Adaptive Reuse Project | Complex in Venice

ADAPTIVE REUSE IN VENICE. OSPEDALE AL MARE COMPLEX, LIDO DI VENEZIA Karina Velikova

ADAPTIVE REUSE IN VENICE. OSPEDALE AL MARE COMPLEX, LIDO DI VENEZIA

Karina Velikova AB 965 Design Studies 5B Thesis Development MArch/Pg Dip Advanced Architectural Design Department of Architecture University of Strathclyde Date: 02.05.2017

III

ABSTRACT

Adaptive reuse of old or abandoned buildings brings environmental, economic, and cultural benefits to structures which are not fulfilling their original function. The design strategy aims to retain the authenticity of the built heritage and at the same time new building techniques and styles are applied. Nowadays, adaptive reuse is gaining more recognition than ever before.

Venice has strong traditions in renovation, conservation, and reuse. With the popularity of Venice’s festivals and exhibitions, the city expresses a high value for innovation. Thus, it is not a surprise that adaptive reuse projects in the Lagoon are the current trend in the historic city. Venice gives a lot of opportunities for more projects of such sort, as abandoned and deteriorated structures are found in many parts of the Venetian Lagoon.

This thesis questions the future use of Venice’s abandoned buildings, tackling problems such as mass tourism, locals’ interests and quality of life, and public use of buildings. A detailed adaptive reuse design of an abandoned hospital complex on the coast of the Venetian Lido Island will give a possible solution, at least on a regional level, which could serve as an example for a new approach of adaptive reuse in the Venetian Lagoon.

V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my tutor John Barr for helping me set a clear strategy for my design proposal and guiding me through the design process of this thesis. Also, to professor Leonardo Ciacci who assisted me in finding drawings of the existing structures in my project and gave me important information about the current situation of the complex.

My sincere thank you also goes to Michael Angus and Kate Kenyon, without whom my exchange to Venice wouldn’t have been possible.

Last but not least, I would like to show my gratitude to my parents for always supporting me through my course, even when far away, and my colleagues - Barbara, Kieran, Natalie, and Jonita for their advise and motivation during last few months.

VII

TABLE OF CONTENTS II. Adaptive Reuse of Ospedale al Mare

Declaration.........................................................................III

Abstract..............................................................................V

Acknowledgements............................................................VII

List of Figures.....................................................................XI

4.1. Economically Viable Approach......................25

4.2. Public Use of Ospedale al Mare....................27

4.3. Community Living........................................29

5. Detailed Design

Manifesto.............................................................................1 I. Adaptive Reuse in Venice - Issues and Opportunities

5.1. Ospedale al Mare Masterplan........................32

5.2. Proposed Buildings......................................47

5.3. Building Interventions...................................80

Conclusion......................................................................105 Bibliography....................................................................106

1. Importance of Reuse in Venice.........................................5 2. Abandonment and Privatisation of Property.......................7 3. Opportunity for a New Approach of Reuse

4. Architectural Proposal - Artist Community Complex

3.1 Sustaining the Venetian Community...............11 3.2 Lido Island....................................................13 3.3 Ospedale al Mare Compex.............................17

IX

LIST OF FIGURES * Not cited pictures and figures are made by author Fig 20: Recent Photos of Ospedale al Mare (from Bart Pogoda, 2013).................19 Fig 21: Renders of the Project proposed by Est Capital, Fondo Real Venice II (from F&M Ingegneria Spa, 2010)..........................................................21 Fig 22: Central Pavilion at Venice Biennale (by Haupt & Binder, 2011)..…….....24 Fig 23: Venice Film Festival (from Yatzer, 2015)…………………...................24 Fig 24: Events at Teatro Marinoni (from Facebook - Teatro Marinoni, 2016).........27 Fig 25: Dancers in Teatro Marinoni (from Candussi, G, 2014).............................27 Fig 26,27: Benidorm Seafront Concept (from ArchDaily, 2010)…………………..38 Fig 28: Landscape architecture – BGU University Entrance Square & Art Gallery (from Minimalisti 2017)……................................................................38 Fig 29: Mellon Square (from The Cultural Landscape Foundation, 2009)…...….38 Fig 30: Hospital AZ Groeninge (from Archello, 2016)...................…………….72 Fig 31: Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Centre / Max Dudler

(from ArchDaily, 2013)..........................................................................72 Fig 32: High-Rise Ensemble Hagenholzstrasse (from Architecture Lab, 2014).....72 Fig 33: Bologna Porticofrom (McEwan, C, 2013)…………....................……..86 Fig 34: Aldo Rossi Portico (McEwan, C, 2013)…………….............…………86 Fig 35: Case Study | ZDX Industries | Roxsan Seismic Retrofit

(from Buildera, 201...........................................................................…88 Fig 36: Steel Rebars in Cracked Masonry Wall (from Rashkoff, R, 2017)....……89

Fig 1: Fig 2: Fig 3: Fig 4: Fig 5: Fig 6: Fig 7: Fig 8: Fig 9: Fig 10: Fig 11: Fig 12: Fig 13: Fig 14:

