLHV SUHVHQWHG E\ VLWH FRQGLWLRQV KDYH EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG 7KH FRQWH[W and the use of materials have been features of interest.

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

LOCATION

The site is a part of Peckham Hill Street Conservation Area located directly to the North of the commercial core of Peckham, two miles South of London Bridge and situated between Camberwell, to the West, and New Cross, to the East (Fig.1.1). The conservation area is principally centred on Peckham Hill Street, which connects the commercial core of Peckham with the North of the borough. The southern edge of the conservation area is bounded by the Rye Lane Peckham Conservation Area; northwards the conservation area extends to Willowbrook Bridge. Essentially the Peckham Hill Street Conservation Area is based upon a group of early to mid 19th century housing with structures and open spaces associated with the former Grand Surrey Canal. (Fig. 1.2),(www. southwark.gov.uk).

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Figure 1.1: Site Location, (source: Google earth)

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

LONDON CLIMATIC DATA

Figure 1.2: London annual weather data, from London Gatwick weather station 2000 to 2009, (Source: Meteonorm 7.0)

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

London lies at latitude of 51.5035° North, -0.12776° East and an average elevation of 8.0 meters. (Geoplaner.V2.7). Figure 1.3b shows London annual weather data from London Gatwick weather station. (Meteonorm 7.0). The average mean dry bulb temperature in the winter period lies between 5 and 8°C and the average solar radiations through out the year DUH ORZ 7KH SUHYDLOLQJ ZLQG GLUHFWLRQ LV 6RXWK :HVW ¿J ) , with an average wind speed ranging between 3 and 4 m/s through out the year (Meteonorm 7.00). While maximum wind speeds from the prevailing wind GLUHFWLRQ FDQ UHDFK P V EHWZHHQ 'HFHPEHU DQG 0DUFK ¿J D . London’s air temperature is below comfort range for almost 8 months, which ZLOO GLUHFWO\ DႇHFW WKHUPDO FRPIRUW LQ RXWGRRU VSDFHV

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

HISTORY PECKHAM HILL STREET CONSERVATION

The Peckham Hill Street Conservation Area was designated by Southwark Council on 18th October 2011 as a conservation area, under the Civic Amenities $FW RI ÂżJ E ZZZ VRXWKZDUN JRY XN In 1801, a 40 feet wide canal was dug from Surrey Quays in Rotherhithe reaching Peckham in 1826 known as Grand Surrey canal, a hub of industry EULQJLQJ WLPEHU DQG OLPHVWRQH DQG IRU ÂżVKLQJ ,Q WKH WK &HQWXU\ WKH FDQDO ZDV drained to eliminate the danger of people falling in it. From 1995 Southwark council decide to regenerate the canal area into a path for walking and cycling called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Surrey Canal Walkâ&#x20AC;? of 1.1m of total length. The head of the canal is Peckham square today (Fig. 1.3a). (www.southwark.gov.uk). 8 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 1.3a : Surrey Canal Walk 1801

Figure 1.3b : Peckham Hill conservation area (source: www.southwark.gov.uk) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

HISTORY CHARACTER AND APPEARANCE

Figure 1.4a: Nos. 3-9 (odd) Peckham Hill Street, (source: www.southwark.gov.

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Figure 1.4b: Nos. 14-16 (even) Peckham Hill Street, (source: www.southwark.gov.uk) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Figure 1.4c: Nos. 98-100 (even) Peckham Hill Street, (source: www.southwark.gov.uk)

7KH FRQVHUYDWLRQ DUHD LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ Ă&#x20AC;DW \HOORZ IURQW VWRFN EULFN KRXVHV either in terraces or in semi-detached pairs. These buildings vary in height from two and three storeys (with attics) and one, two or three bays in width. Common features in the conservation area include: round arched windows some recessed, segmental-headed windows, blind panels and high parapets, EDFN JDUGHQV FHQWUDO FKLPQH\ VWDFN UDLVHG JURXQG Ă&#x20AC;RRUV URXQG WRSSHG ZLQGRZV SURMHFWLQJ SRUFKHV DV VKRZQ LQ ÂżJXUHV D E F ZZZ southwark.gov.uk). Architectural Association School of Architecture I 9

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

THE COMMUNITY

. Figure 1.5a: Peckham Hill street both ends, (source: author)

3 Figure 1.5b: Peckham Hill Square, (source: author)

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The plot is surrounded by the award winning Peckham library at the south side. The surrey canal walk, stretches at the West side, allowing a landscaped path for pedestrians and bicycles. A timber warehouse is situated at the North side, according to Southwark Council, this warehouse is temporary and will be replaced by a 3 storey residential building in the future, as it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t follow the character of the conservation and it represents a gap in the street frontage, (www.southwark.gov.uk). Several residential buildings surround the site, as well as Pulse health club.

Peckham square is situated at the South side of the site, it accommodates a platform for artist to exhibit their work and provides a pedestrian access to the site. The site can be accessed by car from Peckham street at the East VLGH DQG -RFHO\Q 6WUHHW DQG WKH FDQDO ZDON E\ IRRW ÂżJ F

VIEWS

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The site is surrounded by good views all around. - Peckham Hill square at the south, (Fig.1.5b) -A large green space, part of the canal walk at the west side, (Fig.1.5d) -Both ends of Peckham Hill street that can be seen from the East side of the plot, (Fig.1.5c) - The canal walk that continues from the west to the north of the site, (Fig.1.5e) These views can be used for the visual comfort of the future occupant of the project.

$ Figure 1.5d: Canal walk green space, (source: author)

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/ Figure 1.5e: Canal Walk, (source: author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

CONNECTIVITY

The site is very well connected by several means of transportation as follows: - By tube: Queens road Peckham station is situated at 0.8 km from the site and requires 11 min walk, Peckham Rye station situated at 0.5 km from the site and requires 7 minutes walk. - By Bus: Bus stops are distributed all along Rye Lane, Peckham High street and Peckham street, the closest is right at the entrance of the plot. -By Bike: the streets in Pickham Hill conservation are all bicycle friendly, Â¿J $OVR Â¿JXUH VKRZV VHYHUDO JUHHQ VSDFHV LQ WKH DUHD VXFK DV FDQDO SDUN at the West side of the site, Bells garden playground and summer road park. Figure 1.6: Connectivity to site, (source: Google map), (edited by author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

MATERIALS

Most of the conservation area was constructed between the early 19th century and 20th century, using a relatively limited range of materials mainly to classical and, later, revivalist architectural styles. The most dominant visual components of residential buildings facades is the brick work, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s called the \HOORZ /RQGRQ VWRFN EULFN IDLU IDFHG Â¿QLVK On the other hand, modern constructions, such as the Library constructed in 2000, and the Pulse health center are cladded with colored glass and colored metal sheets, (Fig.1.7). 12 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

SERVICES AROUND THE SITE

Several services can be found at a walking distance from the site, such DV SKDUPDF\ /LEUDU\ 3HFNKDP SRVW Rá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FH EDQNV JURFHULHV VWRUH EDUV restaurants, citizen advice bureau, Morrison and Persepolis supermarket. The site is at a walking distance from Rye Lane, which is a shopping street, and from John Donne primary school, Harris primary academy and the Town FHQWUH FDUSDUN Â¿J The proximity to the above mentioned services reduces the use of the car, UHGXFHV WKH QRLVH DQG SROOXWLRQ DQG PDNHV WKH WUDá&#x201A;&#x2C6;F IDVWHU Figure 1.8: Site plan showing the multiple services around the site, (source:www.googlemap.com), (edited by author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

CONTEXT AND HEIGHTS

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Figure 1.9b: Peckham library, (source:author)

Figure 1.9c: Pulse health center, (source:author)

Figure 1.9d: Whitten timber warehouse, (source:author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE OVERVIEW

CONTEXT AND HEIGHTS

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Figure 1.10b: Facades of residential buildings around the site, (source:author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

On the other hand, several residential blocks surround the site as shown in Â¿JXUH D 7KHLU IDFDGHV DUH VKRZQ LQ Â¿JXUH E WKH KHLJKWV JR IURP WR Ã&#x20AC;RRUV ,Q JHQHUDO Ã&#x20AC;RRUV LV WKH GRPLQDQW KHLJKW WKLV ZRXOG EH RI D FRQVLGHUDWLRQ IRU our project. Architectural Association School of Architecture I 15

SITE OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

CONCLUSION The site overview was helpful in giving a deeper insight of the site. The location and surroundings inform about the character of the development to be proposed so to be in harmony with the context. The background plays a vital role in understanding how the brief would be formed. This leads to generation of various program and design research agendas which would further follow in the report.

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE ANALYSIS

FIELD WORK SPOT MEASUREMENTS

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE ANALYSIS

SHADOW ANALYSIS SIMULATION

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

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OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

SITE ANALYSIS

SOLAR ANALYSIS

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SITE ANALYSIS

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SITE ANALYSIS

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES The team started with a study of the urban perspective and developments taking place in the Peckham area. The learnings from Term 1 formed the base of the study. Also, the Southwark Council Housing strategies were studied and then design guidelines were formulated as a starting point for the concepts to start shaping up.

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 23

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES MINT STREET

UCL Prankerd House

BEDZED

Figure 3.4: Bedzed, (source:www.zedfactory.com)

Figure 3.1: Mint Street, (source: www.architizer.com) Figure 3.3: UCL kitchen, (source: author) LEARNINGS FROM TERM 1

LEARNINGS FROM TERM 1

LEARNINGS FROM A CASE STUDY

â&#x20AC;˘ The apartment units with dual aspects perform well in terms of day lighting and thermal behaviour. â&#x20AC;˘ Conservatories with poor ventilation provisions FDQ FDXVH RYHU KHDWLQJ LQ VXPPHUV ÂżJ

â&#x20AC;˘ Lack of adaptive opportunities for the occupants can result in extreme discomfort to the occupants. â&#x20AC;˘ Outdoor spaces and courtyards remain unutilised if they fail to provide comfort conditions to the occupants RU LI WKH\ ODFN YLVXDO FRQQHFWLRQ ÂżJ

In Term 1, UCL prankerd House (students accommodation) was studied and analyzed. The learnings can be summarized as follows: â&#x20AC;˘ Overheating in spaces with high occupancy can be solved through improving the ventilation levels and introducing more ACHâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with bigger windows with proper distribution for the widows in the faĂ§ade in order to provide SUHVVXUH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQFH IRU DLU ÂżJ

â&#x20AC;˘ Changing the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s patterns of using the space through controlling some key elements in the design can have a big impact on the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance. â&#x20AC;˘ The use of night shutters is a simple way to keep the spaces temperatureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s within the comfort band in winter. â&#x20AC;˘ It is essential to always study the occupants schedule of using the building since the design FRQVLGHUDWLRQV DUH DOZD\V GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW ,Q 8&/ 3UDQNHUG House, students were not occupying the rooms most of the time, which informs us that daylighting in certain hours are not of that importance. â&#x20AC;˘ Adaptive opportunities are key points in environmental design projects. In UCL Prankerd house, the students were not able to change the windows DSHUWXUH DUHD ZKLFK FDQ VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ KHOS LQ UHGXFLQJ WKH overheating in summers.

â&#x20AC;˘ The workspaces were placed in the shaded zones as there are high internal heat gains. â&#x20AC;˘ Use of green roofs to promote roof farming and SUHVHUYH ELR GLYHUVLW\ ÂżJ

â&#x20AC;˘ The use of sun spaces on the South side with ODUJH ZLQGRZ RSHQLQJV WR DOORZ DLUĂ&#x20AC;RZ LQ VXPPHUV ÂżJ

â&#x20AC;˘ The use of thermal mass as exposed concrete.

IMPLICATIONS IN TERM 2

â&#x20AC;˘ Since this project is mostly housing, the design considers good daylighting during most of the day all over the year according to the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s schedule. Â&#x2021; 7KH GHVLJQ LQYHVWLJDWHV DQG SURSRVHV GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW options in which the occupants can use the spaces (one space can work as a balcony, a conservatory or joined with the adjacent space to increase the space area). Giving the tenants a choice to have what they want according to their needs is important.

â&#x20AC;˘ The commercial block has been placed behind the Peckham library, an area which is overshadowed most of the year. The high internal gains would compensate the low levels of solar radiation. â&#x20AC;˘ The roofs have been conceived as a matrix of green roofs and sloping roofs to place the solar PVs. â&#x20AC;˘ The sunspaces with provisions of large window openings have been proposed. â&#x20AC;˘ The exposed concrete has been used as thermal mass to retain the heat in winters.

Figure 3.2: Mint Street playground, (source:author)

IMPLICATIONS IN TERM 2

As a starting point we chose two of the residential Term 1 projects, done by GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW PHPEHUV RI WKH JURXS DORQJ ZLWK D FDVH VWXG\ GRQH LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ of term 2 and compiled design features or concepts that would inform our design research in order to achieve maximum comfort for the occupant, outdoors as well as indoors.

24 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

â&#x20AC;˘ The apartments have been designed to face the two orientations for cross ventilation and the units are accessed through circulation cores, provided with landscaped areas to act as gathering space for the inhabitants. Â&#x2021; 7KH Ă&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ RI VXQVSDFH WR EH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR a balcony has been researched and analysed to prevent over heating in summers. â&#x20AC;˘ A wide range of adaptive opportunities have been designed for the occupants. â&#x20AC;˘ The outdoor spaces have been allocated based on the solar, wind, shadow and UTCI analysis and various activities have been proposed accordingly.

Figure 3.5: Bedzed roof terraces, (source:zedfactory.com)

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

SOUTHWARK COUNCIL STRATEGIES: Â&#x2021; 3URMHFWHG Ã&#x20AC;RRU VSDFH IRU 6RXWKZDUN DUHD E\ LV VT IW Â&#x2021; RI WKH Rá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FH VWRFN KDV EHHQ FRQYHUWHG WR UHVLGHQWLDO VSDFHV LQ 12. Â&#x2021; 7DUJHW WR GHOLYHU QHZ KRPHV E\ ZLWK WKH Â¿UVW RI WKHVH E\ Â&#x2021; 'HOLYHULQJ D PL[ RI KRPHV RI GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW W\SHV DQG VL]HV ZKLFK DUH accessible and respond to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s changing needs over time. â&#x20AC;¢ Ensuring sustainable housing development as part of attractive, well designed, accessible neighbourhoods which will promote wider economic, health and social wellbeing. Â&#x2021; 5HTXLULQJ KLJK VWDQGDUGV RI KRXVLQJ GHVLJQ LQFOXGLQJ HQHUJ\ Há&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQF\ measures which will contribute to reducing fuel poverty, and utilising renewable sources of energy where feasible. Â&#x2021; 5HTXLULQJ D PL[ RI GZHOOLQJ VL]HV WR DGGUHVV LVVXHV RI RYHUFURZGHG KRXVHKROGV DQG KRPHOHVVQHVV $V D UHVXOW WKHUH LV D QHHG IRU Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;RUGDEOH housing. â&#x20AC;¢ Demand for residential units will remain strong, leading to more mixed use development.

