ISTANBUL-FENER by KAROLOS MICHAILIDIS

RESEARCH & ANALYSIS

ENER

STANBU

GRADUATION PROJECT 2013/14

karolos michailidis MSc3/4 PUBLIC BUILDING STUDIO

Author â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Note This book is the outcome of the research conducted during the MSc3 in the Technical University of Delft as part of the graduation project of Public Building Studio in Istanbul. The information included derive from a selection of sources and researches from both the work produced by other people and personal investigations and analysis. All external sources are referenced and properly noted. This research will be used as the backbone for the development and decisions taken concerning the design project, selection of site and program and a deep understanding of the conditions of the neighborhood of Fener.

Delft University of Technology

MSc 3-4 | Public Building | Studio Istanbul Karolos Michailidis_4238052 Tutors: Michiel Riedijk Nicola Marzot Marc Schoonderbeek

FENER/ ΦΑΝΑΡΙ The area’s name is a Turkish transliteration of the original Greek φανάριον (a lighting lantern, a streetlight, a light post with a light lantern - from φανός: Light-torch, φάρος: beacon, lighthouse) (Classical: phanárion, modern: fanári, “lantern”).

It was so called for a column topped with a lantern which stood there in the Byzantine period - used as a public light or marine and/or other purpose locator/beacon.

“Phanar(i)” (the traditional spelling) is often used as shorthand for the Ecumenical Patriarchate, just as “Vatican” is used for the Holy See of the Roman Catholic Church.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 5

The S oul Of The City “When you love a city and have explored it frequently on foot, your body, not to mention your soul, gets to know the streets so well after a number of years that in a fit of melancholy, perhaps stirred by a light snow falling ever so sorrowfully, you’ll discover your legs carrying you of their own accord toward one of your favourite promontories” ― Orhan Pamuk, My Name is Red

I N T R O D U C T I O N 7

prologue a dialogue between past and future

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urban dissonance

I N T R O D U C T I O N 9

istanbul: a city of fragments A DIAGRAM between two water bodies 7 hills a natural harbour with a dense urban topography favoring framing views and vibrant life in the streets

THE POLIS + THE MADINA

THE PHASES OF ISTANBUL The topological preconditions of the site lend themselves to a natural harbor The Classical city is characterized by framed views and deliberate structuring of public spaces The Byzantine city allows flows and multiple forms of life The Ottoman city privileges the private life, and the formal structure of the city breaks down The Industrial city looks back west, as Prost and the French begin to regularize the street grid, opportunistically using fires The Modern city focuses on identity formulation in the new contem-

The polis refers to the classical construction of a city, and centers on ideas of self-governance, autonomy and independence, with a significant focus on the public realm. Spaces in the polis are dedicated to exchange: the acropolis [a place for worship] and the agora [ a marketplace] are two major anchors, and public spaces are linked by wide paved streets in a highly ordered manner. The madina, by contrast, privileges the private realm. Roads become narrow pathways overshadowed by the growth of private buildings. Open markets are replaced by covered bazaars, and the public space of the forum is replaced by the mosque, within whose courtyard most meeting and exchange occurred. Congestions and privacy prevail over order and clarity. Istanbul began as a city ideally situated between two bodies of water and between two continents. With a steeply sloping waterfront and a few natural harbors, it was a favored site for creating trade and commerce. Walls only needed to be built on the western edge, and traders looking to move between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea had to cross this region. Water as a method of transport and a valuable natural resource begin to influence the development of the early city, as water is collected in cisterns, and piped in from the Belgrade forest to the North. The city is founded on and survives by its water networks. At the beginning, cisterns and aqueducts bring fresh water to an arid city, later, stories of fishing in basements leads to their rediscovery. Water continues to define the city, and questions of its acquisition and use plague its future.

porary state, transportation networks grow to accommodate new technologies The Megacity is an explosion in scale and adds both potential and challenges. Source:

http://issuu.com/nikeroack/

docs/dr_finalreport_reduced

Constantine began a program of enriching the city from the moment he transferred the capital of the Roman Empire, and rebuilt his new capital to rival Romeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Built on seven hills, the city had wide colonnaded streets linking forums. The largest public space by far was the Hippodrome, which was slowly expanded and connected to the palace of the Emperors. Constantine and later Justinian built several of the first major churches in the area, including Hagia Sophia, which would continue to influence the city fabric for the next two thousand years.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 11

(Un)City: (Un)Real State of the (Un)Known Public R ealm The architects Djamel Klouche, CĂŠdric Libert and Sinan Logie focus on cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transformation processes, on confronting various ideas and approaches to contemporary metropolitan issues, with the idea of approaching the urban matter through diverging, if not opposite, strategies (topdown vs bottom-up).

Palimpset city HUZUN According to Orhan Pamuk, huzun is the feeling of living in the ruins of once great civilization. This kind of melancholy pervades the city and creates a kind of nostalgia for the past, one that should be carefully examined.

With the new Turkish state formed in 1923, the city began to change once more. Initially neglected as the official capital moved to Ankara, it still figured economically in the life of the new state, and in the formation of a new Turkish identity. Diversity of culture was erased in favor of a new monolithic society, one that looked forward. Increased contact brought the international style to Istanbul. The economic centers begin to move north, away from the historic center. The oldest part of the city is preserved and turned into an archaeological park. Lack of planned public spaces lead to innovation: food carts, dolmus busses, and markets conducted on crowded streets.

After 1950, Istanbul was growing as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;linear cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, due to rapid and unplanned urban growth, the

linear

pattern

urban

development altered some parts of the city, and a new pattern which disregarded the natural characteristics of the site became dominant. Therefore, the role of water and the function of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterfronts got disrupted to

great

extent.

The

city

dwellers were deprived of a close contact with water, as they used to be in the recent past. Water was no longer accessible as it used to be, both visually and for recreation purposes. Text Source: http://survivalguidetoistanbul.blogspot.nl/2010/11/accessibility-to-waterfront.html Left

image:

http://www.wbarchi-

tec tur es.be/en/ac tions/Lec tur es _ WBA_ _Istanbul_Brussels_ _at_the_ Istanbul__Biennial_of_Design/125/

Like Constantine, Mehmet the Conqueror embarked on a building program when he appropriated Istanbul in 1453. As an example of religious tolerance, he retained Hagia Sofia and turned it into a Mosque. Later generations would take Hagia Sofia as inspiration and build their own centers. Mosques take over the civic services of the city, and the rest of the city fabric re-centers around these spaces and divides into a series of cellular neighborhoods. The streets congest as the city encrusts itself. The model of the madina is used in areas as a way to maximize density of vendors for economic benefit. In this privileging of the private realm, the straight lines and hierarchies disappear. Everyone is effectively the property of the Sultan, and dwell in his private realm. BALCONIES The signature of Ottoman architecture, the balcony is the vehicle by which to achieve overlooks, create access to the street, and provide ventilation in a Mediterranean climate. Even in newer neighborhoods, this mentality persists. CENTERS Multiple centers create an uneasy hierarchy-- between the older and newer built environment, the people and their informal modifications of place, and the layers of history. Hierarchy is adapted, manipulated, and questioned. VIEWS Much of the city is found in the secret peaks or overlooks-informed by topography but amplified by the constructed environment, close set buildings, and the persistence of balconies.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 13

STREETSCAPE Evolution S ource spectsyntax.net Information retrieved from Istanbul workshop that took place in October 2013 in TU DELFT.

Evolution

Streets

Streets is Istanbul have changed a lot during the past 150 years. In 1840 the streets where much more active, a center of interaction and exchange, which explains the numerous dead-ends in many streets. Today because of the increase of the use of car and the existence of several means of transportation the infrastructure has organized the streetscape, resulting into a more sub-divided and fragmented city with much smaller urban blocks.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 15

Greeks

J ews

Kurtuluş

Balat

N işantaşı

Kuzguncuk

K adıköy

S ource Information adapted from Layered Istanbul-Group C: http://

Fener

survivalguidetoistanbul.blogspot. nl/2010/12/kadikoy-housing-layers.html

MINORITIES SETTLEMENTS

Armenian & Levantine

Kurtuluş

B eyoglu

N işantaşı URBAN GRID Istanbul has become the home for many settlements of immigrants. It is interesting to observe and compare the different urban grids immigrants have chosen to inhabit or how the neighborhoods have evolved due to this inhabitation. The Greek and Jew settlements seem more orthogonal and organized, and the planning seems highly affected by the Greek city planning virtues. Fener, although very dense, seems less compact due to smaller sizes of urban blocks.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 17