Cotonificio Building (from Not Just a Label, 2015)....................................4 Junghans Former Industrial Area (from Archello, 2016).............................4 Italian Pavilion, Biennale Arsenale (from Lusiardi, F., 2015).......................4 San Giobbe (from Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, 2017)...........................4 Accademia di Belle Arti (by Salvadori, R., 2014).......................................4 Conterie Building (by Zanta, M., 2015).....................................................4 Punta della Dogana from Campanile di San Marco (by Brocca, D., 2009)..4 San Servolo Island (from Event Report, 2017)...........................................4 Fabbriche Nuove (from Revolvy, 2016).....................................................6 Ospedale Civile (from Health Venice, 2016)..............................................6 Palazzo Bernardo (from Wikipedia, 2016)..................................................6 Palazzo dei Camerlenghi (from Altervista, 2014).......................................6 Poveglia Island Exterior and Interior (from Cooperstein, 2014)...................6 Church of San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti, Cannaregio (from Save Venice Inc., 2016)...............................................................................................6 Fig 15: Hotel des Bains (from Il Gazzettino, 2015)................................................6 Fig 16: Ospedale al Mare (from Impresedili News, 2015)......................................6 Fig 17: Population of Historical Venice, 1540 to 2015 (from Venipedia, 2015)......9 Fig 18: Lido di Venezia, Aerial View (Classic Collection Holidays, 2016).............14 Fig 19: Photos of Ospedale al Mare - 20th century (La Storia e il Futuro

dell’Ospedale al Mare (Italiano), 2012)...................................................19

XI

MANIFESTO treatments. In addition, it provided an unique experience to its patients with the various facilities it offered. It had an urban importance on the island as its public park area was connected to the promenade.

After a period of economic recession the complex was closed down and currently the property is owned by wealthy investors. The proposals for the future use are creating conflicts between the locals and developers.

Adaptive reuse of old or abandoned buildings is gaining more popularity nowadays as it brings environmental, economic, and cultural benefits to structures which are not fulfilling their original function.

The process gives an opportunity to retain the authentic image of rundown areas and at the same time gives space for innovation where new technologies and contemporary styles can be adopted. An adaptive reuse strategy aims to bring together the past and the present in the built environment.

An adaptive reuse strategy for Ospedale al Mare can improve the lifestyle of the locals and visitors of the island. The concept focuses on creating an art community complex where its residents are the ones that provide entertainment, educational, and leisure activities to the public. The goal is to design a high-quality residence for locals and a place open to others, rejuvenating the area and defining it as a place of innovation and creativity. In this way, Ospedale al Mare could maintain its architectural and urban importance, providing a new use that is economically and socially beneficial. A successful adaptive reuse of a complex of such large scale can potentially set a new vision for the area and Lido Island - a place of balance between locals and tourists, where beauty and art is celebrated.

In the Venetian Lagoon there is a great tradition of building renovation and conservation. In recent years adaptive reuse projects have put the spotlight on Venice. The concept of adaptive reuse corresponds to the vision Venice wants to retain - a place of extraordinary built heritage with a constant flow of new ideas. There is still a lot of potential for adaptive reuse projects in Venice. The eleven century history of the city, the shift of areas of interest, and economic issues have left many buildings in abandonment with a questionable future.

The focus of this thesis is the case of Ospedale al Mare, an abandoned hospital complex on the coastline of Venice’s Lido Island. The complex used to be internationally recognised for its alternative medicine

1

PART I. ADAPTIVE REUSE IN VENICE ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Cotton Factory

Scuola della Carita

IUAV University Building

Art Gallery

Clock Factory

Dormitory

Shipyard

Exhibition Space

Glass Factory

Residential and Commercial

Customs House

Contemporary Art Gallery

4

Slaughterhouse

Mental Asylum

Ca’Foscari University Building

University Campus

1. IMPORTANCE OF REUSE IN VENICE

Venice has become popular for its tradition of restoration and conservation of buildings, successfully maintaining an anti-modern image which resembles its past. The already densely built city has been changing throughout the last few centuries, creating a need for new building typologies. Demolition and new construction is not a favourable option as construction in the lagoon is a difficult task and most of the buildings are considered architectural heritage.

Fig 1. Cotonificio Building, 2015, from Not Just a Label Fig 2. Junghans Former Industrial Area, 2016, from Archello Fig 3. Italian Pavilion, Biennale Arsenale, 2015, from Lusiardi, F Fig 4. San Giobbe, 2017, from Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia Fig 5. Accademia di Belle Arti, 2014, by Salvadori, R. Fig 6. Conterie Building, 2015, by Zanta, M. Fig 7. Punta della Dogana from Campanile di San Marco,

Since the French rule of Venice, reuse has become an key strategy for accommodating new building uses (Pes, 2014) . Recently, the reuse projects in Venice are more innovative and bold, bringing the city to the spotlight. This correlates with the current image of Venice - an important place for exchanging ideas in the spheres of art and architecture.

2009, by Brocca, D. Fig 8. San Servolo Island, 2017, from Event Report

Key Building Styles in Venice’s History

5

Fig 9. Fabbriche Nuove, 2016, from Revolvy Fig 10. Ospedale Civile, 2016, from Health Venice Fig 11. Palazzo Bernardo, 2016, from Wikipedia Fig 12. Palazzo dei Camerlenghi, 2014, from Altervista

Fig 13. Poveglia Island, 2014, from Cooperstein Fig 14. Church of San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti, Cannaregio ,2016, from Save Venice Inc. Fig 15. Hotel des Bains, 2015, from Il Gazzettino Fig 16. Ospedale al Mare, 2015, from Impresedili News

6

2. ABANDONMENT AND PRIVATISATION OF PROPERTY

Reuse projects are highly beneficial to the city as they preserve its built heritage, but in recent years they have become a problematic topic. Abandoned sites are sold to private investors who rely on the most economically viable scenario when proposing a new use. Thus, reuse in Venice has become associated with construction of new hotels, restaurants, and retail centres for the tourists.

