AIR
ABPL30048/ 2015/ SM2 KA WING KAREN TSUI #657638
2015_SM2
S T U D I O
KA WING KAREN TSUI #657638 2015_ SM2_ ABPL30048 Tutor: CanHui Chen _____________________________ Architecture Design Studio: AIR Melbourne School of Design University of Melbourne
CONTENTS A A.0 A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 A.7
INTRODUCTION DESIGN FUTURING DESIGN COMPUTATION COMPOSITION/GENERATION CONCLUSION LEARNING OUTCOMES APPENDIX REFERENCES
4-5 6-13 14-21 22-29 30-31 32-33 34-35 36-37
INTRODUCTION RESEARCH FIELD CASE STUDY 1.0 CASE STUDY 2.0 TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL LEARNING OUTCOMES APPENDIX
38-39 40-45 46-53 54-57 58-63 64-73 74-85 86-87 88-91
B B.0 B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 C C.1 C.2 C.3 C.4
DESIGN CONCEPT 92-117 TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOTYPES118-163 FINAL DETAILED MODELS 164-169 LEARNING OUTCOMES 170-171
Hi, I am Karen, studying third year architecture in University of Melbourne. I am born in Hong Kong, which is a city that packed with people and buildings. No matter which angle I am looking at, views are always occupied by different shapes of skyscrapers, high-rise buildings or housings with their own stories and histories. I enjoy to be embraced in this urban fabric because it narrates the fusion of East and West. Yet, paradox of its status as top 35th livable city in the world is questionable. Unaffordable living standard? Pollution? Sustainability? These are urgent for city and for US to rethink how
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should it be, our future living space. Undoubtedly, a new design approach is needed in respond to this negative change of environment. To me, studying architecture isquite challenging because neither my family nor I have a design background. Yet, the main reason drive me to continue this path is that I believe design can generate the best visions for future and draws all aspects of concern such as social considerations. Also, I do believe architecture can change the interaction between people or even culture because everything takes place in edifices.
A0
INTRODUCTION & EXPECTATIONS
“I believe that the way people live can be directed a little by architecture.” (Tadao Ando)
A [CONCEPTU
A A L I S AT I O N ]
image source : http://blog.clustrix.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/12/future-.jpg
ĺ•ŠA1: DESIGN FUTURING
Undoubtedly, existence of human beings are the root of problems of everything. Humans are one of those intellectual species that generates ways to survive for adaptation; yet, whenever we produce a possible solution, a negative impact follows. However, this is not the fuse towards the question of existence, technological advancement is the point for more problems to be discovered, triggered and exacerbated. Because of technology, we used to create an easy, convenient way of living with a short vision of addressing immediate needs. Over-population, food and portable water shortage, resources depletion are few of those issues that are threatening sustainability. Thus, the way of design must be changed to rectify the situations by slowering the defuturing process and redirecting a more sustainable of living (1).
2. Model of Endless House by Frederick J. Kiesler
3. Sketche of Endless house by Frederick J. Kiesler
4. Sketches of Endless house by Frederick J. Kiesler
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01 ENDLESS HOUSE // // 1950 BY FREDERICK J. KIESLER Ideas of “continuity” and “endlessness” in 1950s are demonstrated by the prototype of “Endless House” which start to break the boundary of conventional principle of functionalism and to propose a poly-dimensional and plastic form of elastic spatial concept for “finding the coordination of heterogeneous elements/ forces/ tensions in an endless spatial continuum.” (2) This considers the spatial and human relationship, human body figure. “All ends meet in the endless”. Pushing all the existing rules out of box to find new possibilities for the future; as well as inspiring people to generate complex surface and considering topological
space of curve into account are inducing. Without the support of technology, his idea is least expressed at that time and is criticised as problematic because of the unbuildable situation, regarding the material availability and logic of form. becomes a utopian vision since the progress of mathematics behind the concept is not well-expressed. Yet, this is an influential and revolutionary idea that inspires current development of parametric design with the aid of algorithmic thinking approach, and hence, leading to a different design approach for generating more complex possibilities.
Correalism: “disregarding the boundaries that separate artistic genres and including scientific information as well as elements from magic and mythology- as a science that embraces man and his environment as a global system of complex reciprocal relationships.” (3)
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02 DRAGONFLY // NEW YORK CITY // 2009 BY VINCENT CALLEBAUT Dragonfly is a conceptual design of a vertical building located in a densely populated urban area which proposes an idea of selfsustaining living as an organism, generating input itself and possibly reuse the output. Responding to the monotonous urban living, food shortage, population growth in cities and concern of pollution, carbon footprint and climate change, it encourages the integration of farm living, adaptation of renewable energy and self-generated resources, including harvesting solar passive energy by its solar shields along the wings and trapping warm air between wings in winter, wind machine and filtering rainwater by the planted wall; promotion to reusing and recycling, such as reuse
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greywater for farming purposes. It captures most of the ‘green’ living patterns in a same place, shares between large amounts of people for maximizing the effect and brings it into practice or trend. Although it is not a built-project nor revolutionary, the idea stimulates the reflection of current living patterns, including redefining and balancing the boundary of natural and urban context, as well as reviewing the consumption routine- shortening the link between producer andconsumer; and combining shattered ideas comprehensively on ecological and energetic function in an edifice. It can further consolidates the the thought or behavior of a ‘proper way of living’ by
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suggesting a possible future of less waste and more engaged in ecology as a dynamic organism with live that bridges current living patterns (vertical growth) to an approachable one. Consideration on social and environmental contexts, it opens up a self-sufficient lifestyle in urban area. The main idea of vertical farming in this project becomes popular that this similar concepts emerged in small-scale projects in later years including a nine-storey Urban Farm by Kono Designs in Tokyo. Through this influential idea, values of urban living, health and environmental concerns in urban food production can be raised.