The new trends in housing in London are shifting towards concept of pocket living, smaller units with maximum space utilization. The Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;RUGDEOH KRXVLQJ DQG PL[HG RZQHUVKLSV DUH EHHQ VHHQ DV WKH IXWXUH of home ownership for low- and middle-income households, and as a means to encourage investment in home building. Ar. Jason Cornish Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects -DQ WK

COMMUNITY LIFE

LOW-CARBON SKIN

Focusing on recalling the artists platform and increasing the community shared facilities.

Propose building skin materials aiming at zero carbon emissions

SUSTAINABILITY

SHADING DEVICES

Use of PV cells, heat pumps, solar hot water, bicycle racks, planting opportunities, porous hardscape, recycled grey water for reuse and irrigation rain collectors, local materials.

Explore adaptable solar control devices with daily and seasonal adjustments

BUILDING HEIGHTS

CASE STUDY

2-3 stories maximum for buildings facing Peckham Hill Street. Other EXLGLQJV FDQ KDYH XS WR VWRUH\V

Performance assessments comparisons with base case

AFFORDABILITY

OUTDOOR STUDIES

Social rented housing and intermediate Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;RUGDEOH KRXVLQJ

Considering the shadow, solar, and wind analysis conducted in chapter 2

OPEN SPACES WITHIN SITE

URBAN INFLUENCE

Integrated green spaces and open circulation paths to and from the site.

Taking part in encouraging and promoting future sustainable project in the area

Figure 3.6: Design considerations, (source:author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

The learnings from previous term and case study have played a vital role in understanding and formulating ideas for a sustainable approach for our term 2 project. The inputs from the pre design research, combined with the Southwark Council strategies and key design considerations have been put together and design program has been proposed in the next chapter.

26 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

Chapter 4

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT The pre design studies helped the team to formulate the design program. The site analysis was the starting point towards the placement of building blocks. Further, a single unit from each typology was designed and analysed, and then the site plan was established. The construction details and materiality was derived from the thermal simulations, leading to the visual overview of the proposed scheme.

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 27

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN BRIEF AND ZONING MASSING

The proposed project is a sustainable mixed use development which comprises of residential, commercial, retail and community areas. Our aim is to design an area which provides a range of uses; shops, cafÃ©, houses, apartments DQG LQWHUDFWLYH VSDFHV WKDW ZRXOG HQFRXUDJH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW FRPPXQLWLHV DQG XVHU groups to live, work and socialise. The commercial area would be an extension to the Peckham Square. The proposed project is primarily for the middle class working professionals, living as couples or with their families or sharing the smaller units with other professionals. The study of the area around the site showed that the North side of the site has a residential character, while the South side of the site is dedicated more to the community and retail, with many cultural and social buildings such as the Peckham library, the health centre and the arts platform. Therefore, the site was divided accordingly, the North side of 65% is dedicated for residential, and the South side of 35% would be dedicated for the community. On the other hand, the solar and shadow studies showed that the North part of the site receives the highest solar radiation while the South part is mostly shaded by the library, (refer to chapter 2). The main idea is to create a courtyard, in the area that receives adequate solar radiation, and another square served by a commercial building in the shadowed area. The courtyard would have maximal use, where the occupants ZRXOG EHQHÂ¿W IURP WKH ZDUPWK RI WKH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ GXULQJ ZLQWHUV 7KH VTXDUH is an extension for Peckham square, with the commercial building, would EHQHÂ¿W IURP WKH VKDGRZLQJ WR FRPSHQVDWH LWV KLJK LQWHUQDO JDLQV :LWK VXFK an extension, we are presenting the opportunity to be directly connected to the Peckham Square and contribute to its existing and growing vibrant atmosphere. A pedestrian link is preserved between Peckham Hill Street and Peckham Square, being a functional requirement to the neighbouring houses and the community that would bring life to our development. The two blocks at the 6RXWK DQG :HVW DFFRPPRGDWH WKH WHUUDFHG KRXVHV WKH WHUUDFHV RYHUORRNLQJ WKH FRXUW\DUG ZHUH FUHDWHG 7KH / VKDSHG EORFN DFFRPPRGDWHV WKH Ã&#x20AC;DWV DQG LWV URRI LV VWDJJHUHG WRZDUGV WKH 6RXWK FUHDWLQJ WHUUDFHV DW GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW OHYHOV and allowing more East sun to the courtyard. The staggering also allows slopes toward the South to accommodate the PV panels. The terraced block at the South is tilted to avoid the due North orientation DQG EHQHÂ¿W IURP :HVW DIWHUQRRQ VXQ 7KH WLOW DOORZV DV ZHOO WKH ZLQG FRPLQJ IURP WKH 6RXWK :HVW WR HQWHU WKH FRXUW\DUG DQG IDFLOLWDWH QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ WR improve the occupant comfort. The commercial building follows. The commercial building has two entrances, one private for the occupants leading to the courtyard and another for the public leading to the square. The commercial square is accessible by the community from Peckham Square. 7KH GHVLJQ SURFHVV DQG FRQFHSW LV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ Â¿JXUH Figure 4.1: Design process, (source:author) 28 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN BRIEF AND ZONING PROGRAM

Figure 4.2 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW IXQFWLRQV RQ VLWH VRXUFH DXWKRU

Table 4.1: Program, (source:author) The building program categories are subdivided and the area allocated to HDFK SDUW RI WKH SURJUDP KDV EHHQ LGHQWLÂ¿HG DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH DUHD DQG 6RXWKZDUN &RXQFLO 7KH KRXVLQJ LV WKH PRVW VLJQLÂ¿FDQW SDUW RI WKH SURJUDP FRQVHTXHQWO\ LW DFFRXQWV IRU PÃ° RI WKH WRWDO EXLOW XS DUHD DV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH DQG Â¿JXUH 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ LV DFKLHYHG E\ balancing functions with high internal gains, the commercial building, along with zones receiving low solar radiation, and functions with low internal gains, the residential, along with zones receiving higher solar radiation. Our development presents three typologies: 7KH WHUUDFHG KRXVHV Ã&#x20AC;DQNHG RQ WKH :HVW DQG 6RXWK VLGH RI WKH VLWH 2. The one bedroom apartments placed on the northern side of the site 3. The two bedroom apartments placed on the eastern side of the site

Figure 4.3: Program in percentages, (source:author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

7KH DUHDV DQG SHUFHQWDJHV RI GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW FDWHJRULHV DUH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH DQG Â¿JXUH ,Q WRWDO WKH SURSRVHG GHYHORSPHQW SURYLGHV KDELWDEOH VSDFHV DQG FDQ DFFRPPRGDWH RFFXSDQWV

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 29

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

IMPACT OF MASSING ON SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS

In order to assess the environmental impact of the proposed massing on site, shadow analysis was carried out. Figure 4.4 shows the simulations for the overshadowing on typical days from January, March and July. It can be noted that the Peckham Library casts shadows on the Sothern part of the site for most of the year. However, the courtyard is placed in a way that various DFWLYLWLHV FRXOG EH LGHQWLÂ¿HG IRU WKH RFFXSDQWV RYHU WKH DQQXDO SHULRG The shadow analysis helped the team in deciding the zoning for residential and commercial blocks on site. Also, the sloping roofs facing South are unobstructed throughout the year and provide great potential for the placement of solar PVs.

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Figure 4.4: Shadow analysis, (source: Autodesk Revit) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

IMPACT OF MASSING ON SITE SOLAR ANALYSIS

,Q VXPPHUV GXH WR KLJK DOWLWXGH RI WKH VXQ ยฟJ LW FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH courtyard receives good amount of solar radiation, which helps good levels of day lighting in the adjacent spaces. Outdoors spaces could be occupied and enjoyed in the late evening hours and in the afternoon by use of trees DQG WHPSRUDU\ VKDGHV 7KH 6RXWK DQG 6RXWK :HVW IDFDGHV RI WKH EXLOGLQJV UHFHLYH DQ DYHUDJH UDGLDWLRQ RI :K Pรฐ 7KH VORSHG URRIV IRU VRODU 39 UHFHLYH XQREVWUXFWHG UDGLDWLRQ RI RYHU :K Pรฐ In winters, due to low altitude of the sun, the South side of the development receives less solar radiation as compared to the North part, where most of the outdoor spaces for the occupants have been proposed. The courtyard UHFHLYHV :K Pรฐ ZKLFK LV VXLWDEOH IRU RXWGRRU DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH FRXUW\DUG $OVR WKH VRODU URRIV UHFHLYH XQREVWUXFWHG UDGLDWLRQ RI PRUH WKDQ :K Pรฐ The solar analysis helped the team to propose residential units with dual DVSHFWV L H KDYLQJ WZR VLGHV H[SRVHG WR GLแ HUHQW RULHQWDWLRQV WR FRXQWHU balance the heat gains and heat losses through solar radiation. Figure 4.5: Solar analysis, (source: Radiance simulation) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

IMPACT OF MASSING ON SITE WIND ANALYSIS

7KH SUHGRPLQDQW ZLQG GLUHFWLRQ RQ VLWH LV IURP 6RXWK :HVW DW D ZLQG YHORFLW\ RI P V 7KH KRXVLQJ EORFN RQ WKH 6RXWK KDV EHHQ WLOWHG WR FKDQQHOL]H wind into the courtyard as well as to the neighbours. This facilitates natural YHQWLODWLRQ WR WKH YDULRXV XQLWV IDFLQJ WKH FRXUW\DUG Â¿J As seen in the section, the Peckham Library creates turbulence behind, in the commercial square and the courtyard. However, the placement of blocks does not let the wind to be trapped in the courtyard; it is funnelled out from WKH 1RUWK :HVW FRUQHU RI WKH VLWH The wind analysis helped the team to emphasis on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;adaptabilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; feature for summer and winter strategy. The user controllable openings could be FORVHG RQ WKH 6RXWK DQG :HVW IDFDGHV WR IRUP D FRQVHUYDWRU\ ZKHQ WKH ZLQG LV QRW UHTXLUHG LQ WKH ZLQWHUV :KLOH WKH VSDFHV FRXOG DFW DV EDOFRQLHV when high levels of ventilation rates are to be achieved in the summers.

32 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 4.6: :LQG DQDO\VLV VRXUFH $XWRGHVN Ã&#x20AC;RZGHVLJQ

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

IMPACT OF MASSING ON SITE UTCI

After taking the spot measurements on site and placing our massing on site, UTCI was done for typical hot and cold weeks. This helped with allocating WKH GLႇHUHQW RXWGRRU DFWLYLWLHV RQ VLWH 7KH GHVLJQ FRPSULVHV RI HQFORVHG ]RQH which is the courtyard and other areas which are more opened. Figure 4.7 (typical cold week) show that the courtyard temperature is slightly higher than the one at the platform which is more exposed. According to this, seating areas, children’s playground and pin pong table are placed in the courtyard while the infrequent activities and social events are placed in a more opened place which is the platform. These areas will be cooler in hot weathers which can give the tenants the opportunity of enjoying a nice breeze. Figure 4.7: UTCI, (source: Ladybug) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 33

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

SITE PLAN

( 4

3 $

The courtyard and the square design were based on the UTCI and spot measurments results that allowed us to place each function in the right place. The children playground is placed in the sun at the north of the courtyard to provide the children a warm and healthy enviroment specially in winter. Additionally, seatings were provided in the same area for the users to enjoy the warmth of the sun while sitting. In contrary, a ping pong table is placed in an area that receives less solar radiation to cool down the heat gain and the transpiration of the players.

As for the selection of the trees, we have opted for trees with low dense canopy which ensure visual privacy and block the wind at low levels. :H KDYH SODFHG ELF\FOH UDFNV DW WKH HQWUDQFHV RI WKH SURMHFW IURP 3HFNKDP Hill street, one for the occupants and one for the visitors of the square, to HQFRXUDJH SHRSOH WR XVH ELF\FOH IRU LWV HQYLURPHQWDO EHQHÂ¿WV The stone pavement of the hardscape is open grid in some places, porous LQ RWKHU WR HOLPLQDWH WKH VWRUP ZDWHU UXQ Rá&#x201A;&#x2021; DQG ZLWK KLJK UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWDQFH WR reduce the heat in summers, (Fig.4.8). 34 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 4.8: Site plan, (source:author) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

SITE ACTIVITIES

/ Figure 4.9: 'Lá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH FRXUW\DUG DQG WKH SLD]]D VRXUFH ZZZ JRRJOH FRP

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

(

9DULRXV DFWLYLWLHV RFFXU GXULQJ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VHDVRQV RI WKH \HDU WKHUHIRUH WKH VTXDUH LV NHSW DV Ã&#x20AC;H[LEOH DV SRVVLEOH WR EH DEOH WR KRVW PDVVLYH FURZGV WKDW use the square to enjoy all sort of activities such as art exhibitions, festivals, music events, concerts, markets and street food, enhancing the community life.Tables are placed not only along the cafÃ©s windows but further more inside the square to strenghten the connection between the square and the public visiting Peckham square, as they are serving both square, (Fig 4.9).