Major Libraries

of I stanbul

Mappings of the main libraries in Istanbul

Municipality S ervices Mappings of the main Municipalities and Registry Offices

MAPPING ISTANBUL LIST OF MAJOR LIBRARIES -Beyazıt State Library, Beyazıt -Istanbul Technical University Mustafa Inan Library -Süleymaniye Library (Süleymaniye kütüphanesi), Beyazıt -Istanbul Celik Gulersoy Library (Çelik Gülersoy Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet -Library of the Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet -Library of the Archaeological Museum (Arkeoloji Müzesi Kütüphanesi), Sultanahmet -Library of Women Works (Kadin Eserleri Kütüphanesi), Haliç -Atatürk Library, Taksim -Library of the Islamic Research Center, ISAM, Bağlarbaşı -Library of the Goethe Institute, Beyoğlu -American Library (Amerikan Kütüphanesi), Tepebaşı -Halide Edip Adıvar Library (Üsküdar American Academy), Bağlarbaşı -Library of the French Institute, Beyoğlu

S ource List of libraries in Istanbul. (2013, September 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:23, January 13, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_libraries_in_Istanbul&oldid=574151574

LIST OF MUNICIPALITIES Adalar Belediyesi http://www.adalar.bel.tr/ Arnavutköy Belediyesi http://www.arnavutkoy.bel.tr/ Ataşehir Belediyesi http://www.atasehir.bel.tr/ Avcılar Belediyesi http://www.avcilar.bel.tr Bağcılar Belediyesi http://www.bagcilar.bel.tr Bahçelievler Belediyesi http://www.bahcelievler.bel.tr Bakırköy Belediyesi http://www.bakirkoy.bel.tr Başakşehir Belediyesi http://www.basaksehir.bel.tr/ Bayrampaşa Belediyesi http://www.bayrampasa.bel.tr Beşiktaş Belediyesi http://www.besiktas.bel.tr Beykoz Belediyesi http://www.beykoz.bel.tr/ Beylikdüzü Belediyesi http://www.beylikduzu.bel.tr/index.asp Beyoğlu Belediyesi http://www.beyoglu.bel.tr/ Büyükçekmece Belediyesi http://www.bcekmece.bel.tr/ Çatalca Belediyesi http://www.catalca.bel.tr Çekmeköy Belediyesi http://www.cekmekoy.bel.tr/ Esenler Belediyesi http://www.esenler.bel.tr Esenyurt Belediyesi http://www.esenyurt.bel.tr/ Eyüp Belediyesi http://www.eyup.bel.tr/ Fatih Belediyesi http://www.fatih.bel.tr Gaziosmanpaşa Belediyesi http://www.gaziosmanpasa.bel.tr/ Güngören Belediyesi http://www.gungoren.bel.tr Kadıköy Belediyesi http://www.kadikoy.bel.tr/ Kağıthane Belediyesi http://www.kagithane.bel.tr Kartal Belediyesi http://www.kartal.bel.tr/ Küçükçekmece Belediyesi http://www.kucukcekmece.bel.tr Maltepe Belediyesi http://www.maltepe.bel.tr/ Pendik Belediyesi http://www.pendik.bel.tr/ Sancaktepe Belediyesi http://www.sancaktepe.bel.tr/ Sarıyer Belediyesi http://www.sariyer.bel.tr Silivri Belediyesi http://www.silivri-bld.gov.tr/ Sultanbeyli Belediyesi http://www.sultanbeyli.bel.tr Sultangazi Belediyesi http://www.sultangazi.bel.tr/ Şile Belediyesi http://www.sile.bel.tr Şişli Belediyesi http://www.sislibelediyesi.com Tuzla Belediyesi http://www.tuzla.bel.tr Ümraniye Belediyesi http://www.umraniye.bel.tr Üsküdar Belediyesi http://www.uskudar-bld.gov.tr Yerel Yönetimler Portalı http://www.yerelnet.org.tr Zeytinburnu Belediyesi http://www.zeytinburnu.bel.tr

S ource Istanbul Portal: http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/

I N T R O D U C T I O N 19

Major Museums

of I stanbul

Mappings of the main museums in Istanbul

Gallery

and

Art S paces

Mappings of the main art spaces and galleries

MAPPING ISTANBUL LIST OF MUSEUMS Adam Mickiewicz Museum, Istanbul

Istanbul Naval Museum

Anadoluhisarı

Istanbul Railway Museum

Aşiyan Museum Atatürk Museum, Şişli

Istanbul Zoology Museum

Istanbul Aviation Museum Aynalıkavak Palace Beylerbeyi Palace Chora Church Dolmabahçe Palace Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion Galatasaray Museum Great Palace Mosaic Museum Hagia Sophia Ihlamur Palace Istanbul Archaeology Museums Istanbul Railway Museum

Istanbul UFO Museum ITU Science Center Jewish Museum of Turkey Kandilli Earthquake Museum Küçüksu Palace List of museums and monuments in Istanbul Maslak Palace Istanbul Military Museum Museum of Illumination and Heating Appliances Mutfak Sanatlari Akademisi

Panorama 1453 History Museum Pammakaristos Church Platform Garanti Contemporary Art Center Istanbul Postal Museum Rahmi M. Koç Museum Rezan Has Museum Rumelihisarı SALT (institution) SantralIstanbul SantralIstanbul Energy Museum Silahtarağa Power Station USS Thornback (SS-418) Tiled Kiosk İstanbul Toy Museum

S ource List of museums and monuments in Istanbul. (2013, August 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 01:03, January 14, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_museums_and_monuments_in_Istanbul&oldid=568486044

LIST OF ART MUSEUMS & GALLERIES 24 SANAT 311 ARTWORKS 44A GALLERY 5533 AÇIKEKRAN YENI MEDYA SANAT AKBANK KÜLTÜR SANAT MERKEZI ALAN ISTANBUL ALMELEK ART GALLERY ANTREPO NO. 3 APARTMENT PROJECT ARMAGGAN ART & DESIGN ART350 ARTANE ARTE ISTANBUL ARTGALERIM ART ON BAS BORUSAN ART CENTER CAGLA CABAOGLU ART GALLERY C.A.M GALLERY CARTOON MUSEUM CDA PROJECTS CHALABI ART GALLERY COLLECTORSPACE DAIRE SANAT DEPO DIRIMART DOGANCAY MUSEUM DOKU SANAT EDISYON EGERAN GALERI ELIPSIS GALLERY EVIN ART FOTOTREK GALATEA ART G-ART GALLERY APEL

GALERIARTIST GALERI ARTIST ÇUKURCUMA GALERI BARAZ 1975 GALERI ESPAS GALERI İLAYDA GALERI MANA GALERI MERKUR GALERI/MIZ GALERI NEV GALERI NON NGALERIST GALERI SELVIN GALERI ZILBERMAN GAMA ART GALLERY GARAJİSTANBUL INSTITUT FRANCAIS - FRANSIZ KÜLTÜR MERKEZI IS SANAT KIBELE SANAT GALERISI ISTANBUL’74 İSTANBUL ARASTIRMALARI ENSTITÜSÜ ISTANBUL PHOTOGRAPHY MUSEUM ISTANBUL MODERN KARE ART GALLERY KARGART KARSI SANAT KASA GALERİ KIZILTOPRAK SANAT GALERISI KRAMPF GALLERY LINART GALLERY MABEYN GALLERY MAC ART GALLERY MACKA MODERN MSG MACKA SANAT GALERISI ]MARQUISE DANCE HALL MILK GALLERY & AND DESIGN MILLI REASÜRANS SANAT GALERISI

MIM ART AND ANTIQUES MIMAR SINAN UNIVERSITY MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS MINE SANAT GALERISI MIXER NESRIN ESIRTGEN COLLECTION OLCAY ART OZIL COLLECTION PASAJIST PERA MUSEUM PER-SO-NA PG ART GALLERY PI ARTWORKS PILEVNELI PROJECT PILOT PIROSMANI PIST PLATO ART SPACE PROJE4L | ELGIZ MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART PROTOCINEMA RAMPA RIFF ART PROJECTS RODEO GALLERY SAKIP SABANCI MUSEUM SALT SANATORİUM SANTRAL İSTANBUL SIEMENS SANAT SIMYA GALERİ SODA STUDIO 9 ISTANBUL TATART TEM ART GALLERY THE EMPIRE PROJECT TOPHANE-I-AMIRE KULTUR SANAT YAPI KREDI KULTUR MERKEZI

S ource Galleries A-Z. (n.d.). Exhibist. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.exhibist.com/index.php/galleries/a-z-list

I N T R O D U C T I O N 21

Overlaying Combining the different mappings one can see areas where there is more concentration of points of interest. In a quick glance the neighborhood of Fener lacks a center or a close attraction point. The waterfront road seems as an attraction curve of libraries and many museums seem to be close and around the Top Kapi.

