Architecture thesis report 2019

REJUVENATION OF SANGANUR STREAM @ COIMBATORE

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

KARTHIKEYAN J K AC14UAR033 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE (B.ARCH) in ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HOSUR (Autonomous)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 MAY 2019

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “REJUVENATION OF SANGANUR STREAM @ COIMBATORE” is the bonafide work of “KARTHIKEYAN J K” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Prof. Ar. R.Seetha, M.Arch.

Ar. Deepa Narang, M.Arch.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SUPERVISOR

Department of Architecture

Department of Architecture

Adhiyamaan College of Engg.

Dr. M.G.R. Nagar Hosur – 635 109.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

Adhiyamaan College of Engg.

Dr. M.G.R. Nagar Hosur – 635 109.

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DECLARATION KARTHIKEYAN J K (Reg no. AC14UAR033) a bonafide student of the Department of Architecture, Adhiyamaan college of Engineering (autonomous), Hosur, hereby declares that this thesis report entitled ”REJUVENATION OF

SANGANUR STREAM @ COIMBATORE” for the award of the degree, Bachelor of Architecture, is my original work and has not formed the basis or submitted to any other universities or institution for the award of a degree or diploma.

DATE : PLACE : HOSUR

(KARTHIKEYAN J K)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I first thank lord almighty, whose graceful blessings enabled me to complete this thesis project for the fulfilment of my B.Arch degree course.

I convey my heartfelt thanks to the college, especially to our Principal Dr. G. Ranganath, M.E, Ph.D, M.I.S.T.E., M.I.E., C.Eng (I), for providing the wonderful environment and their support.

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to our beloved H.O.D, Prof. R. SEETHA, M.Arch, for rendering hi valuable guidance, support, encouragement and advice to make my efforts and the project successful.

I specially thank my Guide, Ar. Deepa Narang, M.Arch, for her timely guidance and encouragement. I thank all other faculty of the architecture department for their help and guidance.

I specially thank our my panel staffs, Ar.Deepa Narang, Ar. Vanitha Kumari, Ar. Sunil Kumar, Ar. Kruthika M., Ar. Jayashree for their timely guidance and encouragement.

I am grateful to My parents and My family members who offered great support and encouragement during the thesis.

(KARTHIKEYAN J K)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.

METHODOLOGHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1. DOCUMENTATION PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2. INFERENCE PHASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3. PREPROSALS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4. DESIGN PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. ILLUSTRATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. AIM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.3. OBJECTIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.4. JUSTIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.5. NEED FOR REJUVENATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.6. SITE LOCATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.7. SCOPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.8. LIMITATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.9. CASE STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.

DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3.1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3.2. HISTORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3.3. SANGANUR STREAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.4. SINGANALLUR LAKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.5. LANDUSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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3.6. TOPOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.7. FIGURE GROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.

CASE STUDIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.1. SABARMATI RIVERFRONT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.2. CHEON GYE CHEON RESTORATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.3. RED RIBBON PARK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

5.

ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 5.1. ZONES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.2. BUILDING MORPHOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.3. SLUM HABITANT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 5.4. SEWERAGE SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 5.5. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5.6. ROAD HIERARCHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.7. ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

6. PROPOSAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.1. METHODOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.2. PROCESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 6.3. Design Programme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7.

BIBLOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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LIST OF FIGURES FIG.:1

Map of Coimbatore Municpality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

FIG.:2

Stream course with few landmarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

FIG.:3

Map of Coimbatore Municpality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

FIG.:4

Ancient trade route -Arikamedu - muziri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

FIG.:5

Floods in lowlands - Change in course - Creation of pallam. . 13

FIG.:6

Coimbatore municipal corporation (Present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

FIG.:7

Study area along the Sanganoor canal (11.5km). . . . . . . . . . . . 16

FIG.:8

Origin of Sanganoor canal from thadagam valley . . . . . . . . . . 17

FIG.:9

Lake panaroma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

FIG.:10 Map of Singanallur lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 FIG.:11

Landuse Map (Not to scale). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

FIG.:12 Topographic Section from Thadagam Valley to Mettupalayam Road 23 FIG.:13 Typical Topographic Section from Mettupalayam Road to Trichy Road 24 FIG.:14 Typical section for the stream and building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 FIG.:15 Figure Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FIG.:16 Pattern one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 FIG.:17 Pattern two. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 FIG.:18 Pattern three. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 FIG.:19 Pattern four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 FIG.:20 Pattern five. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 FIG.:21 Pattern six . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 FIG.:22 Master plan Sabarmati river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Karthikeyan J K | B.Arch 2014 - 2019 | AC14UAR033

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FIG.:23 Existing condition of Slum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 FIG.:24 Rebuilt Slum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 FIG.:25 Existing Condition of Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 FIG.:26 Rebuilt Market. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 FIG.:27 Existing Dhobi Ghat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 FIG.:28 Rebuilt Dhobi Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 FIG.:29 Existing Event area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 FIG.:30 Redesigned Event area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 FIG.:31 Existing Banks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 FIG.:32 Built Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 FIG.:33 Existing Sewage system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 FIG.:34 Built STP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 FIG.:35 Existing Promenade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 FIG.:36 Rebuilt Promande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 FIG.:37 Existing Open space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FIG.:38 Renovated Open Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FIG.:39 Exiting water front. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FIG.:40 Renovated Water Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 FIG.:41 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 FIG.:42 Urban & Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 FIG.:43 Nature in the city. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 FIG.:44 Existing bridge over the river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 FIG.:45 Rejuvenated image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 FIG.:46 Master Plan Of the Red Ribbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

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FIG.:47 Images of the Red Ribbon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 FIG.:48 Images of walkway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 FIG.:49 Map of Zone A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 FIG.:50 Map of Zone B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 FIG.:51 Map of Zone C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 FIG.:52 Map of Zone D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 FIG.:53 Morphology Of Buildings Before 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 FIG.:54 Morphology Of Buildings From 1975 to 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 FIG.:55 Morphology Of Buildings From 1990 to 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 FIG.:56 Slum encroachment map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 FIG.:57 Occupation illustration of LIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 FIG.:58 Sewage System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 FIG.:59 Traffic Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 FIG.:60 Nodal Points Part 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 FIG.:61 Nodal Points Part 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FIG.:62 Nodal Points Part 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FIG.:63 Nodal Ponits Part 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 FIG.:64 Nodal Points Part 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

LIST OF TABLES TABLE: 1 Landuse Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TABLE: 2 Housing typology of LIG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 TABLE: 3 Issue matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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METHODOLOGHY

1.

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METHODOLOGHY

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METHODOLOGHY

1.1. DOCUMENTATION PHASE • Pre study Outline study of the Coimbatore - Identify the aspects of Coimbatore Potential aspects of the study - Similar contextual studies (Case Studies) • Limitations of study area Eco-logical aspect with respect to the surrounding - Justification of the selected site area • Documentation of site area Brief study - Impacts of each zone - Inference

1.2. INFERENCE PHASE • Identifying Impacts creating issues Micro impacts - Macro impacts - Impacts on stream and on the settlement - Stages of impacts - Categorizing of Impacts

1.3. PREPROSALS • Master plan Solutions impacting zones of issues with respect to the space and relation between the settlement and stream.

1.4. DESIGN PHASE • Recreational space reducing further negative impacts on stream.

• Design solutions on urban fabric.

• Stream side recreational.

• Re-designing of few spaces based on activities from inference

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INTRODUCTION

2.

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

2.1. ILLUSTRATION A river is basis of all settlements in the world. It’s resource of water and the fertile soil along paved way cultivation and other course for a settlement to survive at its own. Few rivers pave way for the existence of lakes in earlier period of settlements.