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 35

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

BUILDING PLANS TYPOLOGY 1- TERRACED HOUSES 3 BEDROOMS

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

Figure 4.10: Terraced house plans

7KH WHUUDFHG KRXVHV DUH GLVWULEXWHG LQWR EORFNV ZLWK GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW RULHQWDWLRQV RQH LV (DVW :HVW DQG DQRWKHU 1RUWK 6RXWK DV VKRZQ RQ WKH NH\ SODQ )LJ 7KH DUHD RI P LV GLYLGHG RQ Ã&#x20AC;RRUV NLWFKHQ DQG OLYLQJ DW WKH JURXQG Ã&#x20AC;RRU DQG EHGURRPV RQ WKH XSSHU Ã&#x20AC;RRUV )LJ 7KH openings were carefully dimensioned to ensure optimal daylighting, natural ventilation and thermal performance. These openings are validated in Open Studio simulations in chapter 5. $V VKRZQ LQ Â¿JXUH WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU RI WKH KRXVHV DQG DOO WKH Ã&#x20AC;DWV LV FRQFUHWH IRU its thermal mass caracteristic. The rain water is harvested from the sloped roof for reuse in toilets, washing machine, and irrigation. Figure 4.11: Terraced house section 36 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 4.12: Key Plan

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

VISUAL OVERVIEW

The exterior design of the proposal relies on the adaptive sun spaces and shading devices used for thermal and daylighting comfort, as well as the JUHHQ URRIV DQG WKH 39 SDQHOV DOO RI WKHVH LQÃ&#x20AC;XHQFH WKH PDLQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO expression of the facades. During summer, the facades are characterised by the operation and variability of the folding glass of the sunspaces and the position of the shading devices, while in winter the situation is inverted with a more dominant glazed look where the folded glass closes to form the VXQVSDFHV )LJ 7KH Ã&#x20AC;DWV EHQHÂ¿W IURP D VXVSHQGHG JDUGHQ ORFDWHG DW HDFK ODQGLQJ RI WKH staircase, as well as roof terraces used for farming and recreation. Figure 4.13: The terraced houses view Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 37

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

FLEXIBILITY 1.5x2m CONVERTIBLE SPACE

Flexibility is an important feature for our project. The terraced house plan SUHVHQWV D FRQYHUWLEOH VSDFH RI P[ P 7KUHH RSWLRQV DUH DYDLODEOH IRU WKH EX\HU RI WKH WHUUDFHG KRXVH )LJ 1-Balcony: The buyer will be provided with night shutters, 3 double glazed sliding doors and 2 balustrades. 2-Internal space: The buyer will be provided with a double glazed curtain wall placed at the outer side, providing bigger internal space that can be used as dining room, play and video games space in the bedroom. 3-Sun space: The buyer will be provided with 3 double glazed sliding doors with a louvered part on the top to control the heated air from the sun space, and an external double glazed curtain wall. The three options are simulated and proved for good thermal performance in chapter 5. Figure 4.14: ,OOXVWUDWLRQ VKRZLQJ WKH Ã&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ RI WKH VSDFH DW WKH WHUUDFHG KRXVHV 38 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

BUILDING PLANS TYPOLOGY 2 - FLATS BEDROOM

Figure 4.16: EHGURRP Ã&#x20AC;DW SODQ

7KH Ã&#x20AC;DWV ZHUH SODFHG LQ D ZD\ WKDW HDFK VHWV RI Ã&#x20AC;DWV KDYH D FLUFXODWLRQ EORFN for 3 reasons: 7R SURYLGH HDFK Ã&#x20AC;DW ZLWK RULHQWDWLRQV 2- Cross ventilation 3- Avoid corridors 7KH EHGURRP Ã&#x20AC;DWV DUH SODFHG DW WKH QRUWKHUQ VLGH RI WKH SORW )LJ WKH\ have North-South oriention, there are 22 units with an area of 45 m2. Figure 4.15: Key Plan

6LPLODU WR WKH WHUUDFHG KRXVHV Â¿JXUH VKRZV GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VXVWDLQDEOH VWUDWHJLHV XVHG LQ WKH DQG EHGURRPV Ã&#x20AC;DWV 39 SDQHOV UDLQ ZDWHU FROOHFWLRQ FRQFUHWH Ã&#x20AC;RRUV FURVV YHQWLODWLRQ Figure 4.17: EHGURRP Ã&#x20AC;DW VHFWLRQ

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 39

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

BUILDING PLANS TYPOLOGY 3 - FLATS 2 BEDROOMS

Figure 4.18: EHGURRP Ã&#x20AC;DW SODQ

7KH EHGURRPV Ã&#x20AC;DWV DUH SODFHG RQ WKH HDVWHUQ VLGH RI WKH SORW )LJ ZLWK (DVW :HVW RULHQWDWLRQ WKH\ UHFHLYH WKH PRUQLQJ VXQ IURP WKH (DVW DQG WKH DIWHUQRRQ VXQVHW VXQ IURP WKH :HVW 7KHUH DUH XQLWV ZLWK DQ DUHD RI m2. The openings were carefully dimensioned to ensure optimal daylighting, natural ventilation and thermal performance. FLEXIBILITY /LNH WKH WHUUDFHG KRXVHV WKH Ã&#x20AC;DWV KDYH D FRQYHUWLEOH VSDFH DV ZHOO ZLWK VWUDWHJLHV )LJ Summer strategy:

:LQWHU VWUDWHJ\

The glass panels are folded and stacked on 2 sides to form a balcony. The balcony overhang prevents the summer sun to access the apartment. Provision of the balcony enables high ventilation rates Winter strategy: The balcony is converted into a sun space by closing the glass panels. The sun space allows the penetration of winter sun inside the apartment. Adaptability: Seasonal 7KH Ã&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ RI WKH VSDFH WR DFW DV EDOFRQ\ RU VXQ VSDFH

Figure 4.20: Key Plan

User - Sun space could be used as balcony, sitting area, growing plants, storage, utility area. Shading 6OLGLQJ ORXYHUHG SDQHO LV DGRSWHG WR SUHYHQW JODUH DQG WR SURYLGH privacy . 2- Night shutters in bedrooms for winter %OLQGV FXUWDLQV LQ OLYLQJ URRP I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Summer strategy

Figure 4.19: :LQWHU DQG 6XPPHU VWUDWHJLHV Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

VISUAL OVERVIEW

The facades exhibit the diversity of the strategies and adaptive mechanisms Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHG WR WKH RFFXSDQWV ZKLFK EHFRPHV WKH PDLQ DUFKLWHFWXUDO H[SUHVVLRQ of our design proposal. Each variation shown is an idea in itself to contribute WR WKH LQKDELWDQWVÂ¶ FRPIRUW OHYHOV LQ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VLWXDWLRQV

Figure 4.21: 3HUVSHFWLYH VKRZLQJ WKH DQG EHGURRPV Ã&#x20AC;DWV Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

,Q ZLQWHUV WKH EXLOGLQJV WR ZUDS XS WKH IDFDGHV WR WDNH FRQWURO RI WKH DLUÃ&#x20AC;RZ to minimise heat losses while in summers, the building facades open up and visually extend into the courtyard to welcome the breeze and views into their LQGRRU VSDFHV Â¿J Architectural Association School of Architecture I

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

BUILDING PLANS COMMERCIAL BUILDING

Figure 4.22: *URXQG Ã&#x20AC;RRU SODQ

The L-shaped commercial building is placed in the area that is shadowed most of the year by the library, to balance the heat gains of the cafÃ©s and restaurants. From the Peckham Hill street side, the height of the building respects the frontage of the streets and the alignment with the adjacent residential blocks, LW FRPSULVHV RI WZR Ã&#x20AC;RRUV ZKLOH WKH SDUW EHKLQG WKH OLEUDU\ LV VLQJOH Ã&#x20AC;RRU ZLWK green roof accessed by a monumental stair that starts from the square. The VWDLU DOVR VHUYHV DV D VHDWLQJ DQG JDWKHULQJ SODFH Â¿J The commerciasl building comprises mainly of cafÃ©s and restaurants, a multi-purpose hall for exhibitions and events, and public toilets, (Fig.4.22). These facilities serve not only the stair but also Peckham square. The commercial building is the vibrant center of the project and the community. It forms at its corner another eating space for visitors who like to enjoy a view RQ 3HFNKDP +LOO VWUHHW Â¿J

42 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 4.24: Key Plan TERRACE GARDEN

Figure 4.23: )LUVW Ã&#x20AC;RRU SODQ

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

VISUAL OVERVIEW

Figure 4.25a: Perspective showing the Piazza

Figure 4.25b: Perspective showing the commercial building from Peckham Hill Street Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 43

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

MATERIALITY & CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

Figure 4.26: ,OOXVWUDWLRQ VKRZLQJ WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW PDWHULDOV XVHG LQ WKH SURMHFW The materials used in the project has been carefully developed according to WKH IROORZLQJ SULQFLSOHV Â¿J

-Encourage local industries through using locally available materials from regional suppliers -Improve thermal performance through the use of concrete for its thermal mass -Maintain low construction cost throught the implementation of standarised construction assemblies -Improved indoor air quality through the use of low VOC materials 7KH FULWHULRQ IRU WKH FKRLFH RI PDWHULDOV LV LQÃ&#x20AC;XHQFHG E\ WKH XUEDQ IDEULF RI the context as well as from the low carbon emissions by use of contemporary materials like acetylated wood. The commercial development is conceived as D FRQWHPSRUDU\ LGHQWLW\ WKXV GLVWLQFWLYHO\ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQWLDWLQJ IURP WKH UHVLGHQWLDO development with the use of colored steel panels. 44 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 4.27: Construction details

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL SECTIONS B

B Figure 4.28: Section AA Figure 4.30: Key Plan

Figure 4.29: Section BB Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 45

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION The analytical studies conducted for the proposed massing proved as an important tool to inform our design strategies. The project has been developed as a comprehensive package of the various typologies and Ã&#x20AC;H[LELOLWLHV SURYLGLQJ RFFXSDQWV WKH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU DGDSWLYH PHFKDQLVPV in terms of space use and seasonal variations. The materiality respects the urban fabric of the context and relates to the future scenarios, which should be focused on low carbon emissions. The visual overview of the proposed scheme seems to impart architectural and environmental quality to the context. Figure 4.31: General View 46 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

Chapter 5

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE The single unit designs were tested and analysed for day lighting, thermal performance and energy consumptions. The aim is to provide solutions pertaining to free running buildings by lowering the heating loads and also exploring potentials for renewables. 7KH WHDP UHVHDUFKHG DQG VSHFL¿HG WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO GHVLJQ FULWHULD WR EH DGRSWHG on the project providing evidence to show how these will be met on typical winter and summer days. The range of acceptable indoor conditions representing adaptive thermal comfort has been calculated following EN15251. Daylighting studies assess OLJKWLQJ TXDOLW\ DV ZHOO DV LQWHQVLW\ XQGHU VSHFL¿HG VN\ FRQGLWLRQV

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 47

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE Rooftop Farmig Occupants can grow their own food

STRATEGIES

21st June

Summer Sun

PV Panels

à¹¦

à¹¦ Winter Sun

21st Dec

Thermal Mass

7KH HQYLURQPHQWDO VWUDWHJLHV KDYH EHHQ VXPPDULVHG LQ Â¿JXUH DQG IXUWKHU analysed in the following sections of the chapter. Summer Strategies The balconies act as shading devices for the South and West facades of the DSDUWPHQW EORFNV 7KH\ EORFN WKH VXPPHU VXQ ZKLFK LV KLJK LQ DOWLWXGH DQG OHW LQ WKH low altitude winter sun. 7KH VOLGLQJ VWDFNDEOH ZLQGRZV HQDEOH YHQWLODWLRQ IRU FRROLQJ WKH LQGRRUV EDVHG RQ the seasonal adaptive use by occupant. The occupants can cross ventilate the space by opening doors and windows across the apartment. Winter Strategies The convertible sun spaces allow the solar radiation to penetrate inside and gets trapped by the closed glazed windows. this helps to regulate the living room temperatures within the limits of adaptive thermal comfort zone. The use of night shutters for bedrooms helps retain the heat by preventing night time heat loss through the windows. The adjustable sliding louvres on the faÃ§ade prevent the glare from the evening sun and provide privacy as needed by the occupant. The strategies follow the principles of adaptibilty for the users throughout the year, depending on individual comfort requirements. 48 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 5.1: Strategies - Apartments Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

STRATEGIES

PV Panels Rainwater Collection High Level Water Storage Tank Bedroom 3

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

7KH EXLOGLQJ SODQ KDV EHHQ ZRUNHG RXW LQ D ZD\ WKDW LW LV EHQHÂ¿WWHG IURP WZR orientations, either North- South or East-West. This enables the units to be well YHQWLODWHG DQG ZHOO OLW WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU DQG WDNH DGYDQWDJHV RI WKH H[LVWLQJ YLHZV DQG VN\YLHZ IDFWRU 7KH EHGURRPV KDYH EHHQ SODFHG WRZDUGV WKH 1RUWK DQG (DVW VR that they receive the morning sun, while the living areas are orientated towards the 6RXWK DQG :HVW VR JHW WKH GD\OLJKWLQJ DQG WKHUPDO EHQHÂ¿WV WKURXJKRXW WKH GD\ Â¿J 5.2).

Thermal Mass

Living &Dining

Kitchen

The courtyard acts as an interactive outdoor space for the inhabitants and established contact with the balconies of all the units proposed in the scheme. 7KH ULJKW DQJOHV DQG UHFWDQJXODU XQLW GHVLJQ XVHG LQ WKH SODQ IRUP PDNH LW DQ HFRQRPLFDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZLWK PD[LPXP VSDFH Há&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQF\ Water Storage Tank with Pump

Figure 5.2 : Strategies- House Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Garden Tap

The use of thermal mass functions well in the summer and winter season, as it stores the heat and reduces the heating loads. Architectural Association School of Architecture I 49

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

0.3 ACH

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

ONE BEDROOM APARTMENT- BASE CASE

4th Floor

JANUARY 17

JANUARY 18

JANUARY 19

JANUARY 20

JANUARY 21

JANUARY 22

JANUARY 23

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+HDW /RVV &RHá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQW January

0.789 W/Km2

March

0.839 W/Km2

July

1.889 W/Km2

1.0 ACH

%HGURRP 15.00 m2

/LYLQJ 5RRP 25.00 m2

As a starting point, a single unit was designed considering a base case with a South IDFLQJ EDOFRQ\ DGMDFHQW WR WKH OLYLQJ DUHD Â¿J 7KH RFFXSDQW DFWLYLW\ Â¿J DQG LQWHUQDO ORDGV Â¿J ZHUH DVVHVVHG VHH $SSHQGL[ 7KH WKHUPDO VLPXODWLRQV ZHUH FDUULHG RXW LQ D W\SLFDO VXPPHU DQG ZLQWHU ZHHN Â¿J Â¿J 'XULQJ WKH ZLQWHU ZHHN RQ GD\V ZLWK KLJKHU VRODU UDGLDWLRQ VHH -DQ WKHUH LV D WHPSHUDWXUH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQFH RI . DQG . IRU WKH OLYLQJ URRP DQG EHGURRP UHVSHFWLYHO\ as compared to the outdoor temperature. While when direct solar radiation is less, WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQFH LV . IRU WKH LQGRRU VSDFHV +RZHYHU WKH LQGRRU PHDQ temperatures fall below the thermal comfort zone.