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image source : icd.uni-stuttgart.de
A2: DESIGN COMPUTATION Utilizing computational system as a manipulations improves design in form-finding, materialization, optimization, digital analysis, fabrication as well as smoothens and shortens the link between design, fabrication and construction faultlessly and efficiently. These advantages also contribute to a new, fasinating orientation in designing. For example, digital designing enables the use of material strength and environments contexts to generate a responsive performance architecture. In the future, higher interchangeable of information level will be achieved to create a highly transparent of cross-disciplinary working platform. Besides, it generates design not only based on problem-solving, but also explores new possibilities in uncertainty simultaneously. It changes the role of designers and the direction of practice from fixing to finding and exploring. 3D modelling and animation reduces time and limiting the working space in fabrication for experimenting concepts. Digital fabrication increases the production capability, availability and accuracy by various fabrication methods, such as 2D and 3D fabrication; subtractive, addictive and formative fabrication, and means, including contouring, triangulation of forms to generate a smaller and workable 2D surfaces to print for construction. It optimize the use of materials to generate achievable geometries.
image source : www.dezeen.com
DESIGN COMPUTATION
With the aid of computer science, design can be generated according to the scientific approach in three different methods, including depth first, breadth first and best first. In my usual practice, I would say ‘best first’ is mostly adopted since the time limit of each projects without any efficient digital systems support, yet, learning algorithmic program encourages me more on ‘breath first’ to try more alternatives in logical way. On the other hand, constraint satisfaction limits our way for searching possibilities by minimizing solution space, thus, it is not a suitable design strategies.
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01 HYPERMEMBRANE DEMO // BARCELONA // 2013 BY HIBRIDa Hypermembrane demo is used in the project, Hypermembrane Sport Stadium.It is to demonstrate the new innovation of a dynamic structure as a responsive building fabric in name of highly adaptable. It uses geometrical definition to form the base structure. Spheres pose forces onto the curve that make the basic curving charateristics on the mesh. By then, number slider is used to generate iterations. Structural analysis is performed to find the optimum performance. Triangulation and morph are applied to form the patterns of the surface to create an algorithmic controllable surface.
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By dynamic beam dectector transmit radiation data that collected on the surface to the main controller so as to control the movement and orientation of panels as muscular behaviour, unfolding solar panels for capturing energy, creating shadow comfort areas when it is over-heated, internal ventilation as well as self-activated luminent at night .
The device used is an example of perforamtive architecture that utilizes digital technology of simulation that generate optimum performance in response to the environmental change. Providing a possible and active solution.
Materials:
What if the technology part is not stable?
-thermomplastic strips -lightweight structure that enable to openeing -solar panels
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Yet, does it worth to operate in terms of a public facilites that may not be used extensively or highly consumed everyday?
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02 HANGZHOU OLYMPIC SPORTS CENTER // HANGZHOU // 2011BY NBBJ “2/3 less steel than a stadium of comparable size and capacity” (nbbj, 2014) Computational design is applied in the design on Hangzhou Olympic Sports Centre. The exterior geometric idea, very fluid and flexible ‘petals’ (trusses), is generated from the use of rhino and grasshopper. They are composed of symmetrical B-spline from list of control points that made arcs with a mirrored process. Along with the use of grasshopper that requires algorithm design, it provides iterations, refinements during the design process and can maximise the quality and quantity of design outcomes during the process. From the diagrams above, different possibilities of complex forms can be discovered in a short period of time rather than using analogue to produce different
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set of drawings with unknown logic and values. Though this is not the first nor the most significant architecture that uses parametric design, it provides a very eyecatching 3D public structure and it raises the awareness of computational design. Not only the form-finding is achieved in computational design, the structural performance and design, the trusses and the forces formed from the conncetions of steel and concrete forces due to cantilevering actions are also considered. Since it is designed in computer, less material use and energy performance can be calculated and analysed within the design period. Engineers and consultants can
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work together easily with direct use of languages that ensure the optimsation of the outcome. Cost of those expensive building materials, steel, can greatly reduced. Also, with computationaldesign, moderately high accuracy with clear dimensions and directions may greatly reduce the construction time and labours. The construction was activated in 2011, and is stated for completion in 2014-2015. In odere to achieve optimal view from the seating area, the curves of the bowl, rise angles are adjusted by using the modeling.
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image source : https://www.pinterest.com/behance/
A3: COMPOSITION/ GENERATION Computational technologies are broadly used nowadays that greatly impact on our design process and way of thinking, including algorithmic thinking, scripting, parametric design. Generation: Generative design is formed from ‘a range of possibilities� that calculated by the designers’ articulation of generative logic using selected generative computational method. The use of generation in the architectural design process provides variables, it generates forms that have never been easily produced, mimic the natural dynamics, and design can be integrated into different disciplines such as planning, science and technology. Yet, it needs a certain level of knowledge in other disciplines and skills of programming to create an optimal, generative design with responsive features. Algorithmic thinking is the basic requirement in the designing process for establishing logic between each elements so as to build up the relationships for generation and maximize the control of the design direction. However, designers may not gain the full control in form findings due to the automation of the program. Generic parametric model explains a highly complicated relationship and hierarchy of each interdependences in a sequence of coding that allows iterate refinement in every stage of a
image source : n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com
COMPOSITION/ GENERATION project. Although generative design approach provides us a different way of process. It shifts from purely design as a form making or as a tool for fixing problems to a new approach to seek possibilities in unknown situations. As mentioned above, the control of the design may not be fully controlled. Also, there is a skeptical question of “design as an art” or “design as a science in mathematical process”. Is it really our design? Though we create the algorithmic logic and thinking, yet, does the outcome or different generations are our design?
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“Revealing the invisible information by the use of algorithm to express the beauty and evolution in the columns.�
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01 SUBDIVIDED COLUMNS// 2010-2011// BY Michael Hansmeyer Project of SUBDIVIDED COLUMNS uses subdivision skills to produce a complex form with new column order that is detail ornamented by computational design. Unlike the traditional approach, it is based on the abstracted Doric order to form individual components for subdivision process. Manipulation of these elements with different parameters under the use of coded algorithms, it generates forms at all scales, curvatures and overall proportions in local condition. The underline idea of subdivision is borrowed from the biological process of cell splitting to generate differentiation. Consistency and flow of this generative design process can bring out complex, distinct and variety of formations.
