UrbanSanitation KartikKhokhar|222109105|M.Plan1stSem|Seminar MaulanaAzadNationalInstituteofTechnology,Bhopal(M.P.)India
Sanitationgenerallyreferstothe provisionoffacilitiesandservices forthesafedisposalofhumanurine andfeces.
Sanitation
Besidesprotectingenvironmentand thenaturalresources.
Source-CentersforDiseaseControl& Prevention
SDG6-Ensureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementof waterandsanitationforall.
UrbanSanitation
Urbansanitationisaformof sanitationwhichfocuseson maintainingsanitaryconditionsin urbanenvironments.
Sanitationinurbanenvironmentsis amuchmorecomplexsystem.
Source-ENVIS(EnvironmentalInformation System,India)
IWA’sInclusiveUrbanSanitation initiative.
InclusiveUrban Sanitation-IWA
InternationalWaterAssociation
ItformspartofIWA’sworktopromote
●Inclusive
●Resilient
●Water-wise
●Sanitation-securecities.
Tofurthertheaimsoftheinitiative,IWA haslaunchedadedicatedcampaign-
●SanitAction–togatherthesupport andcollaborativeactionneededto secureprogress.
ImportanceofUrbanSanitation
D a t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n Source-Goal6|DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs(un.org)
D
t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n
a
D a t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n
D a t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n
D a t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n
D a t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n
D a t a r e l a t e d t o S a n i t a t i o n
AccesstoSanitationFacilities
●Theprovisionofsanitationfacilitiestendstoincreasewithincome.
●Overall,weseeastrongrelationshipbetweenthetwo:
○Accesstoimprovedsanitationincreasesascountriesgetricher.
Opendefecationismainlyaruralissue
●Ruralaccesstoimprovedsanitationfacilitiestypicallylagsbehindurbanareasformostcountries.
●Althoughhavingaccesstoimprovedsanitationfacilitiesdoesnotnecessitateopendefecation
○Somehouseholdscanhaveverybasicorsharedsanitationfacilities
●Inthechartweseetheprevalenceofopendefecationinruralareasversusurbanareas.
●Some829000peopleinlow-and middle-incomecountriesdieasa resultofinadequatewater, sanitation,andhygieneeachyear
Importanceof ProperSanitation
●Poorsanitationisbelievedtobe themaincauseinsome432000of thesedeaths
●Poorsanitationalsocontributesto malnutrition.
Source-WHO
Thecountrieswhereopendefecationismostwidespreadhighestnumberofdeathsofchildrenagedunder5years highestlevelsofmalnutritionandpoverty
Importanceof ProperSanitation
●Reducingthespreadofintestinalworms, schistosomiasisandtrachoma
●Reducingtheseverityandimpactof malnutrition
●Promotingdignityandboostingsafety, particularlyamongwomenandgirls
●Promotingschoolattendance:girls’school attendanceisparticularlyboostedbythe provisionofseparatesanitaryfacilities
●Potentialrecoveryofwater,renewableenergy andnutrientsfromfaecalwaste
●Potentialtomitigatewaterscarcitythrough safeuseofwastewaterforirrigationespecially inareasmostaffectedbyclimatechange.
Source-WHO
ForeveryUS$1.00investedinsanitation,therewasa returnofUS$5.50inlowerhealthcosts,moreproductivity andfewerprematuredeaths.
Timeline&IssuesinSanitationcoverage
●STOCKHOLMCONFERENCEONTHEHUMANENVIRONMENT
●“Healthandsanitation”asnecessitiesforadecentlife.
●Developingcountrieslackedthefinancing,technology,human resourcetofulfiltheirnationalactionplansonwaterandsanitation
●Otherfactors,suchasrapidurbanizationandriseofinformal urbansettlementsaroundmanycities
1972
1992
●MillenniumDevelopmentGoals
●MDG7-7Cthatpledgedtohalvetheproportionoftheworld’s populationlackingsustainableaccesstosafedrinkingwaterand basicsanitationby2015.
●“Accesstoanimprovedsanitationfacility,”didnotincludeany requirementforthesafecollection,treatment,anddisposalof wastewaterandfecalsludge.
2000
●INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONWATERANDTHEENVIRONMENT,DUBLIN
●ThePrinciplesaddressed
○catchmentmanagement,theimportanceoftheroleofwomen,andparticipationbylocal communitiesandotherstakeholdersinwatermanagement.
●Developingcountriesdidnotnecessarilybenefitfromtechnicaladviceoninstitutionbuildingand stakeholderparticipationwhenwhattheywantedwaswaterpipesandtreatmentplants.
Source-InternationalInstituteofSustainableDevelopment
Timeline&IssuesinSanitationcoverage
●GlasgowClimateChangeConference
●Couldhelpprotectthreatenedwaterresources.
●SustainableDevelopmentGoals
●SDG6includesimplementation-focusedtargetsforinternational cooperationandcapacitybuilding,andforparticipationoflocal communitiesinimprovingwaterandsanitationmanagement.
2015
2018
●Projectstohousedisplacedpeoplecouldincludeconnectionsto wastewaterandsewagetreatment.
●Thereneedstobeagreaterfocusonthegovernanceofwater security,includingresponsibilityandaccountabilityforagreed standards,enforcementagainstpolluters,andanti-corruption measures
2021
●InternationalDecadeforActiononWaterandSanitation
●Internationalcampaignsandspecialdays,suchasWorldWaterDayandWorldToiletDay,continueto promoteactiononwaterandsanitationthroughpublicawarenessactivities,conferences,andevents.