%DOFRQ\ 05.00 m2

'XULQJ WKH VXPPHU ZHHN WKH EDOFRQ\ DFWV DV D VKDGLQJ GHYLFH LWVHOI DQG ZLWK DGGHG ventilation, the temperatures are seen to be in the thermal comfort band. This helped the team to go ahead with the summer strategy of proposing a balcony with seasonal Figure 5.3: Layout Plan adaptions.

50 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

JULY 07

JULY 08

JULY 09

JULY 10

JULY 11

JULY 12

JULY 13

Figure 5.5: 7KHUPDO 6LPXODWLRQ IRU 7\SLFDO 6XPPHU ZHHN

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

0.3 ACH

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

ONE BEDROOM APARTMENT- IMPROVED CASE

4th Floor

JANUARY 17

JANUARY 18

JANUARY 19

JANUARY 20

JANUARY 21

JANUARY 22

JANUARY 23

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Figure 5.7: Parameters for simulation and occupant activity

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

22:00 23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00

;

Figure 5.8: Occupant activity

&RQVHUYDWRU\ 05.00 m2

Figure 5.9: Layout Plan

7KH ZLQWHU ZHHN ZDV VLPXODWHG DJDLQ E\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH EDOFRQ\ WR EH DQ HQFORVHG space with the glazed windows closed, in a way that the space acts as a conservatory. The simulations showed that the mean indoor temperatures were raised by almost . PDNLQJ WKH VSDFHV PRYH WRZDUGV WKH FRPIRUW EDQG 7KH QLJKW WHPSHUDWXUHV for the bedrooms were too in the comfort band. Although the temperatures in the FRQVHUYDWRU\ UHPDLQ ORZHU WKDQ WKHUPDO FRPIRUW EDQG Â¿J 7KHVH UHVXOWV KHOSHG WKH WHDP WR IRUPXODWH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VWUDWHJLHV IRU WKH EDOFRQLHV which were further conceived as convertible spaces, as discussed earlier.

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 51

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

+HDWLQJ UHTXLUHG LQ ZLQWHUV Â§ N:K PÃ° \U

ONE BEDROOM APARTMENT- ANNUAL

7KHUPRVWDW 6HW 3RLQW 7HPSHUDWXUH Â&#x192;&

4th Floor

TOTAL HEAT LOSS 181 kWh/m2

TOTAL HEAT GAIN 181 kWh/m2

People

Heating Opaque Losses

JANUARY

Lights

FEBRUARY

MARCH

APRIL

2XWGRRU 7HPSHUDWXUH

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MAY

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

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NOVEMBER

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Figure 5.10: Annual Thermal Simulation for improved case Window Heat Loss

Ventilation Losses Interzone Heat Gains

$LU &KDQJH DF K

Solar Gain

Figure 5.11: Graph indicating ACH considered for ventilation

14%

2YHUFRROLQJ

Â&#x192;&

The apartment achieves 84.6% of the total annual hours in the comfort zone in the LPSURYHG FDVH Â¿J 7KH KHDWLQJ ORDGV IRU WKH ZLQWHU PRQWKV DUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ N:K PÃ° \HDU DV RQO\ RI WKH DQQXDO KRXUV DUH EHORZ à¹¦& Â¿J 7KLV LV achieved by use of conservatory with the windows closed.

Â&#x192;& 79.6%

&RPIRUW

Â&#x192;& 6.4%

6.4%

! Â&#x192;&

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The apartment units are free running for the months of April to November and the %DVH &DVH RI WKH KRXUV ZKLFK DUH DERYH à¹¦& FDQ EH DLGHG E\ WKH XVH RI IDQV Â¿J The occupants could pleasantly cool the space if the exterior sunspace windows are Figure 5.12: Graph showing percentage of hours (base case) opened wide in the summer. 52 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

84.6% Â&#x192;&

,PSURYHG &DVH

Figure 5.13: Graph showing percentage of hours (improved case) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

GORbaOO 6ROar 5adiatiRn (:)

Annual Energy Balances

TePSerature Âº&

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE 21 Mar 12 pm

21 Jun 12 pm

21 Dec 12 pm lux

1000

00 lux

600 lux

200

300 lux 300 lu

DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE

300 lux

200 lux

lux

100 lux

200 lux

ONE BEDROOM APARTMENT

100 lu

100 lux

4th Floor

100 lux

200 lux

0 lu

100 lux

0 lu

300 lux

200 lu

600 lux

300 lux

0 lu

100

200 lux

300 lu

lu 600

1000

600 lux

lux

ry ervato Cons

ny Balco

Sky: Intermediate Sky without Sun Global Horizontal Illuminance= 35,660 lx

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 57,856 lx

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 4,158 lx

%XLOGLQJ 5RRP 7\SH

Legend Panels Open

lux

Panels Open

1000<= 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Panels Closed

0DLQWDLQHG OX[ DW WKH DSSURSULDWH ZRUN SODQH

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7KH GD\ OLJKWLQJ DQDO\VLV ZDV FDUULHG RXW XVLQJ LQWHUPHGLDWH VN\ FRQGLWLRQV ZLWKRXW sun). The functions were placed according to the standard lux levels for various activities. The illuminance grid has been considered at a height of 900mm from the Ã&#x20AC;RRU OHYHO 7KH NLWFKHQ KDV EHHQ SODFHG QHDU WKH ZLQGRZ WR DOORZ OX[ RQ WKH NLWFKHQ FRXQWHU 7KH GHVN LQ WKH EHGURRP ZKLFK LV SODFHG QHDU WKH ZLQGRZ UHFHLYHV 300 lux level throughout the year, while the bed has been placed away to allow a PLQLPXP RI OX[ Â¿J

Figure 5.14: 6LPXODWLRQV VKRZLQJ LOOXPLQDQFH RQ JULG DQG IDOVH FRORXU UHQGHU IRU OLYLQJ URRP 6RXUFH 5DGLDQFH

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

The sliding louvered screen on the exterior faÃ§ade helps in preventing glare from the South sun by reducing excess lux levels near the opening of the living room. The RFFXSDQWV KDYH WKH Ã&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ WR XVH WKH VFUHHQ IRU WKHLU YLVXDO FRPIRUW Architectural Association School of Architecture I 53

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

0.3 ACH /LYLQJ 5RRP 31.50 m2

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

%HGURRPV 24.00 m2

TWO BEDROOM APARTMENT

1st Floor

&RQVHUYDWRU\ 09.50 m2

Figure 5.17: Layout Plan- Winter

6:00

7:00

8:00 9:00 10:00

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JANUARY 17

:HVW (DVW

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23:00

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/LYLQJ 5RRP 31.50 m2

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JULY 07

JULY 08

JULY 09

JULY 10

'XULQJ VXPPHUV Â¿J WKH EDOFRQ\ ZKLFK DOVR DFWV DV D VKDGLQJ GHYLFH Â¿J ZLWK KLJK LQÂ¿OWUDWLRQ UDWHV DFKLHYHG WKURXJK YHQWLODWLRQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUHV DUH VHHQ WR Ã&#x20AC;XFWXDWH ZLWKLQ WKH UDQJHV RI DGDSWLYH WKHUPDO FRPIRUW EDQG Figure 5.16: 7KHUPDO 6LPXODWLRQ IRU 7\SLFDO 6XPPHU ZHHN 54 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

;

However, the bedroom temperatures are lower. Further, the addition of night shutters in the bedrooms helps to increase the night time temperatures by 2K, pushing them further up in the thermal band. The bedroom temperatures are lower in the day time as they are unoccupied and have no internal gains throughout the day. When the occupants use the bedroom in the night, the temperatures are higher due to occupancy and electrical heat gains XVHG E\ WKH FKDUJHUV DQG ODSWRSV Â¿J

1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00

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24:00

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JULY 11

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0.592 W/Km2

March

1.119 W/Km2

July

1.417 W/Km2

%DOFRQ\ 09.50 m2

Figure 5.19: Layout Plan- Summer Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE Global Horizontal Illuminance= 35,660 lx

21 Mar 12 pm

0 lu

lux

30 0 lu

DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE

0 lu

600 lux

1000 lux

TWO BEDROOM APARTMENT 300 lux

200

lux 600 lux

1000 lux

300 lux

200 lux

100 lux

ny Balco

1st Floor

Panels Open

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 57,856 lx

21 Jun 12 pm 10

0 lu

lux

0 lu

300 lux

600 lux

1000 lux

100

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lux 1000 lux

600 lux

300 lux

100 lux

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ny Balco

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0 lu

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1000<= 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

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7KH LOOXPLQDQFH JULG KDV EHHQ FRQVLGHUHG DW D KHLJKW RI PP IURP WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU OHYHO The units are oriented East-West, allowing the morning sun to enter the bedrooms. 7KH NLWFKHQ FRXQWHU UHFHLYHV WKH PLQLPXP UHTXLUHPHQW RI WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU )LJ ,Q 0DUFK GXH WR ORZ DOWLWXGH RI WKH VXQ à¹¦ WKH OLYLQJ URRP KDV PRUH LOOXPLQDQFH FRPSDUHG WR -XQH ZKHQ WKH DOWLWXGH RI WKH VXQ LV KLJKHU à¹¦ This is due to the presence of balcony slabs which act as overhangs and thus obstruct the higher altitude sun to penetrate into the living area. 7KH VXQ LV DW WKH ORZHVW DOWLWXGH à¹¦ RQ 'HFHPEHU GXH WR ZKLFK WKH GD\OLJKW LV REVWUXFWHG E\ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ EXLOGLQJV 7KLV HQDEOHV PRUH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;XVHG OLJKW LQWR WKH living areas.

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Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

THERMAL PERFORMANCE

32 30

HOUSE

0.3 ACH

Bedroom 12.00 m2

Option 01

Temperature ÂºC

1st Floor

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 350

300 250 200 150 100

6:00

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JANUARY 17

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Figure 5.24: /D\RXW 3ODQ 2SWLRQ

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JANUARY 23

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OFF TO SCHOOL

11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

Outdoor Temperature

Bedroom (Option 2) Temperature

Direct Solar Radiation

Bedroom (Basecase) Temperature

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23:00 24:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00

Bedroom 15.00 m2

Option 03

200 150 100

U-Values

JULY 07

Figure 5.21: Occupancy Pattern and Parameters for Simulation 56 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

JULY 08

JULY 09

JULY 10

Figure 5.23: 7KHUPDO 6LPXODWLRQ IRU 7\SLFDO 6XPPHU :HHN

JULY 11

JULY 12

00.00

18.00

12.00

06.00

00.00

18.00

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06.00

00.00

18.00

12.00

06.00

00.00

18.00

12.00

06.00

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06.00

00.00

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12.00

06.00

00.00

18.00

06.00

12.00

50 0

0.21 W/M2K 2.00 W/M2K

00.00

Walls Windows

1.5m 1m

1.8m

JULY 13

Figure 5.26: /D\RXW 3ODQ 2SWLRQ

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

THERMAL PERFOMANCE +HDWLQJ UHTXLUHG LQ ZLQWHUV Â§ N:K PÃ° \U

HOUSE

7KHUPRVWDW 6HW 3RLQW 7HPSHUDWXUH Â&#x192;&

Energy Balances TOTAL HEAT LOSS 189 Kwh/m2

TOTAL HEAT GAIN 189 Kwh/m2

Heating Opaque Losses

People Lights

Equipment Infiltration Heat Removal

Solar Gain Window Heat Loss Ventilation Losses

JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

2XWGRRU 7HPSHUDWXUH

APRIL

MAY

JUNE

%HGURRP 7HPSHUDWXUH

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

GORbaOO 6ROar 5adiatiRn (:)

TePSerature Âº&

DECEMBER

2QH Ã&#x20AC;RRU ORFDWHG LQ WKH PLGGOH RI WKH KRXVLQJ EORFNV RQ WKH 1RUWK 6RXWK RULHQWDWLRQ ZDV VWXGLHG (QHUJ\ SOXV ZDV XVHG DV D WRRO WR FDUU\ RXW WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW WKHUPDO VLPXODWLRQV 6LQFH Ã&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ LV WKH GHVLJQ NH\ SRLQW GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW RSWLRQV ZHUH SURSRVHG DQG WHVWHG ,Q WKH VHOHFWHG Ã&#x20AC;RRU D URRP RULHQWHG RQ WKH 6RXWK ZLWK D JOD]LQJ VOLGLQJ GRRU ZDV DQDO\]HG DV D Ã&#x20AC;H[LEOH DGDSWLYH VSDFH LQ WKH KRXVH 7KLV URRP LV DGMDFHQW WR D PÃ° ]RQH WKDW FDQ EH XVHG DV D EDOFRQ\ D FRQVHUYDWRU\ RU FRPELQHG ZLWK the room to provide a bigger space. The 1st option, when this zone is an opened balcony, the roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance is within the comfort band in hot weather since WKH EDOFRQ\ LV VKDGHG ZLWK WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU RI WKH DERYH Ã&#x20AC;RRU EDOFRQ\ +RZHYHU ZKHQ temperatures drop in winter, the room needs roller night shutters that to preserve the temperature inside the room within the acceptable range as Figure 5.22 shows.