I N T R O D U C T I O N 23

LOCATION : FENER AND BALAT

A City

within a

City

It is located within the district of Fatih, on the western side of the Golden Horn. Balat, the neighborhood adjacent to Fener, is as old as Istanbulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history itself. The area was first known as Fanarion, after the most important lighthouse in the Golden Horn, which was located here.

F E N E R 25

S ource Addressing Urban Dissonance// Restructuring the Waterfront in Fener Istanbul a report from the Design Research Class analysing the city and the neighborhood (http://issuu.com/ nikeroack/docs/dr_finalreport_reduced)

fener Waterfront Overlaying Much of Fener, like the rest of Istanbul, is experienced from the vantage point of the water. Since its clean up in the 1980s, the water provides a valuable recreation amenity.

Transport There are two ways to access Fener: one is by a highway that rings the golden horn and provides access along the waterfront. The street has been widened since the 1980s into a 4 lane road, but it does little to alleviate traffic congestion, and must often separate to accommodate historic buildings. An under utilized, but perhaps more indigenous resource is that of the Golden Horn itself. The Iskelesi, or Ferry Station, is a staple in many of these waterfront neighborhoods and could provide an alternate highway of sorts, providing access to the neighborhood. Even after the factories were torn down, the ferry station has remained and could provide more valuable services to the neighborhood.

F E N E R 27

waterfront mahale

S imilarities Identifying areas with similar characteristics to Fener. Having a socioeconomic background, a historical value, and inhabited by poor population, consisted mainly of immigrants.

Zugar X and

Ut odio. Boremoditio conem eatat quati Image Source: Urbanism of Locality: http:// dolore perferios corum, tem expe pedi stella-louisa-urbanism-of-locality.blogspot.nl/ omnis nonsed que cus ut etusdae endigendi volorerro eturionseque pliquis eos

portfolio

F E N E R 29

COLLAGE CITY Bringing together different viewpoints of the city and combining perspectives.

THE NEIGHBORHOOD U rban E nvironment Due to low rents, Fener and Balat districts continue to hold a key position in the adaptation to the urban environment of a population that is poor and lacking the economic resources to carry out the necessary repair and maintenance of the architectural structure. * Many of the residents today have no access to proper urban services. Sanitary equipment and health services are cruelly lacking and tuberculosis and hepatitis B are frequent among children. In winter, heavy seasonal rains and

Surrounded by Byzantine city walls from the 5th century AD to the west, the Golden Horn to the north, Fener and Balat districts are located on the historic peninsula of Istanbul. Once a focal point of the social and cultural lives of Greeks, Armenians and Jews, the Fener and Balat districts are presently inhabited by a mostly Muslim population that immigrated from other cities and rural areas.

poor drainage cause flooding. The

populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

education

standard

extremely

low;

almost a fifth of the women (1998 and 2004 socioeconomic surveys) are illiterate and many children drop out of school or attend only intermittently after the age of 12.

Today, Fener and Balat districts look like dilapidated areas and face the danger of total ruin. Some buildings are already in ruins and about 20% of the construction is in poor condition. Out of the 1401 lots on the selected perimeter, there are 102 unoccupied lots (7%), 68 vacant buildings (5.4%) and 124 partially empty ones (9.7%). One of the reasons for this impoverishment is the move of naval industry from the Golden Horn to Tuzla.

source text

http://www.whereist.com/fener-balathouses/ium explabo repellate corum evel et od.

F E N E R 31

“For a minute I thought I had stepped into a photo of pre-war Poland, or maybe Ireland in the 1920s. Red brick row houses, charming cottage style houses with large picture windows, strings of little shops in a row, and buildings generally no higher than 4 stories give the Golden Horn region of Fener/Balat the look and feel of old Europe before it succumbed to the architectural imperative of let’s build as high as possible. Because everything is around the same height, everyone on every floor gets sunlight. And, because it’s human scale, the community feeling is compelling. I wanted to live there immediately. There are actually three charming villages, each with its own distinct flavour: going north along the Golden Horn, after Unkapanı is the village of Küçükmustafapaşa, then Fener, then Balat. Though it’s not accurate, the whole strip is often referred to as Balat.

Because the Balat area is so rich in history, every guidebook to Istanbul has a chapter stuffed with facts about it. I’ll refrain from repeating Fodor’s or Lonely Planet’s itinerary and concentrate on why this quarter tickles my fancy more than any other area of Istanbul. It’s been home to Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians, Jews and Turks—all simultaneously, and in a beautifully assimilated harmony for centuries. This must come close to the Utopian ideal. Why isn’t the rest of the world like it? What aspect of Fener/Balat has made it so peaceful and so free of prejudice?

In order to find out, I took city bus 55T to the Fener stop and followed my nose, my favorite way to explore. I started off at the Bulgarian Church of Saint Stephen, which is sitting on an island between the shoreline road and the interior of Fener. The dull grey colour of the edifice makes it seem rather unassuming at a distance, but once you take a look at the details on the outside and inside, and learn that every centimeter is made of cast iron, it’s mind-blowing. Because Sultan Abdulazziz ordered it to be erected in only one month, the designing and casting of the iron was done in Vienna, then delivered by boat to Istanbul, where it was perched on blocks, overlooking the Golden Horn. Because it has wonderful acoustics, it’s occasionally being used as a concert venue in addition to its regular religious services”.

DISTRICT HISTORY

Because of the location of the Greek Patriarchate and the Orthodox Church, Fener was dominantly a Greek neighborhood since the Byzantine period. In the 17th century, Fener became the residence of upper classes and the bourgeoisie with its hewn stone buildings and richly ornamented house facades. During the Ottoman period, an important segment of Greeks who lived in Fener, who were well-educated and fluent in several languages, held high government positions as interpreters or diplomats. During the 18th century, the majority of new constructions were made of stone or wood; and aristocratic Greek families started to build villas around the Patriarchate.

THE ORIENT EXPRESS A hallmark of ideas of “progress”, the Orient Express showcased the Ottomans thoroughly embracing the industrial revolution, even at the expense of older parts of the city fabric. Parts of this

However, the settlement structure changed in the 19th century: Prominent families of Fener left the neighborhood and moved to villages along the Bosphorus, such as Tarabya, Kurucesme and Arnavutkoy. Only officials, artisans and small traders were left behind and they moved to the unique row houses of the district. They started to build on the plots reclaimed from the fire. Until the 1960s, Fener preserved its identity as a Greek neighborhood. With the first wave of immigrants to the bourgeois neighborhoods of Istanbul (the Prince’s Islands, Kadikoy and Sişli) at the end of the 19th century, the population structure started to change radically. After a second wave, when the Greeks left Istanbul in large numbers in the 1960s. The deterioration of the characteristic seashore as a result of industrialization had an impact on Fener as well. Following the 1960s, new inhabitants arriving from the Black Sea region started to settle in the area in large numbers. This coastal area underwent some very important physical changes in recent decades. A large number of the 18th century stone buildings in Fener and the buildings along the Golden Horn including the Balat Dock were demolished with bulldozers as part of a wide ranging program directed by the Mayor between 1984 and 1987. This project left intact only the city walls on the coast and a few historic buildings outside these walls.

train track go right through the old administrative heart of the city, Topkapi palace, while the administration moves north to Dolmabahce.

Efforts to transform these areas into parks or other public space could not be achieved. The parks on the seashore are cut from the neighborhood by a road with heavy traffic and inhabitants still need public or green space.

F E N E R 33

demographics

The Greek population of Turkey declined from 119,822 persons in 1927, to about 7,000 in 1978. In Istanbul alone, the Greek population decreased from 65,108 to 49,081 between 1955 and 1960. The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry place the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at 3,000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4,000; however, according to Human Rights Watch, the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.

SOCIAL CHANGE TODAY Today most of the remaining Greeks live in Istanbul. In the Fener district of Istanbul where the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is located, fewer than 100 Greeks live today. A handful also live in other cities of Anatolia. Most are elderly.

The ‘beys’

Fener

The Turkish Greek aristocracy who played key roles in Ottoman foreign politics from 1453-1821 were called the “Fener beys”. Mehmed the

Minorities in Turkey form a substantial part of the country’s population, with an estimated 25-30% of the populace belonging to an ethnic minority according to the CIA World Factbook. While the Republic of Turkey, following the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, recognizes Armenians, Greeks and Jews as ethnic minorities, this legal status is not granted to Muslims, such as the Kurds, which constitute the largest minority by a wide margin (18%), nor any of the other minorities in the country.