The lakes and streams in Coimbatore are said to be formed from the 2nd century, during the rule of Karikalan cholan. There are 8 lakes and 3 main streams under city limit by which the original present city is been formed. After the fall of the cotton industries in Mumbai in mid 1970s. The Coimbatore town has been sought out site for cotton cultivation and processing. The available water resource paved way for the industries based on cotton, cement, motor pumps and also other small-scale industries. Though the water bodies were a source of development and survival, the present condition of the lakes are used as the drainage, dump sites and few are in use for other cleaning process.

Sanganur stream is seasonal stream, a natural drain carrying rain water during Monsoon and is dry for most of the summer months. During monsoon period gives the drain a life and during the non-monsoon period disposal of sewage level form the household and industries is higher than the natural drains.

2.2. AIM To identify the present impact of the lakes and streams in the prevailing settlement and to recreate its use and improve water quality. Mark the importance of the water bodies and redesign the existing system of use. Create vibrant water front spaces.

2.3. OBJECTIVES • To review the importance of inland water bodies with respect to the urbanization. • To identify the urban impacts by the stream and the impacts of stream to the

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INTRODUCTION

urban fabric.

• To uuderstand the issues and need based on the particular study elements and methodology.

• To provide proper solutions at different heirarchies and based on different needs.

• To provide design intervenation so as to preserve and also use the water bodies.

2.4. JUSTIFICATION The need for the rejuvenation and redevelopment of the stream which was a source of water for present landform - Live project under Smart city development - 295cr project makeover project yet to be started by the government.

2.5. NEED FOR REJUVENATION Sanganur stream is the only main stream inland flowing water body. It carried monsoon water from thadagam valley till 20th century after the sewage water is let in and the usage start declining and stream has been abused. The change in landuse and increase in urbanization led to the encraochment and other issues.

2.6. SITE LOCATION Sanganur Canal, a tributary of Noyyal, before 2000AD, a supply resource of fresh water had become unfit for human use due to pollution created by various human activities.Alteration of the water quality questions its usage for intended use and has predominant impact on the water ecosystem and the surrounding environment.

In some stretches, the encroachments were so bad that 75 per cent of the canal had been blocked. This would be trouble for the city as during heavy rains it was Sanganoor Canal that carried rain water.

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INTRODUCTION

FIG.:1 Map of Coimbatore Municpality Sanganoor stream is intersecting Mettupalayam Road, Sathy Road, Avinashi Road, Tirchy Road in 9kms stretch.

During the period of Industrial growth many people migrated the main town in search of opportunity from different parts of country. Diverse cultural features arose due to the diverse people. Major occupations were trading small scale industries and also some large scale manufacturers.

Numerous historic buildings are the evidence of what was the journey took to what is to be now. Factor of heritage, however considered to be a minimal impact of what it is now, the reason for such growth are traced also through the very own history only.

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INTRODUCTION

CATCHMENT AREA - THADAGAM VALLEY

KOUNDAMPALAYAM SARAVANAMPATTY SANGANOOR RS PURAM

NANJUNDAPURAM

UKKADAM RAMANATHAPURAM

PELAMEDU

NANJUNDAPURAM SOWARIPALYAM

FIG.:2 Stream course with few landmarks The existing of wetlands and lakes have the reasons for various flora and fuana which in turn affected the micro climate of the region. There are 8 lakes within the corporation limit and almost 25 lakes within the district. Each having catchment area of about more than 20,000 acres.

The only natural gap in the western ghat range comes under the Coimbatore and Palaghat region. Among the aspects of the town, the ecological factor is been focused and taken into study.

Sanganur stream is a 20.5 km length stream from the Thadagam valley till the Noyyal river before where the fills Singanalur tank

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INTRODUCTION

2.7. SCOPE • The scope developing a Environmental water front which consists of shore stabilization, wetland preservation, prairie restoration and also native plants.

• Cultural water front creating a sense of community, opportunity for festivity, artistic expression, recreartional and commercial bustle.

• A mixed-use water front include a mix of retail, housing , office. restaurant, open space which may provide a dynamic space containing various activities blended to complement each other.

2.8. LIMITATIONS • National Building Codes • Byelaws • Land use by Coimbatore municipal corporation • NGT - National Green Tribunal

2.9. CASE STUDIES • Sabarmati Riverfront • Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project • Red Ribbon Project

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DOCUMENTATION

3.

DOCUMENTATION

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DOCUMENTATION

3.1. INTRODUCTION Each town has it’s own descriptions and need, Coimbatore is much more descriptive in all the aspects such as it’s location, it’s landform, it’s evolution over the years and also the impact made by it to the surrounding and surrounding to itself.

The present Coimbatore district consists of two revenue divisions of Coimbatore and Pollachi and has ten taluks namely Annur, Coimbatore (north), Coimbatore (south), Valparai, Sulur, Kinathukadavu, Mettupalayam, Pollachi, Madukkarai and Perur. The taluks are further divided into 295 revenue villages.

• Culturally Diverse During the period of Industrial growth many people migrated the main town in search of opportunity from different parts of country. Diverse cultural features arose due to the diverse people. Major occupations were trading small scale industries and also some large scale manufacturers.

• Heritage Value Numerous historic buildings are the evidence of what was the journey took to what is to be now. Factor of heritage, however considered to be a minimal impact of what it is now, the reason for such growth are traced also through the very own history only.

• Ecological Significance The existing of wetlands and lakes have the reasons for various flora and fuana which in turn affected the micro climate of the region. There are 8 lakes within the corporation limit and almost 25 lakes within the district. Each having catchment area of about more than 20,000 acres.

• Transport Nodes The existing of wetlands and lakes have the reasons for various flora

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DOCUMENTATION

FIG.:3 Map of Coimbatore Municpality

FIG.:4 Ancient trade route -Arikamedu - muziri Karthikeyan J K | B.Arch 2014 - 2019 | AC14UAR033

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DOCUMENTATION

and fuana which in turn affected the micro climate of the region. There are 8 lakes within the corporation limit and almost 25 lakes within the district. Each having catchment area of about more than 20,000 acres.

3.2. HISTORY Coimbatore district formed part of the Chera dominions with its capital at Karur, the region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period. The Kosar tribe mentioned in the second century AD Tamil epic Silappathikaram and other poems in Sangam literature is associated with the Coimbatore region. It served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. The region was located along an ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu. Comes under the influence of Kalabhras,who invaded the south from the Deccan plateau and act as a trade route between the east and the west coast of the ancient Tamil country.

Comes under the Influence of Western Ganga dynasty, who are of south Karnataka origin.Due to its fertility and geographic advantage (palakkad gap) ,it has become the bone of contention for various kingdoms. Some would say the name “kongu nadu” was derived from the “gangas”. Invasion of the medieval CHOLAS conquered the Kongu Nadu - 10th century.

A Chola highway - Rajakesari Peruvazhi - Cholas built various tanks improved irrigation methods. the agri- culture and trade reached new heights. by marital relation- ships formed new branch of Kongu-cholas. Singanallur tank was constructed by Aditya Chola in 9 th century. After the decline of medieval cholas .Kongu nadu was ruled by Pandyas ,then by hoysalas respectively.The tanks were also re-constructed and maintained by pandyas. Vijayanagara Empire - 16th century. In1550s, Madurai Nayaks, who were the military governors of the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region.

In earlier,17th c.e, Course of many streams that drain into Noyyal river and the tanks had been changed due to heavy rainfall and flood – therefore many Page 12

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new riverets and stream branches (pallams in tamil) were formed within the present city limit. The Madurai Nayaks - the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams. in 18th ce, the Kingdom of Mysore rule. the Anglo- Mysore Wars - the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799.

FIG.:5 Floods in lowlands - Change in course - Creation of pallam In 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status. Sir Robert Stanes became the first chairman of the Coimbatore City Council. The first three decades of the 20th century saw nearly 20,000 plague-related deaths and acute water shortage. the decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai fuelled an economic boom in Coimbatore in the 1920s and 1930s.