'LUHFW 6RODU 5DGLDWLRQ

Figure 5.27: Annual Thermal Simulation

$LU &KDQJH DF K

Figure 5.28: Graph indicating ACH considered for ventilation 40.8% 2YHUFRROLQJ

19.5%

Â&#x192;&

Â&#x192;& 57.1%

76.3%

Â&#x192;&

&RPIRUW

2.1%

4.2%

! Â&#x192;& 2YHUKHDWLQJ

! Â&#x192;&

%DVH &DVH

Figure 5.29: Graph showing percentage of hours (base case) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

,PSURYHG &DVH 2SWLRQ

Figure 5.30: Graph showing percentage of hours (improved case)

In the 2nd option, the balcony is closed with an insulated wall and a wide window RI PÃ° NQRZLQJ WKDW GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW ZLQGRZ VL]HV ZHUH WHVWHG IRU WKLV RSWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR avoid overheating in the hottest periods. The conservatory is tested along with the URRP VLQFH LW LV FRQVLGHUHG DV D VXQVSDFH ZKLFK RFFXSDQWV FDQ XVH IRU GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW purposes. The conservatory is helping the room stay within the comfort band in the cold weather without the need for using a night shutter with a raise of 2K from the 1st option in some days. The last proposed option is to combine the room with the balcony to act as one space. In this option, the large glazed door area is removed and replaced with the exterior envelope as in the 2nd option, the results show that the temperatures are a bit higher than in the other options due to the direct exposure of the envelope without a second shell and the room temperatures are more sensitive to the outdoor conditions. Architectural Association School of Architecture I 57

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE 21 Mar 12 pm

21 Jun 12 pm

DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE

600

0 lu

HOUSE- FIRST FLOOR PLAN

21 Dec 12 pm

lux

600

100

300 lu

lux

300

lux

200 lux

300 lu

200 lu

0 lu

x 0

0 lu

20 lux

100 lux

lux

0 lu

300

0 lu

200 lux

0 lu

100 lux

0 lu

1st Floor

0 lu

100

0 lu

lu 0

lux

100 lux

lux

600

0 lu

lux

100

0 lu

600

x 0 lu

0 lu

100

lux

0 lu

100

lux

100 lu

x 0 lu

20 0 lu

300

lux

100

0 lu

200 lux

300 lux

10 lux

0 lu

100

600

lux

Sky: Intermediate Sky without Sun

%XLOGLQJ 5RRP 7\SH

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 35,660 lx

0DLQWDLQHG OX[ DW WKH DSSURSULDWH ZRUN SODQH

%HGURRP

+DOO 6WDLUV

.LWFKHQ

/LYLQJ 5RRP

In order to assess the daylight performance inside the terraced houses, the team conducted illuminance based daylighting simulations for South facing terraced houses in the month of March, June and December. The results show that SouthSouth East facing windows provide adequate daylight throughout the year in the bedroom. However, in March and June, when global horizontal illuminance levels are KLJK OX[ DQG OX[ UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKHUH LV D SUREDELOLW\ RI JODUH QHDU WKH large full height windows. the problem can be reduced by providing horizontal blinds in the windows.

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 57,856 lx

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 4,158 lx

Legend lux 1000<= 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

7KH GHVNV DUH SODFHG QHDU WKH VPDOOHU ZLQGRZV WR SURYLGH VXá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQW GD\OLJKW DQG adaptability. 7KH SDVVDJH FRQQHFWLQJ WKH WZR EHGURRPV UHFHLYHV GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;XVHG GD\OLJKW RI OX[ WR OX[ IURP WKH VN\OLJKW SURYLGHG RQ WKH URRI RI WKH KRXVHV Figure 5.31: 6LPXODWLRQV VKRZLQJ LOOXPLQDQFH RQ JULG DQG IDOVH FRORXU UHQGHU IRU OLYLQJ URRP 6RXUFH 5DGLDQFH

58 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE 21 Mar 12 pm

21 Jun 12 pm

21 Dec 12 pm

DAYLIGHT PERFORMANCE x

HOUSE- GROUND FLOOR PLAN

600 lux

0 lu

0 lu 10

300 lux

0 lu

300 lux

300 lu

200 lux x

0 lu

lux

0 lu

lux

0 lu

100

lux

0 20

0 lu

600

lux

100

0 lu 20

300

0 lu

lux

lu 00

0 lu

600

200 lux

lux

0 lu

x 0 lu 60

100 lux

lux

0 lu

300

lux

100

0 lu

300

0 lu

lux

0 lu

100

0 lu

100

Sky: Intermediate Sky without Sun Global Horizontal Illuminance= 35,660 lx

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 57,856 lx

Legend lux 1000<= 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 4,158 lx

%XLOGLQJ 5RRP 7\SH

0DLQWDLQHG OX[ DW WKH DSSURSULDWH ZRUN SODQH

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,Q RUGHU WR DVVHVV WKH GD\OLJKW SHUIRUPDQFH RQ WKH JURXQG Ã&#x20AC;RRU RI WKH houses, the team conducted illuminance based daylight simulations DW D JULG PP IURP WKH Ã&#x20AC;RRU IRU 6RXWK IDFLQJ KRXVHV LQ WKH PRQWKV of March, June and December. 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW FRPSDUHG WR WKH Â¿UVW Ã&#x20AC;RRU WKH JURXQG Ã&#x20AC;RRU receives relatively less daylight in the habitable rooms. The living and dining area receive enough daylight throughout the year, with the lux levels ranging from 100 lux to 600 lux.

Figure 5.32: 6LPXODWLRQV VKRZLQJ LOOXPLQDQFH RQ JULG DQG IDOVH FRORXU UHQGHU IRU OLYLQJ URRP 6RXUFH 5DGLDQFH

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

7KH NLWFKHQ SODWIRUP LQ WKH 1RUWK UHFHLYHV RSWLPXP LOOXPLQDQFH OHYHOV from 150 lux to 300 lux.

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 59

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

ENERGY CONSUMPTION House

One Bedroom Apartment

3000

350

111 mÂ²

2500

45 mÂ² 300

2000

250

8.71 kWh/day 1.74 kWh/per/day

350

1500 1000

3.96 kWh/day 1.98 kWh/per/day

200

Equipment 500

150

100

Heating 1 Bedroom

250

Equipment

Lights

200

0 150

2 Bedroom

House

Figure 5.36: Graph showing total annual energy consumption

Heating Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

Figure 5.34: Monthly electricity consumption for one bedroom apartment

100

35 30

Equipment

Heating Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Two Bedroom Apartment

Lights 0

Lights

300

60 mÂ²

Nov Dec

350

Figure 5.33: Monthly electricity consumption for a house Energy calculations The energy calculations have been derived from the appliances and lights usage UHIHU $SSHQGL[ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH RFFXSDQF\ SDWWHUQ DV GLVFXVVHG 7KH KHDWLQJ ORDGV KDYH EHHQ FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ D WKHUPRVWDW DW VHW SRLQW WHPSHUDWXUH RI à¹¦& LQ 26 ( simulations as discussed earlier. 7KH DYHUDJH HOHFWULFLW\ FRQVXPSWLRQ UDQJHV IURP N:K GD\ IRU D RQH EHGURRP Ã&#x20AC;DW WR N:K GD\ IRU D WZR EHGURRP ZKLOH WKH KRXVH FRQVXPHV XSWR N:K GD\ DV VKRZQ LQ Â¿JXUH )XUWKHU LW LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR QRWH WKDW WKH DQQXDO HQHUJ\ XVDJH RI D KRXVH LV QHDUO\ GRXEOH DV WKDW RI D RQH EHGURRP Ã&#x20AC;DW Â¿J

300

Lights Heating

0 250

5.72 kWh/day 1.91 kWh/per/day

1 Bedroom

2 Bedroom

House

Figure 5.37: Graph showing annual energy consumption/ sq.m. 200

Table 5.1: Table showing total energy consumption for residences

150

Residence Type

100

Thermal demand 50 The project aims at reduced thermal demand. This is achieved by passive solar gain by the placement of dwellings face south with conservatories. Thermal mass SURYLGHG E\ FRQFUHWH Ã&#x20AC;RRU VODEV DQG H[SRVHG UDGLDQW VXUIDFHV DLGV KHDW DEVRUSWLRQ 0 The seasonal adaptability of the conservatory/ balcony results in considerable Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ORZ KHDWLQJ ORDGV OHVV WKDQ N:K PÃ° \HDU ZKLFK LV QHDUO\ D IUHH UXQQLQJ EXLOGLQJ VFHQDULR +RZHYHU IRU WKH KRXVH WKH KHDWLQJ ORDGV DUH N:K PÃ° \HDU ZKLFK FDQ EH easily aided by mechanical heating. Figure 5.35: Monthly electricity consumption for two bedroom apartment 60 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Equipment

Annual Energy Consumption kWh Units Total kWh

1 Bed Flat

1443.76

31762.72

2 Bed Flat

2086.98

31304.70

Lights

House

3180.34

38164.08

Heating

Lobby

2318.00

11590.00

Multipurpose

4000.00

Total

4000.00 116821.50

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

522) $5($

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

6<67(0 &$3$&,7<

PÃ°

3DQHOV

&267

N:S

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Â&#x192;

X 33 systems

Solar Photovoltaics

PÃ°

3DQHOV

N:S

The solar radiation availability varies throughout the year, hence the roofs have EHHQ VORSHG GXH 6RXWK DW WKH DQJOH RI à¹¦ Â¿J 7KH VRODU URRI DUHDV KDYH been optimised in order to balance over the annual cycle. The annual electricity consumption as calculated on Page 60, equals to the energy generated by the 132 N:S V\VWHP 6RODU (QHUJ\ &DOFXODWRU

(QHUJ\ $QQXDO (OHFWULFLW\ &RQVXPSWLRQ N:K \U

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The project aims at providing renewable energy through solar photovoltaic panels WR DFKLHYH Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;RUGDEOH FOHDQ VHFXUH HQHUJ\ ZLWK ORZ HQYLURQPHQWDO LPSDFW 7KH roofs of the buildings have been conceived as an interesting matrix to integrate SLWFKHG URRI IRU VRODU 39V DQG Ã&#x20AC;DW JUHHQ URRIV DV ZHOO DV PDLQWDLQ WKH DHVWKHWLFV RI WKH SURMHFW )XUWKHU URRI DUHDV ZHUH LGHQWLÂ¿HG IRU VRODU 39 SODFHPHQW VR DV WR DYRLG self shading, or by vegetation, surroundings or any other building components.

The connection to the grid would enable the surplus generated over the sunnier PRQWKV WR FRPSHQVDWH WKH GHÂ¿FLW RYHU WKH ZLQWHU PRQWKV

Figure 5.38: Placement and calculations of Solar Photo-voltaic panels

tion tila

ess tn gh

Air Ti

ermal Th

Higher Ach/hr lower indoor temperature

Sola r

Figure 5.39: Diagram showing integration of whole system approach Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

5HWDLQV KHDW ZLWKLQ the spaces

Prolongs stored FRROWK EHQHÂ¿WV

Thermal M

5HGXFHV LQÂ¿OWUDWLRQ losses

lar Shadin

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Heat pump upgrades heat even on cold days

5HGXFHV IDEULF losses

Hot water de ma n Heat P d u

Elec t

PV supply electricity to heat pump

ri c al e

a Insul tion

Solar PV

Ve n

rgy

Summer Over-heating protection

Winter Space Heating Demand Reduction

Whole Systems Energy Supply System

Mass stores night coolth for summer days

Integrated Strategies 7KH LQWHJUDWHG XVH RI LQVXODWLRQ DLU WLJKWQHVV WKHUPDO PDVV KHDW SXPSV VRODU 39 V\VWHPV PDNH WKH EXLOGLQJV UHTXLUH OLWWOH KHDWLQJ ORDGV LQ ZLQWHUV DQG QR FRROLQJ ORDGV LQ VXPPHUV Â¿J ,Q ZLQWHUV WKH VSDFH KHDWLQJ GHPDQG LV UHGXFHG E\ LQWHJUDWLRQ RI LQVXODWLRQ SURYLGHG E\ WKH FRQVHUYDWRU\ ORZ LQÂ¿OWUDWLRQ UDWHV DQG thermal mass. While in summers, overheating protection is provided by solar shading provided by the balconies, high ventilation rates and thermal mass. +HDW SXPSV WXUQ N:K UHQHZDEOH HOHFWULFLW\ WR N:K RI UHQHZDEOH KHDW 7KHVH ZRXOG FRQWULEXWH LQ GRPHVWLF KRW ZDWHU UHTXLUHPHQWV +DUULHV

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 61

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

FUTURE SCENARIO: 2050 WEATHER DATA

Other drivers of change as listed as below:

&RQWH[W

,QFUHDVH LQ KRXVLQJ GHPDQG DQG PRYH WRZDUGV D EDODQFH RI KHDW GHPDQG EHLQJ PHW E\ ORFDO KHDW QHWZRUNV DQG HOHFWULF VRXUFHV IURP WKH JULG +HDW 'HPDQG ([SHFWHG WR UHGXFH E\ DV WKH H[LVWLQJ EXLOGLQJV ZRXOG KDYH JRQH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW UHWURILWV

3.54

Wind Velocity (m/s)

10 5

3.15

0 40

25 20 15 10

800

600

400

-5

200

-10

-2.8

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

August

Global Horizontal Solar Radiation (Average Hourly)

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

-3.5

25 20 15 10

800

600

400

-5

200

Diffuse Horizontal Solar Radiation (Average Hourly)

-10

Dec.

Jan.

Comfort Band (Based on EN15251)

Global horizontal radiation (Wh/m2)

32 29 30

Dry bulb temperarture (Â°C)

Many of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vulnerabilities to climate impacts stem from its urbanisation, which FDQ UHLQIRUFH FOLPDWH LPSDFWV IRU H[DPSOH E\ SUHYHQWLQJ WKH FLW\ IURP FRROLQJ Rá&#x201A;&#x2021; RQ KRW VXPPHU QLJKWV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH UDWH RI UDLQIDOO UXQ Rá&#x201A;&#x2021; OHDGLQJ WR Ã&#x20AC;DVK Ã&#x20AC;RRGLQJ $ VLJQLÂ¿FDQW SURSRUWLRQ RI /RQGRQÂ¶V FULWLFDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZRXOG EH DW D ULVN RI RYHUKHDWLQJ 6RXUFH 0D\RU RI /RQGRQ KWWSV ZZZ ORQGRQ JRY XN

2050 weather data

Global horizontal radiation (Wh/m2)

The future climate scenario has few evident projections which include temperature FKDQJH 7KLV SUHGLFWV D PHDQ WHPSHUDWXUH LQFUHDVH RI à¹¦& LQ VXPPHUV DQG GHFUHDVH RI à¹¦& LQ ZLQWHUV Â¿J DQG +RZHYHU WKH PD[LPXP DQQXDO WHPSHUDWXUH ULVHV E\ à¹¦& DQG WKH ORZHVW WHPSHUDWXUH LV à¹¦& ORZHU WKDQ DV VHHQ LQ WKH SUHVHQW ZHDWKHU GDWD Â¿OH

Dry bulb temperarture (Â°C)

London is growing at an unprecedented rate in terms of population and new building GHYHORSPHQW LQFUHDVLQJ SUHVVXUH RQ WKH HOHFWULFLW\ DQG HQHUJ\ GLVWULEXWLRQ QHWZRUN which might lead to energy crisis by 2050.