Source-InternationalInstituteofSustainableDevelopment
TechnicalChallengesintheDeliveryofSanitationServices
Seweragefor PoorCommunities
Sewerageastheonly“proper” formofurbansanitation.
CommunityorSharedToilets
IntegratedSlumUpgrading Programs
Incentivesaround contractingmayalsoreduce themotivationtodevelop morecost-effective solutions
Effectiveapproachesto communaltoiletfacilitiesin low-incomeresidentialareas
Slumupgradingcan potentiallyimprove sanitation(andother) services
Challengesnevertheless remain,particularlywith operation,maintenance,and financialviability.
On-sitesanitationhasclear limitations.Aspopulation densitiesgrowanddomestic waterconsumption increases,managinglarger volumesofwastewater becomesmoredifficult
PracticalActionprojectin Mukuru,Nairobi,accessto atleastonehygienic,usable toiletperfourhouseholds, withonsitehandwashing facilities.
Nationalgovernmentsand municipalitiesareexplicitly ortacitlyrecognizinga certainleveloflanduse rightsinunplanned settlements. However,thereis surprisinglylittleevidenceof sanitationimprovementsat scaleunderslumupgrading programs
Source-Poor-InclusiveUrbanSanitationWSP,WorldBank
Solutions&CaseStudies
FocusonPoorInclusiveService Delivery
●Citiesneedeffectiveurban sanitationsystems,sustainable processesandserviceproviders thatwillensurethesafecapture, storage,transport,andtreatmentof excretainamanagedand coordinatedway—notjust investmentsinhardware.
●Thefocusshouldbeonoutcomes ratherthaninputs,sothateffective andsafemanagementofexcreta.
Source-Poor-InclusiveUrbanSanitationWSP,WorldBank
ASERVICEDELIVERYFRAMEWORKFORURBAN SANITATION
Drivers
●Politicalfactors, knowledge ●Policyandfiscal incentives
ServiceDeliveryFramework ●Nationalenabling environment ●Localgovernance ●Communityengagement ●Effectiveserviceproviders ServicestoReachPoor Communities ●Effectivefecalsludge management ●Sanitationforlow-cost rentalaccommodation ●Sanitationsystemsfor challengingenvironments ●Optimalusageof seweragesystems
●Sustainablefinancing ●Clarityandseparationof roles
Source-Poor-InclusiveUrbanSanitationWSP,WorldBank
AcentralgoalofIWA’sinitiativewillbe to
●Engageawiderangeof stakeholders
InclusiveUrban Sanitation-IWA
InternationalWaterAssociation
Supportedbythisinput,theinitiativewill buildoncurrentapproachesto
●Progressawidelyapplicable framework
thatcansupportelaborationand exchangeonactionableguidance,case studiesandpeerexchangesandso
●Advanceinclusiveurban sanitation
●Especiallyinlow-andmiddleincomecountries
Mappingthesanitation regulationframework acrossAfrica
Problem
●Limitedreferencematerialon thesetupofsanitation regulationframeworksacross Africatoinforminterventions forregulatorystrengtheningto improveservicedelivery.
Solution
●Mappingthesanitation regulationframework landscapeacrossallthe countriesinAfrica
Source-InternationalWaterAssociationIWA
Keyfindings
●Policyandlegalbacking
○Nationalpolicydocumentsexistfor sanitationin44countries(81%).
●Regulatorymodels
○Modelsareregulationbyagency (37%ofcountries)
○Ministerialregulation(33%of countries)
○Regulationbycontract(28%).
●Spheresofregulation
○Regulatoryactivitiesfocusonlarger, moreformalizedserviceproviders, withsmaller,deconcentratedservice providerstypicallyreceivinglimited attention.
Source-InternationalWaterAssociationIWA
Source-InternationalWaterAssociationIWA
Large-scaleecological sanitationinperi-urban areaElAltocity,Bolivia
Source-Sustainablesanitationalliance
Objectiveandmotivationofthe project
●Improvethehealthandliving conditionsofthefamilies
●Byprovidingecologicaltoilets thataresustainableandalso enhanceagricultural productivity.
Source-Sustainablesanitationalliance
Fig-Appliedsanitationcomponentsinthisproject.UDDTstandsfor urine-divertingdrytoilet.
Existingsituation
●Asof2010,48%ofthepeople livinginruralareasinBolivia lackedaccesstopotablewater, asdid12%inurbanareas.
Costsandeconomics
●Initialinvestment:Intotal1,33 millionEURO,contributedby:
●88%fromSida
●11%fromhouseholds
●1%fromFundaciónSumajHuasi
Operationandmaintenance
●Inaddition,62%oftherural populationlackedaccessto sanitationservices,asdid45% oftheurbanpopulation
Fig-Appliedsanitationcomponentsinthisproject.UDDTstandsfor urine-divertingdrytoilet.
●Householdlevel
○Householdsareresponsible
●Communitylevel
○FundaciónSumajHuasi
●Compostcenter
○2technicalagronomists
Source-Sustainablesanitationalliance
●Lackofsanitationimpactcityand nationaleconomies,affecting publichealth,productivity, competitiveness,realestatevalues, andtheoverallqualityoflife.
Conclusion
●Withhigherpopulationdensities andurbanexpansion,managing thevastamountsofhumanwaste isbecomingevermorechallenging
●Sanitationservicesneedtobe sustained—financially, environmentally,andtechnically.