Nowadays Venice can accommodate around 20 million visitors per year, overcrowding the city, raising the price of property for locals, and making the city an inconvenient place to live in (Ross, 2015). Since 1970s, the Venetians have started to change their residence outside of the historic city (Ross, 2015). Nowadays very few can afford to live in the historic city - since 2000 the price of residential property in historic Venice has doubled (Da Mosto, Morel and GIbin, 2010, p.47). As a result, most Venetians live on the mainland and work in the lagoon, commuting everyday. The historic city is not only overcrowded by tourists, but it is also abundant with amenities serving its visitors. It looks like mass tourism has taken over the city and the locals’ interests are not of a high priority.

Abandoned Sites In Venice

7

PRIVATISATION OF PROPERTY

CHANGE OF USE ORIENTED TO TOURISTS

8

RISING PRICES OF ACCOMMODATION FOR LOCALS

POPULATION OF HISTORICAL VENICE, 1540 TO 2015 180,000 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,0000 0 1540

HIGH DENSITY OF TOURIST TRAFFIC AND TOURIST AMENITIES

YOUNG VENETIANS LEAVING THE CITY

1583

1626

1669

1712

1755

1798

1841

1884

1927

1970

2013

POPULATION DROP AND AN AGING POPULATION

Fig 17. Population of Historical Venice, 1540 to 2015 ,from Venipedia 9

10

3. OPPORTUNITY FOR A NEW APPROACH OF REUSE

3.1 Sustaining the Venetian

Community

A strategy to make the Venetian lagoon an affordable place for its locals is necessary in order to retain its local population. An economically viable plan which intoduces a mixed use of buildings could be the right approach for Venice.

In order to retain Venice as a favourable city for its locals, a balance between the tourists and Venetians should be aimed when it comes to use of buildings and public space. This could be pursued in various ways - considering transportation, local amenities, available residence, and location of job opportunities.

Statistics show that the population of Venice is declining and aging in the last 30 years (Venipedia, 2015), and still no strategies for improving the current situation are being applied. An architectural, economical, and social response to the problem is what could keep Venice prosper and maintain a positive image.

Minimising the daily commute of Venetians could improve their quality of life and further create a much more sustainable strategy for the city. Even though the historic city is well connected to the mainland, the high traffic on peak hours cannot be avoided.

Amenities for locals are not of great abundance, limiting locals when it comes to choice and lengthening their travels when shopping for goods, reaching services, or finding places such as restaurants and bars on local prices. Creating areas which are defined as residential, fit to serve the locals, is a possible solution to this issue.

11

12

3. OPPORTUNITY FOR A NEW APPROACH OF REUSE

3.2 Lido Island

Lido Island has an unique place in the Lagoon - the 11km long sandbar is positioned at the edge of the lagoon, facing the Adriatic Sea. It is no more than 15 min by boat from the historical centre of Venice.

Its distinct nature stands out compared to the other Venetian islands. It is abundant of low houses, surrounded by gardens and green avenues.

The Aurora beach of Lido brings locals and tourists to the island on hot summer days.

Historical Centre

Lido used to be popular for its concentration of public buildings and hotels. It was a glamorous beach resort in the early 20th century.

Nowadays the island is in a period of decline, as a big number of its buildings are abandoned or infrequently used. Still, the Lido island stands out as the venue for the Venetian Cinema Festival and brings famous directors and actors to the Venetian Lagoon every year.

Lido Island

Lido is about to turn another page if its history, as wealthy investors are interested in the disused buildings. Their vision will be crucial for the direction that Lido will take in the future.

13

14

GREAT LOCATION

PROXIMITY TO HISTORICAL VENICE

BEACH RESORT

CULTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL VALUE INTEREST FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

ANNUAL FILM FESTIVAL

19TH AND 20TH CEN. VILLAS

ABANDONED BUILDINGS TO BE DEVELOPED

OSPEDALE AL MARE COMPLEX Fig 18. Lido di Venezia, Aerial View, 2016, Classic Collection Holidays 15

DES BAINS HOTEL

WIDE AREAS, GARDENS AND ROADS

Aerial View - “OAM” Current State

16

3. OPPORTUNITY FOR A NEW APPROACH OF REUSE

3.3 Ospedale al Mare

Situated in the northern part of Lido Island, Ospedale al Mare served as a hospital complex for more than seventy years. It was famous for practicing alternative medicine and provided various facilities to its patients. It was much more than a regular hospital complex, because in addition to its treatments the patients had the opportunity to enjoy to beautiful Aurora beach and were provided entertainment facilities - such as the Marinoni theatre. Even though the hospital has a history of glory and success, it faded away in the 1970s due to economic recessions. In the late 20th century the insufficient funding and old facilities led to its final closure in 2003 (Sometimes Interesting, 2014).

The question of its future use is still a big problem on the island. The city of Venice, the potential developers, and the locals express strong opinions on the topic. While the debate has been going on for years, Ospedale al Mare‘s structures keep deteriorating. A solution to this issue is of an urgent matter.