Wind Velocity (m/s)

Historical weather data 10

Feb.

March

April

May

Maximum & Minimum Temperature (Hourly)

June

July

August

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Dry Bulb Temperature (Average Hourly)

&RROLQJ $V WKH WHPSHUDWXUHV LQFUHDVH E\ WKHUH ZRXOG EH DQ LQFUHDVHG QHHG IRU FRROLQJ GHPDQGV 7KLV FRXOG EH PLWLJDWHG WKURXJK VRODU VKDGLQJ DQG SDVVLYH PHDVXUHV $SSOLDQFHV ,PSURYHG HIILFLHQF\ RI DSSOLDQFHV DQG OLJKWLQJ LQ EXLOGLQJV m/s

7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ (OHFWULF YHKLFOHV ZRXOG EH WKH QHZ WUDQVSRUW WUHQG $ FKDUJHG QHWZRUN ZRXOG EH LPSOHPHQWHG E\ XVLQJ WKH HQHUJ\ IURP UHQHZDEOH VRXUFHV RI HQHUJ\ +HDWLQJ 6\VWHPV 7KH LQFUHDVH LQ SRZHU GHPDQG IURP EXLOGLQJ OHYHO KHDW SXPSV ZLOO EH DGRSWHG

Owing to the above mentioned factors, the internal gains could be lesser in 2050, which is an important consideration for the team to further conduct the thermal studies for the various typologies. 62 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

m/s

10.80

9.60

8.40

7.20

6.00

Figure 5.40: :HDWKHU GDWD IRU SUHVHQW 6RXUFH 0HWHRQRUP

6.00

4.80

3.60

2.40

1.20

Figure 5.41: :HDWKHU GDWD IRU 6RXUFH 0HWHRQRUP

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

STRATEGIES & PERFORMANCE

FUTURE SCENARIO: 2050 40

1st Floor

1000 500

-10

0 JANUARY

FEBRUARY

MARCH

Outdoor Temperature

APRIL

MAY

Bedroom Temperature

JUNE

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

OCTOBER

NOVEMBER

Globall Solar Radiation (W)

Temperature ÂºC

DECEMBER

Direct Solar Radiation

Figure 5.42: Annual simulation for the house typology in 2050 scenario

100 90 19.5% 2YHUFRROLQJ

<18Â°C 76.3%

&RPIRUW

84.30%

80.30%

80.00%

18-28Â°C 4.2%

2YHUKHDWLQJ

84.60%

>28Â°C

76.30%

76.03%

60 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Present Scenario

7KH SDUDPHWHUV Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;HFWLQJ WKHUPDO FRPIRUW H J WKH X YDOXHV LQÂ¿OWUDWLRQ UDWHV occupant activities, etc. were considered same as in present scenario simulations WR VWXG\ WKH Há&#x201A;&#x2021;HFWV RI FOLPDWH FKDQJH LQ

Figure 5.42 demonstrates the annual simulation results for the house typology, it FDQ EH VHHQ WKDW WKH WHPSHUDWXUHV Ã&#x20AC;XFWXDWHG DURXQG WKH OLPLWV RI DGDSWDEOH WKHUPDO comfort band.

30 12.2% 2YHUFRROLQJ

<18Â°C 76.03%

&RPIRUW

18-28Â°C 11.77%

2YHUKHDWLQJ

>28Â°C

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Future Scenario

90%

1 Bedroom Apartment Present

Figure 5.43: Comparision of hours in comfort between present and 2050 scenario Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

2 Bedroom Apartment

House

2050

Figure 5.44: 3HUFHQWDJH KRXUV LQ FRPIRUW IRU GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW W\SRORJLHV

The number of hours in comfort remain almost the same. However, due to the ZDUPLQJ Há&#x201A;&#x2021;HFWV RI WKH FOLPDWH FKDQJH WKH QXPEHU RI KRXUV DERYH FRPIRUW ]RQH rises up to 11.77% as compared to 4.2% in the present case. This could be compensated by use of fans aided by increased ventilation. It is quite interesting to QRWH WKDW WKH KRXUV EHORZ FRPIRUW EDQG GHFUHDVH WR IURP Â¿J This result clearly indicates a substantial decrease in the cooling loads by 37%. This indicates a free running building scenario. 7R FRQFOXGH WKH NH\ GHVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV RI ÂµÃ&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\Â¶ DQG ÂµDGDSWDELOLW\Â¶ HPHUJH DV VWURQJ FRQFHSWV WKXV PDNLQJ WKH SURMHFW QHDUO\ IUHH UXQQLQJ LQ WKH IXWXUH scenario. Architectural Association School of Architecture I 63

OVERVIEW | ANALYSIS | PRE-DESIGN | DEVELOPMENT | STRATEGIES

CONCLUSION 2XU DLP LV WR PDNH RXU SURMHFW IUHH UXQQLQJ DW WKH VDPH WLPH SURYLGH good day lighting levels for various activities to be carried out without UHO\LQJ RQ DUWLÂ¿FLDO OLJKWLQJ ,W LV REYLRXV IURP WKH Â¿QGLQJV WKDW LI WKH occupants are provided with adaptable mechanisms to operate the envelope of the buildings, for natural ventilation and daylight control, it would reduce the internal heat gains and the discomfort caused to WKH RFFXSDQWV 7KHUHIRUH ZH GHFLGHG WR DGRSW ÂµÃ&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\Â¶ DV D NH\ consideration in our design research. 7KH WHDP DOVR LGHQWLÂ¿HG DQG DGGUHVVHG HQHUJ\ HQG XVHV OLNH FRRNLQJ lights and appliances. The demand for these was driven by occupancy and occupant lifestyle and formed part of project design research. Further, the team investigated at how these demands might vary in the future and how best to meet these demands from renewable energy sources, primarily from solar energy. 64 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

FINAL CONCLUSION The term 2 project, located in Peckham, South London has been a valuable design research based study for the team. The project addresses to a PL[HG XVH GHYHORSPHQW IRU WKH PLGGOH ZRUNLQJ FODVV Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HULQJ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW typologies and space types, indoor as well as outdoors for its occupants. The formulation of brief and site layout followed a design based research using principles taught in the SED program. The outcome of the proposal is a building which adopts its envelope to the VXLWDELOLW\ RI WKH VHDVRQ DQG WKH XVHU 7KH FRQFHSWV RI ÂµÃ&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\Â¶ GHULYHG from the residential requirement from the Southwark Council. This enables WKH XVHU WR RSW IRU WKH NLQG RI LQGRRU VSDFH WKDW Â¿WV ZHOO IRU KLV OLYLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH GHVLJQ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI ÂµDGDSWDELOLW\Â¶ UHIHUV WR WKH XVHU controlled mechanisms to manage the exposure of the envelope to various seasons to control thermal and daylighting issues in the spaces. This results in a visually interactive faÃ§ade which becomes the main identity of the project. All the critical design decisions taken by the team are based on the environmental studies conducted either by site visits or through analytical DQG FRPSXWDWLRQDO WRROV 7KH DWWULEXWHV FRQWULEXWLQJ WR GHVLJQ Há&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQF\ are insulated envelope and addition of glazed conservatories with the FRQYHUWLEOH IHDWXUH RI WUDQVIRUPLQJ LQWR D EDOFRQ\ Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HULQJ SULYDWH DPHQLW\ space overlooking the courtyard. The constraint of the site being overshadowed by the Peckham library on the South, has been dealt with by placement of the commercial development which can counter balance the low solar radiation by its high internal heat gains. In this project, the study of the adaptive use of the conservatory has been an LPSRUWDQW Â¿QGLQJ $ FRQYHQWLRQDO FRQVHUYDWRU\ ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU RYHUKHDWLQJ LQ WKH DGMRLQLQJ VSDFHV LQ WKH PLG Ã&#x20AC;RRUV $V D VWUDWHJ\ WKH balconies were placed in South and West orientations so that the overhangs act as shading devices for summers and enclosed sunspaces for winters. The residential units have been designed with dual aspects to facilitate cross ventilation, when needed. The performance shows that the heating ORDGV GXH WR WKHVH FRPELQHG VWUDWHJLHV DUH VLJQLÂ¿FDQWO\ ORZ DV JRRG DV IUHH running scenario. An overall evaluation of the present vs the London 2050 scenario suggests that there is a potential for the units to be free running in both the climatic FRQGLWLRQV 7KH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQFH LQ WKH SHUFHQWDJH KRXUV LV QHJOLJLEOH IRU WKH WZR scenarios. Interestingly, the heating loads are expected to be lower in 2050 and higher temperatures could be dealt with the use of fans or naturally inducing high ventilation rates. 7R FRQFOXGH LW FDQ EH VWDWHG WKDW WKH NH\ GHVLJQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ÂµDGDSWDELOLW\Â¶ DQG ÂµÃ&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\Â¶ KDYH EHHQ WKH GULYHUV RI WKH SRVLWLYH RXWFRPH Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 65

66 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

PERSONAL STATEMENTS SWATI BHARGAVA

KANISHK BHATT

The term 2 project journey has been an incredible learning experience for me. The design principles taught in Term 1 had to be applied and researched to design a sustainable environmental project. The most interesting approach to design which I learnt from my tutors was to design from inside to outside, after evaluating the urban perspective. It proved to be a good way to ensure the occupant comfort and then growing it up to the site level and again testing the impact on the site, gave us insights of multi-dimensional environmental strategies. Personally, I feel much enriched with the knowledge acquired from my tutors at the AA and experiences learnt ZKLOH ZRUNLQJ RQ WKH GHVLJQV , OHDUQW WKDW EHLQJ DQ DUFKLWHFW LW LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR GHVLJQ EXLOGLQJV WKDW GRQÂ¶W only look nice but which would guarantee positive impact post occupancy, on the occupants as well as on the unbuilt environment. ÂµÂ¶:KDW &DQ %XLOGLQJV 7HOO 8V :KDW &DQ :H 7HOO %DFNÂ¶Â¶ <DQQDV 6 7KH YLVXDOLVDWLRQV RI WKH SURMHFW WHOO WKH RXWVLGHUV WKH ZD\ LW DGRSWV WR LWV RFFXSDQWÂ¶V UHTXLUHPHQWV 7KH IDoDGH KDV D G\QDPLFV WKDW YDULHV ZLWK WKH seasons and also looks up to the future scenario. My gratitude extends towards each member of the project team, for the conducive environment they provided IRU ZRUN , KDG D JUHDW H[SHULHQFH ZRUNLQJ ZLWK WKHP 7KH HQWLUH WHDP KDV EHHQ YHU\ Há&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQW DQG , ZRXOG OLNH to acknowledge the individual contributions made by all the team members.

7KH 7HUP SURMHFW JDYH WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR DSSO\ WHUP OHDUQLQJV FRPELQHG ZLWK WKH Â¿QGLQJV RI H[LVWLQJ EXLOGLQJ VWXGLHV The base of this valuable lesson along environmental analysis tools and computational programmes challenged us to design free running building on a site located near Peckham Square. The location of the Stirling Prize award winning Peckham Library was one of the major constrain on the site. Especially the library obstructed the solar radiation and wind during winters. However, initial site analysis and environmental simulations helped to decide the placement and arrangement of buildings. 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW DVSHFWV RI WKH EXLOGLQJ SOD\HG D NH\ UROH LQ WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVV DQG LWV outputs became a central design feature in the architectural atmosphere of the building. My personal contribution to the project was focused on the outdoor studies and daylighting studies, to assess the impact and performance of the designs established by the team.

NADER GEBRAN 7HUP Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;RUGHG XV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FROODERUDWH DV D WHDP DSSO\LQJ 7HUP OHDUQLQJV DQG SUDFWLFDO H[SHUWLVH WR D SURMHFW ZH ZHUH DEOH WR TXLFNO\ LGHQWLI\ ZLWK 2XU PHWKRGRORJ\ LQFOXGHG VLJQLÂ¿FDQW UHVHDUFK DERXW WKH EDFNJURXQG RI WKH DUHD Â¿HOG ZRUN VLWH DQDO\VLV 6RXWKZDUN DQG EXLOGLQJ UHJXODWLRQV DQG PDUNHW UHTXLUHPHQW study. This provided us the framework to understand both the characteristics and opportunities presented and balance them with commercial, technical and environmental requirements vis a vis architectural concepts applied. 0\ SHUVRQDO FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH SURMHFW ZHUH IRFXVHG RQ GHÂ¿QLQJ WKH EDVH FRQFHSW GHVLJQ massing; faÃ§ade design; site planning and landscaping; and thermal performance of the terraced houses. This ensured we applied the best architectural approach resulting in an end product which was both attractive and respecting environmental principles.

DOAA SALEM 7KLV WHUP ZDV GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW IURP WKH SUHYLRXV RQH VLQFH WKLV WLPH ZH KDG WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR GHVLJQ DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO building using the knowledge and learnings we gained in term 1. This project has strengthened my common sense VNLOOV LQ MXGJLQJ WKH UHVXOWV ZH JRW IURP WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VLPXODWLRQV FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH WHDP LQ GD\OLJKWLQJ WKHUPDO DQG VLWH analysis. In addition, each member of the team was interfering in the others parts to help and advice on what should exactly be done and where to stop when it comes to endless simulations. This project had many interesting cases DQG Ã&#x20AC;H[LEOH RSWLRQV IRU WKH RFFXSDQWV WR FKRRVH IURP WHVWLQJ WKHVH KDV LPSURYHG P\ UHDOL]DWLRQ RI ZKDW HOHPHQWV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DV VHQVLWLYH NH\ SRLQWV LQ WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VLPXODWLRQV H J WKH SURSHU ZLQGRZ VL]H IRU D FRQVHUYDWRU\ LV YHU\ HVVHQWLDO WR DYRLG RYHUKHDWLQJ LQ VXPPHU ,Q WHUP ZH GLGQÂ¶W KDYH D FRQVHUYDWRU\ FDVH WR WHVW EXW XVLQJ WKLV habitable space in this project helped me know more about how this element can be used as a nice space in the house \HW SURYLGH D FRPIRUWDEOH HQYLURQPHQW IRU SHRSOH GXULQJ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VHDVRQV WKURXJKRXW WKH \HDU 7KLV SURMHFW WDXJKW PH WKDW RFFXSDQWV FDQ KDYH DGDSWDELOLW\ RQ D ELJJHU VFDOH WKURXJK JLYLQJ WKHP WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW RSWLRQV RI RFFXS\LQJ WKH space in addition to provide them with simple adaptive opportunities to help them control their living envi-ronment.