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With the generative design, it can shortened the time for design, it can be brought into different scale from the folded ratios and also, the ideas can be bought in different projects. With other advanced fabrication process, it can be formed by 3D printing using various materials. Generative process is formed from setting a few guidelines, embedding a logic and let the program process the subdivision with mathematics to generate the form. One can monitor and record all the generation process or relationship in between like a scientist.
are not matching with the computational design outcome (virtual). Resolution, scale and speed of 3D printing are not so favorable at the moment. Hence, they calculate the cutting path and use laser cutting to produce thin slices. Details are mostly reserved, yet, it is labour intensive, costly and time consuming to make the design real. In later days, the use of abs plastic makes the outcome more favorable.
However, they are not all predictable since it contains too much details. On the other hand, the fabrication advancement (physical)
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“It uses biomimetic investigation to generate the form with fiber reinforced polymer that mimic the Eltron with biologist researches. “
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02 ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion// 2013-14 // BY ICD-ITKE University of Stuttgart In order to maximize the performative capacity regarding the synthesis of material efficiency, structural performance and biomimetic design, ICD/ ITKE research pavilions demonstrates the use of computational design with modular approach and robotic fabrication. Elytron, a protective shell for beetles. are used as the role model for a lightweight pavilion design. Glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced polymer are used as the building material for creating a double layered system based on segregated trabeculae morphology. In the process, the structural depth ratio, edge length, angle, component size, module variation, fiber direction, non-planarity, stress response and
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moment response are analyzed and designed in the computational tools. Each stage is refined to generate optimal yrt complex results. The multi-disciplinary approach involved in the design process give benefits to the optimal perfomance capacity and design results. Refinement in each stage can greatly enhance the design accuracy and possibilites rather than in the last. Together with the robotic arms for construction, this complex form can be accurately produced in a time efficient way. Yet, the cost of the fabrication and expertise in design process are highly required. 30
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A4: CONCLUSION
Computational design will gradually replace analogue to become a mainstream design method since it has numerous advantages as mentioned in A.2 & A.3. It is innovative because it focuses on the process, the relationship between each object, and generation of possibilities in various scale efficiently, clearly and comprehensively rather than producing a most workable with assumptions. Also, common use of parametric modelers across different professional fields encourages collaboration and improves communication from analysis to evaluation. Sharing of information between stakeholders simplifies the procedure of ideas transmission, ensures the quality of work which help address the most aspects, social, political and economic conditions, of problem thoroughly. This design approach itself includes mathematical way of thinking in which bring to a deeper research base of findings and stronger bonding between each arts and science.
image source : https://www.pinterest.com/pin/370843350546210697/
A5: LEARNING OUTCOME I find the architectural computing interesting and useful especially when I start using grasshopper, a plug-in for rhinoceros. Although I am still in a very basic skill level, the program didn’t scare me off. As I gradually understand the logic of algorithm and am familiar with those command keys, following the scripts and trying to form an object or creating a space on my own are not so difficult. Theory and practice are both crucial for sharpening this computing skills since, to me, the script writing is exactly like writing an essay which I have to narrate all the process from the beginning till the end. It records everything. If one don’t understand the relationship relationship between those items, one cannot continue the script or generate the preferable outcome. Approaches to this architectural computing helps me to generate design accurately, efficiently, with more variation, as well as easier to rectify issues in between the process, unlike the traditional analogue design. Playing with number sliders and seeds are the easiest way to generate different forms and patterns. Yet, I need more understanding to those vectors and equations. With the help of these programs, it definitely broadens my design thinking along the process, finding more possibilities with a comprehensive analysis with form finding and material strength.
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A6
APPENDIX// ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
Algorithmic sketchbook is a very useful tool and interesting exercise for us to experiment and train our algorithmic thinking. Other than the tutorial videos, youtube, grasshopper forum, books- ‘Parametric architecture with Grasshopper primer / Arturo Tedeschi’ are alternatives for me to create a more complex geometry. These sketches use vectors, lofts, curves, meshes, traingulation, brepbpx, surfacebox and Morph, slider etc. Varation of curves, transformation are tried to generate different outcom.
Images: 1/ Self taken 2-5/ Bogner, D. (2001). Frederick J. Kiesler: endless space. Hatje Cantz Pub. 6-12/ Callebaut, V. (2009). Dragonfly, a metabolic farm for urban agriculture new york city 2009u.s.a. 13-14/ hibrida. (2009). Hyper-membrane. 15/ GiD completo. HYBRIDaSCP (Director). (2014).[Video/DVD] 16-19/ nbjj. (2015). Hangzhou-stadium. Retrieved from http://www.nbbj.com/work/hangzhou-stadium/11, 13, 18 20-24/ Hansmeyer, M. (2010). Subdivided Columns. Retrieved from http://www.michael-hansmeyer. com/projects/columns_info.html 25-30/ ICD. (2013). ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14. Retrieved from http://icd.uni-stuttgart. de/?p=12965
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A7
REFERENCES
Books: Bogner, D. (2001). Frederick J. Kiesler: endless space. Hatje Cantz Pub. Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona (2013) Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press) pp. 1-9, 33-45 Estévez, A. T., & Alberto, T. (2003). Arquitecturas genéticas. Sites books. Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 1–16 Hesselgren, L., Pauly, M., Pottmann, H., & Wallner, J. (Eds.). (2010). Advances in Architectural Geometry 2010 (Vol. 17). Wien, New York: Springer. Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25 Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) Suggested start with pp. 3-62 Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 1–10 Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15 Responsive Architectures: Subtle Technologies. (2006). Riverside Architectural Press. Schumacher, Patrik (2011). The Autopoiesis of Architecture: A New Framework for Architecture (Chichester: Wiley), pp. 1-28 Definition of ‘Algorithm’ in Wilson, Robert A. and Frank C. Keil, eds (1999). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (London: MIT Press), pp. 11, 12
B
[CRITERIA
B
A DESIGN]
image source : http://www.monicaponcedeleon.com/MoMA-Fabrications
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B1
Strips and folding is one of those common algorithmic technique used in parametric design. By setting up individual line and surface as the base rule, one can generate variables with continuity. Design resulted from strips and folding can achieve not only the outcomes of form finding with aesthetics qualities and optimum design, but this design approach can also stimulate and integrate the analysis of structural and material performance.