OUR LADY OF FATIMA CHURCH was established. This led to the development of the area (west bank of rathinapuri) with communities that visit the place forming around it. ALVERNIA SCHOOL was founded. As a result,

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people started to reside in the areas surrounding the school so that it would be easy for their hildren to commute to the school. Increasing population gives rise to the need for medical centers, aka. Hospitals. (area - ramanathapuram).

SRI RAMAKRISHNA HOSPITAL was established. Higher the population, more will be the need for religious structures.Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrial- isation and in 1981, Coimbatore was constituted as a Municipal corporation. SRI RAMAKRISHNA SCHOOL was constructed. another hospital going by the name of N.M. HOSPITAL was constructed in the year 1985. KARUNYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY was established in the year 1986.

In the year 1989, KENDRIYA VIDHYALAYA SCHOOL moved to their present location. Heavy rains over the western ghats washed away a bridge near thadagam and so the sanganur stream was flooded. Bund was constructed or raised in the weaker length as the result of flood in 1990. The bund Allowed the

FIG.:6 Coimbatore municipal corporation (Present)

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region to continue with its development. ADWAITH TEXTILES was founded near the stream.

The same year, KURINJI HOSPITAL was also established. The following year, ASHWIN HOSPITAL, HINDUSTAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY was established. 5ft high retaining wall was constructed for 9kms stretch from Mettupalayam road to Trichy road. 10ft high Retaining wall was proposed for the same 9kms stretch and the wall was raised for around 2kms stretch which was later stopped for various reasons.

Sanganur Stream was Cleaned for 9kms Stretch and Singanallur tank was cleaned. Near Singanallur Tank, Bund of 4 m stretch collapsed and around 60 Acre of Agriculture Land was flooded with Drainage water. The collapsed bund was then reconstructed in the same month. The reconstructed bund collapsed again in September 2005. A new channel was constructed near the tank for 500 Metres to divert the water with the help of local farmers.

SINGANALLUR LAKE being a major landmark in the area, the construction of SINGANALLUR BOATHOUSE increased its value. Sanganur Stream was Cleaned from Trichy Road to Singanallur Tank for 2.51 kms stretch.

Sanganur Stream was Cleaned for 9kms Stretch(Mettupalayam road- Trichy road) and Singanallur tank was also cleaned.

The government PROPOSED A ROAD ALONG SANGANUR CANAL, CONNECTING FOUR MAIN ARTERIAL ROADS during the January Council meeting. the state government planned to allocate Rs 295 crore for the Rejuvenation and restoration of the 11.5km-long canal with recreation and parks. The Coimbatore municipal corporation has prepared a detailed project report (DPR) to clean and expand the Sanganur canal from Sai Baba colony to Singanallur stretching across 10.8 km.

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FIG.:7 Study area along the Sanganoor canal (11.5km) 3.3. SANGANUR STREAM Sanganur Canal, a tributary of Noyyal, before 2000AD, a supply resource of fresh water had become unfit for human use due to pollution created by various human activities.Alteration of the water quality questions its usage for intended use and has predominant impact on the water ecosystem and the surrounding environment.

In some stretches, the encroachments were so bad that 75 per cent of the canal had been blocked. This would be trouble for the city as during heavy rains it was Sanganoor Canal that carried rain water.

Sanganoor stream is intersecting Mettupalayam Road, Sathy Road, Page 16

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FIG.:8 Origin of Sanganoor canal from thadagam valley Avinashi Road, Tirchy Road in 9kms stretch.Sanganur stream is a 20.5 km length stream from the Thadagam valley till the Noyyal river before where the fills Singanalur tank. The study area constraints to 11.5 km stretch from metupalayam road to noyal river. The singanallur lake is also taken into consideration for study. Catchment Area for Sanganur Stream is 30.5 Sq.km.

Sanganur Stream orginates from Southern portion of Kurudi Hills, Thadagam Valley.

The Thadagam Valley is an important drainage basin and numerous streams originate in the forested slopes of this valley. It runs from Northeast

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to Southwest of the City.The streams eventually drain in to Sanganur Stream which was an important water source for agriculture and domestic consumption till 2000.

The proliferation of brick kilns in this valley has fractured the land, leading to the death of the streams, drying up of the Sanganur canal and effectively blocked routine migratory.

3.4. SINGANALLUR LAKE • Lake catchment area - 30.5 sq.km • Water spread area - 285 acres • Capacity - 1479555 cu.m • Full tank level - 4.25 m • Maximum water level - 5.17 m • Top bund level - 6.69 m • Depth - 4.252 m • Length of the bund - 3102 m • T - temple • W - weird dam • F - fishing • S - sluice gate • R - recreational • CG- circulating gate • RR- rail road • B - bridge Temple • T1 - Kamachi Amman Temple • T2 - Raja Vinayagar Temple • T3 - Veeramathi Amman Temple • T4 - Sellandi Amman Temple • T5 - Karupu Mari Amman Temple • T6 - Badra Kaali Amman Temple • T7 - Arulmigu Kanthan Ponnammal Temple

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FIG.:10 Map of Singanallur lake

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RR - Railroad Railroad connecting Podanur Junction and Irugur Station passes over the Tank constructed in 1862. The trains which Skip Coimbatore Junction passes Tank that also very few Passenger and some Goods Train. This Track divide the Tank into two as North Tank and South Tank Bund Road of Lake - Length of bund road is 2.96 Km From Boat house to Circulating Gate, Width of Road varies between 6ft to 12ft.

Infrastructure Underpass for the railroad which was Constructed in 1996. Earlier underpass was not there, only pedestrian can cross the track. Underpass is divided into two, one is for Ganapathi Stream (overflow water from Tank) and one for Vehicle movement. As water is not draining properly, soil is wet and slippery even for vehicles.

Recreational R1 - Boat House - Opened in 2005 and was closed in 2009 due to poor maintenance. In 2014, Coimbatore Corporation renovated the boat house.

Despite the increased inflow of tourists since renovation, tourists complain of unavailability of boats and Odour smell due to increased in inflow of Sewage R2 - Check Dam in Noyyal River - Constructed in 1960 by K.Kamarajar, as a recreational place for the coimbatore habitant & it act as check dam where water is pumped water to Singanallur Lake from Noyyal River Fishing & Commercial Fishing is one of the major activity and financal resource for the corporation from the lake. After Fishing, sale has been made infront of the lake, which cause some problems for the public and the lake itself. Hence, the process need to change. From 2010, Fishing in lake is given as Tender by CCMC on yearly basics. F1 - Fishing Boatyard 1 & F2 - Fishing Boatyard 2.

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Fishing is carried out by local fishermen. In the 2000s, due to encroachment and the fishes were infected with metals and pathogens from polluted waste water discharged from the Sewage.

3.5. LANDUSE The major growth in the study area is towards the stream leading to the encroachment and also for the demand of sewage benefts. The unbuilt space has reduces by 10% since 2002, giving way to more dwellings in the study area. Observable growth towards stream which leads to encroachment and unplanned development of buildings, which is been mentioned in the course grain. This has been done without proper FSI and OSR. The newly developed area which is been built as per the roper corridor space are mentioned in the fine grain. The Total Roof Area of thhe study area is 5,51,100 sq.m in which 32% of the roof area.

LANDUSE TYPOLOGY: RESIDENTIAL The yellow areas in the map highlight the residential areas of our zone in sanganoor stream. It can be clearly observed that in some areas the building density is high as a result of rapidly increasing population over the last few decades and some other areas are comparatively scarce due to building constraints caused by existing structures that serve as important cultural landmarks RESIDENTIAL + COMMERCIAL ( MIXED USE) The orange area in the map indicates only the mixed use buildings.

These types of buildings have been recently developed in and around our zone in sanganoor stream. The commercial/residential areas are less dense.

COMMERCIAL/ OFFICE The above map directs us towards the existing commercial/office buildings that occur in our zone. The number of buildings that exist in today’s Karthikeyan J K | B.Arch 2014 - 2019 | AC14UAR033

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context amounts to the rate at which employment opportunities are being easily available to the people. Also people need to be willing to sacrifice their ancestral occupation to take up these opportunities.