17

18

“OAM” - THEN AND NOW

left Fig 19. Photos of Ospedale al Mare - 20th century, 2012, La Storia e il Futuro dell’Ospedale al Mare (Italiano) right (top row) Fig 20. Recent Photos of Ospedale al Mare, 2013, by Bart Pogoda right (bottom row) - by author

19

20

3. OPPORTUNITY FOR A NEW APPROACH OF REUSE

3.3 Ospedale al Mare

The city of Venice has decided to sale Osepadale al Mare to a private investor, using the money from the sale for a new Palazzo del Cinema (a building used for the Venetian Film Festival) (Sometimes Interesting, 2014).

The complex has been property of an investment company called “Est Capitol” for the period 2009-2014 and it was planned to be a luxury resort, making a long the strip of land on the promenade for private use only. There were numerous protests by the locals against that idea, as the complex has served as a public park area ever since its construction. Nevertheless, disputes between the city of Venice and “Est Capitol” prevented the project of a luxury resort to become reality. Currently the complex is owned by an real estate company called “Hines Italia SGR” and its future is uncertain (Sometimes Interesting, 2014).

The complex’s structures are rapidly degrading due to the harsh costal climate. If the investor company does not take action, the architectural heritage of Ospadale al Mare will deteriorate beyond repair. The developers are concerned about the proposal for Ospedale al Mare because of the strong voice of the locals when it comes to the topic of demolition. Preservationists are eager to protect the theatre and church buildings on site. (Sometimes Interesting, 2014). The new use of Ospedale al Mare need to bring the investors, the city of Venice, the preservationists, and the locals to a compromise solution.

Fig 21. Render of the Project Proposed by Est Capital, Fondo Real Venice II, 2010, from F&M Ingegneria Spa

21

22

PART II. ADAPTIVE REUSE OF OSPEDALE AL MARE

23

Fig 22. Central Pavilion at Venice Biennale, 2011, by Haupt & Binder Fig 23. Venice Film Festival, 2015, from Yatzer

24

4. ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL ARTIST COMMUNITY COMPLEX 4.1 Economically Viable Approach Adaptive Reuse strategies give opportunities for financial returns and savings from retaining the embodied energy of building construction (Adaptive Reuse - Preserving our past, building our future, 2016, p.5). Nevertheless, such projects are risky because unexpected complications in construction are possible as deteriorated old structures can have numerous problems. This could slow down construction and raise the cost of the project. A study shows that the commercial strategies and financial initiatives implied in adaptive reuse outweigh the extra cost related to architectural heritage preservation and other project risks (Adaptive Reuse - Preserving our past, building our future, 2016, p.5).

In 2016, the Venice Biennale was visited by nearly 500,000 people (Steelcase, 2016). Art and architecture exhibitions bring a great income for Venice. Proposing a new use of Ospedale al Mare oriented to art could be a successful plan for the complex.

In addition, the majority of Venice’s higher education institutions are teaching art, music, dance and architecture. IUAV Architecture University, Accademia di Belle Arti, and Benedetto Marcello Conservatory together have nearly 10,000 students (Da Mosto, Morel and GIbin, 2010). Making Ospedale al Mare a complex for artist could serve the user group of art graduates and provide them a place where they combine work and living. It would offer them a stable place of income in a beautiful location and also minimise their daily commute.

Thus, Ospedale al Mare’s new use should propose an economically viable approach in order to justify the preservation of its original buildings. Looking at some of Venice’s strategies for revenue could give a good example for the complex’s new use. Events such as the Cinema Festival and the art and architectural exhibitions of the Venice Biennale bring hundreds of people to the Venetian Lagoon.

The idea of a complex oriented to art overlaps the interests of investors and locals. It has potential to give great revenue as art tourism is something that Venice greatly benefits from for ever since the Giardini Biennale opened their doors during the Napoloen era of Venice.

25

26

4. ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL ARTIST COMMUNITY COMPLEX 4.2 Public Use of Ospedale al Mare

The public use of the complex is an essential part of the architectural proposal, taking in consideration the urban and historical aspects of the project. In addition, the complex has a great social value for the locals and a response to their strong position should be thought out.

The complex is built on the promenade of the Aurora Beach of Lido. Making the space open to visitors could be the most beneficial urban approach for the complex . It could serve as an extension of the existing path, bringing more people to Ospedale al Mare.

Public use of the complex’s site and buildings is a something the locals stand for and they have expressed it with numerous protests in Lido Island. Self organised preservationist groups are taking care of some of the buildings in the abandoned complex, proving their care and passion for the place. Giving back Ospedale al Mare to its locals will follow the interest of the Venetians and has potential to make it a highly visited place on the island.

Fig 24. Events at Teatro Marinoni, from Facebook - Teatro Marinoni Fig 25. Dancers in Teatro Marinoni, 2014, from Candussi, G

27

28

4. ARCHITECTURAL PROPOSAL ARTIST COMMUNITY COMPLEX 4.3 Community Living two groups will be something usual. Creating spaces such as event halls, conference areas, and meeting rooms could be a chance for the artist residents to exchange ideas with their colleagues or guest artists, broadening even further their understanding and skills in the spheres they are working in. Living and working in Ospedale al Mare could be professionally valuable for its residents.

Reusing Ospedale al Mare as artist community complex could bring numerous benefits to its residents. A high quality accommodation in close proximity to their workplace, an abundance of essential amenities, a beautiful location, and a possibility for exchange of ideas are some of the key features of the Ospedale al Mare project which could attract new residents.