RESEARCH FIELDS [STRIPS AND FOLDING]
Strips Design: Strips design is normally characterized by the use of long sheets. In architecture, strips are bent, twisted, overlapped, crossed, wrapped and folded to define a space or as a decorative element. As mentioned above, to achieve the structural stability, taking account of material performance itself and the relationship with the surrounding environments are crucial in the design process to generate a favorable outcome. Material efficiency is one of the most significant benefit from strips design by modular fabrication and minimum use of materials.
Folding design: Folding design is the constitution of continuous discontinuity by doubling layers upon itself. The rationale behind it is based on the mathematics proposed by Leibniz. In architecture, ‘folding’ technique becomes more appealing in the 1990s because of its pliant and mutable characteristics that can give rise to the aesthetics richness and compositional complexity of the design in different scale. The common use of this technique in parametric design can be explained by the argument, ‘it is a process for developing a form’, that raised by Eisenman; as well as the development of ‘smooth transformation’ by Lynn. Manipulation of the curvilinear logic within the flexible form generates intricate outcomes.
Mind-bending wooden pavilion is characterised by its twisted, three dimentional mobius form that expressed in planar plywood ribs and strips. This complex geometry is created by two layers of mobius strips cladding. Both ribs and strips are analysised under axial and bending forces in parametric design and modelling.
Fabrication: Material waste is minimised by reorienting cutting tool paths and place of components. For strips and metal object, they are unfolded into a flat pattern for fabrication so as to minimise distortion.
image sources : http://www.formakers.eu/project-473-mcgill-soa-contemplay-pavilion
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01 Students Create Mind-Bending Wooden Parameteric Pavilion// 2012// BY Facility for Architectural Research in Media and Mediation
04 ICD/ ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION// 2010 // BY ICD/ ITKE ICD/ ITKE Research Pavilion/ 2010/ demonstrates the evolvement of material-oriented computational design that resulted in a lightweight, elastically- bent plywood strips active structure. Studying of plywood strips physcial behaviuor and its material characteristics in terms of tension forces, stresses, deflections and bending moments are calculated as the base principle for this parametric design. Location of joints is changed throughout the edifice for the consideration of optimal energy distribution and the morphological differentiation. Strips are manufactured as 2D (planar) elements by robot.
image sources: http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=12965
FEM simulation fot material performance, the genertive computational design and digital fabrication allow synchronization and integration of information into design process that improves the efficiency and quality of outcomes.
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image source: http://aspundir.blogspot.com.au/2014/08/cool-photos-172.html
B2: CASE STUDY 1.0
image source: http://www.biothing.org/?author=1
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01/SEROUSSI PAVILION// 2010// BY BIOTHING
Seroussi Pavilion by Biothing is designed to allow local adaption to current site conditions. Parametric relationship between each strip is controlled by algorithmic approach. Indiviudal strip influences each other under electromagnetic fields. In grasshopper, curves are divided as points and are attracted or repelled by point charge and spin force. Changing position of these points (source charge) generate a continuous charge distribution that influence nearby points. Resulting a generative and dynamic cells arrangement.
I T E R A T I O N S
Points
Curves
Surface
Grid
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[ 53 ] [TOP LEFT]
[TOP RIGHT]
The fluidity, continuity attract me the most. It spreads out and falls down on the top nicely while lines are anchored through a few points on the plane. It is like enclosing a space to three zones in a public area, such as plaza. Few lines on the plane help difine the space.
Gradually increased of height to form a main space (is loacte at the centre) on the top that supported by numerous small, tent-like indivduals under are interesting. Also, with an oval shape openings at the top.
I uses two set of independent graph mapper to contol the shape of the fall.
Architectural application: spatial arrangement of a public building. The main atrium or lobby is always located at the centre. It indicates the circulation of a building as well.
[BOTTOM LEFT]
[BOTTOM RIGHT]
Surface is divided and th points are centralised at the centre to create a denser charge attraction. Cull pattern is used to minimise the points. Graph mapper is changed to different one (sine), decay and strength of the point charge are modified too.
Equal distribution of points in a grid gives a balance results of lines that can be seen in this outcome. Although it is complicated, lots of leaves- like shape overlapped, the overall geometry can be seen clearly. Decay of the point charge is the main componect that altered in this script.
I am trying to spread all lines out to create a circle. It looks like a lighting device. I believe this will provide a good shading results since the density of lines at the top spread out to give a shelter- like character.
Lines are concentrated to define an area.
Pavilion, sheltered structure, transpotation nodes/ stadium structure are associate with this shape.
image sources: http://www.mas.caad.arch.ethz.ch/mas1011/indexe0d2.html?p=742
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B3
M3: BENDED & TWISTED // 2011// BY MAS CAAD ETH Z端rich
[INFORMATION] Bended and Twisted is a project originated to design for the CAAD chair as a paravent to enclose a working space. In this case study, bending and twisting are focused. Hence, the curvature of the structure and material performance are emphasised by the creation of joints. Using three joints of each cell pattern to create a free-standing structure.
Find out the pattern.
Create point list -> Cull pattern to create polyines for these triangles
Create point list -> Cull pattern to these triangles
o create polyines for
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REVERSE ENGINEERING
Create arch, scale geometry and evaluate the length to Using similat techniqe to create the second adjust the outer traingle shape set (joints) of pattern by poly centroid, evaluate mid-point of the curves and scale, boundary to create plane.
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B4
TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT
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B4: TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT
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B4: TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT
Pattern is interlocked to create a thin, elegant form from 2 set of triangle. Change: vect 2pt, scale, and evaluate of line
Three small triangular planes are attached with another set of vertical strips. Continuity is highlighted to generate a canopy like structure.