INDUSTRIAL The industries and manufacturing units are highlighted in purple areas of the zone. Some of the major industries are textile and mills. Yarn and Silk threads producing units as well as Rice mills.

INSTITUTION

/

PUBLIC

FACILITIES The widely spread patches of light blue colour

depict educational

Institutions and Public facilities such as markets. hospitals. Bus stands ,etc. from the above map we can infer that

FIG.:11 Landuse Map (Not to scale) TABLE: 1 Landuse Analysis Page 22

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the spread of these institutional facilities are well balanced across the Stretch thus providing a decent standard of living for the people.

Inference : The Analysis says that the Decrease in Residential zone from Mettupalayam Road to Trichy Road. As the city limit has high dense at its nucleas and reduces away from the nucleus.Commercial, Industry, Instition these typology evolve in moderate zone through Mettupalayam to Trichy road.

And the Greenspace (farm land, forest) region increases from Mettupalayam road to Trichy Road. More green space increases in outer the city region.

3.6. TOPOGRAPHY SETTLEMENT PATTERN By comparing the earlier maps one can say that the settlement is concentrated in the high altitude areas,so the residential are located at the highest point.

The natural drainage has been disrupted in certain points because of the waste disposal in stream.This can be an issue during floods since the exit point of the flood water are disrupted leading to water logging.

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FIG.:13 Typical Topographic Section from Mettupalayam Road to Trichy Road AREAS OF RELATIVELY HIGHER ALTITUDE Stream originates from chinnahthadagam which is 1900 m above MSL. The regions marked in the map above have an altitude ranging from 444 - 414 m above MSL.The settlement patterns can be linked to these higher altitudes.

The gradation from the dark shade to light shade the level gradually increasing by 1 m.

The entire streach is a flood plain and thus the contour variation comes between a short range,of only a few meters.Frequent floods in the past year has led to sedimentation which resulted in increase of height of the flood plain.

Locals have mentioned about how the areas were in older times,which means the sedimentation has covered the lower part of the areas.

AREAS OF RELATIVELY LOWER ALTITUDE These areas have contours ranging from 414- 385 m above MSL. Agriculture farms and plantation cover these areas.plantation includes mainly Singanallur lake is present at the lower altitude where the stream is connected the lake and noyyal river. Construction should be regulated flood resilient farming techniques should be adopted.

FLOOD PRONE AREAS Eight flood prone areas has been identified in the city, & 31 across the district the North-East monsoon hit the district. Most of the spots identified are

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close to some of the district’s largest water tanks or basins of the Noyyal River.

Officials are now keeping an eye on the water level, depth of water that can be held and strengthening the bunds and water beds to hold more water.

Within corporation limits, the eight flood prone areas include Papanaickenpalayam and Sanganoor, because of the Sanganoor Bridge, Krishnayarayapuram due to its proximity to Ammankulam, Uppilipalayam for its proximity to Singanallur tank, Ramanathapuram and Puliakulam for its closeness to Valankulam. In the central and western parts of the city, Chetti Street in Town Hall and Kumarasami Eri Street have also been identified to be flood prone due to the presence of the Selva Chinthamani Kulam & Muthankulam. The entire Singanallur has also been identified as flood prone due to its proximity to Kamala Mill Kuttai.

However, Coimbatore Corporation officials say that there is no immediate threat to the above location. “Identification of flood prone areas in the district is part of a state wide initiative to prepare for the northeast monsoons,” said corporation commissioner, K Vijayakarthikeyan. “These areas are on the list primarily because they are low-lying & near water tanks. However, they have not been inundated or flooded in the last two to three years,” he said. “We are more concerned about the city’s underpasses, as they get inundated quickly.

Thus, we have a team in place that will get into action as soon as it begins raining,” he added. They have also begun desilting the above mentioned water tanks as a precautionary measure.

FIG.:14 Typical section for the stream and building

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Wetland vegetation can bind the shoreline together and reduce erosion from storms. Coimbatore has a natural topography, sloping from North towards South and West towards East. The slope benefits storm water run-off and the path of natural drains facilitate draining of storm water. The Noyyal river acts as a major drainage course carrying the storm water discharge through the lakes that finally drain into the Noyyal river. Among the many drains, the Sanganur Pallam (Canal) is the main drainage artery, which traverses from north to south with its outfall in the Noyyal river.

3.7. FIGURE GROUND In architecture, figure-ground drawings are useful for showing how the material or solid components ofbuildings relate to the spaces contained by the built form. Figure ground drawings in architecture are often applied at an urban scale, as a way of drawing the plan of a city. But, they can also be useful at the scale of an individual residence, or even as a technique for drawing objects such as furniture pieces within a space.

FIGURE GROUND ANALYSIS URBAN FABRIC COARSE GRAIN The coarse urban grain is characteristic of larger blocks which isolate users of the

space from other around and blocking themselves

without anyT purpose of fuction.The total area of sanganur stream including road,stream,roof,open sapce is 31,24,842.18 sq.m.In that Zone A (metupalayam to sathy road). Rathanapuri comes the coarse because of its irregular structure type and road usage.

FINE GRAIN The fine urban grain gives the users of the space the opportunities to explore their choices in activity and experiences within the space,which in term

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makes the space attractive as well as safe.In that Zone C (avinashi to trichy road) Yerimedu comes the fine grain because of its perfect structure type and road network because of it grid pattern.

Zone 3 with the total area of 1,60769.94 sq.m in which yerimedu having the total area of 1609.344 m.

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE The public spaces are in white and the private spaces in black.The street ie (public area) this space is enclosed by continuous built fabric.

Private built space enclosing public FIG.:15 Figure Ground

space and providing surveillance for the people.

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PATTERN TYPOLOGY The pattern of the figure ground is inverting the code we highlight different aspects of the spatial arrangements. The black space are meant to act as backgrounds to important figural space and the white act as a public space.

FIG.:16 Pattern one PATTERN 1 Development of residences is scarce as it has gradually developed around a church one of the first built forms serving as an important landmark in the stream. They are one of the oldest buildings presented in the original way the city was designed. Hence the rood width spans up to 5-6 meters providing optimum buffer space between the agroharoms and the roods providing a proportionate road width to building height ratio.

PATTERN 2 The pattern was created by commercial outlets open to the street that has an accessible road running throughout its length that spans a width of 4- 5 meters. The commercial units open up into residential units attached on its rear side with the entire stretch being single storied. There is sufficient buffer provided for consumer circulation in this part of the sector thus resulting in a balanced road width to building height ratio.

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FIG.:17 Pattern two PATTERN 3 A set of residential and commercial sectors where trade and commerce initially emerged. Overtime they turned out to settle down with their respective businesses which were earlier practiced within their household to the now two storied buildings housing commercial options on the ground floor and their residence on the top floor. There is a lot of buffer space between the buildings and the road that spans a width of 7-8 meters of length resulting in an accurately proportional building height is to road width ratio.

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PATTERN 4 A combination of newly developed residences made using cement and concrete within the area specified .The houses go upto G+2 level and arc balanced out with some old residencesthat ore individual dwellings on either sides of the roads that span 3- 4 metres without provision of any buffer space between the buildings and the roods due to the area constraint in that part of the city.The building height to road width ratio is not proportionate.

FIG.:19 Pattern four PATTERN 5 The settlements are neatly planned clusters seen in the newly constructed areas near the singanallur lake as it has compactly packed houses of gateway communities as well as normal households and residences up to G+2 level

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marking either sides of the roads which hove o rood width up to 3.5 meters creating a small buffer between the road and the building resulting in a slightly proportionate building height to road width ratio.

PATTERN 6 This pattern developed due to encroachment which initially took place in the stream stretch as the major occupation of that area that served as a labour work to the entire city. Overtime these people began settling down and it evolved into a dense cluster of settlements made using asbestos sheets.Internal roads run along the entire road length connecting the main road to the residences without any buffer space between the houses and the road. This results in a disproportionate building height to road width ratio.