Situating resident accommodation, main services and amenities in one area will be of great convenience to the locals. The concept provides a stable plan for Venetians who struggle to find a job or a home in Venice. This kind of approach aims to give opportunities to the locals to remain in the city.

Ospedale al Mare could have studios, practise rooms, exhibition spaces, teaching spaces, and other facilities connected to art, music, and performance. In this way, a variety of job opportunities are provided for its residents and numerous activities are offered to the public. The scale of the existing buildings and the public spaces inbetween them suggests a close proximity between residents and users, potentially making the complex a place where interaction between the

29

30

5. DETAILED DESIGN

The detailed design of Ospedale al Mare aims to portray the vision of an artist complex in Lido Island. One of the focuses of the design is a new landscape proposal, reimagining the public space in between the existing structures and the connection to the beach.

Two new buildings, an events centre and a conference building, will be presented in detail. They are key features of the adaptive reuse project as they convey the concept of the complex being a place of innovation and exchange of ideas.

A number of existing buildings with a mixed public and residential use will be examined as well. Working with the existing structures will inform about the scale of the project and will aim to prove the compatibility between the old building typology and new use of the complex.

31

5.1 OSPEDALE AL MARE MASTERPLAN

MATCHING BUILDING TYPOLOGIES

Some of the key guidelines for adaptive reuse projects are avoiding “facadism“ and proposing a compatible new use when dealing with the old structures on site (Naguib, 2015). This means that the facades as well as the main existing walls should be preserved where possible. This not only contributes to a sustainable strategy, but also retains the concept of the previous building use. A study of the existing structures is essential in such projects in order to have a realistic idea of scale and design opportunities (see 5A booklet for detailed study).

32

ORIGINAL USES “OAM” 33

PROPOSED USES “OAM” 34

3

2

1

4 8

5 9

6 10

11

12

13

17

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

16

7 14

15

18

Art Studios|Apartments Bank|Pharmacy|Post Office Supermarket Library Gallery Events Centre Food Market Church Accommodation for Students of Short Term Art Classes Elementary School Theatre Dance School Music School Art School Workshop Area Conference Building Changing for Sport Activities Activity Rooms

Plans of Proposed Uses 1:2000

35

URBAN STRATEGIES EXTENDING THE PROMENADE

Urban Strategy Diagram 1:5000

36

LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES DEFINING SPACES

Landscape Strategy Diagram 1:2000

37

LANDSCAPE PRECEDENTS

The landscape design has two distinguished styles corresponding to the sea view area and the spaces in between the structures. This further emphasises the different use of the spaces.

The part facing the beach is a public area defined as a place for activities and serving as a gradual transition to the sports facility buildings, the beach huts, and the Aurora beach. The shapes are inspired by sea waves and sand patterns.

The rest of the design has a more ordered landscape language.

The space has two distinct paths leading to the church and to the conference building. There are two public squares, an open sitting area next to the market, a quiet zone next to the church, and a park area leading up to the conference building. The landscape choices corresponds to the adjacent building, creating a coherent design.

Fig 26, 27. Benidorm Seafront Concept, 2010, from ArchDaily Fig 28. Landscape architecture – BGU University Entrance Square & Art Gallery, 2017, from Minimalisti 2017 Fig 29. Mellon Square,2009, from The Cultural Landscape Foundation

38

“OAM” Proposed Landscape 1:2000

39

Aerial View - “OAM” Current State

40

Aerial View - “OAM” Proposed Design

41

42

43

44

45

46

5.2 PROPOSED BUILDINGS

The two new proposed buildings are an events centre and a conference building. They are positioned strategically in the landscape.

The architectural style of the buildings corresponds to the adaptive reuse design criteria which states that all new works on site should be recognised as contemporary. This creates a distinction between the heritage buildings and the new additions.

The conference building is a place where events, lectures, and meetings are held. The building can be reached by following one of the main paths in the complex. The lounge and cafe zones in the conference building provide beautiful views to the park and the complex.

The events centre is in the heart of the complex, positioned next on the main public square. The importance of the building is emphasized as its shape breaks the main paths on ground floor with a portico area. The building can be used to hold big events and access to the rooftop bar can be reached at all times, where there is yet anther great view of the complex and the Adriatic sea.

47

CONFERENCE BUILDING

48

49

GROUND FLOOR 1:250 LEGEND: 3

3

4

2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

3 5 6

1

7

Auditorium Relax Area Meeting Rooms WC Lounge Storage Refuse Area Entrances Public Areas Staff Areas Services Circulation Stair Cores

50

51

FIRST FLOOR 1:250 LEGEND: 3

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

2 1 5

7 6

Reception Cloak Room Staff Office Auditorium WC Kitchen Cafe

4 Entrances Public Areas Staff Areas Services Circulation Stair Cores

52

53

MATERIAL CHOICE

The material choice for the conference building is mainly inspired by the sandy terrain in the complex. The rammed concrete created by a mix of aggregates, cement, sand, and water gives the exterior wall a rough and intricate finish which responds to the surrounding landscape. The sandstone cladding from local sources juxtaposes the robust concrete texture and brings elegance and balance to the facade.

The facade stands out in a complex with mainly brick masonry structures. The contemporary and innovative techniques used match the complex’s new use as an art centre.