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B5
TECHNIQUE B4:PROTOTYPES TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT
Pattern is interlocked to create an elegant form. Change: vect 2pt, scale, and evaluate of line
Three small triangular plane is locked with another set of vertical strips. Continuity is highlighted here to generate a canopy like structure
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TECHNIQUE PROTOTYPES SET 1
A strong,stiff and bendable material is required to produce a platform structure. Pattern from B.3 Case study 2.0 is used here to test the connection between strips and joints itself. [Plywood] achieve the above characteristics since the layers of wood veeneer. [MDF] difficult to bend, since it is wood fibres that made from wood residual with other materials. Selection Criteria: I am extremely interesed in the design of joints as in a part of pattern which communicate itself beautifully. Hence, the design of joints that can integrate in the pattern is the main focus of this project. Clip lock of the plane is used to lock the whole strucutre together. However, timber swells after contact with water which may lower the life of the platform. The joints may hence have to be reconsidered since the stability is being questioned.
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TECHNIQUE PROTOTYPES SET 1
Issue [1]: 1. 3mm x 10mm plywood is not suitable for bending since the stregth to length ratio is high. Temporary Solution: Using boil water to bend strips. Issue [2]: joints are not well designed that the opening can merely allow 3mm thick plywood to cross through. Temporary Solution: Using cutting knife to adjust the opening of the joints. Issue [3]: the side thickness of joint is too thin that it breaks easily.
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TECHNIQUE PROTOTYPES SET 2
Create own joints into this shape. The strip lock can hold the shape, however, the plane (joint) fail to set in place since the lack of joint connections between them. Yet, a vertical cut into those plane can generate a new 3D pattern that patterns run through x and y axis.
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image source: http://snohetta.com/project/229-swarovski-kristallwelten
B6: DESIGN PROPOSAL
SITE OF INTEREST
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NO WAY CROSS THE RIVER- MERRI CREEK AT CLIFTON HILL
CONNECTION OF RIVER BANKS-1. BRIDGES ACROSS THE RIVER.
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SITE OBSERVATION
WATER QUALITY- FAIRLY CLEAN
image source : http://feelgrafix.com/734367-amazing-water-background.html
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SITE ANALYSIS [WATER QUALITY]
[WATER VALUE]CURRENT: MODERATE LONG TERM: VERY HIGH “Amenity enjoyed from waterways is moderate, with specific areas important for relaxation and rejuvenation. Vegetation and litter management works aim to improve amenity to high over the next 20 years.” [Melbourne Water, 2015. “Yarra Catchment”. “http://www. melbournewater.com.au/waterdata/riverhealthdata/ yarra/Pages/Yarra-catchment.aspx’]
[RIVER HEIGHTS]is recorded as steady and the lowest among all the the nearest stations. -Merri Creek at St Geroges Road. [ Commonwealth of Australia , Bureau of Meteorology. 2015 “http://www.bom.gov.au/ cgi-bin/wrap_fwo.pl?IDV60201.html#notes”]
FACILITIES ALONG RIVER BANKS - IMBALANCE RATIO OF CIRCULATION FACILITIES AND ATTRACTIONS.
BR DIS
[City of Darebin, 2015. Merri Creek Trail. https://www.darebin.vic.gov.au/~/media/cityofdarebin/Files/ Darebin-Living/ParkingTransport/Transport/MerriCreekTrail.ashx?la=en.]
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CIRCULATION - LONGEST DISTANCE BETWEEN BRIGDES AND ARTIFICAL ROAD IN THE SITE.
15KM
RAILWAY STATION
16KM
17KM
RIDGE STANCE
ROAD
18KM
19KM
DIGHTS FALLS
SITE RESPONSE- CONCEPTUAL & TECHNICAL
PROMOTE ENGAGEMENT WITH WATER REBUILD CONNECTIVITY ALONG THE RIVER
Designing a new space on water bodies with different relative levels. -1. Response to the river heights level, flooding. -2. User friendly: to open public.
TESSELLATION: NUMEROUS PATTERNS CAN BE GENERATED AND EMBEDDED INTO DIFFERENCE SURFACE IN WHICH PROVIDES THE LARGEST FLEXIBILITY WHEN DESIGNING. ALSO, THE SIZE OF TECTONICS CAN BE EASILY DETERMINED AND FABRICATE BY STRIPS. RELATIVELY COST- EFFECTIVE AND EASY TO ASSEMBLE ON SITE. DRAWBACKS: PATTERN HAS TO BE CAREFULLY CHOOSEN AND WRITTEN AS A DEFINITION SINCE THE GENERATION OF OTHER PATTERN WILL BE HEAVILY AFFECTED. STRUCTURAL QUALITY OF THE PATTERN HAS TO BE CONSIDERED AS WELL. FLUID, CONTINUOUS AND LIGHT DESIGN MAYBE DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE.
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image source : http://www.likehdwallpaper.com/2014/07/sunset-hot-air-balloon-wallpapers.html
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B7
Computational design maximize the design outcomes in the way of generating possibilities by designing process. Exposing ourselves to these CAD tools can greatly achieve those benefits mentioned before, such as form finding and optimization, in case study one. Time efficiency is probably the most significant advantage when it comes to generating possibilities. Yet, manipulating this technique takes time since the setup of definition is complicated and the unfamiliarity of those plug-ins. There is always an alternative, a better and efficient way to write a script, but the condition is to master those plug-ins as well.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOME
Also, one of the issue that I crossed by is setting up a logic that is not efficient without knowing the fact. It slows down the design process. Researches in part B show different design techniques in computational environment. Unique and independent features can be found in each design category, such as strips and folding, tessellation, patterning. They are coded differently yet can be fused together to generate a new dimension. By the time of producing iterations in B2 case study one and creating the definition for B3 case study two, it provides a chance to explore more of those tecnhiques. I started
to understand how to manipulate different commands and set-up a clear script to form a best definition. I spent most of the time in part B3 since I find out more than 2 methods to produce the same outcome, yet, not all of them are generative. Also, I found out that, the awareness of data structure is the most important thing when producing a logic. Because each of our classmates has our own specific design direction, we use different tools to produce our design, hence, sharing definitions among us can better our knowledge in different aspects. I am very interested in these tools now.