FIG.:21 Pattern six

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4.1. SABARMATI RIVERFRONT INTRODUCTION Waterfront is a place where urban development and water interact, and defined as a unique and irreplaceable resource where land, water, air, sun and productive plants interface with each other. It is also defined as a place of integrating land with water and also having a characteristic of natural attraction to people. Any development takes place in fronts of water or water body like river, lake, ocean, bay, creek or canal is term as a waterfront development.

• Location: Sabarmati river, Gujurat • Length: 10.5 km • Natural waterfront- encompass beaches, wetlands, wildlife habitats, sensitive ecosystems and water itself • Public waterfront- concluding parks, esplanades, piers, street ends, vistas and waterways that offer public open space and waterfront view.

• Working waterfront- where water dependent, maritime and industrial uses cluster or where various transportation and municipal facilities are dispersed.

• Redeveloping waterfronts- Where land uses have recently changed or where vacant and underutilized properties suggest potential for beneficial change.

KPMG (Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler), one of world’s top advisory firms has included Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project in ‘100 most Innovative Projects’ in the field of urban regeneration (2012) that make cities livable as well as sustainable. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) received HUDCO National Award 2012 for innovative infrastructure development for the riverfront project.

The project consists both banks of the Sabarmati for a 10.5 km stretch, creating approximately 202 hectares of reclaimed land. There is a water management system for minimizing flooding and clean up the river with new Page 34

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sewage treatment infrastructure.

The Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL) is established in 1997 for the development of the riverfront in the city. (1) SRFDCL reached out to a number of NGOs and citizen groups for planning and implementation. The process of implementation was done by build, maintain, operate and transfer. SRFDCL appointed Independent Third Parties to supervise the private sector contractors who were selected on fixed time and rate. The fund for the project is set out by different sources that are equity capital, loan fund and proceeds from land sales.

Riverfront Land Use The proposed development is of mix land use that includes commercial, recreational and residential developments within the both side of river bank from Gandhi Bridge to Sardar Bridge.

Development in Different Sector

FIG.:22 Master plan Sabarmati river

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The major component of the project concludes embankment and reclamation works, construction of road and installation of infrastructures such as water, sewer network, storm water drainage, etc., resettlement and rehabilitation work, construction of promenades and garden and maintenance of public spaces.

Rehabilitation of Slum Dwellers There were around 12000 hutments on both side of river bank that cover nearly 20% of the critical project area. More than 10000 families are allotted with houses for resettlement, and 9078 odd families have already been shifted.

Each house is of 26.77 sq m carpet area. Commonly the relocation of a slum is provided on the outskirt of the city, but in this case, it is located near to the prime location of the city.

FIG.:23 Existing condition of Slum

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FIG.:24 Rebuilt Slum Gujari Bazar - Sunday Market It is an age-old Sunday market, where 40% of traders were women and half of them describe themselves as Dalits. It was unhygienic and also there is a risk of NHCE 2017 Dipali Paneria 4 flood in monsoon. Now, it is spread over 70.00 sq.mt area, and 1600 vendors can do their business on 788 pucca platforms and 783 laris.

FIG.:25 Existing Condition of Market

FIG.:26 Rebuilt Market

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Dhobi Ghat Around 172 Dhobis were using both the bank of the river for washing activities. On the eastern bank of the river near Vasna Barrage is constructed as dhobi ghat spread over approx. 9400 sq.mt area has utility area of about 600 sq.mt. There are seven blocks in modern Dhobi Ghat, and each block has 24 units with well-developed water supply and drainage system with a water meter for inlet watering.

FIG.:27 Existing Dhobi Ghat

FIG.:28 Rebuilt Dhobi Activity

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Event Area Earlier the dry river bed was used to host events like circus and cricket etc. However, a mega city like Ahmedabad requires a proper event management ground facilities. So that an area of 60.00 aq.mt, spread between Sardar Bridge and Ellis Bridge on the west bank has been designed for hosting events such as the Kite Festival, the Marathon, the Cyclothon and Garib Kalyan Mela are organized.

FIG.:29 Existing Event area

FIG.:30 Redesigned Event area

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Urban Forestry Between Vasna Barrage and Ambedkar Bridge, the unique afforestation project is situated over 1 lakh NHCE 2017 Dipali Paneria 5 sq.mt area. The natural forestry is being developed with different plant species from Gujarat, including certain very rare species.

FIG.:31 Existing Banks

FIG.:32 Built Banks

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Sewage System To intercept the sewer running into the river and divert it to the treatment plants, the interceptor sewer system was constructed. Earlier the sewage from 36 drainage points directly falls into the river that makes the water dirty, mosquito ridden and unhealthy environment. Now, there is an extreme change in the environment around the river because all sewage goes to a pumping station for transformation it to river quality.

FIG.:33 Existing Sewage system

FIG.:34 Built STP

Promenade A key feature of this project is a two-level, continuous walk on both sides of river bank built just above the water level for pedestrian and cyclists.

So there will be no private ownership of river bank, and the whole stretch is open for every citizen.

FIG.:35 Existing Promenade

FIG.:36 Rebuilt Promande

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Public Garden/ Flower Garden For parks and garden space 27% of project land is developed. There are three gardens.

• Garden of 60000 sq.mt between Subhash Bridge and Dadhichi Bridge; • Garden of 25000 sq.mt at Usmanpura between Gandhi Bridge and Nehru Bridge on West bank and • Flower garden of 40000 sq.mt near event area on west bank of the river.

FIG.:37 Existing Open space

FIG.:38 Renovated Open Space

Water Recreation Various water sports are provided in the project on both sides of the river bank. Boating facilities are available on both side of the river bank in different places. For the future plan, there will be a zip line, Amphibian bus, Sabarmati Darshan through ferry and adventure water sports.

FIG.:39 Exiting water front

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FIG.:40 Renovated Water Front

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Project Benefits and Impacts • Now it is possible to retain surface water in the river all year around.

• The ground strata are recharged with storage of 12.5 million cubic meter river water.

• More than 250 MLD sewage is diverted from the river and pollution is eliminated.

• The river is protected from the scour and stopped the erosion of the river banks with Diaphragm walls.

• 202 ha. land is available by retaining wall on both sides for further development for the city and flood protection.

• The embankments provided with wide walkways, green space with tree plantation and many other facilities.

• Rehabilitation of resettlement of 10000 slum dwellers in great pukka houses.

• Traditional users of a river like washer men and unorganized vendors are now provided with organized facilities.

• Easy access to the river water through Ghats, Stairs/ Ramps.

Inference The abused river can be brought back to the city by utilizing the resources of the river itself and convert the abandoned land of riverbed and nuisances at the centre of the city into people’s attraction, tourist attraction, creation of infrastructural and recreational facilities and transform the city more livable in terms of environmental improvement and inclusive development.

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4.2. CHEON GYE CHEON RESTORATION Large-scale urban regeneration achieved by removing a two-tier overpass and landscaping the river channel it exposed. Seoul Metropolitan Government successfully addressed a range of economic, social, cultural and environmental problems through a scheme that has provided a template for planning across South Korea and further.

• Location: Cheonggyecheon stream, Seoul, South Korea • Length: 5.8 km • Dates: 2000-2005 Zone 1: History Underground waterways redirected to create a new stream bed with

FIG.:41 History landscaped banks; former bridges used as decorative elements; seating to encourage the public to use the space.

Zone 2: Urban and Culture

FIG.:42 Urban & Culture

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Created a park in the centre of the city with recreation areas, waterfront decks and stepping stones; designed using environmentally friendly materials, with artwork and maps on walls along the river corridor.

Zone 3: Nature in the middle of the city

FIG.:43 Nature in the city

FIG.:44 Existing bridge over the river

FIG.:45 Rejuvenated image

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Designed to look natural and overgrown; sections of the pier and overpass left as industrial mementoes; wetland designated as an ecological conservation area.