54

South East Elevation 1:250

55

South West Elevation 1:250

56

North West Elevation 1:250

57

STRUCTURAL STRATEGIES

Ospedale al Mare is built on a sandy and unstable soil. Deep foundations might be necessary in order to preserve the stability of the building. By extending down to the soil, the building loads are being transferred to a more appropriate strata of dense sands and gravel (Ching, 2008).

The construction material choice should be fit for the harsh costal climate of Lido, ensuring a long term durability of the building. The structural concrete should be durable without any exposed reinforcements. The mix should be made with a sulfateresisting cement, with a “28-day compressive strength of 5,000 psi� and a ratio of water to cement below 0.4 (Fema.gov, 2017).

This technique is more expensive than regular concrete mixes but it guarantees a longer life-span of the concrete material.

58

59

60

61

62

63

EVENTS CENTRE

64

65

GROUND FLOOR 1:250 6

8

1. Reception 2. Meeting Room 3. WC Disabled 4. Staff Office 5. WC Staff 6. Staff Changing Rooms - Women 7. Staff Changing Rooms - Men 8. Refuse Area 9. Strage 10. Plant Room

7

4

9

3

5 2

10 1

Entrances Public Areas Staff Areas Storage Services Circulation Stair Cores

66

67

FIRST FLOOR 1:250 7

10

1. Cloak Room 2. Events Room 3. Bar 4. Kitchen 5. Storage Rooms 6. Performer Dressing Room 7. Bathroom and Changing 8. WC Women 9. WC Men 10. WC Disabled 11. Furniture Storage

11 8

9

6

5 4

3

2 View to the Square Public Areas Staff Areas Storage Services Circulation Stair Cores

1

68

69

SECOND FLOOR 1:250 8

4

5

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

7 6

2

Reception Bar Terrace Bar WC Women WC Men WC Disabled Furniture Storage Kitchen

1 View to the Historic Centre of Venice Public Areas Staff Areas Storage Services Circulation Stair Cores

3

70

71

FACADE PRECEDENTS

The events centre building is located in the heart of the complex, surrounded by a number of pavilions with different architectural styles. Following the adaptive reuse guidelines, the facade of the events centre stands out with its contemporary facade. The materials used are concrete and glass, creating repeating vertical patterns that match the public or private areas of the interior.

The design is inspired by the rhythm of the exposed structural columns of the surrounding buildings. Some contemporary precedents are designs by Max Dudler and Alvaro Siza.

Fig 30. Hospital AZ Groeninge, 2016, from Archello Fig 31. Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Centre / Max Dudler, 2013, from ArchDaily Fig 32. High-Rise Ensemble Hagenholzstrasse, 2014, from Architecture Lab

72

South East Elevation 1:250

73

North West Elevation 1:250

74

South West Elevation 1:250

75

76

77

78

79

80

5.3 BUILDING INTERVENTIONS

The buildings whose reuse strategy is developed in this chapter have previously been hospital buildings with therapy and operation rooms on ground floor and hospital beds on the upper floors.

The proposed new use is public schools on ground floor - where the locals can enrol for art, dance or music classes, and residential apartments above.

The structural concept has been followed in flan. The unnecessary extensions built in the 1970s have been proposed for demolition. New additions such as stair cores express the new function of the cluster of buildings.

81

BUILDINGS OF MIXED USE

82

83

84

85

PORTICO PRECEDENTS

Fig 33. Bologna Portico, 2013, from McEwan, C Fig 34. Aldo Rossi Portico, 2013, from McEwan, C

86

ORIGINAL MASSING

REUSE STRATEGY

Portico Circulation (Residential)

87

STRUCTURAL SAFEGUARDING

Most buildings in Ospedale al Mare are masonry brick structures. Some of the more recently built pavilions have concrete columns and beams. Even though the structures are standing, they are not safe for occupation because their seismic performance is low due to the existing cracks, that could easily be spotted.

There are various techniques to safeguard old structures which could be applied. Materials such as carbon composite fibres increase the stiffness of masonry and concrete structures (Foraboschi, 2013). The fibres are embedded into a matrix or applied as strips. They are applied externally to the existing structure.

Another method is the application of steel rebars which are drilled into the masonry walls, anchoring it in place with end plates (Foraboschi, 2013). Steel columns and beams are used often in adaptive reuse projects to support wall openings or other load bearing structures.

Fig 35. Case Study | ZDX Industries | Roxsan Seismic Retrofit, 2017, from Buildera Fig 36. Steel Rebars in Cracked Masonry Wall, 2017, from Rashkoff, R

88

89

Existing Structure Walls Proposed for Demolition

90

91

92

93

DANCE SCHOOL PLAN 1:250

3

4

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

5

6

7 1

2

Reception Office Room Changing Room Women Fire Escape (of 1st floor apartments) Changing Room Men Dance Room #1 Dance Room #2

Entrances and Fire Exits Public Areas Staff Areas Services Circulation Stair Cores

94

95

MUSIC SCHOOL PLAN 1:250

10

3

3

4

4

5

6

6

1. Reception 2. Office Room 3. Practice Studios 4. Staff Offices 5. Fire Escape Stair 6. Individual Teaching Rooms 7. Band Practice Rooms 8. Orchestra Rehearsal Room 9. Music Theory Classrooms 10. Bathrooms and Storage Space

7 8

9

9

1

2

7

Entrances and Fire Exits Educational Public Areas Staff Areas Storage Services Circulation Stair Cores

96

97

ART SCHOOL PLAN 1:250

9

2

10 8

1

3

11 12

13 7

16

13

14 15

17

5

4 6

Entrances and Fire Exits Educational Public Areas Staff Areas Storage Services Circulation Stair Cores

98

STAIR CORE:

1. Stairs and Elevator to Residential Area 2. Refuse Area

CAFE:

3.