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B8
APPENDIX// ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
Using Millipede plug in for mesh relaxation
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APPENDIX// ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
C
[DETAILED
C
D DESIGN]
C1: DESIGN CONCEPT
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[B]ESPOKEN “CUSTOM-MADE”
“A new bike shed with structural performance is designed with the traingle tessellation pattern based on Part B in 3-Dimensional version as a truss.” To continue its philosophy of sustainability, recyclability and affordability, bike spokes from recycled bike wheels on site are selected as the main material to construct with. It is readily available on site since the BikeShed has received plenty of bike spokes donation. Cladding will be added on top with better sheltering performance and light transmittance. Due to the size varation of bike spokes, standardized of all elements are crucial for structural stability and constructability. As a result, it could be assembled on site easily with the help of volunteers.
[Collaborators] JICHUAN YU ADAM KELSEY SHELLEY WU
INTERIM FEEDBACK: Referring to the interim feedback, prototypes from Part B3 are well developed with its triangle tessellation pattern; materiality and connection. However, design concept could be more site-specific. Design concept has been adjusted and finalized as the renewal of the BikeShed at CERES. The natural environment in which CERES is located, offers both natural lighting and shading. The Bike Shed is currently situated under the canopies of eucalyptus trees; in the form of a dome, an array of bike wheels are welded in series with steel angles supported to the ground.The structure is covered by the attached mesh with cable ties. All the materials used are readily attainable on site and therefore is an affordable and sustainable construction outcome.
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SITE CONDITION
CURRENT
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED
OPEN SPACE RUN BY VOLUNTEERS
1) SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORABLE
A GATHERING LOACATION FOR BIKE ENTHUSIASTS OFFERS A SPACE FOR PEOPLE TO LEARN TO BUILD AND REPAIR THEIR OWN BIKE SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF RECYCLED BIKE MATERIALS GOOD SHADING FROM THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CURRENT BIKE SHED HAS BEEN EXISITING FOR OVER TWENTY YEARS
2) EASILY FABRICATED/CONSTRUCTED 3) SHELTER THE ELEMENTS
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SITE CONDITION
Generate point grid for triangle pattern (part B).
During prototyping, a f units inform the natura spoke in active bending outcome as in sphere Sphere is created as th point grid to lay on dur Simulation. [imitating t spoke]
Regrid By moving points and setting ampli- rate tude in the centre, apex point is created. After that, ‘tetrahedron’ shape Off is made from linking points to arc are
few connected al curvature of g and the final shape. he surface for ring Kangaroo the curve of
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TECHNIQUE DIAGRAM
Pulling grid to surface by activating Kangaroo simulation.
Applying script in Part B to set up the 2D base pattern
-order apex point to form another d for different cladding and tilting e. Reusing the script of triangle tessel- Generate an overall shape by cull lation on top to create another layer pattern using curves. fset distance and joints loaction for patterning. e included for cladding design.
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
[2] fasten cladding pattern and main cladding material on top.
[1] construct the core skeleton with joints and base plate
PREPARATION
A
[i] SPOKE ORIGINAL STANDARDISED
[ii] BASE PLATE CORE
LASER CUT
EDGE
[iIi] JOINT TOP BOTTOM EDGE
[iv] CLADDING TOP PATTERN
LASER CUT
CONSTRUCTING 2D BASE WITH [i][ii][iii]
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FABRICATION PROCESS
ASSEMBLE
CONSTRUCTING 3D WITH [i][ii][iii]
CONSTRUCTING 3D WITH [iv] CLADDING
2D BASE
CLADDING
MODULAR UNIT TENSION COMPRESSION
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VECTOR FORCE
CLADDING
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RATIONALE
Fundamental scheme is constructed by spokes and connections (primary structure), that form the base frame by compressing the end of each spoke to the joint. In order to maintain the repetitive triangle pattern, equilateral triangles will be adopted in the first place by standardizing the length of spokes so as to keep each unit regular. Each joint locating at the vertex of the triangle anchors 2 spokes to produce its shape. To interlock each unit at the vertices and midpoint, as well as to maximize the restraint of spoke’s curvature, base plate is necessary to provide secondary support.
Development: To create the curve in each edge for its aesthetics and structural quality, bending spokes by hand has been tested. The results are not favorable since different curvature among those spokes weaken the strength of itself at different points due to permanent deflection from bending. This generates inconsistence and instability in terms of the constraint at the joints. Base on this undesirable result, active bending is considered as a better solution by anchoring the spokes and controlling the optimal curvature without losing its strength within the joints.
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ASSEMBLY DRAWING
C2: TECTONIC ELEMENTS/ PROTOTYPES
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PROTOTYPE
In these three weeks, we managed to achieve our goal and produce a well-resolved design for BikeShed at CERES. Unlike the working process of other groups, we commence with prototyping and then go back and forth to digital scripting. Photos on the left demonstrate part of our working process from the beginning till the finalised shape. [STEPS] -understand material properties → design for structural stability → acknowledge and solving issues → design for aesthetics → refine and moderateI am so fortunate to work with my groupmates and my tutor, CanHui Chen. Without their passion, the outcome will not be that successful and rewarding.
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Relating back to the sustainability systems in CERES and as a reflection of our client, the Bike Shed, spokes are our choice of framing material for the canopy – some of its properties includes the flexibility and durability whilst being readily available on site. As spokes come in different lengths, we have standardized our prototypes to 260mm. Essentially, through the joining of multiple distorted pyramid modules, the natural curvature of the base, will inform the structural integrity of the whole system whist informing the final form.
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SPOKE
Spokes are generally made of galvanized or chrome plated steel. [ADVANTAGES] -High strength and stiffness in tension, compression and shear -Good ductility POTENTIAL RISKS: [RUST] Surface rust on recycled spoke is friable and flaky; and provides no protection to underlaying steel. It weakens the steel that may cause structural deterioration. [METHOD] for rust removal: -Apply Rust converter and sealer directly to rusty surface.