Conqueror had fostered Istanbul”s cosmopolitan population by allowing religious and commercial freedom and many Byzantine aristocratic families had chosen to stay in the city. The Turkish Greeks who lived

The Greeks in Turkey constitute a population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, including its district Princes’ Islands, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos (Turkish: Gökçeada and Bozcaada).

here soon became powerful figures in state bureaucracy. They spoke several European languages plus Turkish, Arabic and Persian. They soon became Istanbul’s richest and most respected class. In time, they came to influence foreign affairs. There were occasions when both sides exploited or betrayed each other. The Fener beys homes are the brick houses situated in the gardens along the shore. One of them is a women”s library today. The old Fener population was notable for establishing schools and churches. Balat and in particular Fener still have many churches dating from this time.

SOURCE: Greeks in Turkey. (2013, August 7). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:08, December 11, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Greeks_in_ Turkey&oldid=567595194

They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations to remain in Turkey following the 1923 population exchange, which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from Anatolia and East Thrace and of half a million Turks from all of Greece except for Western Thrace. After years of persecution (e.g. the Varlık Vergisi and the Istanbul Pogrom), emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 119.822 -strong Greek minority before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978. The 2008 figures released by the Turkish Foreign Ministry places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000– 4,000 mark. However according to the Human Rights Watch the Greek population in Turkey is estimated at 2,500 in 2006. The Greek population in Turkey is collapsing as the community is now far too small to sustain itself demographically, due to emigration, much higher death rates than birth rates and continuing discrimination. Since 1924, the status of the Greek minority in Turkey has been ambiguous. Beginning in the 1930s, the government instituted repressive policies forcing many Greeks to emigrate. The exodus was given greater impetus with the Istanbul Pogrom of September 1955 which led to thousands of Greeks fleeing the city, eventually reducing the Greek population to about 7,000 by 1978 and to about 2,500 by 2006 and 1,800 today.

F E N E R 35

ISTANBUL POGROM

pogrom

A pogrom is a violent massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group. Names

The G reeks

The Greeks of Turkey are referred to in Turkish as Rumlar, meaning “Romans”. This derives from selfdesignation “Ρωμιοί” (Rhomioi) used by Greeks in the Middle Ages, who saw themselves as the heirs to the Roman Empire. The ethnonym “Yunanlar” is exclusively used by Turks to refer to Greeks from Greece and not for the population of Turkey. In Greek, Greeks from Asia Minor are referred to as “Μικρασιάτες” or “Ανατολίτες” (Mikrasiates or

The Istanbul pogrom, also known as the Istanbul riots or September events (Greek: Σεπτεμβριανά Septemvriana, “Events of September”), was organized mob attacks directed primarily at Istanbul’s Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955. The pogrom was orchestrated by the Turkish government under Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. The events were triggered by the false news that the Turkish consulate in Thessaloniki, in northern Greece—the house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had been born in 1881—had been bombed the day before. A bomb planted by a Turkish usher at the consulate, who was later arrested and confessed, incited the events. The Turkish press, almost fully under Menderes’ control, conveying the news in Turkey, was silent about the arrest and instead insinuated that Greeks had set off the bomb. A Turkish mob, most of which had been trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the mob did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, over a dozen people died during or after the attacks as a result of beatings and arson. The riots were triggered by Greece’s appeal in 1954 to the United Nations to demand self-determination for Cyprus. Britain had the ruling mandate over the mostly ethnic Greek island, and wanted the Cyprus dispute to be resolved without being taken to the United Nations Security Council, where it could be problematically framed as an anti-colonialist struggle. To this end, Britain diplomatically encouraged Turkey to agitate Greece.

Anatolites, lit. “Asia Minor-ites” or “Anatolians”), while Greeks from Pontos are known as Πόντιοι (Pontioi). Greeks from Istanbul are known as “Κωνσταντινουπολίτες” (Konstantinoupolites, lit. “Constantinople-ites”), most oftened shortened to “Πολίτες” .

Source: Istanbul pogrom. (2013, October 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19:28, December 11, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia. or g/w/index.php? title=Ist anbul _ pogrom&oldid=576038455

While the rioters were not instructed to kill their targets, sections of the mob went much further than scaring or intimidating local Greeks. Between 13 and 16 Greeks and one Armenian died as a result of the pogrom. However, many deaths were never recorded due to the general chaos and according to a number of sources the total death toll is estimated to be at least 30. Men and women were raped, men, including priests, were subjected to forced circumcision. Priests were also scalped and burnt in their beds and Greek women raped. The material damage was considerable, with damage to 5317 properties, almost all Greek-owned. Among these were 4214 homes, 1004 businesses, 73 churches, 2 monasteries, 1 synagogue, and 26 schools. Over 4,000 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 Greek churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed.

F E N E R 37

violence

“A man who was fearful of being beaten, lynched or cut into pieces would imply and try to prove that he was both a Turk and a Muslim. “Pull it out and let us see,” they would reply. The poor man would peel off his trousers and show his “Muslimness” and “Turkishness”: And what was the proof? That he had been circumcised. If the man was circumcised, he was saved. If not, he was doomed. Indeed, having lied, he could not be saved from a beating. For one of those aggressive young men would draw his knife and circumcise him in the middle of the street and amid the chaos. A difference of two or three centimeters does not justify such a commotion. That night, many men shouting and screaming were Islamized forcefully by the cruel knife. Among those circumcised there was also a priest.”

F E N E R 39

Characteristic

alley of

Ecumenical Patriarchate

Constantinople

1912

From PAST TO PRESENT D ecay One of the bad and negative changes in Istanbul is the decline of historic neighborhoods and famous alleyways. There once dominated picturesque houses with cleanly housewives and radiated nobility, and nowadays is dominated by abandonment and decay.

Through

the lens

It is interesting to watch the same scenes, now and then, as it looks like the picture of the past filtered through a photographic lens and the basic form remain intact but new details are added, some negative and others positive. Left bellow: The entrance of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the Ottoman era. Little has changed today. Small modifications to the outpost right and the Patriarchal residence due to a fire. Today the main gate remains continuously closed since 10 April 1821, the day Patriarch Gregory V was hanged.

SOURCE: http:// tixamperiaapothnpolh.

Then and now. Many things have changed and others remained as is. The truth is that dealing with the collection and comparison of Istanbul photography can reveal a great deal about the life and character of the neighborhoods in the past. It is this nostalgia that we have in the present that make us seek for our past. I wonder in 50 or 100 years from now how will the photos form this present look like? What will be the future â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;presentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;? Despite all the negative changes, the past image of Istanbul that people and Greeks more precisely are longing or dreaming can not be erased completely. Fortunately there will always be something to connect the past of this place and shows us the link towards the future. This can happen either through the collective memory or shared habits of people, or through outstanding construction awe-inspiring, or even through something trivial like a path that has been standing there for centuries and connects mentally to Istanbul of the past. Both events and places leave traces behind to remind and leave its mark on the city. However, as time goes by , these traces fade out and others are imprinted over them, distorting the image of the past.

blogspot.com/search/

F E N E R 41

FENER ISKELESI 1986 | View

Fener Ferry Station After

land

Clearing

A typical Fener street, with shops, houses and picturesque images. Today there are cars, traffic and asphalt

The only element that remains intact is the Temple. The road was raised as in Istanbul anything new is made on top of the existing.

2011 | Current

view of the

Ferry Station

At Sahaflar Çarşısı in 1935. The old bookstore has not changed a lot during the years.

The paved road of Dere Ntolap with trees, carts and horses and the church of the Annunciation on the left.

F E N E R 43

FENER ISKELESI 1986 | View

ZEYREK I 1981 | Liveliness

Fener Ferry Station After

land

Clearing

and busy street with many children playing

Outside the Ecumenical Patriarchate children walking casually. At the back is, the wing of the Eugenedion building.

2011 | Current

view of the

Ferry Station

ZEYREK I 2012 | Empty

street, abandoned buildings

The only element which remains intact through time is the Orthodox Church of St. Athanasios.

F E N E R 45

1946

1982

EVOLuTION MAPS

1966

portfolio

2013

F E N E R 47

EVENT TIMELINE S ource Urbanism of Locality: http://stella-louisaurbanism-of-locality.blogspot.nl/

18th Century Balat looked like a small Jewish town. Fener was dominated as a Greek neighborhood since the Byzantine period. The Greeks used to live also at the high street and side streets from Balat towards Fener. A few Greek families had settled among the Jews around the Ayistrati Church and few in inner Balat. Walking from Balat towards Edirnkapi, one could see Turkish families. The Armenian community used to live around two Armenian churches. There were Persians who had shops in Balat, selling herbs, folk remedies and small wares and notions.

1890â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s A big earthquake and several fires destroyed a lot of the timber buildings. After the fire more stone buildings started to be constructed. The construction of wood and timber was paused due to a new governmental law.

19 th Century The settlement structure changed: Prominent families of Fener left the neighborhood and moved to villages along the Bosphorus, such as Tarabya, Kurucesme and Arnavutkoy. Only officials, artisans and small traders were left behind and they moved to the unique row houses of the district. They started to build on the plots reclaimed from the fire.