4.

5.

6.

ART SCHOOL:

7. Reception 8. Art Studio 9. Storage 10. Dining and Lounge 11. Kitchen 12. Equipment Storage Room 13. Staff Offices 14. Printing Room 15. Bathrooms and Cleaner’s Storage 16. Art Theory Classroom 17. Life Drawing Studio

Kitchen Bar Storage Cafe Customer Area

99

WORKSHOP AREA 1:250 10

9 13 8

7

1. Reception 2. Office Room 3. Workshop Spaces 4. Meeting Room 5. Multipurpose Space (Drawn as Exhibition Area) 6. Furniture and Cleaner’s Storage 7. Bathrooms 8. Staff Kitchen 9. Staff Dining 10. Printing Room 11. Staff Office 12. General Storage 13. Staff Bathrooms

6

11 3

4

5

12 13

3 2

Entrances and Fire Exits Educational Public Areas Staff Areas Storage Services Circulation Stair Cores

1

100

101

Residential 1st Floor 1:250

A

B

B

A

A

B

B

A

A

B

B

A

B

B

C C B B B

FLAT TYPE A: 3

3

6 1

FLAT TYPE B:

4

LEGEND:

4 5

5

2

2

4

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1

102

Living Room Kitchen and Dining Bedroom Single Bedroom Double Bathroom WC

103

104

CONCLUSION

An adaptive reuse strategy could be the only possible way to preserve the architectural heritage of Ospedale al Mare, as a new economically viable use is necessary for the costly restoration processes and the further success of the area.

Creating an art community complex, open to the public can benefit both the residents and the locals of Lido island. For the Venetians and visitors the complex could be a place for various activities, entertainment, and education. Also, the complex is a great opportunity for professional development of artists and performers, securing them a place in the Venetian lagoon.

The art complex of Ospedale al Mare could be an active and regularly visited place, bringing back the spotlight on Lido Island. The proposed use is a compromise solution where all the parties involved in the decision-making process can reach common conclusion.

The destiny of this complex will be clear in the near future as action from the current property owner is expected. Hopefully, the real estate company will also chose an innovative and socially beneficial approach for their project, bringing back the recognition that this historical place deserves.

105

BIBLIOGRAPHY|TEXT Adaptive Reuse - Preserving our past, building our future. (2004). 1st ed. [ebook] Australian Government, Department of Environment and Heritage. Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3845f27a-ad2c4d40-8827-18c643c7adcd/files/adaptive-reuse.pdf [Accessed 29 March.

2016].

at: http://historyofvenice.viublogs.org/files/2014/04/HV10.Rise-of-GreaterVenice.pdf [Accessed 24 March 2017].

Ross, W. (2015). The death of Venice: Corrupt Officials, Mass Tourism and Soaring. [online] The Independent. Available at: http://www.independent. co.uk/news/world/europe/the-death-of-venice-corrupt-officials-masstourism-and-soaring-property-prices-have-stifled-life-in-10251434.html [Accessed 29 March. 2017].

Ching, F. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated. 1st ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley&Sons, Inc.

Sometimes Interesting. (2014). Abandoned Venice: The Ospedale al Mare. [online] Available at: http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/10/01/ abandoned-venice-the-ospedale-al-mare/ [Accessed 11 April. 2016].

Da Mosto, J., Morel, T. and GIbin, R. (2010). The Venice Report: Demography, Tourism, Financing and Change of Use of Buildings. London, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Steelcase. (2016). Steelcase Showcases Its Sustainability Commitment at Biennale Architettura. [online] Available at: https://www.steelcase.com/eu-en/ press-releases/biennale-architettura-2016/ [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Fema.gov. (2017). Coastal Building Materials. [online] Available at: https:// www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1536-20490-7159/499_1_7. txt [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Foraboschi, P. (2013). Church of San Giuliano di Puglia: Seismic repair and upgrading. Engineering Failure Analysis, 33, pp.281-314.

Venipedia. (2015). Demographics of Venice. [online] Available at: http://www. venipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Demographics [Accessed 29 March.

2017].

Pecorai, G. (1987). Lido di Oggi, Lido di Allora - The Lido: Then and Now. 1st ed. Lido di Venezia: Edizioni Atiesse.

Pes, L. (2014). Rise of Greater Venice. [ebook] Venice, Italy, p.27. Available

106

BIBLIOGRAPHY|IMAGES Altervista. (2014). Venezia - Unleashed Camerlenghi Palace. [online] Available at: http://dipoco.altervista.org/venezia-camerlenghi-palace/ [Accessed 22 Jan. 2017].

Brocca, D. (2009). Punta della Dogana and Salute’s Church view from Campanile di San Marco. [online] Panoramio. Available at: http://www. panoramio.com/photo/23188599 [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

ArchDaily. (2010). Benidorm Seafront / OAB. [online] Available at: http://www. archdaily.com/61529/benidorm-seafront-oab [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Buildera. (2017). Case Study | ZDX Industries | Roxsan Seismic Retrofit. [online] Available at: http://www.buildera.com/zdx-industries-roxsan-seismicretrofit-crackmon-case-study/ [Accessed 1 May 2017].