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CURVATURE
Photo shows the concern of curvature in in each each unit unit due duethe to to nature the nature of steel of steel when when force force applied applied at both at both ends. ends. It will Itaffect will affect the possibility the possibility to generate to generate a reasonable a reasonable of size size canopy of canopy because because the higher the higher the bending the bending rate is, ratesmaller the is, the smaller the overall the shape overall can shape be can produced. be produced. Along the prototyping process, joint, base base plate, plate, centre centre piece and middle middle support supportare areall allinforming informingthe thecurcurvavature. ture. Thus, Thus, manipulation manipulation of of these these elements elements can can control control the bending the bending rate of spoke. rate of spoke.
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JOINT
Joints (Current) The chosen form of fabrication for the joining of spokes is 3D printing using ABS (Acrylonitrile – Butadiene – Styrene) plastic. This type of thermoplastic polymer is strong and durable at low temperatures whilst also being resistant towards heat (approximately 100°C) and impact, and is water-tight and lightweight. Due to these properties, the performance in wet weather conditions on the site of Merri Creek is not hindered, although degradation through UV radiation is a concern. However, as oils and greases are used on a regular basis on site, ABS has good resistance against these substances thus the reducing the degradation through chemical reaction. The use of ABS in 3D printing allows for more intricate design, allowing the insertion of spokes to be accurate and at different points. Initially, insertion points were of even distribution; however the distribution has been altered for the purpose of having a flatter base and thus, a reduced depth in curvature of base spokes to allow for a longer span. As the end joins are identical/cladding joints are identical, mass production through 3D printing is possible. Through mass production, the production of a single connection joint is approximately 15 minutes – 20 joints maximum at 7.5mm radius resulting in a 7 hour printing session.
[i] hole holds spoke in single unit [ii] winding hole for holding (bended) spoke in adjacent unit at midpoint [iii] for fastening base plate in place with screw and nut [a] ensure stiffness between holes [b] tapered for aesthetics, matching the spoke and base plate nicely PROFILE
Joints (Potential) The concerns with the use of ABS include the durability/rate of degradation when exposed to the natural elements over a long period of time. Although ABS has a high resistance to water, it has poor resistance to UV radiation which proves be just as concerning. Timber dowels has been considered, however the main problem that arises is the durability of the material within the natural environment. Even with treating, because the dimensions of each dowel would have to be relatively small, and the forces which need to be acting on the spokes, the durability is questionable. Through the development of 3D printing, stainless steel is now a material that can be considered. Stainless steel has a very high melting point, is watertight, and very resistant to natural elements thus being the most suitable material.
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JOINT DEVELOPMENT
[A]
PROFILE [B]
PROFILE [C]
PROFILE [D]
PROFILE [E] BOTTOM JOINT
[1]: Temporary joint- Size of eyelets are tested. Bottom notches fit well
[2]: Upper piece act as an additional protective element to cladding. Issue: [i] nuts are not securely fixed in place even with adhesive. [ii] due to the upper piece, screw is only fastened at the top and difficult to fully fastened to the main cavity. [iii] potential risk of uplifting under wind force that bottom notches cannot fixed those spokes properly. TOP JOINT
[i] Develop based on profile [C], with middle hole that hold another spoke from adjacent unit. [ii] The notch is used to fix base plate. [i] First attempt to solve the curvature problem from the above (bending too much inwards and downwards): tilting up the hole at the base to minimise the bending rate. It works well on 2D plane, however, the normal horizontal joint for 3D strcture turn up the whole unit. [ii] Eyelet for screw and nut is designed to fix the plate. [i] Attempt to use the same method to control the rate for the top hole. Yet, it bends even more since the top joint lifts up the unit .
[i] Since the top joint holding spoke that turn upwards, orientation should be adjusted to downwards so as to reduce the tilting angle.
[i] Redesign to correct the right eyelet position for screw and nuts.
[ii] after finishing the large prototype, some of the base plates bend due to the curvature of each unit and slight difference with adjacent one. [ii] design to tilt down the notch [iii] printing issue cause it breaks (red dashed line)
[i] instead of tilting the whole top section, tilting the cut instead [ii] eyelets for screw and nuts extruded [iii] Yet, too narrow on the edge(as shown in photo) [iv] printing eyelets insignificantly
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BOTTOM JOINT DEVELOPMENT
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3D PRINTING
[A]
[B]
[D]
3D printing is the most crucial fabrication method in this project because all of the connections rely on this. [To produce 60 units, 180 bottom joints, 30 edges joints, and 60 sets of top joints= 270 are needed] [A]. Yet, there are numerous issues we encountered. -Complete clearance of support [B] -Variance of hole size and direction after heating up spoke to clear holes [D] -3D printers problem [Error] [C]
[C]
[C]
On the other side, apart from the material used in 3D printing, the printing setup is also important to the quality of the joints. To achieve maximum strength of each joint, quality is tuned to be Fine, together with 0.35mm Z Resolution, densest fill and only base support. Printing direction has to be horizontal that allows the extruding materials lay parallel to the cut direction. This is to stiffen the cut area and ensure it would not break along the grain when force applied. [C]
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BASE PLATE
The design of the baseplate is informed by the bending of the spokes [inwards]. It serves the purpose of connecting at the midpoint of the curvature to the next adjoining module. The additional decorative elements are for aesthetic purposes both from below the canopy along with subtle shadows features as a result of filtered light through the cladding. The material initially used for prototyping is MDF (medium-density-fibreboard). Aesthetically, the MDF homogenizes well within the natural landscape overlooking the Bike Shed. However, as MDF consists of wooden materials, weather proofing becomes another problem to be solved. Although MDF as an opaque material creates stronger shadow affects, we have instead decided on Perspex – also known as acrylic glass – as the material for the baseplate member. The transparency gives the appearance of a lighter weight structure, whilst filtering through more light the shadow effects are more subtle. As a material, Perspex is relatively durable; its most deeming attribute however, is its weatherproofing properties (water and UV resistance). Another similar material to be considered is polycarbonate (Lexan or Makrolon). The main difference when comparing to Perspex (acrylic), polycarbonate has a higher impact resistance, however is more expensive and easier to scratch. While acrylic may be the most UV stable material, there are options for UV resistant grades (at a higher cost).