Process • The Seoul Metropolitan Government established the Cheonggyecheon Restoration Centre to act as a focus for research, development and planning.

• The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Citizens’Committee helped to gauge public opinion, communicating the projects goals through information sessions and conveying concerns.

• The highway was de-commissioned.

• The new river channel was excavated.

• Works were undertaken to the river corridor.

Benefits • Urban renewal and revitalisation.

• Economic growth and tourist attraction.

• Public access to the river – fishing and bathing.

• Educational resource.

• Historical and cultural values reflected in design.

• Significant ecological improvement

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• .Air and water quality improved.

• Reduction in air temperature (cooling effect) in surrounding area by an average of 3.6°c demonstrated by thermal imagery.

4.3. RED RIBBON PARK

FIG.:46 Master Plan Of the Red Ribbon

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• Architects

Turenscape

• Location

Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China

• Area

200000.0 sqm

The Red Ribbon running through this Qinhuangdao park can be seen

FIG.:47 Images of the Red Ribbon

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against the background of natural terrain and vegetation, spanning 500 meters (547 yards), integrating the functions of lighting, seating, environmental interpretation, and orientation. While preserving as much of the natural river corridor as possible, this project demonstrates how a minimal design solution can achieve a dramatic improvement to the landscape.

The park is located on the Tanghe River at the eastern urban fringe of Qinhuangdao. The following site conditions presented both opportunities and challenges for the design: • Good ecological circumstances: The site was covered with diverse native vegetation, providing varied habitats for assorted species. • Unkempt and deserted: Located at the edge of a beach city, the site was a garbage dump with a deserted shantytown and obsolete irrigation facilities such as ditches and water towers

FIG.:48 Images of walkway

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CASE STUDIES

• Potential safety and accessibility problems: Covered with shrubs and messy grasses, the site was virtually inaccessible and therefore unsafe for people to use.

• Functional demands: With encroaching urban sprawl, the site was used by the new communities for recreation, including fishing, swimming, and jogging.

• Development pressure: With the lower reaches of this river channeled, it seemed likely that the same was going to happen on this site. The natural river corridor would probably have been replaced with concrete embankments and ornamental flower beds.

The major design challenge was to preserve the natural habitats along the river while creating new opportunities for recreation and environmental education. The Red Ribbon was designed as a vivid element within a setting of green vegetation and blue water, curving with the terrain. It integrates a boardwalk, lighting, and seating. Made of fiberglass, it is lit from the inside, glowing red at night. It is 60 centimeters (24 inches) high, and it varies in width from 30 to 150 centimeters (11 inches to 59 inches). Crossings for small animals are built. Perforations were made on the ribbon’s top surface, creating a dotted pattern, in which lights and various Five pavilions in the shape of clouds are distributed along the ribbon.

These provide protection from harsh sunlight, opportunities for social gatherings, visual focal points, and placement of environmental interpretation plaques. White, yellow, purple, and blue perennial flower gardens appear as patchwork on the formerly desolate fields.

The bright red of the ribbon lights up this densely vegetated site, linking the diverse natural vegetation and the four flower gardens. The ribbon acts as a structural device that reorganizes the formerly unkempt and inaccessible site.

The place has increasingly become urbanized; this park attuned with the needs of the local residents, while maintaining its ecological processes and natural services intact.

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5.

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ANALYSIS

5.1. ZONES

FIG.:49 Map of Zone A ZONE A covers Area from Mettupalayam Road to Sathyamangalam Road. This area comes under High Dense Residential Area. This area locate near Gandhipuram bus stand ( near CBD center ). Mode of Transportation is easy to all modes. Can be easily accessed to all other sectors. Major commercial active zone RS Puram area is nearby. The Mettupalayam Road which leads to Ooty, Mudumalai, Mysuru,etc. One of the major Trading route, Tourist route.

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FIG.:50 Map of Zone B ZONE B covers Area from Sathyamangalam Road to Avinashi Road.

This area comes under Commercial Area. This area locate near PN Palyam & Avarampalayam. It has large commercial buildings including Hospitals,etc.

Sri Ramakrishna Hospital is one of the famous hospital in coimbatore, which lies near the main road. The Sathyamangalam Road leads to Saravanampatti area, which is the CBD, where all the IT Sector, apartments, are located. This Sathyamangalam Road is One of the main road where all the commercial buildings are located.

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ANALYSIS

FIG.:51 Map of Zone C ZONE C covers Area from Avinashi Road to Trichy Road. This area comes under Mixed Developed Area. It has all sectors of landuse. This area locate near Sowripalayam & Ramanathapuram. Avinasi act as major Road for Transportation to transfer goods to North India. Major Schools, Colleges, Industry are located nearby this Road. As there are more transportaion there has a development of all sectors. This Road is slightly away from city as there are some farming land available than the previous two zones. This area is well balanced landuse area Page 54

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ANALYSIS

FIG.:52 Map of Zone D ZONE D covers Area from Trichy Road to Singanallur Lake. This area covers more Agricultural Land Area. This area covers between Ramanathapuram & Singanallur. It has large agricultural land than residencial buildings,etc.

Trichy road act as major transport route to southern part of Tamilnadu. This zone has comercial space along the road sides and residence are lies behind it.

Residence are more to be like apartments and Gated community. Agriculture land area located around the lake and spread over Ramanathapuram road side.

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ANALYSIS

5.2. BUILDING MORPHOLOGY ROOFING MATERIAL R.C.C The map represents the roofs of all the buildings which have been recently constructed around Pillayar Paalayam in the last 10 years. Majority of the contemporary buildings are along Selva Vinayaka Kulam. Kumarakottam and Okkapiranthan Kulam and they have RCC flat roofs.

TERRACOTA TILE The buildings highlighted in the map represent the buildings which were constructed in the last 100 years in areas like Pillayar Paalayam and along the Agraharams around Kailashnathar Temple. These buildings are some of the oldest settlements which have emerged along with the birth of the city’s important landmarks such as Kailashnathar and Ekambareshwarar temple.

They are a symbol of the city’s culture and heritage and need to be preserved.

POT TILE The above map specifies the areas with communal villages that have developed within the last 50 years and comprise of settlements such as the Putheri Village - a remote village on the outskir ts of Kanchipuram. The houses are arranged as single individual dwellings on either side of the streets with the roofs either being sloped or flat or even combined. Pillayar Paalayam being the perpetual weaving hub accommodates some of the oldest buildings with Terracotta tiles laid upon sloped roofs that are created using wooden trusses to which the handlooms are attached to internally. This also helps inculcate weaving practice within the functional spaces of the household.

METAL The map clearly depicts the presence of metal roofs within the city limits. Metal roofs are used majorly in factories, industrial sectors of the city Page 56

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ANALYSIS

such as rice mill industries. yarn and silk thread production. and other. Metal sheets are majorly used in industrial sectors due to the following reasons: • They are temporary structures. thus it is easier to lay metal sheets upon sloped roofs created with steel trusses as they are water resistant even though it rusts over a long period of time. • The time consumed to set up an industrial building is much lesser using metal sheets also amounting to the above statement.

OTHERS (ASBESTOS,ETC) The a bove map portrays the areas that use roof materials such as asbestos and madras terrace roofing. Asbestos is used as a roofing material for small scale commercial shops and low income communities along Pillayar Paalayam and Thiruppa ruthi Kundram where buildings are single storeyed.

FIG.:53 Morphology Of Buildings Before 1975

FIG.:54 Morphology Of Buildings From 1975 to 1990

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ANALYSIS

Settlements with Madras terrace roofing came much earlier than the contemporary buildings in other parts of the city. These settlements are found in and around Pillayar Paalayam and Ekambareshwar temple over the last 50 years.