1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s The Greeks were forced to abandon the area due to political issues and the majority of Jews went to Israel after itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s establishment. The result was the transformation of the urban structure of Balat due to the heavy influx of newcomers, especially a further group of working class people who were attracted by job prospects and the rather low rent.

1984-1990 A large number of the 18th century stone buildings in Fener and the buildings along the Golden Horn including the Balat Dock were demolished with bulldozers as part of a wide ranging program directed by the Mayor. This erased a great part of the history and legacy of Greeks in Fener. The park on the seashore is not used and cut from the neighborhood by a road with heavy traffic, that was a result of the renewal of the coastline, and inhabitants still need public or green space.

TODAY Fener and Balat districts look like dilapidated areas and face a danger of total ruin and abandonment. 20% of the construction is in poor condition. Out of the 1401 lots on the noted perimeter, there are 102 unoccupied lots (7%), 68 vacant buildings (5,4%) and 124 partially empty ones (9,7%). Due to low rents, Fener and Balat districts continue to hold a key position in the adaptation of the urban environment of a population that is poor and lacking the economic resources to enhance economically the area.

UNESCO Unesco is planing the preservation of 30% of the buildings that are in bad condition or semi-ruined, the selection of the houses are fragmental and at the end of the project only 10 buildings were actually fully preserved.

F E N E R 49

I ndustrial Modernization From the 19th century inwards, attempts to industrially modernize and create a western-style urban centre are recorded along the shores of Fener

Fires wooden houses

public gaps

concrete houses religion semi ruined

frames

open space

public park

decayed-gaps main roads warehouses accessible roofs

secondary road pedestrians

and

R econstruction

During the 19th century no serious damage is recorded in Fener due to fires. On April 12th 1861 a great fire in Kiremit Mahallesi destroyed 300 houses. Despite the efforts of the firefighters (tulumbacilar), the flames reached as far as the Çarşamba Bazaar. The event that will define the image of the Patriarchate for the following 5 years, however, is the fire that on September 21st 1941 burned down all the wooden buildings located along the southern wall, where the monks’ cells were, the coadjutor’s quarters and the patriarchal rooms. Only the tower, the library, the building of the Mixed Council and the “Evgenideion” were spared. Even the stone building above the kitchens lost its wooden parts because of the fire. Source of map: Urbanism of Locality: http:// stella-louisa-urbanism-of-locality.blogspot.nl/

road system/grid

ARCHITECTURE wooden houses

concrete houses

Urban and Architectural Characteristics of Fener Today, Fener and Balat are squeezed between city walls dating from the Byzantine period and hills surrounding the region in the other directions. The districts are not attractive because of the low visibility of the district seen from the transit road and a lack of parking facilities. Fener and Balat are designed according to a unique road plan where a continuing array of streets intersects one another at perpendicular angles. The urban structure of the district is rather peculiar and can be traced to the division of plots following the fires that damaged the districts. The architectural uniqueness of the districts can be traced from the religious buildings and the facades projecting a harmonious view because of the bow windows. The height of buildings in the districts varies between one and four storeys. Over half of the buildings date to the pre-1930 period and give the district its characteristic atmosphere. Following these buildings in order of importance are those built between 1930 and 1950, which continue this architectural characteristics but at the same time reflect the interesting features of the time period.

public gaps

semi-ruined

frames/ decayed gaps

Houses at the time were constructed with wood. Phanariot mansions, however, were heavy stone constructions, built according to the stoneenclosed style of masonry. The height of stone array was about 20 to 30 cm, comprised of a Thracian limestone called kefeki or kĂźfeki. The dimensions of the bricks were uneven, their width varied from 3.5 to 4 cm and their length from 22 to 35 cm. As far as their ground plan is concerned, they resemble the one-room Ottoman buildings housing libraries and the Qurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an study halls (DarĂźlkurra) of public schools. The main space maintained the same system of traditional spatial arrangement used in the previous centuries, from the 15th to the 18th, while the same elements are evident at the Caravan serays and medreses. The principal rooms of these buildings are square or rectangular in shape. The chimney is fitted into one of the main axes. Before entering the room lays an auxiliary space like a hall called sofa after entering the room, one comes upon a semi-closed space like an antechamber nominally separated by the principal space by two slim columns. Its floor is elevated by a step. These special characteristics were maintained at the construction of wooden houses during the Ottoman period. As in the rest of the residents, there are few openings facing the street and almost everything takes place on the last floor. Windows are fitted in well-made sashes and have acute arcs to relieve the weight or stone transoms. Nothing special appeared on the outside. Source: Fatih Municipality, European Union, UNESCO, French Institute for Anatolian Studies (1998) The Rehabilitation of Balat and Fener Districts, Analysis and Regulation Proposals. <http://www.fenerbalat.org/content.php?ct=The%20Programme

F E N E R 51

The Urban Composition Along with the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate in Fener there are also Panagiya Muhliotissa (Muhlion) Church, which is the only one continuously in religious service since Byzantine era and Ayios Georgios Metohion Church devoted to Patriarchate of Jerusalem and three small mosques. The Greek High School for boys on the top of the hill has been an important educational institution to educate the young Greeks for Ottoman bureaucracy and Orthodox clergy as well. The Yoakimyon High School for girls and Marasli Greek Elementary School next to the Patriarchate are the other schools in the district.

Facades Facades have many functions to accomplish. They are the borders between inside and outside and they have to perform in a lot of different ways. They can be fixed or they can be flexible, the can be single layered or they can be multi layered, they can be transparent or the can be solid, they can be rough or they can be smooth.

Neighborhood SECTIONS Topography Fener is built on one of the 7 hills of Istanbul which makes the topography really interesting but also in places steep. The way the houses are built create an interesting stepped topography by observing the roofs of the buildings.

S ource Urbanism of Locality: http://stella-louisaurbanism-of-locality.blogspot.nl/

F E N E R 53

Textures of Fener Collecting the textures or traces from a neighborhood one can understand many things by studying the grains and the patterns. In a way the surface carries and entails the memories of the people and the city.

Materials The common construction material, used in the area is brick of which four different types can be noticed in area. Apart from bricks, these resident buildings are also valuable that first industrial cast iron were used as girders and arch joists. Finally a material of timber was used for flooring and the lightweight partition walls; wooden struts are set up and between these pillars wooden laths are nailed on which plasters are covered; this system is called BaÄ&#x;dadi.

Materiality

Traces The collection of traces of surfaces in a way present the current position and situation of the neighborhood. They carry the past and will remain, at least at the near future.

F E N E R 55

MENTAL MAPPING

R e - constructing

the map

The idea about the collection of traces came when trying to identify and extract the memories from the neighborhood of Fener. The surfaces of the streets, facades, pavements, and urban elements in a way have witnessed history and can reveal if studied the memories of the city and its stories. The collection of these samples can be seen as a journey where you limit your lens and view point looking only to the surfaces. You orient yourselves based on where the materials lead you and how the one links with the other. Thus, you move without knowing where you will get, but you have set a some rules: The grains of each material reveals the story and you need to find the link between each story.

F E N E R 57

Abstraction Putting together the different traces, where each is taken from, you get a map with a different perspective than what usual maps. Intensity, grain, density and flow become main characteristics of the layout of the streets of the map. In a second stage, where the outlines of the buildings fade out, and the traces start to blend, the mental maps becomes more abstract but still spatial.

F E N E R 59

D istortion Distortion, linked with memory is the next stage of evolution of these mental maps. After the traces have blended, faded, and abstracted they start to distort as time passes and as other layers cover the existing conditions. As this distortion takes place, new images and qualities emerge, and traces that where not visible before are created or revealed. This, as an experimental method of investigation is based a lot on randomness but also imagination.

F E N E R 61

psychogeography

Situationist theorist Guy Debord defines the dĂŠrive as â&#x20AC;&#x153;a mode of experimental behavior linked to the conditions of urban society: a technique of rapid passage through varied ambiances.â&#x20AC;? This conceptual collage comes in hand with the mental trace maps and visualizes what is left in memory from a wondering, getting lost in Fener during the period of 2 days with a series of intervals.

CONCEPTUAL DERIVE

F E N E R 63

D esign S cheme In regard to plan schemes their functional use is different from Ottoman houses generally occupied by large families.

TRADITIONAL HOUSE The Houses Fener houses reflected the eclectic style of the period including antique Greek elements. They are designed for single family and have narrow faรงades and changing heights between two and four stories.

ROW HOUSES Having

adjacent

order

and

generally row houses style they are for low-income groups of minorities of the period. In the districts settled by the people working in western companies the types of houses taken from western world have been constructed. Ottomans have tried to control the developments in

settlement

and

construction

activities in non-Muslim sections of the city applying strict inspection. This has resulted in high density of population and very narrow lots in those regions.