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[1]
[2]
[4]
[
[5]
[7]
[8
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CENTRE PIECE MID- SUPPORT
[3]
8]
At the beginning of the project, centre piece is designed as an additional element to restrict spokes in place and curvature. [MUTATION] [1] The 1st test: better improvement on holding spokes, but it moves and not lay horizontally.
[6]
[2-5] Showcasing design process and the development of middle support for anchoring centre piece at a fixed position by connecting to the base plate. Still, spokes are not steadily anchored. [6] From the development of active bending, centre piece is not sufficient for structual support. This is kept in the design solely for articulation. [7] Discovering the issue raised by cuvature of each unit and start to solve it by anchoring apex joint down to the base plate. However, middle support will not be aesthetically pleasing with base plate. [8] Using transparent perspex for aesthetics. Yet, it increases the uncertainty by affecting the bend. Also, it breaks immediately after installment. Due to the above concern, it is not included in final design.
CLADDING
Decision in using PVC (Poly-Vinyl-Chloride) is due to its natural resource saving properties throughout its production process, as well as the benefit of recyclability. As it contains approximately 43% carbon, the carbon is derived ethylene – a plant based oil – a resource which is renewable as opposed to fossil fuel based resources which are more finite. This type of thermoplastic also consists of 57% of chlorine, allowing for excellent fire resistance. Its versatility in appearance and flexibility allows for the cladding to be a semi-transparent and lightweight in form. The specific type/grade of PVC will have to be further explored to avoid degradation from natural elements; particularly UV radiation, moisture and temperature.
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POSSIBLE CLADDING SOLUTION
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CLADDING PROTOTYPES
Shape, Layers and Layout, informing the water shed performance, are considered in the cladding design. [SHAPE] Diamond -> Triangle -> Circle Diamond:cannot overlap nicely in curve sur face Traingle: too much traingle Circle: juxtapose triangle structure underneath nicely [LAYERS]-1 layer ->2 layers 1 layer: good enough for water shed but no pattern & color 2 layers: doing both [LAYOUT] Overlay from the top to the bottom. Overlapping area: on top of apex point, fastened by screws and nuts Overlapping distance: 20mm
MATERIAL SELECTION
Polyproplyene (PP) is selected as the cladding prototype since its economical property, wide variety of colour selection, good resistance to fatigue and relatively high melting point (130 째C+). However, standard polyproplyene is liable to chain degradation when exposed to UV radiation and heat. UV radiation interact with carbon bonds to form free raidcals and react with oxygen that may subject to cracks and crazes.
PP that contains UV stabilizers, carbon black, anti-oxidents and polyproplene resin are suitable for outdoor application.
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FINAL SHAPE - CLADDING
LAYER 2 [TOP] WATER SHED
LAYER 1 [BOTTOM] PATTERN
[INSTALLATION METHOD] Direction: Layer 1 ->Layer 2; From periphery to the centre
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Under View
Top View
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FEASIBILITY
Although bike spokes and brake cables are free, 3D printing abs filament, perspex, polyproplyene and laser cut service are relatively costly, especially the spool and perspex. Economical aspect of this project has to be reexamined. On the other hand, it is time consuming in terms of both fabrication and construction. One single 3D printed joint with highest density and fine quality require more than 20 minutes to fabricate, not to mention the preparation time for each session as well as the size of the printing table. Also, since it is composed of modular unit with complicated interlocking system. Core structure of each unit contains 6 bike spokes, 1 base plate, connected to 7 joints. Each apex point is fixing 6 pieces of cladding materials. These require accurate joining method and procedure as well as large workforce to build one structure.
Spoke test[maximum strength without permanent deformation]: https://vimeo.com/145479244
Simulating the actual force from joints at both ends.
From the graph shown on the right, Spoke is pretty ductile and flexible that it starts to deform and remains as curved spoke permanently when it is forced inwards 35mm and upwards 40mm. This informs the maximum bending rate of the spoke before deformation.
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MATERIALITY- TESTING [CURVATURE]
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY [MODULAR UNIT]
Structural integrity test [modular unit]: https://vimeo.com/145045562
After assembling the basic unit, we tried to drop it from 1.5 meter high to test its strength.
RESULTS: SATISIFED -Joints hold spokes tightly without broken or poke out.
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MATERIALITY- TESTING [DURABILITY] STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY [SYSTEM] Structural integrity test [system]: https://vimeo.com/145018780
After assembling the basic skeleton, we tried to drop it from 1meter high to test its compactness. RESULTS: SATISIFED -Modular unit system with flexible connections between each unit transmit shear and permit deformation at the joint. -Joints are designed with tolerance that allow slight temperature, structural movement. -Its natural curvature of each unit and the materiality of bike spoke give it bouncing property.
C3: FINAL DETAIL MODEL
Since [B]espoken has its potential to develop as a permanent structure at the Bike Shed in CERES, moderations and refinement of structural stability and water shed performance are necessary to meet the current on-site situation.
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[MIDDLE PLATE]: pattern is removed because it weakens the perspex.
[EDGE PLATES]: 2 shapes are designed to respond the edge support and hanging with cables.
[Additional recycled bike components]: brake cable, creates edge support and serves as a hanging material because of its lightness, strength and flexiblity. Brake cable is utilized to transmit mechanical force by the movement of inner helical steel/ stainless steel wires. [Cable Sleeves]: Fasten cable in place.
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REFINEMENT AND MODERATIONS
C4: LEARNING OBJECTIVES & OUTCOMES
Especially after Part C, I strongly recognise the efficiency of adopting computational design. During prototyping, accuracy (to 0.1mm) is crucial in designing joints, thus, with the help of grasshopper, slight adjustment can be made quickly. Also, it informs us the overall shape of the canopy by using our testing results and standardized data. Although we are still in the beginner stage in these design, we look forward to manipulate for the future works.
KA WING KAREN TSUI tsuik@student.unimelb.edu.au