The experience is both personal and essentially collaborative, it is a journey that leaves you attached to the success of the vision - bringing what were just original ideas and thoughts to the point of sustainable commercial viability.

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 67

68 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

TECHNICAL REPORTS SWATI BHARGAVA

KANISHK BHATT

The term 2 project has been very informative and knowledgeable design journey for me. The inputs from the term 1 project formed the basis of the research agendas for the project. Our team work began with the visits to the site and we did the initial studies all together. Each member of the group worked on conceptual level and subsequently, the best inputs from all con-cepts were extracted after testing them. As the design progressed, I was particularly involved in formulating adaptive mechanisms and summer/ winter strategies for the convertible spaces as bal-conies or sunspaces. The strategy was established after testing the thermal simulations and advis-ing parameters that led to free running conditions. Later, the annual energy balances and monthly/ annual energy consumptions were calculated. The solar roof areas were optimised to be able to match with the annual energy consumption. Further, the London 2050 weather Â¿OH ZDV XVHG WR UXQ WKH VLPXODWLRQV DQG WKHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV HYDOXDWHG IRU WKH VDPH My main focus was on the thermal studies, energy calculations, renewable solar PVs calculations and London VFHQDULR 7KH DSSURDFK IROORZHG ZDV WR Â¿UVW VWDUW ZLWK D XQLW EDVH FDVH )XUWKHU YDULRXV VWUDWHJLHV ZHUH tried and tested in order to achieve a free running status for various typolo-gies. , KRSH DOO P\ Há&#x201A;&#x2021;RUWV ZRXOG HQKDQFH P\ H[SHULHQFH DQG FRQWULEXWH ODWHU LQ P\ GLVVHUWDWLRQ SURMHFW

The freedom of selecting a program for the mixed used project enabled us to implement and experiment with the term 1 lessons. Term 2 project helped us to further broaden our Term 1 research by means of de-signing and then testing our own proposals in terms of thermal comfort, daylighting. ,QLWLDOO\ WKH WHDP VWDUWHG ZLWK SURSRVLQJ D W\SRORJ\ IRU PL[HG XVHG SURMHFW DQG WKHQ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW EXLOGLQJ DU UDQJHPHQWV ZHUH WHVWHG WR VWXG\ WKH Há&#x201A;&#x2021;HFW RI PDVVLQJ RQ WKH VLWH :LQG DQG VRODU VWXGLHV KHOSHG WR SODFH KRXVLQJ DQG FRPPXQLW\ spaces according. My personal contribution to the project was focused on the outdoor studies, daylighting studies for the houses and thermal studies for the commercial retail spaces to assess the impact and performance of the designs established by the team.

NADER GEBRAN 7HUP SURMHFW ZDV YHU\ LQWHUHVWLQJ WR PH +RXVLQJ GHVLJQ LV P\ IDYRULWH LQ WKH Â¿HOG RI DUFKLWHFWXUH 7KH ZRUN VWDUWHG ZLWK DQ RYHUYLHZ DQG D UHVHDUFK DERXW WKH VLWH DQG LWV VXUURXQGLQJ WKHQ Â¿HOGZRUN WRRN SODFH In parallel, we were looking at the impact of the project on the local economic landscape, including housing issues prevalent in London, so our project came to reply to that need. The design process has borne in mind the knowledge acquired in term 1. We have learned that the apartment units with dual aspects perform better in terms of day lighting and thermal behavior, and that the conservatories with poor ventilation provisions cause over heating in summers, and outdoor spaces remain unutilized if they fail to provide comfort conditions to the occupants. So in our project, the units have been designed to face the two orientations for cross ventilation and the sunspaces with provisions of large window openings have been SURSRVHG :H KDYH SURYLGHG Ã&#x20AC;H[LELOLW\ IRU WKH RFFXSDQW RI VXQVSDFH WR EH WUDQVIRUPHG LQWR D EDOFRQ\ ZKLOH LQ WKH KRXVHV ZH Rá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHG D FKRLFH DPRQJ FRQVHUYDWRU\ EDOFRQ\ RU DGGLQJ WKH H[WHUQDO VSDFH WR WKH LQWHULRU

DOAA SALEM Last term I was focusing on thermal analysis while in this term I emphasized on improving my skills in daylighting along ZLWK WKH WKHUPDO DQDO\VLV VLQFH WKHVH FDQ QHYHU EH VSOLW , VWDUWHG ZLWK P\ WHDP WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI GDWD RQ WKH SURMHFWÂ¶V FRQWH[W KLVWRU\ 6RXWKZDUN FRXQFLOÂ¶V IXWXUH DJHQGD IRU WKH VLWH $OVR OHDUQLQJ IURP RWKHU PL[HG XVH GHYHORSPHQW FDVH studies in London. After visiting the site, I started the 3D modelling development with the rest of my team members. Each one of us had to think of the massing and after long discussions, trials and course tutorials we were able to accomplish this project. , Â¿UVW FDUULHG RXW WKH 0LQW 6KHHWV WHVWLQJ IRU WKH KRXVHÂ¶V SUR SRVHG W\SRORJLHV WKHQ ZKHQ ZH GHFLGHG ZKDW W\SRORJ\ LV WKH EHVW , FDUULHG RXW WKH KRXVHÂ¶V QG DQG UG RSWLRQV WKHUPDO DQDO\VLV DQG KDYH SURSRVHG VRPH VWUDWHJLHV WR EH used as solutions to improve the performance of these spaces. I have also investigated the daylighting performance IRU WKH KRXV HV GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW Ã&#x20AC;RRUV RQ ERWK RULHQWDWLRQV 1RUWK Â± 6RXWK (DVW :HVW WKHVH ZHUH XVHG LQ WKH SUR MHFWÂ¶V design development. Moreover, I have developed the houses 3D and part of the commercial area along with the ODQGVFDSH GHVLJQ DQG WKH VLWH SODQ $IWHU WKDW , GLG WKH YLVXDOL]DWLRQ RI WKH SUR MHFWÂ¶V Â¿QDO ' VKRWV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV ERRN , KDYH VXSSRUWHG WKH WHDP ZLWK WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VHFWRUV ZKHQHYHU QHHGHG

Also we learned from our visit to Bedzed how the high internal gains would compensate the low levels of solar radiation, so we placed the commercial block behind the Peckham library, an area which is overshadowed most of the year, and dedicated the area with maximal solar radiation to the residential blocks. This project has been interesting and challenging to me, I have learned how to balance design and environment, supported by my team and my tutors. I am thankful to both for helping and supporting me throughout this semester.

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 69

70 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

REFERENCES â&#x20AC;¢ Autodesk Revit 2017 [computer program] Â&#x2021; &,%6( *XLGH $ (QYLURQPHQWDO 'HVLJQ WK HGLWLRQ 7KH Chartered Institution of building services engineers, London. Â&#x2021; (UHOO ( ' 3HDUO 0XWWHU DQG 7 - :LOOLDPVRQ 8UEDQ Microclimate: Designing the Spaces Between Buildings. Earth scan. â&#x20AC;¢ EnergyPlus 8.6.0 [computer program] â&#x20AC;¢ Flow Design [computer program], Autodesk. Â&#x2021; *RRJOH (DUWK Q G 5HWULHYHG IURP *RRJOH (DUWK KWWSV ZZZ google.co.uk/intl/en_uk/earth/ Â&#x2021; *RRJOH PDSV 0DUFK 5HWULHYHG IURP *RRJOH PDSV https:??www.google.co.uk/maps Â&#x2021; *HRSODQHU KWWS ZZZ JHRSODQHU FRP ZHEVLWH DFFHVVHG January 2017. Â&#x2021; +DUULHV $ )HEUXDU\ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ /RQGRQ Architectural Association. Â&#x2021; 0HWHRQRUP >FRPSXWHU SURJUDP@ *HQRVVHQVFKDIW METEOTEST, Fabrikstrasse 14, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. Â&#x2021; 1HZ LGHDV IRU KRXVLQJ /RQGRQ 1HZ /RQGRQ $UFKLWHFWXUH 1 edition â&#x20AC;¢ OpenStudio [computer program] Â&#x2021; 6DGHJKLSRXU 5 3 0RVWDSKD /DG\EXJ D SDUDPHWULF environmental plugin for grasshopper Â&#x2021; 6RODU (QHUJ\ &DOFXODWRU Q G UHWULHYHG 0DUFK IURP (QHUJ\ 6DYLQJ 7UXVW KWWS ZZZ SYÂ¿WFDOFXODWRU HEHUJ\VDYLQJWUXVW RUJ XN Â&#x2021; 6RXWKZDUN +RXVLQJ 6WUDWHJLHV -DQXDU\ 5HWULHYHG IURP Southwark Council: â&#x20AC;¢ http://www.southwark.gov.uk Â&#x2021; 6XQSDWK &KDUW 'LDJUDP 0DUFK 5HWULHYHG IURP $QGUHZ Marsh:www.andrewmarsh.com Â&#x2021; :DUG * 5DGLDQFH 3OXJLQ IRU *UDVVKRSSHU /DZUHQFH Berkeley National Laboratory. Â&#x2021; <DQQDV 6 6RODU (QHUJ\ DQG +RXVLQJ 'HVLJQ 9ROXPH Principles, Objectives, Guidelines. Â&#x2021; $$ 3XEOLFDWLRQV <DQQDV 6 6RODU (QHUJ\ DQG +RXVLQJ Design. Volume 2: Examples. Architectural Association â&#x20AC;¢ Publications.Yannas, S., Calculation of free Running Mean Indooor 7HPSHUDWXUH VRIW FRPSXWDWLRQV H[FHO Â¿OH $$ 6(' Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 71

APPENDICES

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 73

APPENDICES

MINT SHEET CALCULATION ͮ Ǧ

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-16) Surface Area m2 %XLOGLQJ (OHPHQWV ROOF WINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLS (NET) FLOOR

U-value

W/m2 K

W/K

60.00 8.63 8.00 60.00

0.00 2.00 0.21 0.00

0.00 17.25 1.68 0.00

W/K W/K W/K W/K

18.93

W/K

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

13.37

W/K

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE INFILTRATION (ac/h * volume * hours /day)

0.3 No. Occupants

FRESH AIR REQUIRED FOR VENTILATION (no.occupants * m3/person hr * no.hrs) NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

hrs/day

135 m3 /person hr

24 hrs/day

ac/h

12 12

0.44 0.14

3.22

W/K

0.00

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION/INFILTRATION

16.58

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSSES Building Heat Loss Coefficient

35.51 W/K 2 0.592 W/K m

No. ac/h

EXTRA VENT (COOLING in ac/h * volume * hours /day)

+HDW *DLQV OCCUPANTS APPLIANCES LIGHTS

Volume (m3)

No.

2 1 2

hrs/day

300

Watts

80 500 20

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

12.00 5.00 8.00

80.00 104.17 13.33

W W W

Incident Solar Radiation SOLAR GAINS

Glazing Area 8.00

2 m2 kWh/m per day

Transmitted

Absorbed

0.44

0.80

291.37

35.51

TOTAL HEAT GAINS MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

for an Outdoor Temperature of : Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature:

Figure 3.2: Mint Street playground, (source:author)

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

93.87

291.37

8.20

7.0

15.2

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 (free-running building) o o C C Upper Limit 24.1 18.1 Lower Limit Additional space heating energy required for comfort 15 kWh/m2 o Cooling / Heating Balance Point Temperatures C o C 15.9 9.9

(source:Yannas,S. Mint sheet)

74 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

APPENDICES

MINT SHEET CALCULATION Í® Ç¦

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-16) Surface Area m2 %XLOGLQJ (OHPHQWV ROOF WINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLS (NET) FLOOR

U-value

W/m2 K

W/K

60.00 8.63 8.00 60.00

0.00 2.00 0.21 0.00

0.00 17.25 1.68 0.00

W/K W/K W/K W/K

18.93

W/K

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

13.37

W/K

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE INFILTRATION (ac/h * volume * hours /day)

0.3 No. Occupants

FRESH AIR REQUIRED FOR VENTILATION (no.occupants * m3/person hr * no.hrs) NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

hrs/day

135 m3 /person hr

24 hrs/day

ac/h

12 12

0.44 0.14

3.22

W/K

49.50

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION/INFILTRATION

66.08

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSSES Building Heat Loss Coefficient

85.01 W/K 2 1.417 W/K m

No. ac/h

EXTRA VENT (COOLING in ac/h * volume * hours /day)

+HDW *DLQV OCCUPANTS APPLIANCES LIGHTS

Volume (m3)

No.

2 1 3

hrs/day

300

Watts

100 600 20

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

12.00 5.00 8.00

100.00 125.00 20.00

W W W

Incident Solar Radiation SOLAR GAINS

Glazing Area 8.00

2 m2 kWh/m per day

Transmitted

Absorbed

2.42

0.80

516.27

761.27

85.01

761.27

8.95

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

18.0

Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature:

27.0

TOTAL HEAT GAINS MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 (free-running building) o o C C Upper Limit 27.7 21.7 Lower Limit Additional space heating energy required for comfort 0 kWh/m2 o Cooling / Heating Balance Point Temperatures C o C 18.8 12.8

(source:Yannas,S. Mint sheet)

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 75

APPENDICES

MINT SHEET CALCULATION ͮ Ǧ

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-16) Surface Area 2 m %XLOGLQJ (OHPHQWV ROOF WINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLS (NET) FLOOR

U-value

W/m2 K

W/K

60.00 8.63 8.00 60.00

0.00 2.00 0.21 0.00

0.00 17.25 1.68 0.00

W/K W/K W/K W/K

18.93

W/K

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

13.37

W/K

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE INFILTRATION (ac/h * volume * hours /day)

0.3 No. Occupants

FRESH AIR REQUIRED FOR VENTILATION (no.occupants * m3/person hr * no.hrs) NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

hrs/day

135 m3 /person hr

24 hrs/day

ac/h

12 12

0.44 0.14

3.22

W/K

14.85

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION/INFILTRATION

31.43

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSSES Building Heat Loss Coefficient

50.36 W/K 2 0.839 W/K m

No. ac/h

EXTRA VENT (COOLING in ac/h * volume * hours /day)

+HDW *DLQV OCCUPANTS APPLIANCES LIGHTS

Volume (m3)

0.3

No.