The present urban texture in Fener district reflects the western orthogonal texture started to be applied especially in the second half of 19th century. The activities performed in this period have been applied to new residential areas or destroyed sections of the city by fires. Thus after the fires the district has been considered among new planned areas. At the junction of roads in the new geometrical pattern the corners of buildings have been cut at the angles of 45ยบ in order to form a small public squares (ร elik 1996). This type of planning has been carried out by Italian engineer Storari (employed between 1855-1863) (Ergin 1995) in the district and the other sections of Istanbul. In regard to plan schemes their functional use is different from Ottoman houses generally occupied by large families. This can be seen if compared with the wider area around Fener and the contrast to the planning of Fener.

F E N E R 65

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE Zugar X and Ut odio. Boremoditio conem eatat quati dolore perferios corum, tem expe pedi omnis nonsed que cus ut etusdae endigendi

Zugar X and Ut odio. Boremoditio conem eatat quati dolore perferios corum, tem expe pedi omnis nonsed que cus ut etusdae endigendi volorerro eturionseque pliquis eos

It is possible to make generalization on 19th century historic dwellings in terms of dimensions of structural elements and peculiar functions with specific properties or with construction techniques in the buildings. The number of storey which is remarked in Fener â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Balat historic masonry buildings may change between two to five. These structures, constructed as three dimensional masonry boxes whose behaviors is load bearing, exhibiting two common floor types, jack arch and timber joists and occasionally concrete slabs, on a stone foundation or without any footings in other words directly constructed on flat soil surface. The thickness of the walls at ground floor is about 40 cm and then being reduced to 30 cm from the

3rd floor up to roof. Usually the wall is made up of a solid double leaf with sufficient through thickness connection. The foundation walls, made up of rubble stone masonry, in two sections of different thickness: the first under the road level, is about 90 cm thick and the second one, between the road and the ground floor structure, about 60 cm thick. Floor structures are made of timber beams with variable dimensions, spanning between the two party walls parallel to faĂ§ades in row house. The dimensions of joists can be classified as 10*7 cm if single or 12*5 cm if coupled, spaced at intervals of 30 to 45 cm. The timber joists might be clamped with metal elements on masonry wall in every three or four beams, sometimes visible from outside. The joists are covered usually by planks and linoleum sheets or tiles at top. Another relatively common structure is represented by iron beams and jack arches noticed at flat roof where the inhabitants use it as terraces and rarely at the lower storey in the building as a store. The beams have a depth of 10 cm, and they are spaced at 75 cm apart with shallow arches formed by brick tiles 30*15*6 cm. A forth type of structure is made of a concrete slab without beams. An important architectural feature of these buildings are bay windows, different architectural terminology can be named to these elements as jetty, chumba, oriels. Bay windows are supported either by iron girders which encircles the extended part or by more than one iron beams in the system of arch joists.

Construction Techniques Traditional techniques in Fener â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Balat and bay window details.

F E N E R 67

Bay W indows Bay window is supported either, by a supporting element (iron stanchion or marble cantilever) or its own beams. The form of iron stanchion reflects the architectural tastes valid in the period. In some examples the spacing between stanchion and building has been filled by brick filling and ornamental plasterwork made on it. The outer walls of bay window are half brick length in thickness in order to provide a light construction on the supporting system. In buildings on the lots in the corners of the block it is observed that bay windows have been supported by I beams continuing in the whole room space at the angle of 45ยบ against the faรงades of the building. So the room with bay window has also the barrel vault floor system.

Deterioration Causes

of deterioration

In the districts of high density of buildings as Fener district, gardens which were an important feature of traditional Ottoman house and urban texture have been removed. In order to provide similar function the terraces on the top story have been constructed using fireproof materials. DETAILS The openings in façades have been spanned by circular, shallow arches or linear beams. The thrust of arch has been compensated inner resistance of wall structure since openings are relatively small with respect to wall in dimensions. On the other hand openings on bay windows have been equipped by metal tension ties against lateral thrust

Bay window is usually located in the first floor. Its floor system changes depending on the position of bay window and the place of house in the block. In general floor of bay window has been supported by a barrel vault system with I beams located perpendicular to the façade of house. In some other cases there are I beams only perimeters of bay windows. In these cases the floor construction of bay windows are made of timber beams covered by laths and plaster at bottom surfaces.

There are two main factors, which cause an increasing damage on Fener houses, first social changes and second physical effects. Changes in social structure in some cases is an important factor causing deterioration of historical districts. To day Fener district shelters low income people coming from rural area recently. The former inhabitants of district, the Greeks, have left there due to the political issues. So, their evacuated houses with low rents have been very suitable for the new settlers. But these new settlers have not enough consciousness to live in and maintain such kind of houses. Their different way of life have caused drastic changes on the houses such as converting a single family house to a multifamily accommodation and poor or no maintenance for their preservation. The new type of accommodation has brought great changes on architectural and structural systems of the houses. Mainly each story has been converted to an independent flat for a single family, open terrace spaces have been covered by roofs to have more rooms and in some cases an additional story has been constructed on top floor. All these interventions have added extra loads and caused damage on structural systems of the houses. On the other hand fires in late 70’s have resulted in loss in building stock at Fener. In these fires inner timber structures of houses have been heavily damaged and the only surviving parts have been outer masonry walls. The physical effects of deterioration are soil settlement, weather conditions, constructional defects and material wearings. The soil which the Fener houses have been built on has two layers of practical importance such as the weak surface layer and the relatively strong layer of clay and schist. The surface layer consists of deposit of earth and debris formed due to constructional works done since almost foundation of the city. It is a soft and loose layer of 2.5-8 m in thickness and has a little resistance against vertical settlements of wall footings caused by gravity loads. In addition to this fact the expansion works of waste water system of Istanbul in 80’s has also given rise to excessive soil movements and subsequently damages in some houses. Source: : Kapti , M. , and Ö. S. Ökten . “The structural systems of semimasonry houses built at Fener (Istanbul) in 19th Century .” Historical Constructions (2001): 227-236. Departamento de Engenharia Civil. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.W

F E N E R 69

Phanar school demographics

I nspiration The Architect when designing the school he imagined a huge eagle . That is why the school has its prominent position and overlooks the neighborhood as a symbol and a sign of knowledge.

P hanar G reek O rthodox College -Known in Greek as the Great School of the Nation (Greek: Μεγάλη του Γένους Σχολή) is the oldest surviving and most prestigious Greek Orthodox school in Istanbul, Turkey. The school, like all minority schools in Turkey, is a secular school. -The large dome at the top of the building is used as an observatory for astronomy classes and has a large antique telescope. -The total cost of the building was 17,210 Ottoman gold pounds, an enormous sum for that period. SOURCE: http://www.emporis.com/ building/phanargreekorthodoxcollegeistanbul-turkey

Phanar Greek Orthodox College is the oldest surviving and most prestigious Greek Orthodox school in Istanbul. Established in 1454 by Matheos Kamaryotis, it soon became the school of prominent Greek families in the empire, and many Ottoman ministers and Wallachian princes were graduated from it. Designed by the Ottoman Greek architect Konstantinos Dimadis, the building was erected between 1881 and 1883 with an eclectic mix of different styles . The money was given by Georgios Zariphis, a prominent Greek Ottoman banker and financier belonging to the Rum community of Istanbul. Known among the public with nicknames such as “The Red Castle” and “The Red School”, this gigantic building is without doubt one of the most beautiful and dominant structures on the Golden Horn. Designed by Ottoman Greek architect Dimadis, the building was constructed with an eclectic mix of different styles. Despite its function as a school, the building is often referred to as “the 5th largest castle in Europe” because of its castle-like shape. Today the school, which is the “second largest” school after the Zografeion Lyceum, has six Turkish teachers, while the remaining fifteen are Greek. The school (like all minority schools, as it is compulsory by law) applies the full Turkish curriculum in addition to Greek subjects: Greek language, literature and religion.

F E N E R 71

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople Architecture The exterior of the Patriarchal Basilica of St. George located in the Fener district of Istanbul. The facade dates from the mid-19th century and shows a neoclassical influence.

Patriarchate under the secular R epublic of Turkey The relationship between Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire was frequently bitter, due in no small part to the privilege given to Islam. In the secular Republic of Turkey, tensions are still constant. Turkey requires by law that the Patriarch be a Turkish citizen, but all Patriarchs have been ethnic Greeks since 1923. The stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expropriation of church property and the closing of the Orthodox Theological School of Halki are also difficulties faced by the Patriarchate.

Ecumenical Patriarchate Founder: Apostle Andrew Independence: 330 AD from the

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople is part of the wider Orthodox Church, is one of the fourteen autocephalous churches within the communion of Orthodox Christianity. It is headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, currently Bartholomew I.