5.3. SLUM ANALYSIS

HABITANT

The term slum is used in this report in a general context to describe a wide range of low income settlements and or poor human living conditions. Slum, at its simplest, is a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor.

This definition encapsulates the essential characteristics of slums: high densities and low standards of housing (structure & services), and squalor. The first two criteria are physical and spatial, while the third is social and behavioural.

Inference on issues that are observed • Lacks of proper Government toilet facilities.

• Basic Aminety such as Primary health centres, anganwaadi and Ration shops are all missing.

• There is no garbage collection bin for FIG.:56 Slum encroachment map

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slum, the people throw their garbages into Stream, this makes the stream more vulnerable.

• Even the government drain patterns were made to drain into the stream, it makes the people to Justify their use of the stream as a litter box.

• There is no standard street dimensions within the slum areas and as the roads with the main access are not connected well and congested mostly seem to be like private area.

• Due to the streams overflowing waste water drain during rainy seasons it can lead to many health issues and even cause epidemic diseases.

• Soil erosion of the banks of the river during the flood and affect the tenability of the houses as in some house clearly the foundations are seen.

FIG.:57 Occupation illustration of LIG Semi pakka

395

30%

Pakka (Concrete)

528

40%

Pakka (Above g+1)

370

28%

Appartments

16

2%

TABLE: 2 Housing typology of LIG Karthikeyan J K | B.Arch 2014 - 2019 | AC14UAR033

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ANALYSIS

• Lack of govt. institutions such as Anganwaadi or other primary school nearby literacy rate is quite low even the educated people was unemployed.

5.4. SEWERAGE SYSTEM DRAINAGE OVERFLOW The above map depicts the areas or sectors of the stream where a drainage system is provided yet the drains overflow from manholes and open drains on either sides of the road, increasingly during rainfall.The bad odour disseminated from the sewage runoffs that are carried onto the streets creates an unhealthy environment for the inhabitants and passers by due to disease causing microorganisms that could spread ailments by contact with water. air or food thus making the neighbour-hood inaccessible for the public.

DRAINAGE DISCHARGE The areas represent all the sectors in our stream where improper discharge of sewage is facilitated by the public. These areas serve as crevices in the drainage network where it calls upon FIG.:58 Sewage System Page 60

the authorities to improve the quality

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ANALYSIS

of maintenance of the drains by channeling the drainage discharge pipes to a proper sewage plant for maintenance of the sanitation and hygiene of that place.

EFFICIENCY The map shows the efficiency of the drainage network of the stream.

The area has the maximum number of manholes with a closed drainage system which gradually falls back into a moderately efficient drainage system which is a result of irregular maintenance by the public as well as the government authorities eventually leading us into an area that has a disintegrated sewage network which is the root cause for most health, hygiene and sanitation related issues created in the stream.

NO DRAINAGE SYSTEM These blots in red encircle areas on the map that do not have an interconnected drainage network between houses. Howevereach house has an individual septic tank and the water used for domestic purposes are discharged out of the residential units and allowed to take the path of its natural slop

5.5. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental problems of Indian cities. The Coimbatore Corporation is proposing to streamline the solid waste management mechanism to achieve 100 per cent door-to-door collection and source segregation. There are 5.22 lakh households in Corporation limits.

General information about the city • Area of the City

: 257.36 Sq.Km

• Slum Population

: 1,85,935

• Quantity of MSW generated

: 815 TPD

• Quantity of Waste Collected

: 775 TPD

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ANALYSIS

• No. of Households

: 5,06,009

• Coverage door-to-door collection of waste

: 80%

• Collection Efficiency

: 93%

• Availability of Land for waste disposa

: 654.54 Acres

WASTE GENERATION: On an assessment made, it is estimated the waste generated in a single household is 2.2 kg on an average. The total waste generated in the city is 1099.70 tonnes per day METHODOLOGY: The solid waste management mechanism to achieve 100 % door-todoor collection and source segregation. There are 5.22 lakh households in Corporation limits.

OPEN DUMPING: This figurative clearly depicts the maximum dumping zone to the least dumping zone of stream as follows: • Maximum waste disposal • Moderate waste disposal • Least waste disposal GARBAGE DISPOSAL: The areas highlighted in green are the differentparts of our zone where measures have been taken by the government to maintain garbage bins within a proximity of 100 - 300 m intermediately between residential clusters and ensures that it is frequently cleaned and looked after.

STAGNANT WATER: The overflow indicate the various water quality that has been degraded

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to such an extent that it is unfit to be used for domestic purposes as well as a source for potable water supply to residences . The condition of the roads determines the stagnation of water which is also depicted in the above map in purple.

WASTE TRANSPORT -Ukkadam

&

Peelamedu(active)-Sathy

road

(inactive)

-Kavundampalayam (closed) -Ondipudur (closed) -Vellalore old site(closed) -ondipudur (proposed)

5.6. ROAD HIERARCHY ARTERIAL ROADS METTUPALAYAM ROAD: Mettupalayam Road is one of the four artery roads that belong to the boundary of the site. It is 12m wide and makes up for one end of the boundary.

It is one of the most used roads with visitors passing though the road to reach Ooty. This results in traffic that increases during holiday time. On working days,traffic mostly comes from people who travel to work on the outer boundary of the city and also from school and college vehicles that move to and from the outer boundary of the city. The increasing traffic can also prove to cause trouble for people trying to access “Women’s Center by Motherhood” as well as Ganga hospital during emergencies.

SATHY ROAD: Sathy Road is an artery road that passes through Rathinapuri region. It is about 16m wide and belongs to the highway that connects Coimbatore with Bangalore. Traffic passing through this road includes the traffic going towards and away from Siddhapudur Higher Secondary School. The people living in the surrounding areas also use this road to transit to work. The road is bounded by several religious structures and hence these traffics also play a role in occupying

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ANALYSIS

Sathy Road.

AVINASHI ROAD: Avinashi Road is one of the major artery roads that pass overSanganoor Stream. It is 14m wide and connects Coimbatore with Avinashi. The road later joins up with NH47 which connects Coimbatore with major cities like Erode and Salem. Major traffic in this area belongs to those that transit for work in the outer boundary of Coimbatore and those that travel to and from the major cities connected by the road. Heavy traffic in this road can result in the trouble for people trying to access Kurinji Hospital during emergencies.

TRICHY ROAD: Trichy Road is the artery road that makes up for the other end of the boundary of the site. It is 16.5m wide and connects Coimbatore with Trichy.

Major traffic on this road includes traffic going to alvernia school during working hours as the school is one of the major schools in the area which has been around for decades. High traffic occurs as the road meets up with Singanallur which is a major junction in the city. The high traffic in the road will prove fatal for those trying to reach N.M. Hospital and Deepam hospital during emergencies.

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS SAFE ZONES These zones are practically safe as they have public buildings within them such as police stations, banks, hospitals and schools which have higher security personnel resulting in safer conditions and hence there aren’t any incidents in these areas. The presence of protection in these areas lets people use it with ease knowing that there are people watching over them and that people will come rushing towards them in case any help is needed. The major areas falling in this category are sanganoor as there is a police station in the area, sowripalayam as the area falls under the influence of schools and colleges Page 64

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and finally siddhaputhur as the area contains one of the major hospitals in the surrounding areas. The areas falling under these categories are the safest areas which people can use without hesitation LOW TRAFFIC ZONES These roads have low traffic passing through them as they are not much used by the people. The people passing through these roads usually walk towards bus stops or their workplaces are within walk-able distances. The main reason for this is that there aren’t any major schools or colleges in the nearby areas. The major road falling in this category is the mettupalayam road.

The people residing in the area do their work locally or use the nearby bus stops to access to their work areas. This is also the case for people getting their children to school as they plan to just walk their children to school. As a result, the area does not get much traffic on any time of the day.