ArchDaily. (2013). Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Centre / Max Dudler. [online] Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/376900/jacob-and-wilhelm-grimmcentre-max-dudler [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Candussi, G. (2014). Ballerina Project Venice: Fighting Decay And Abandonment With Dance Steps. [online] Bored Panda. Available at: http:// www.boredpanda.com/ballerina-project-venice/ [Accessed 22 Jan. 2017].

Archello. (2016). Hospital AZ Groeninge. [online] Available at: http:// uk.archello.com/en/project/hospital-az-groeninge [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Cooperstein, P. (2014). Italy Is Selling Off This Very Creepy ‘Haunted’ Island In Venice. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://www.businessinsider. com/poveglia-island-for-auction-2014-4?IR=T [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Archello. (2016). Junghans Former Industrial Area. [online] Available at: http:// www.archello.com/en/project/giudecca-venice [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

Facebook - Teatro Marinoni. (2017). Teatro Marinoni - Photos. [online] Available at: https://www.facebook.com/pg/teatromarinoni/photos/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Architecture Lab. (2014). High-Rise Ensemble Hagenholzstrasse. [online] Available at: http://architecturelab.net/high-rise-ensemble-hagenholzstrasseatelier-ww-max-dudler/ [Accessed 1 May 2017].

F&M Ingegneria Spa. (2010). Ex Ospedale al Mare. [online] Available at: http://www.fm-ingegneria.com/project-detail.php?id=148 [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Bart Pogoda. (2013). Lido e Ospedale al Mare. [online] Available at: http:// bartpogoda.net/2013/01/02/lido-e-ospedale-al-mare/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Event Report. (2017). Cresce l’Interesse del Corporate per l’Isola-Location.

107

[online] Available at: http://www.eventreport.it/stories/Spotlight/75708_ cresce_linteresse_del_corporate_per_lisola-location/ [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

- Giardini. [online] Universes In Universe. Available at: http://u-in-u.com/ venice-biennale/2011/tour/illuminations/padiglione-centrale/ [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Health Venice. (2016). Assistenza Sanitaria Locale. [online] Available at: http://www.healthvenice.com/assistenza-sanitaria-locale-it.aspx [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Minimalisti (2017). Landscape Architecture - Modern Design Ideas. [online] Available at: https://www.minimalisti.com/landscape-almost-professionally. html [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Il Gazzettino. (2015). Pantegane Frale Lussuose Capanne da 8 Mila Eurodel Des Bains. [online] Available at: http://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/ pantegane_spiaggia_lido_venezia_des_bains-1122481.html [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Not Just a Label. (2015). University IUAV of Venice. [online] Available at: https://www.notjustalabel.com/school/university-iuav-venice-0 [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

Lusiardi, F. (2015). Stepping Into the Rooms of Memory, Biennale 2015, Italy Pavilion. [online] Inexhibit. Available at: https://www.inexhibit.com/casestudies/stepping-rooms-memory-venice-art-biennale-2015-italy-pavilion/ [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

Impresedili News. (2015). Cronoprogramma per la messa in sicurezza dell’ex-Ospedale al Mare. [online] Available at: http://www.impresedilinews. it/cronoprogramma-per-la-messa-in-sicurezza-dellex-ospedale-al-mare/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

La Storia e il Futuro dell’Ospedale al Mare (Italiano). (2012). [video] Venice, Italy: Michele Benvegnu.

McEwan, C. (2013). Architecture of Analogy. [online] Cameronmcewan. wordpress.com. Available at: https://cameronmcewan.wordpress.com/tag/ giovanni-antonio-canaletto/ [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Revolvy. (2016). Grand Canal of Venice. [online] Available at: https://www. revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Grand%20Canal%20of%20Venice&item_ type=topic [Accessed 22 Jan. 2017].

Salvadori, R. (2014). L’Acqua è Maestra. [online] Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia. Available at: http://www.accademiavenezia.it/eventi/l-acquamaestra-204.html [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

Haupt & Binder (2011). Padiglione Centrale at the Giardini. ILLUMInations

Save Venice Inc. (2016). Church of San Lazzaro dei Mendicanti. [online]

108

Available at: https://savevenice.org/our-restorations/church-of-san-lazzarodei-mendicanti/ [Accessed 23 Jan. 2017].

Zanta, M. (2015). Residential Building Refurbishment / Studio Macola. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: http://www.archdaily.com/779040/residentialbuilding-refurbishment-studio-macola [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

Rashkoff, R. (2017). Repair and Strengthening of Brick & Concrete Block Masonry Houses. [online] Know2do. Available at: http://www.know2do.org/ Retrofit/BrickMasonry/RSBrickMasonryP.htm [Accessed 1 May 2017].

The Cultural Landscape Foundation. (2009). Mellon Square. [online] Available at: https://tclf.org/landscapes/mellon-square [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia. (2017). San Giobbe - Ca’ Foscari. [online] Available at: http://www.unive.it/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=175000 [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017].

Venipedia. (2015). Demographics of Venice. [online] Available at: http://www. venipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Demographics [Accessed 24 Jan. 2017].

Wikipedia. (2016). Palazzo Bernardo a San Polo. [online] Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Bernardo_a_San_Polo [Accessed 22 Jan. 2017].

Yatzer. (2015). 72nd Venice International Film Festival. [online] Available at: https://www.yatzer.com/agenda/events/72nd-venice-international-filmfestival [Accessed 1 May 2017].

109