Metropolis of Heraclea Recognition: Orthodox Primate: Archbishop of Constantinople-New Rome and Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I Headquarters: Istanbul Adherents: ~3,800,000 in Greece, ~1,500,000 in diaspora Bishops: 125 (73 acting, 52 titular) Website: http://www.ec-patr.org/

Because of its historical location at the capital of the former Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and its role as the Mother Church of most modern Orthodox churches, the Ecumenical Patriarchate has enjoyed the status of “Primus inter pares (first among equals)” among the world’s Eastern Orthodox prelates. Unlike the Pope, he does not exercise control over the individual autocephalous churches, which are fully autonomous. He is, however, widely regarded as the representative and spiritual leader of the world’s 300 million Orthodox Christians. Since 1586 the Ecumenical Patriarchate has had its headquarters in the relatively modest Church of St George in the Fener (Phanar) district of Istanbul. The current territory of the Patriarchate is significantly reduced from what it was at its height. Its canonical territory currently includes most of modern Turkey, northern Greece and Mount Athos, the Dodecanese and Crete.

F E N E R 73

Bulgarian St. Stephen Church

O rthodox Symbol After the original wooden structure suffered from a fire, the larger current building was constructed at its place. An iron frame was preferred to concrete reinforcement due to the weak ground conditions. The construction plans were prepared by Hovsep Aznavur,

The Bulgarian St Stephen Church, also known as the Bulgarian Iron Church, is a Bulgarian Orthodox church in Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey, famous for being made of cast iron. The church belongs to the Bulgarian minority in the city. The Bulgarians of the Ottoman Empire used to pray at the churches of the Phanar Orthodox Patriarchy, but due to nationalistic movements, Bulgarians were allowed a national church in the 19th century, the Bulgarian Exarchate.

an Armenian of Istanbul origin. An international competition was conducted to produce the prefabricated parts of the church, won by an Austrian company, R. Ph. Waagner. The prefabricated parts, weighing 500 tons, were produced in Vienna in 1893-1896 and transported to Istanbul by ship through the Danube and the Black Sea. SOURCE: Bulgarian St. Stephen Church. (2013, November 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:54, January 12, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.

The richly ornamented church is a three-domed cross-shaped basilica. The altar faces the Golden Horn and a 40 meters-high belfry, the six bells of which were cast in Yaroslavl, rises above the narthex. Initially, a small wooden church was erected on the shore of the Golden Horn between Balat and Fener squares (near Ey端p district), where the current church is located. A house was donated by the statesman Stefan Bogoridi and it was reorganized as a wooden church. It was inaugurated on 9 October 1849 and became an important site of the Bulgarian National Revival. The Ottoman royal decree of 28 February 1870 establishing the Bulgarian Exarchate was first read in the church.

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AIM The plan shows the specific area that will be developed and the different typologies are color coded. Approximately 1 out of 7 houses will be renovated and returned to its previous statical and aesthetic appearance.

REHABILITATION OF FENER Left

page

Maps that show the conditions and urban development plan. Source: http://www. fenerbalat.org/content.php?ct=The%20 Programme

H istory Beginning from the 1st January, 2000, it was determined that the project studies should begin. EU gave 7 million Euros to the project from the fund of NGO; and Turkey made 2 million dollar contribution from the TOKİ (Prime Ministry Mass Housing Directorate) it was the first time that TOKİ funded an urban

The “Fener and Balat Rehabilitation Programme”, implementations were started with the support of European Union’s € 7 million euros in January 2003. In the scope of the Program, the aim is restoration of old housing buildings as much as possible in the Quarters of Fener and Balat. Establishing a Social Centre, revitalizing the historic Balat Market, and building a solid waste management system. Activities are still continuing participation of the inhabitants of the quarters. (Source: http://www.deltur.cec.eu.int/!Publish/tr/PR%20-%20 2006-PressRelease-44.doc)

rehabilitation project. It was realized that there was a lack of specialist construction workers as the Fener and Balat project was realized. To deal with this problem, and also for job education in the area, a restoration school was established. The Technical University of Berlin, which carried out many studies on Istanbul in the last century, undertakes the establishment of restoration school. The problem was solved when Istanbul Technical University also gave its support to the school project. The inception of the program will result in the revitalization of the Fener and Balat districts so as to improve the economic and social life of the inhabitants of Fener and Balat, as final beneficiaries, by providing a range of economic opportunities based on the development of small businesses, based not only on the innate attractiveness of these two districts, but also by enabling the inhabitants to gain full benefit from their status as inhabitants of the world heritage site. SOURCE: http://www.isocarp.net/ Data/case_studies/820.pdf

It was announced that the objectives of the programme are to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants of Balat and Fener districts of the municipality of Fatih-Istanbul, primarily through the restoration of dwellings in these two areas, which form part of the historic districts of the Istanbul world heritage site. Despite this important international status, Turkey, through nominating the site to the UNESCO World Heritage list, has been undertaken by its signature of the world heritage convention, to protect it for the whole of humankind, and the attractive position of Fener and Balat, on the banks of the golden horn -- the two areas have hitherto demonstrated severe problems of decay and dereliction, compounded by the poor economic status of the inhabitants. To remedy this situation, around 200 historic houses will be rehabilitated, selected on the basis of various social and architectural considerations. It is anticipated that the program will be able to transform the condition of as many as one in seven of the dwellings in the two districts. A multipurpose community centre to be operated by NGOs will be established to provide a range of social services to target groups in the local community. The primary aim of this centre is to provide much needed educational and health services to local residents and in particular to young people and women. In this respect, the centre will include facilities for women living in the district, to provide a focal meeting place outside the home where they have access to literacy courses and/or vocational training. Mothers are to be provided with advice on nutrition and general child care as well as on reproductive health. To improve the overall health of children, a vaccination program and clinic for minor ailments is to be included in the centre. It is envisaged that the centre will also incorporate a small day nursery, especially useful for women attending courses.

F E N E R 77

URBAN PLAN U rban Voids The map shows the urban voids in the studied area and how these relate to the building block. A lot of them are enclosed inside a block and many voids are also parts of a block, where a building has been demolished or decayed.

F E N E R 79

Source: Papazoglou, S. (n.d.). Urbanism of locality. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Urbanism of localityâ&#x20AC;?. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http:// stella-louisa-urbanism-of-locality.blogspot.nl/

SITE SECTIONS Cutting Through

the

N eighborhood

The three sections cut through the three iconic and symbolic buildings of Fener, related to the Greeks: the Greek school, the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Orthodox Church of St. Stephen

F E N E R 81

Green

areas

& Important B uildings

The map shows the triangulation between the 3 important buildings related to the Greek presence in Fener. Green areas are evenly distributed, mainly along the waterfront.

Allotment S izes A study and comparison of the different urban blocks and their distribution. It is interesting to see how the smaller blocks are concentrated together into smaller clusters.

SITE ANALYSIS

U rban Void A highlight of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;emptyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; uninhabited space. This can be streets, parks, and any other void that is not built. The highlighted area shows the density and relationship between what is built and the space that is left around it still available.

Street J unctions A study of the number of streets and their direction and orientation. The map shows the junctions where there are at least three directions. This shows the flow and movement in the neighborhood and the ways that it is penetrated by the streets and roads.W

F E N E R 83

Urban INVESTIGATION Crossroads A starting point for the urban proposal is the identification of the crossroads as a point of intersection and as the link between the public and private domain. The map shows the different crossroads that one can find in the neighborhood and a proposal will be made on how each one can become again active by transforming them and applying to all of them a strategy that will evolve them into functioning public domains.

GRID Applying a grid over the neighborhood we can understand the composition of the blocks and the order of the streets.

F E N E R 85

Target Groups There are 4 main groups that will constitute the users of the proposed design. These users are linked with the program of the building but also to the impact it will have in the wider neighborhood and the people of Fener.

F E N E R 87

Locals / R esidents Locals move mainly internally in the neighborhood using the main axis roots. During the day Fener becomes activated by all the actions and functions of the nearby areas and the high street on the waterside. During the day movements of locals and tourists often get condensed in nodes of commercial, occupational, and touristic interest. Akรงin Sk. becomes and active street that cuts through the topography and brings closer the highest point of the hill to the level of the water and the new developed park. Acting as a link, it fills the voids and aids the neighborhood to act as a whole and not as fragments. The movement of local people is fed by the neighborhood itself and is diffused mainly transversely but without excluding longitudinal paths.

Analyzing the crossroad

R e-Composing Comparing the two adjacent crossroads it is clear that the studied one needs to be redefined and re-composed

Filling

the

Voids

The urban voids need to be filled like a puzzle in order to activate the crossroad again.