MEDIUM TRAFFIC ZONES Traffic congestion on these roads is mainly due to the fact that the roads FIG.:59 Traffic Analysis

are not wide enough for the regular traffic that uses these roads. Traffic

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congestion also happens due to the amount of traffic that passes through these roads, impatient driving and several other factors. The major road that falls into this category is the avinashi & trichy road which can be considered as a result of over transportation of people in their own vehicles to the places of work or study. Major traffic passing through this road includes the traffic moving towards the school and college that are nearby to this area using the own vehicles or the vehicles provided by the respective institutions HIGH TRAFFIC ZONES Traffic congestion on these roads is mainly due to the fact that the roads are not wide enough for the regular traffic that uses these roads. Traffic congestion also happens due to the amount of traffic that passes through these roads, impatient driving and several other factors. The major road that falls into this category is the avinashi & trichy road which can be considered as a result of over transportation of people in their own vehicles to the places of work or study. Major traffic passing through this road includes the traffic moving towards the school and college that are nearby to this area using the own vehicles or the vehicles provided by the respective institutions and the people that transit to work to the nearby areas.

ANALYSIS OF NODAL POINTS

FIG.:60 Nodal Points Part 1

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ANALYSIS

FIG.:61 Nodal Points Part 2

FIG.:62 Nodal Points Part 3

FIG.:63 Nodal Ponits Part 4

FIG.:64 Nodal Points Part 5

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ANALYSIS

A transit map is a topological map in the form of a schematic diagram used to illustrate the routes and stations within a public transport system whether this be bus lines, tramways, rapid transit, train routs or ferry routes.

The main mode of transportation for people is by bus. Having bus stops at regular intervals is necessary for people to use it at ease. A typical bus stop must have at least 400m walk radius. Any more than that will inconvenience the people using the bus stop. Sometimes the walk radius can even reach 500m but above that will prove to be pretty difficult for people to use. The distance between two bus stops on the same transit line must always be at least 400m.

Based on the required standards, the given number of bus stops won’t be enough for the people to use during the working hours mainly when the need for buses is more. Morning 8-10 am and evenings 3-5 pm are the busiest time and hence people will be using the bus stops more during these hours. Based on the acquired data, it can be seen that the number of bus stands won’t be enough for people to commute and the buses will be crowded during the above mentioned hours.

5.7. ISSUES Macro Level Dumping of solid wastes and dry waste creates dump sites and blocks the flow of water. Various settlements have an improper drainage system and improper planning, which lead to major issues like sewage mixing and encroachment. Stream narrowing, dump sites, encroachment are major or the causes of these issues in different zones differs with respect to the land use and occupancy along the stream.

Issues on Singanallur Lake • The boathouse is closed (No parking facility) • Fishing is done by people (As tender) unofficial hunting

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• Fish shop (For sale the lake fish) • Ganapathi stream is mixing on the north side (Near boathouse) • Damaged sluices on the bund • Damaged weir dam • Solid waste is collected by volunteers but not properly cleaned by the corporation • Some places bund is weaker due to uncontrolled growth of unwanted plant species • Water hyacinth (Water plant) • 7 temple over the bund (No space for the festival) • Mixing vinayagar idol (no space ) • Stream & lake ( circulating pattern not maintained, damage in path often leads to overflow of water in farming lands) • Freshwater fishes (currently farming fishes are been grown in the lake, need to replace the farming with regular freshwater fish) Issues on Stream • Dumping of solid wastes and dry waste creates dump sites and blocks the flow of water.

• Various settlements have an improper drainage system and improper planning, which lead to major issues like sewage mixing and encroachment.

• Stream narrowing, dump sites, encroachment are major or the causes of these issues in different zones differs with respect to the land use and occupancy along the stream.

• Growing population and requirement leading rapid urbanization and also the vertical development without any regulation.

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ANALYSIS

Issues based on Zones of study - Micro level

Zone A • Community activity of weavers making dyeing proces for the fabric leaves the impurities as a result of the process • Making of rituals in temples • Sewage disposal directly into the stream • Encroachment due to the improper planning • Urban density and vertical development without any regultions leading to lose of identity of community based settlement.

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Zone B • Major Temples and commercial activity leading to narrowing of stream and extreme sewage disposal takes place • Commercial activity has lead garbage dumping at the maximum and has been major issue blocking the flow of water in the stream • Furhter moving towards the CBD the stream has been unnoticed and not taken care of the stream hygiene around

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ANALYSIS

Zone C • This zone covers major resdential activity out of which 35% of it is floating population • Due to which more of the solid waste has been generated • Illegal activities are more along the stream compared to other zones • Fish culturing other than fresh water taking place Page 72

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ANALYSIS

Zone D • 7 temple over the bund (No space for the festival) • Mixing vinayagar idol (no space ) • Stream & lake ( circulating pattern not maintained, damage in path often leads to overflow of water in farming lands) • Freshwater fishes (currently farming fishes are been grown in the lake, need to replace the farming with regular freshwater fish ISSUES

G A R B A G E DRAINAGE I L L E G A L T R A F I C H Y G E I N E DUMPING DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES ISSUES ISSUES

ZONE A ZONE B ZONE C ZONE D

TABLE: 3 Issue matrix

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ANALYSIS

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PROPOSAL

6.

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PROPOSAL

6.1. METHODOLOGY • Priority 1 Restoration/Relocation involves excavation of a stable Rosgen Class C or E stream channel, on previous floodplain, to replace an entrenched Rosgen Class G or F stream channel.

• Priority 2 Restoration involves establishment of a stable Rosgen Class C or E stream channel and floodplain, at the current or higher (but not original) channel elevation, to replace an entrenched Rosgen Class G or F stream channel.

• Priority 3 Restoration involves converting to a new stream type without an active floodplain but containing a floodprone area • Priority 4 Restoration involves stabilization of an incised stream channel in place using instream structures and bioengineering.

• Typical instream structures include crossvanes, J-hook vanes, other rock vanes, single and double wing deflectors, and root wads that divert the thalwag from the streambank and/or absorb water energy. Bioengineering techniques include fascines, branch packing, brush mattresses, live cribwalls, tree revetments, or coir fiber logs, supplemented with use of erosion control matting and live staking for long term stability.

6.2. PROCESS Stage 1 • Cleaning the existing the condition and avoiding the creation of dumpsite • Widening the stream at possible sites • Increasing stream channels for better flow of water • Providing proper pattern of flow so as to maintain the dynamic equilibrium Stage 2 • Stabilizing the banks • Assesses the causes and the extent of instability in the stream and its watershed.

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PROPOSAL

Stage 3 • Marking the limitations based on the standards and other DCR for the particular context • Master plan providing prototype solutions in each zone respective to their issues and community • Individual design ideas to improve the relationship between the stream and settlement along it.

Stage 4 • Micro level design programme in way that it reduces the future impacts and also avoiding the iisues created.

• Design programme considering the need of the people of the study area

6.3. DESIGN PROGRAMME • Kindergarten school for children in the slums for the learning and development their community.

• Vocational training centre for women for creating awareness about working community emerging in the world and further to develop their own skill.

• Drive - in theatre as a recreational and funding for the campus activity • Hamker zones • Event area for conventional festivals • Supporting Service area

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BIBLOGRAPHY

7. BIBLOGRAPHY

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BIBLOGRAPHY

• Pictures and Data: EFI, Coimbatore • Source: http://moef.nic.in • Madras School of Economics 2002 • Source: The Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II- Section 3- Sub section (I). the New Delhi, the 24 March, 2011 (G.S.R. 952 (E)), Government of India Press, New Delhi 110064 New Delhi, the 4 December, 2010 (G.S.R. 951 (E)) • www.coimbatoreforests.org • www.coimbatorewetlands.org • www.discoverwild.in • www.ecgmdia.org • www.arulagam.org • www.siruthuli.com • http://moef.nic.in • http://www.greentribunal.gov.in/ • https://www.archdaily.com/ • http://www.sabarmatiriverfront.com/ • Nepal Asatthawasi • Clare Healy • http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/our-work/cabe/ • https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315825242

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