2 1 3

hrs/day

300

Watts

100 600 20

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

12.00 5.00 8.00

100.00 125.00 20.00

W W W

Incident Solar Radiation SOLAR GAINS

Glazing Area 8.00

2 m2 kWh/m per day

1.23

Transmitted

0.80

Absorbed

0.80

TOTAL HEAT GAINS MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

507.40

50.36

for an Outdoor Temperature of : Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature:

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

262.40

507.40

10.07

9.0

19.1

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 (free-running building) o o C C Upper Limit 24.8 18.8 Lower Limit Additional space heating energy required for comfort 0 kWh/m2 o Cooling / Heating Balance Point Temperatures C o C 14.7 8.7

(source:Yannas,S. Mint sheet)

76 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

APPENDICES

MINT SHEET CALCULATION ͭ Ǧ

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-16) Surface Area 2 m %XLOGLQJ (OHPHQWV ROOF WINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLS (NET) FLOOR

U-value

W/m2 K

W/K

45.00 8.63 8.00 45.00

0.00 2.00 0.21 0.00

0.00 17.25 1.68 0.00

W/K W/K W/K W/K

18.93

W/K

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

13.37

W/K

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE INFILTRATION (ac/h * volume * hours /day)

0.3 No. Occupants

FRESH AIR REQUIRED FOR VENTILATION (no.occupants * m3/person hr * no.hrs) NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

hrs/day

135 m3 /person hr

24 hrs/day

ac/h

12 12

0.44 0.14

3.22

W/K

0.00

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION/INFILTRATION

16.58

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSSES Building Heat Loss Coefficient

35.51 W/K 2 0.789 W/K m

No. ac/h

EXTRA VENT (COOLING in ac/h * volume * hours /day)

+HDW *DLQV OCCUPANTS APPLIANCES LIGHTS

Volume (m3)

No.

2 1 2

hrs/day

300

Watts

80 500 20

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

12.00 5.00 8.00

80.00 104.17 13.33

W W W

Incident Solar Radiation SOLAR GAINS

Glazing Area 8.00

2 m2 kWh/m per day

0.72

Transmitted

0.80

Absorbed

0.80

TOTAL HEAT GAINS MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

351.10

35.51

for an Outdoor Temperature of : Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature:

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

153.60

351.10

9.89

7.0

16.9

Adaptive Thermal Comfort Band after EN15251 (free-running building) o o C C Upper Limit 24.1 18.1 Lower Limit Additional space heating energy required for comfort 8 kWh/m2 o Cooling / Heating Balance Point Temperatures C o C 14.2 8.2

(source:Yannas,S. Mint sheet)

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 77

APPENDICES

MINT SHEET CALCULATION Í Ç¦

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-16) Surface Area m2 %XLOGLQJ (OHPHQWV ROOF WINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLS (NET) FLOOR

U-value

W/m2 K

W/K

45.00 8.63 8.00 45.00

0.00 2.00 0.21 0.00

0.00 17.25 1.68 0.00

W/K W/K W/K W/K

18.93

W/K

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

13.37

W/K

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE INFILTRATION (ac/h * volume * hours /day)

0.3 No. Occupants

FRESH AIR REQUIRED FOR VENTILATION (no.occupants * m3/person hr * no.hrs) NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

hrs/day

135 m3 /person hr

24 hrs/day

ac/h

12 12

0.44 0.14

3.22

W/K

49.50

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION/INFILTRATION

66.08

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSSES Building Heat Loss Coefficient

85.01 W/K 2 1.889 W/K m

No. ac/h

EXTRA VENT (COOLING in ac/h * volume * hours /day)

+HDW *DLQV OCCUPANTS APPLIANCES LIGHTS

Volume (m3)

No.

2 1 3

hrs/day

300

Watts

100 600 20

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

12.00 5.00 8.00

100.00 125.00 20.00

W W W

Incident Solar Radiation SOLAR GAINS

Glazing Area 8.00

2 m2 kWh/m per day

1.76

Transmitted

0.80

Absorbed

0.80

TOTAL HEAT GAINS MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

375.47

620.47

7.30

for an Outdoor Temperature of :

18.0

Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature:

25.3

620.47

85.01

(source:Yannas,S. Mint sheet)

78 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

APPENDICES

MINT SHEET CALCULATION ͭ Ǧ

CALCULATION OF FREE-RUNNING MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE (AA SED 2013-16) Surface Area m2 %XLOGLQJ (OHPHQWV ROOF WINDOWS EXTERNAL WALLS (NET) FLOOR

U-value

W/m2 K

W/K

45.00 8.63 8.00 45.00

0.00 2.00 0.21 0.00

0.00 17.25 1.68 0.00

W/K W/K W/K W/K

18.93

W/K

No. ac/h

Volume (m3)

17.82

W/K

SUBTOTAL BUILDING ENVELOPE INFILTRATION (ac/h * volume * hours /day)

0.4 No. Occupants

FRESH AIR REQUIRED FOR VENTILATION (no.occupants * m3/person hr * no.hrs) NET FRESH AIR DEFICIT

hrs/day

135 m3 /person hr

24 hrs/day

ac/h

12 12

0.44 0.04

0.99

W/K

0.00

W/K

SUBTOTAL VENTILATION/INFILTRATION

18.81

W/K

TOTAL HEAT LOSSES Building Heat Loss Coefficient

37.74 W/K 2 0.839 W/K m

No. ac/h

EXTRA VENT (COOLING in ac/h * volume * hours /day)

+HDW *DLQV OCCUPANTS APPLIANCES LIGHTS

Volume (m3)

No.

2 1 3

hrs/day

300

Watts

100 600 20

hrs/day

24-hr Mean Watts

12.00 5.00 8.00

100.00 125.00 20.00

W W W

Incident Solar Radiation SOLAR GAINS

Glazing Area 8.00

2 m2 kWh/m per day

0.72

Transmitted

0.80

Absorbed

0.80

TOTAL HEAT GAINS MEAN INDOOR TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE OUTDOOR, K

398.60

37.74

for an Outdoor Temperature of : Predicted Mean Indoor Temperature:

24-hr Mean Gain, Watts

153.60

398.60

10.56

9.0

19.6

(source:Yannas,S. Mint sheet)

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 79

APPENDICES

One Bedroom Appliance Calculations Area = 45.0 m2 ID Appliance 1 Washing machine 2 Microwave 3 Rice cooker 4 refrigerator 5 Kettle 6 Toasters 7 Blender 8 LCD tv 9 iron 10 charger 11 Laptop 12 Dryer 13 Hob(electric), small 14 Lighting Fixtures (LED) Total

Quantity (No.) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 6

Power (watt) 700 1200 350 35 1800 900 500 213 1100 5 200 1500 1000 11

Usage per day (hr) 0.3 0.3 0.4 24 0.1 0.08 0.07 2 0.04 6 1 0.04 1 4

w.hr 210 360 140 840 180 72 35 426 44 60 200 60 1000 264 3891

hr/24 0.013 0.013 0.017 1 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.083 0.002 0.25 0.042 0.002 0.042 0.167

Power Density (watt/m2) 0.22 0.38 0.15 0.90 0.19 0.08 0.04 0.46 0.05 0.06 0.21 0.06 1.07 0.28 4.16

Quantity (No.) 1 1 1 1

Power (watt) 700 1200 350 35

Usage per day (hr) 0.3 0.3 0.4 24

w.hr 210 360 140 840

hr/24 0.013 0.013 0.017 1

Power Density (watt/m2) 0.15 0.25 0.10 0.58

5 Kettle

1800

0.1

180

0.004

0.13

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 8

900 500 213 1100 5 200 1500 1000 11

0.08 0.07 2 0.04 6 4 0.04 2 4

72 35 426 44 60 800 60 2000 352 5579

0.003 0.003 0.083 0.002 0.25 0.167 0.002 0.083 0.167

0.05 0.02 0.30 0.03 0.04 0.56 0.04 1.39 0.24 3.87

Two Bedroom Appliance Calculations Area = 60.0 m2 ID Appliance 1 Washing machine 2 Microwave 3 Rice cooker 4 refrigerator

80 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Toasters Blender LCD tv iron charger Laptop Dryer Hob(electric), small Lighting Fixtures (LED) Total

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

APPENDICES

House Appliance Calculations ID 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00

Appliance Quantity (No.) tĂƐŚŝŶŐ ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ ϭ͘ϬϬ DŝĐƌŽǁĂǀĞ ϭ͘ϬϬ ZŝĐĞ ĐŽŽŬĞƌ ϭ͘ϬϬ ƌĞĨƌŝŐĞƌĂƚŽƌ ϭ͘ϬϬ <ĞƚƚůĞ ϭ͘ϬϬ dŽĂƐƚĞƌƐ ϭ͘ϬϬ ůĞŶĚĞƌ ϭ͘ϬϬ > ƚǀ ϭ͘ϬϬ ŝƌŽŶ ϭ͘ϬϬ ĐŚĂƌŐĞƌ Ϯ͘ϬϬ >ĂƉƚŽƉ ϭ͘ϬϬ ƌǇĞƌ ϭ͘ϬϬ ,Žď;ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐͿ͕ ƐŵĂůů ϭ͘ϬϬ >ŝŐŚƚŝŶŐ &ŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ ;> Ϳ ϭϯ͘ϬϬ Total

Power (watt) ϳϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϮϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϯϱϬ͘ϬϬ ϯϱ͘ϬϬ ϭϴϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϵϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϱϬϬ͘ϬϬ Ϯϭϯ͘ϬϬ ϭϭϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϱ͘ϬϬ ϮϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϱϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϬϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϭ͘ϬϬ

Usage per day (hr) Ϭ͘ϯϬ Ϭ͘ϲϬ Ϭ͘ϰϬ Ϯϰ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϮϬ Ϭ͘ϭϲ Ϭ͘ϭϰ ϰ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘Ϭϴ ϰ͘ϬϬ ϱ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘Ϭϴ ϯ͘ϬϬ ϰ͘ϬϬ

w.hr ϮϭϬ͘ϬϬ ϳϮϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϰϬ͘ϬϬ ϴϰϬ͘ϬϬ ϯϲϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϰϰ͘ϬϬ ϳϬ͘ϬϬ ϴϱϮ͘ϬϬ ϴϴ͘ϬϬ ϰϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϬϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϮϬ͘ϬϬ ϯϬϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϱϳϮ͘ϬϬ 8156.00

hr/24 Ϭ͘Ϭϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮ ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘Ϭϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϭ Ϭ͘Ϭϭ Ϭ͘ϭϳ Ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭϳ Ϭ͘Ϯϭ Ϭ͘ϬϬ Ϭ͘ϭϯ Ϭ͘ϭϳ

Power Density (watt/m2) Ϭ͘Ϭϴ Ϭ͘Ϯϳ Ϭ͘Ϭϱ Ϭ͘ϯϮ Ϭ͘ϭϰ Ϭ͘Ϭϱ Ϭ͘Ϭϯ Ϭ͘ϯϮ Ϭ͘Ϭϯ Ϭ͘ϬϮ Ϭ͘ϯϴ Ϭ͘Ϭϱ ϭ͘ϭϯ Ϭ͘Ϯϭ 3.06

Power (watt) ϲϬϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϭϭ͘ϬϬ

Usage per day (hr) ϭ͘ϬϬ ϴ͘ϬϬ

w.hr ϲϬϬϬ͘ϬϬ ϯϱϮ͘ϬϬ 6352.00

hr/24 Ϭ͘Ϭϰ Ϭ͘ϯϯ

Power Density (watt/m2) ϭϵ͘Ϯϯ ϭ͘ϭϯ 20.36

Lobby Appliance Calculations ID 1.00 14.00

Appliance Quantity (No.) >ŝĨƚ ϭ͘ϬϬ >ŝŐŚƚŝŶŐ &ŝǆƚƵƌĞƐ ;> Ϳ ϰ͘ϬϬ Total

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 81

APPENDICES

PMV & PPD

PMV & PPD Apartments Date: 1/20/2017 Space Bedrooms Living Date: 7/10/2017 Space Bedrooms Living

Time: 12:00:00 PM Oudoor Temp 10 10 Time: 12:00:00 PM Oudoor Temp 22 22

Date: 1/20/2017 Space Bedrooms Conservatory Date: 7/10/2017 Space Bedrooms Conservatory

Time: 12:00:00 PM Oudoor Temp 10 10 Time: 12:00:00 PM Oudoor Temp 22 22

Dry Bulb Temp Humidity Wind Speed 18 34% 0.1 21 32% 0.1

Met 1 1

Clo 1 1

PMV Ͳ1.49 Ͳ0.73

PPD 50.6 16.29

Result SLIGHTLY COOL NEUTRAL

Dry Bulb Temp Humidity Wind Speed 25 45% 0.3 23 41% 0.3

Met 1 1

Clo 0.5 0.5

PMV Ͳ0.92 Ͳ1.73

PPD 23 63.6

Result NEUTRAL SLIGHTLY COOL

Dry Bulb Temp Humidity Wind Speed 17 55% 0.1 11 45% 0.1

Met 1 1

Clo 1 1

PMV Ͳ1.65 Ͳ3.32

PPD 59.3 99.8

Result SLIGHTLY COOL COLD

Dry Bulb Temp Humidity Wind Speed 21 60% 0.3 23 42% 0.3

Met 1 1

Clo 0.5 0.5

PMV Ͳ2.4 Ͳ1.72

PPD 91.2 63.25

Result COOL SLIGHTLY COOL

Houses

82 I Architectural Association School of Architecture

Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

APPENDICES 21 Mar 12 pm

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 35,660 lx

21 Jun 12 pm

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 57,856 lx

Â&#x2018;Â&#x201D;Â&#x2013;Â&#x160;ÇŚ Â&#x2021;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2013; Â&#x2C6;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2039;Â?Â&#x2030; Â&#x2013;Â&#x2021;Â&#x201D;Â&#x201D;Â&#x192;Â&#x2026;Â&#x2021;Â&#x2020; Â&#x160;Â&#x2018;Â&#x2014;Â&#x2022;Â&#x2021;

21 Dec 12 pm

Global Horizontal Illuminance= 4,158 lx

Legend lux

(source:Radiance) Term 2: Refurbishing the City, Part-II

1000<= 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Architectural Association School of Architecture I 83