F E N E R 89

International Visitors International visitors and tourists mainly move based on the attractions of the area, similar to scholars, and take main roots, but also are diffused in the neighborhood, around main poles of markets and historical interests. Fundametnal are the 2 main roots that move along the waterside and link the neighborhood to the rest of Fatih. Movement grows in both axis and the neighborhood is penetrated through several â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;entrancesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; from the main street. A linear root leads visitors to the top of the hill and towards the center of the historical peninsula. Along that street visitors can find some uses of leisure, and the reconstruction of vertical roads create stimulus and activate the area.

Analyzing the crossroad

D efining

the

Core

By defining the core of the streets it can create a strong force that people can gather and create a center of interest.

Rotating

the

A xis

The rotation of the crossroad can lead to interesting relationships between the movement of the street and the adjacent buildings.

F E N E R 91

Scholars Scholars circulation occurs mainly during daytime and has 3 main attractor points: the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and its church St. George, the Bulgarian iron church â&#x20AC;&#x153;St. Stephenâ&#x20AC;? and the Phanar Greek Orthodox College. All three have a rich heritage and numerous books and sources that are a legacy and of great importance for the existence of Greeks in Istanbul but also about the history of Phanar.

F E N E R 93

BIBLIOGRAPHY DIGITAL MAPS Ýstanbul Þehir Rehberi. (n.d.). “Ýstanbul Þehir Rehberi”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http:// sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=8&cx=70356&cy=115077&ap=uy%20du&lng=en Istanbul - Yandex.Maps. (n.d.). “Yandex.Maps”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://maps.yandex.co m/?ll=28.805138%2C41.059691&spn=2.169800%2C0.824294&z=10&l=map Fatih Belediyesi Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi. (n.d.). “Fatih Belediyesi Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from https://gis.fatih.bel.tr/webgis/default.aspx BLOGS Beaudry, Jeremy John. “Meaning Building: Aldo Rossi and the Practice of Memory.” Diss. The University of Texas at Austin, 2002. Jeremy Beaudry: Projects, Research & Writing. 28 Nov. 2013. Web. 02 Jan. 2014. <http://www.boxwith.com/texts/thesis.pdf>. Diagrams of istanbul, arnavutköy. (2013, February 25). “Studio fikretcankuşadalı”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://fikretcankusadali.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/diagrams-of-istanbul-arnavutkoy/ Ivanoff, A. (n.d.). Voices from da ‘hood: Balat. “Whereist istanbul: A guide map of istanbul for tourists and locals”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.whereist.com/fener-balat-houses/ Keroack, N. (n.d.). Addressing Urban Dissonance: Restructuring the Waterfront in Fener Istanbul. “Issuu”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://issuu.com/nikeroack/docs/dr_finalreport_reduced Keroack, N. (n.d.). Detailed Exhibit Boards. “The Istanbul Project”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://mandntakeistanbul.wordpress.com/ Papazoglou, S. (n.d.). Urbanism of locality. “Urbanism of locality”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://stella-louisa-urbanism-of-locality.blogspot.nl/ Xiao, Y. (2010, December 14). Kadikoy housing layers. “Layered Istanbul-Group C”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://survivalguidetoistanbul.blogspot.nl/ Τότε και τώρα. (2013, December 29). ΤΙ ΧΑΜΠΕΡΙΑ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΗ;. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://tixamperiaapothnpolh.blogspot.com/search/label/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%20 %CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%20%CF%84%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B1

OTHER SOURCES Anheier, Helmut K., and Yudhishthir Raj Isar. “Knowing the city: Migrants negotiating materialities in Istanbul.” Heritage, memory & identity. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2011. 231-238. Print. An agora of history. (n.d.). “Gate to Turkey”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.gatetoturkey. com/istanbul_semtler/00699/ ARIT. (n.d.). “Istanbul Center”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ARIT/ IstanbulCenter.html Brunton, John. “Byzantine encounters: Fener in Istanbul.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 14 May 2011. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/may/14/istanbul-fener-self-cateringaccommodation&gt;. District History. (n.d.). “Whereist istanbul: A guide map of istanbul for tourists and locals”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.whereist.com/fener-balat-houses/ Kapti , M. , and Ö. S. Ökten . “The structural systems of semi-masonry houses built at Fener (Istanbul) in 19th Century .” Historical Constructions (2001): 227-236. Departamento de Engenharia Civil. Web. 5 Dec. 2013. Lectures WBA “Istanbul/Brussels” at the Istanbul Biennial of Design / Wallonie-Bruxelles Architectures. (n.d.). WBA Wallonie-Bruxelles Architectures. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http://www.wbarchitectures. be/en/actions/Lectures_WBA__Istanbul_Brussels__at_the_Istanbul__Biennial_of_Design/125/ The western districts of Istanbul: Fener and the Greek Patriarchate. (2010, October 25). This Wild Life. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://thiswildlife.wordpress.com/2010/10/25/the-western-districts-ofistanbul-fener-and-the-greek-patriarchate/ IMAGES Çölaşan, D. (2013, February 10). Fener’den Balat’a Yürüyüş (Walking from Fener Balat). GEZI YAZILARI RSS. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://geziyazilari.net/fenerden-balata-yuruyus/ Turchia Oggi: Spazi per vivere. (n.d.). “Turchia Oggi: Spazi per vivere”. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.e-turchia.com/spazi_per_vivere1.htm “Royalty free stock images of historical city plans.” Steve Bartrick: Antique, Prints and Maps. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. <http://stock-images.antiqueprints.com/stock/city-plans.html>. (figure page 10)

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GENERAL INFORMATION About Fener & Balat. (n.d.). KEMHAemlak. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.kemhaemlak. com/en/content/about-fener-balat Fatih Municipality, European Union, UNESCO, French Institute for Anatolian Studies (1998) The Rehabilitation of Balat and Fener Districts, Analysis and Regulation Proposals. <http://www.fenerbalat. org/content.php?ct=The%20Programme Fener and Balat districts’ rehabilitation program starts. (2003, July 3). HÃrriyet Daily News | Archive news detail. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default. aspx?pageid=438&n=fener-and-balat-districts-rehabilitation-program-starts-2003-03-07 Galleries A-Z. (n.d.). Exhibist. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.exhibist.com/index.php/ galleries/a-z-list Karas, T. (2012, May 15). “SPECIAL REPORT: The Greeks of Turkey; Is it too late?”|Society|2012-05-15 -.PappasPost. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.pappaspost.com/view-society/-/ bcontent/37435 Kishali E., (2009). Congresso Coordinamento Dottorandi e Dottori di Ricerca in Architettura Tecnica. “Residential Building Morphology and Construction Techniques in Seismic Area: Fener ‐ Balat ”. Messina, Italy. Kishali, E., & Grecchi, M. (2010). A Sustainable View to Fener ‐ Balat District. International Conference Sustainable Building,(B). Retrieved December 21, 2013, from http://www.sb10mad.com/ponencias/ archivos/b/B011.pdf T.C. Ýstanbul Valiliði - Ana Sayfa. (n.d.). T.C. Ýstanbul Valiliði - Ana Sayfa. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://www.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=103&mid=2&sid=18 Tsilenis Savvas, “Fanari (Fener)”, Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Constantinople URL: <http:// www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11475> Tuncer, Mehmet . “FROM KREUZBERG TO FENER - BALAT “12 PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATIVE URBAN RENEWAL” .” 42nd ISoCaRP Congress 1 (2006): 12. ISOCARP. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. Wikipedia contributors. “List of libraries in Istanbul.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 23 Sep. 2013. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Wikipedia contributors. “Fener.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 21 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. Wikipedia contributors. “List of museums and monuments in Istanbul.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 14 Aug. 2013. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. ΘΗΣΑΥΡΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΠΟΛΗΣ. (2013, May 10). ΛΙΓΑ ΛΟΓΙΑ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΗ. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from http://ligalogiagiatinpoli.blogspot.nl/

VIDEO/ DOCUMENTARY MEGA TV, Protagonistes. “Οι Ρωμηοί που αντιστέκονται.” YouTube. YouTube, 11 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09haGto2K7A>. 6-7 Σεπτεμβρίου ‘55.Η πραγματική Άλωση της Πόλης. (2011, September 6). ΠΑΝΤΑΧΟΥ ΠΑΡΩΝ. Retrieved November 25, 2013, from http://www.ellinesanatonkosmo.blogspot.nl/2011/09/6-7-55. html#uds-search-results

Memory

and the

City

“It was in Cihangir that i first learned Istanbul was not an anonymous multitude of walled-in lives - a jungle of apartments where no one knew who was dead or who was celebrating what - but an archipelago of neighborhoods in which everyone knew each other.” ― Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City

ISTANBUL PROJECT Karolos Michailidis _ Public Building MSc3/4 _ 2013/14